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byDaleCarnagey(AKADaleCarnegie)andJ.BergEsenwein

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Title:TheArtofPublicSpeaking

Author:DaleCarnagey(AKADaleCarnegie)andJ.BergEsenwein

ReleaseDate:July17,2005[EBook#16317]

Language:English

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TheArtofPublicSpeakingBY

J.BERGESENWEIN

AUTHOROF

"HOWTOATTRACTANDHOLDANAUDIENCE,"

"WRITINGTHESHORT-STORY,"

"WRITINGTHEPHOTOPLAY,"ETC.,ETC.,

AND

DALECARNAGEY

PROFESSOROFPUBLICSPEAKING,BALTIMORESCHOOLOFCOMMERCEAND

FINANCE;INSTRUCTORINPUBLICSPEAKING,Y.M.C.A.SCHOOLS,NEW

YORK,BROOKLYN,BALTIMORE,ANDPHILADELPHIA,ANDTHENEWYORKCITYCHAPTER,AMERICANINSTITUTEOFBANKING

THEWRITER'SLIBRARY

EDITEDBYJ.BERGESENWEIN

THEHOMECORRESPONDENCESCHOOL

SPRINGFIELD,MASS.

PUBLISHERS

Copyright1915THEHOMECORRESPONDENCESCHOOL

ALLRIGHTSRESERVED

TO

F.ARTHURMETCALF

FELLOW-WORKERANDFRIEND

TableofContents

THINGSTOTHINKOFFIRST—AFOREWORDCHAPTERI—ACQUIRINGCONFIDENCEBEFOREANAUDIENCECHAPTERII—THESINOFMONOTONYCHAPTERIII—EFFICIENCYTHROUGHEMPHASISANDSUBORDINATIONCHAPTERIV—EFFICIENCYTHROUGHCHANGEOFPITCHCHAPTERV—EFFICIENCYTHROUGHCHANGEOFPACECHAPTERVI—PAUSEANDPOWERCHAPTERVII—EFFICIENCYTHROUGHINFLECTIONCHAPTERVIII—CONCENTRATIONINDELIVERYCHAPTERIX—FORCECHAPTERX—FEELINGANDENTHUSIASMCHAPTERXI—FLUENCYTHROUGHPREPARATIONCHAPTERXII—THEVOICECHAPTERXIII—VOICECHARMCHAPTERXIV—DISTINCTNESSANDPRECISIONOFUTTERANCECHAPTERXV—THETRUTHABOUTGESTURECHAPTERXVI—METHODSOFDELIVERYCHAPTERXVII—THOUGHTANDRESERVEPOWERCHAPTERXVIII—SUBJECTANDPREPARATIONCHAPTERXIX—INFLUENCINGBYEXPOSITIONCHAPTERXX—INFLUENCINGBYDESCRIPTIONCHAPTERXXI—INFLUENCINGBYNARRATIONCHAPTERXXII—INFLUENCINGBYSUGGESTIONCHAPTERXXIII—INFLUENCINGBYARGUMENTCHAPTERXXIV—INFLUENCINGBYPERSUASIONCHAPTERXXV—INFLUENCINGTHECROWDCHAPTERXXVI—RIDINGTHEWINGEDHORSECHAPTERXXVII—GROWINGAVOCABULARYCHAPTERXXVIII—MEMORYTRAINING

CHAPTERXXIX—RIGHTTHINKINGANDPERSONALITYCHAPTERXXX—AFTER-DINNERANDOTHEROCCASIONALSPEAKINGCHAPTERXXXI—MAKINGCONVERSATIONEFFECTIVEAPPENDIXA—FIFTYQUESTIONSFORDEBATEAPPENDIXB—THIRTYTHEMESFORSPEECHES,WITHSOURCE-REFERENCESAPPENDIXC—SUGGESTIVESUBJECTSFORSPEECHES;HINTSFORTREATMENTAPPENDIXD—SPEECHESFORSTUDYANDPRACTISEGENERALINDEX

THINGSTOTHINKOFFIRST

AFOREWORD

The efficiency of a book is like that of a man, in one important respect: itsattitudetowarditssubjectisthefirstsourceofitspower.Abookmaybefullofgood ideaswell expressed, but if its writer views his subject from thewrongangleevenhisexcellentadvicemayprovetobeineffective.

This book stands or falls by its authors' attitude toward its subject. If the bestway to teachoneselforothers tospeakeffectively inpublic is to fill themindwith rules, and to set up fixed standards for the interpretation of thought, theutterance of language, themaking of gestures, and all the rest, then this bookwillbe limited invalue to such stray ideas throughout itspages asmayprovehelpful to the reader—as an effort to enforce a group of principles itmust bereckonedafailure,becauseitisthenuntrue.

Itisofsomeimportance,therefore,tothosewhotakeupthisvolumewithopenmindthattheyshouldseeclearlyattheout-startwhatisthethoughtthatatonceunderliesandisbuildedthroughthisstructure.Inplainwordsitisthis:

Training in public speaking is not amatter of externals—primarily; it is not amatterofimitation—fundamentally;itisnotamatterofconformitytostandards

—atall.Publicspeakingispublicutterance,publicissuance,ofthemanhimself;thereforethefirstthingbothintimeandinimportanceisthatthemanshouldbeand thinkandfeel things thatareworthyofbeinggivenforth.Unless therebesomething of value within, no tricks of training can ever make of the talkeranything more than a machine—albeit a highly perfected machine—for thedeliveryofothermen'sgoods.Soself-developmentisfundamentalinourplan.

Thesecondprinciple liesclose to the first:Themanmustenthronehiswill toruleoverhisthought,hisfeelings,andallhisphysicalpowers,sothattheouterselfmaygiveperfect,unhamperedexpressiontotheinner.Itisfutile,weassert,tolaydownsystemsofrulesforvoiceculture,intonation,gesture,andwhatnot,unless these two principles of having something to say and making the willsovereignhaveatleastbeguntomakethemselvesfeltinthelife.

Thethirdprinciplewill,wesurmise,arousenodispute:Noonecanlearnhowtospeakwho does not first speak as best he can. Thatmay seem like a viciouscircleinstatement,butitwillbearexamination.

Manyteachershavebegunwiththehow.Vaineffort!Itisanancienttruismthatwelearntodobydoing.Thefirstthingforthebeginnerinpublicspeakingistospeak—nottostudyvoiceandgestureandtherest.Oncehehasspokenhecanimprovehimselfbyself-observationoraccordingtothecriticismsofthosewhohear.

Buthowshallhebeabletocriticisehimself?Simplybyfindingoutthreethings:What are the qualitieswhich by common consent go tomake up an effectivespeaker; bywhatmeans at least someof these qualitiesmaybe acquired; andwhatwronghabitsofspeechinhimselfworkagainsthisacquiringandusingthequalitieswhichhefindstobegood.

Experience, then, is not only the best teacher, but the first and the last. Butexperience must be a dual thing—the experience of others must be used tosupplement,correctandjustifyourownexperience;inthiswayweshallbecomeourownbestcriticsonlyafterwehavetrainedourselvesinself-knowledge,theknowledgeofwhatothermindsthink,andintheabilitytojudgeourselvesbythestandardswehavecometobelieveareright."IfIought,"saidKant,"Ican."

Anexaminationofthecontentsofthisvolumewillshowhowconsistentlythesearticlesof faithhavebeendeclared, expounded, and illustrated.The student isurged to begin to speak at once of what he knows. Then he is given simplesuggestionsforself-control,withgraduallyincreasingemphasisuponthepower

oftheinnermanovertheouter.Next,thewaytotherichstorehousesofmaterialispointedout.Andfinally,allthewhileheisurgedtospeak,speak,SPEAKashe isapplying tohisownmethods, inhisownpersonalway, theprincipleshehas gathered from his own experience and observation and the recordedexperiencesofothers.

So now at the very first let it be as clear as light thatmethods are secondarymatters;thatthefullmind,thewarmheart,thedominantwillareprimary—andnot only primary but paramount; for unless it be a full being that uses themethodsitwillbelikedressingawoodenimageintheclothesofaman.

J.BERGESENWEIN.

NARBERTH,PA.,JANUARY1,1915.

THEARTOFPUBLICSPEAKING

Senseneverfails togive themthathave it,Wordsenoughtomakethemunderstood.It toooftenhappensinsomeconversations,as inApothecaryShops,thatthosePotsthatareEmpty,orhaveThingsofsmallValueinthem,areasgaudilyDress'dasthosethatarefullofpreciousDrugs.

They that soar too high, often fall hard, making a low and levelDwellingpreferable.ThetallestTreesaremostinthePoweroftheWinds,andAmbitiousMenoftheBlastsofFortune.BuildingshaveneedofagoodFoundation,thatliesomuchexposedtotheWeather.

—WILLIAMPENN.

CHAPTERI

ACQUIRINGCONFIDENCEBEFOREANAUDIENCE

Thereisastrangesensationoftenexperiencedinthepresenceofanaudience.Itmayproceedfromthegazeof themanyeyesthat turnuponthespeaker,especiallyifhepermitshimselftosteadilyreturnthatgaze.Mostspeakershavebeenconsciousofthisinanamelessthrill, a real something, pervading the atmosphere, tangible,evanescent, indescribable.Allwriters have borne testimony to thepowerofaspeaker'seyeinimpressinganaudience.This influencewhich we are now considering is the reverse of that picture—thepowertheireyesmayexertuponhim,especiallybeforehebeginstospeak: after the inward fires of oratory are fanned into flame theeyesoftheaudienceloseallterror.—WILLIAMPITTENGER,ExtemporeSpeech.

Students of public speaking continually ask, "How can I overcome self-consciousnessandthefearthatparalyzesmebeforeanaudience?"

Didyouevernoticeinlookingfromatrainwindowthatsomehorsesfeednearthetrackandneverevenpausetolookupatthethunderingcars,whilejustaheadatthenextrailroadcrossingafarmer'swifewillbenervouslytryingtoquietherscaredhorseasthetraingoesby?

Howwouldyoucureahorsethatisafraidofcars—grazehiminaback-woodslotwherehewouldneverseesteam-enginesorautomobiles,ordriveorpasturehimwherehewouldfrequentlyseethemachines?

Apply horse-sense to ridding yourself of self-consciousness and fear: face anaudienceasfrequentlyasyoucan,andyouwillsoonstopshying.Youcanneverattain freedom from stage-fright by reading a treatise. A book may give youexcellentsuggestionsonhowbesttoconductyourselfinthewater,butsoonerorlater you must get wet, perhaps even strangle and be "half scared to death."Thereareagreatmany"wetless"bathingsuitswornattheseashore,butnooneeverlearnstoswiminthem.Toplungeistheonlyway.

Practise, practise, PRACTISE in speaking before an audience will tend toremove all fear of audiences, just as practise in swimming will lead toconfidenceandfacilityinthewater.Youmustlearntospeakbyspeaking.

TheApostlePaul tellsusthateverymanmustworkouthisownsalvation.Allwe candohere is tooffer you suggestions as tohowbest toprepare for yourplunge.Therealplungenoonecantakeforyou.Adoctormayprescribe,butyoumusttakethemedicine.

Do not be disheartened if at first you suffer from stage-fright.DanPatchwasmoresusceptibletosufferingthanasuperannuateddrayhorsewouldbe.Itneverhurtsafool toappearbeforeanaudience,forhiscapacity isnotacapacityforfeeling. A blow that would kill a civilized man soon heals on a savage. Thehigherwegointhescaleoflife,thegreateristhecapacityforsuffering.

Foronereasonoranother,somemaster-speakersneverentirelyovercomestage-fright,butitwillpayyoutosparenopainstoconquerit.DanielWebsterfailedin his first appearance and had to take his seat without finishing his speechbecausehewasnervous.Gladstonewasoften troubledwithself-consciousnessinthebeginningofanaddress.Beecherwasalwaysperturbedbeforetalkinginpublic.

Blacksmithssometimestwistaropetightaroundthenoseofahorse,andbythusinflictinga littlepain theydistracthisattention from theshoeingprocess.One

waytogetairoutofaglassistopourinwater.

BeAbsorbedbyYourSubject

Apply the blacksmith's homely principle when you are speaking. If you feeldeeplyaboutyoursubjectyouwillbeabletothinkoflittleelse.Concentrationisaprocessofdistractionfromlessimportantmatters.Itistoolatetothinkaboutthecutofyourcoatwhenonceyouareupontheplatform,socentreyourinterestonwhatyouareabouttosay—fillyourmindwithyourspeech-materialand,liketheinfillingwaterintheglass,itwilldriveoutyourunsubstantialfears.

Self-consciousness is undue consciousness of self, and, for the purpose ofdelivery, self is secondary to your subject, not only in the opinion of theaudience,but,ifyouarewise,inyourown.Toholdanyotherviewistoregardyourselfasanexhibitinsteadofasamessengerwithamessageworthdelivering.Do you remember Elbert Hubbard's tremendous little tract, "A Message toGarcia"?Theyouthsubordinatedhimselftothemessagehebore.Somustyou,byallthedeterminationyoucanmuster.Itissheeregotismtofillyourmindwiththoughts of self when a greater thing is there—TRUTH. Say this to yourselfsternly,andshameyourself-consciousnessintoquiescence.Ifthetheatercaughtfireyoucouldrushtothestageandshoutdirectionstotheaudiencewithoutanyself-consciousness,fortheimportanceofwhatyouweresayingwoulddriveallfear-thoughtsoutofyourmind.

Far worse than self-consciousness through fear of doing poorly is self-consciousness throughassumptionofdoingwell.The first signofgreatness iswhenamandoesnotattempttolookandactgreat.Beforeyoucancallyourselfamanatall,Kiplingassuresus,youmust"notlooktoogoodnortalktoowise."

Nothingadvertisesitselfsothoroughlyasconceit.Onemaybesofullofselfasto be empty. Voltaire said, "We must conceal self-love." But that can not bedone.Youknowthistobetrue,foryouhaverecognizedoverweeningself-loveinothers.Ifyouhaveit,othersareseeingitinyou.Therearethingsinthisworldbigger than self, and in working for them self will be forgotten, or—what isbetter—rememberedonlysoastohelpuswintowardhigherthings.

HaveSomethingtoSay

The troublewithmany speakers is that they go before an audiencewith theirmindsablank.Itisnowonderthatnature,abhorringavacuum,fillsthemwiththenearestthinghandy,whichgenerallyhappenstobe,"IwonderifIamdoing

thisright!Howdoesmyhairlook?IknowIshallfail."Theirpropheticsoulsaresuretoberight.

Itisnotenoughtobeabsorbedbyyoursubject—toacquireself-confidenceyoumust have something in which to be confident. If you go before an audiencewithoutanypreparation,orpreviousknowledgeofyoursubject,yououghttobeself-conscious—you ought to be ashamed to steal the time of your audience.Prepareyourself.Knowwhatyouaregoingtotalkabout,and, ingeneral,howyouaregoingtosayit.Havethefirstfewsentencesworkedoutcompletelysothatyoumaynotbetroubledinthebeginningtofindwords.Knowyoursubjectbetterthanyourhearersknowit,andyouhavenothingtofear.

AfterPreparingforSuccess,ExpectIt

Letyourbearingbemodestlyconfident,butmostofallbemodestlyconfidentwithin.Over-confidenceisbad,buttotoleratepremonitionsoffailureisworse,for a boldmanmaywin attention by his very bearing,while a rabbit-heartedcowardinvitesdisaster.

Humilityisnotthepersonaldiscountthatwemustofferinthepresenceofothers—againstthisoldinterpretationtherehasbeenamosthealthymodernreaction.Truehumilityanymanwhothoroughlyknowshimselfmustfeel;butitisnotahumilitythatassumesaworm-likemeekness;itisratherastrong,vibrantprayerfor greater power for service—a prayer that Uriah Heep could never haveuttered.

Washington Irving once introduced Charles Dickens at a dinner given in thelatter'shonor.InthemiddleofhisspeechIrvinghesitated,becameembarrassed,andsatdownawkwardly.Turningtoafriendbesidehimheremarked,"There,ItoldyouIwouldfail,andIdid."

Ifyoubelieveyouwillfail,thereisnohopeforyou.Youwill.

Rid yourself of this I-am-a-poor-worm-in-the-dust idea. You are a god, withinfinitecapabilities."Allthingsarereadyifthemindbeso."Theeaglelooksthecloudlesssunintheface.

AssumeMasteryOverYourAudience

Inpublicspeech,asinelectricity,thereisapositiveandanegativeforce.Eitheryouoryouraudiencearegoing topossess thepositivefactor. Ifyouassumeityoucanalmostinvariablymakeityours.Ifyouassumethenegativeyouaresure

tobenegative.Assumingavirtueoravicevitalizesit.Summonallyourpowerof self-direction, and remember that though your audience is infinitely moreimportant thanyou, the truth ismore important thanbothofyou,because it iseternal. If your mind falters in its leadership the sword will drop from yourhands.Yourassumptionofbeingabletoinstructorleadorinspireamultitudeorevenasmallgroupofpeoplemayappallyouasbeingcolossalimpudence—asindeed it may be; but having once essayed to speak, be courageous. BEcourageous—itlieswithinyoutobewhatyouwill.MAKEyourselfbecalmandconfident.

Reflectthatyouraudiencewillnothurtyou.IfBeecherinLiverpoolhadspokenbehindawirescreenhewouldhaveinvitedtheaudiencetothrowtheover-ripemissileswithwhichtheywereloaded;buthewasaman,confrontedhishostilehearersfearlessly—andwonthem.

In facing your audience, pause a moment and look them over—a hundredchancestoonetheywantyoutosucceed,forwhatmanissofoolishastospendhistime,perhapshismoney, in thehope thatyouwillwastehis investmentbytalkingdully?

ConcludingHints

Donotmakehastetobegin—hasteshowslackofcontrol.

Donotapologize.Itoughtnottobenecessary;andif it is, itwillnothelp.Gostraightahead.

Takeadeepbreath,relax,andbegininaquietconversationaltoneasthoughyouwere speaking to one large friend. You will not find it half so bad as youimagined;really,itisliketakingacoldplunge:afteryouarein,thewaterisfine.In fact, having spoken a few times you will even anticipate the plunge withexhilaration. To stand before an audience andmake them think your thoughtsafteryouisoneofthegreatestpleasuresyoucaneverknow.Insteadoffearingit,youought tobeas anxiousas the foxhounds strainingat their leashes,or theracehorsestuggingattheirreins.

Socastoutfear,forfeariscowardly—whenitisnotmastered.Thebravestknowfear, but they do not yield to it. Face your audience pluckily—if your kneesquake,MAKE them stop. In your audience lies some victory for you and thecause you represent. Go win it. Suppose Charles Martell had been afraid tohammertheSaracenatTours;supposeColumbushadfearedtoventureoutinto

the unknownWest; suppose our forefathers had been too timid to oppose thetyrannyofGeorgetheThird;supposethatanymanwhoeverdidanythingworthwhile had been a coward! Theworld owes its progress to themenwho havedared, and youmust dare to speak the effectiveword that is in your heart tospeak—for often it requires courage to utter a single sentence. But rememberthatmen erect nomonuments andweave no laurels for thosewho fear to dowhattheycan.

Isallthisunsympathetic,doyousay?

Man, what you need is not sympathy, but a push. No one doubts thattemperamentandnervesandillnessandevenpraiseworthymodestymay,singlyorcombined,causethespeaker'scheektoblanchbeforeanaudience,butneithercananyonedoubtthatcoddlingwillmagnifythisweakness.Thevictoryliesinafearless frame of mind. Prof. Walter Dill Scott says: "Success or failure inbusiness is caused more by mental attitude even than by mental capacity."Banish the fear-attitude; acquire theconfident attitude.And remember that theonlywaytoacquireitis—toacquireit.

In this foundation chapter we have tried to strike the tone ofmuch that is tofollow.Manyof these ideaswillbeamplifiedandenforced inamore specificway;butthroughallthesechaptersonanartwhichMr.Gladstonebelievedtobemorepowerfulthanthepublicpress,thenoteofjustifiableself-confidencemustsoundagainandagain.

QUESTIONSANDEXERCISES.

1.Whatisthecauseofself-consciousness?

2.Whyareanimalsfreefromit?

3.Whatisyourobservationregardingself-consciousnessinchildren?

4.Whyareyoufreefromitunderthestressofunusualexcitement?

5.Howdoesmoderateexcitementaffectyou?

6.Whatarethetwofundamentalrequisitesfortheacquiringofself-confidence?Whichisthemoreimportant?

7.Whateffectdoesconfidenceonthepartofthespeakerhaveontheaudience?

8.Writeoutatwo-minutespeechon"ConfidenceandCowardice."

9.Whateffectdohabitsofthoughthaveonconfidence?Inthisconnectionreadthechapteron"RightThinkingandPersonality."

10. Write out very briefly any experience you may have had involving theteachingsofthischapter.

11.Giveathree-minutetalkon"Stage-Fright,"includinga(kindly)imitationoftwoormorevictims.

CHAPTERII

THESINOFMONOTONY

OnedayEnnuiwasbornfromUniformity.—MOTTE.

OurEnglishhaschangedwiththeyearssothatmanywordsnowconnotemorethantheydidoriginally.Thisistrueofthewordmonotonous.From"havingbutonetone,"ithascometomeanmorebroadly,"lackofvariation."

Themonotonousspeakernotonlydronesalonginthesamevolumeandpitchoftonebutusesalwaysthesameemphasis,thesamespeed,thesamethoughts—ordispenseswiththoughtaltogether.

Monotony, the cardinal andmost common sin of the public speaker, is not atransgression—it is rather a sin of omission, for it consists in living up to theconfessionof thePrayerBook:"Wehaveleftundonethosethingsweought tohavedone."

Emersonsays,"Thevirtueofart lies indetachment, insequesteringoneobjectfromtheembarrassingvariety."Thatisjustwhatthemonotonousspeakerfailstodo—he does not detach one thought or phrase from another, they are allexpressedinthesamemanner.

Totellyouthatyourspeechismonotonousmaymeanverylittletoyou,soletuslookatthenature—andthecurse—ofmonotonyinotherspheresoflife,thenweshallappreciatemorefullyhowitwillblightanotherwisegoodspeech.

If theVictrola in the adjoining apartment grinds out just three selections overand over again, it is pretty safe to assume that your neighbor has no otherrecords.Ifaspeakerusesonlyafewofhispowers,itpointsveryplainlytothefact that the rest of his powers are not developed. Monotony reveals ourlimitations.

Initseffectonitsvictim,monotonyisactuallydeadly—itwilldrivethebloomfromthecheekandthelustrefromtheeyeasquicklyassin,andoftenleadstoviciousness.Theworstpunishment thathumaningenuityhaseverbeenable toinvent is extrememonotony—solitary confinement. Lay amarble on the tableanddonothingeighteenhoursofthedaybutchangethatmarblefromonepointtoanotherandbackagain,andyouwillgoinsaneifyoucontinuelongenough.

Sothisthingthatshortenslife,andisusedasthemostcruelofpunishmentsinourprisons,isthethingthatwilldestroyallthelifeandforceofaspeech.Avoiditasyouwouldshunadeadlydullbore.The"idlerich"canhavehalf-a-dozenhomes,commandallthevarietiesoffoodsgatheredfromthefourcornersoftheearth, and sail forAfrica orAlaska at their pleasure; but the poverty-strickenmanmustwalkortakeastreetcar—hedoesnothavethechoiceofyacht,auto,orspecialtrain.Hemustspendthemostofhislifeinlaborandbecontentwiththestaplesofthefood-market.Monotonyispoverty,whetherinspeechorinlife.Strive to increase the variety of your speech as the business man labors toaugmenthiswealth.

Bird-songs,forestglens,andmountainsarenotmonotonous—itisthelongrowsofbrown-stone fronts and themiles of paved streets that are so terribly same.Natureinherwealthgivesusendlessvariety;manwithhis limitationsisoftenmonotonous.Getbacktonatureinyourmethodsofspeech-making.

Thepowerofvariety lies in itspleasure-givingquality.Thegreat truthsof theworld have often been couched in fascinating stories—"Les Miserables," forinstance. Ifyouwish to teachor influencemen,youmustplease them,firstorlast.Strikethesamenoteonthepianooverandoveragain.Thiswillgiveyousome idea of the displeasing, jarring effect monotony has on the ear. Thedictionarydefines"monotonous"asbeingsynonymouswith"wearisome."Thatis putting it mildly. It is maddening. The department-store prince does notdisgust the public by playing only the one tune, "ComeBuyMyWares!" Hegivesrecitalsona$125,000organ,andthepleasedpeoplenaturallyslip intoabuyingmood.

HowtoConquerMonotony

We obviate monotony in dress by replenishing our wardrobes. We avoidmonotony in speech by multiplying our powers of speech. We multiply ourpowersofspeechbyincreasingourtools.

Thecarpenterhasspecial implementswithwhich toconstruct theseveralpartsofabuilding.Theorganisthascertainkeysandstopswhichhemanipulates toproduce his harmonies and effects. In like manner the speaker has certaininstrumentsandtoolsathiscommandbywhichhebuildshisargument,playsonthefeelings,andguidesthebeliefsofhisaudience.Togiveyouaconceptionoftheseinstruments,andpracticalhelpinlearningtousethem,arethepurposesoftheimmediatelyfollowingchapters.

Whydidnot theChildrenof Israelwhirl through thedesert in limousines,andwhydidnotNoahhavemoving-pictureentertainmentsandtalkingmachinesontheArk? The laws that enable us to operate an automobile, producemoving-pictures,ormusicontheVictrola,wouldhaveworkedjustaswellthenastheydotoday.Itwasignoranceoflawthatforagesdeprivedhumanityofourmodernconveniences.Manyspeakersstilluseox-cartmethodsintheirspeechinsteadofemployingautomobileoroverland-expressmethods.Theyare ignorantof lawsthatmakeforefficiencyinspeaking.Just totheextent thatyouregardandusethe laws that we are about to examine and learn how to use will you haveefficiencyandforce inyourspeaking;and just to theextent thatyoudisregardthem will your speaking be feeble and ineffective. We cannot impress toothoroughlyuponyouthenecessityforarealworkingmasteryoftheseprinciples.They are the very foundations of successful speaking. "Get your principlesright,"saidNapoleon,"andtherestisamatterofdetail."

It isuseless to shoeadeadhorse,andall the soundprinciples inChristendomwill nevermake a live speech out of a dead one. So let it be understood thatpublicspeakingisnotamatterofmasteringafewdeadrules;themostimportantlawofpublicspeechisthenecessityfortruth,force,feeling,andlife.Forgetallelse,butnotthis.

When you have mastered the mechanics of speech outlined in the next fewchapters you will no longer be troubled with monotony. The completeknowledgeoftheseprinciplesandtheabilitytoapplythemwillgiveyougreatvarietyinyourpowersofexpression.But theycannotbemasteredandappliedbythinkingorreadingaboutthem—youmustpractise,practise,PRACTISE. If

nooneelsewilllistentoyou,listentoyourself—youmustalwaysbeyourownbestcritic,andtheseverestoneofall.

The technical principles that we lay down in the following chapters are notarbitrarycreationsofourown.Theyareall foundedonthepractices thatgoodspeakers and actors adopt—either naturally and unconsciously or underinstruction—ingettingtheireffects.

Itisuselesstowarnthestudentthathemustbenatural.Tobenaturalmaybetobemonotonous.Thelittlestrawberryupinthearcticswithafewtinyseedsandanacid tang isanaturalberry,but it isnot tobecomparedwith the improvedvarietythatweenjoyhere.Thedwarfedoakontherockyhillsideisnatural,buta poor thing comparedwith the beautiful tree found in the rich,moist bottomlands.Benatural—butimproveyournaturalgiftsuntilyouhaveapproachedtheideal,forwemuststriveafteridealizednature,infruit,tree,andspeech.

QUESTIONSANDEXERCISES.

1.Whatarethecausesofmonotony?

2.Citesomeinstancesinnature.

3.Citeinstancesinman'sdailylife.

4.Describesomeoftheeffectsofmonotonyinbothcases.

5.Readaloudsomespeechwithoutpayingparticularattentiontoitsmeaningorforce.

6.Nowrepeatitafteryouhavethoroughlyassimilateditsmatterandspirit.Whatdifferencedoyounoticeinitsrendition?

7.Whyismonotonyoneoftheworstaswellasoneofthemostcommonfaultsofspeakers?

CHAPTERIII

EFFICIENCYTHROUGHEMPHASISANDSUBORDINATION

In a word, the principle of emphasis ... is followed best, not byremembering particular rules, but by being full of a particularfeeling.—C.S.BALDWIN,WritingandSpeaking.

The gun that scatters too much does not bag the birds. The same principleappliestospeech.Thespeakerthatfireshisforceandemphasisatrandomintoasentencewillnotgetresults.Noteverywordisofspecialimportance—thereforeonlycertainwordsdemandemphasis.

YousayMassaCHUsettsandMinneAPolis,youdonotemphasizeeachsyllablealike, but hit the accented syllablewith force and hurry over the unimportantones.Nowwhydoyounotapplythisprincipleinspeakingasentence?Tosomeextentyoudo,inordinaryspeech;butdoyouinpublicdiscourse?Itistherethatmonotonycausedbylackofemphasisissopainfullyapparent.

Sofarasemphasisisconcerned,youmayconsidertheaveragesentenceasjustone big word, with the important word as the accented syllable. Note thefollowing:

"Destinyisnotamatterofchance.Itisamatterofchoice."

You might as well say MASS-A-CHU-SETTS, emphasizing every syllableequally,astolayequalstressoneachwordintheforegoingsentences.

Speakitaloudandsee.Ofcourseyouwillwant toemphasizedestiny, for it istheprincipal idea inyourdeclaration,andyouwillputsomeemphasisonnot,elseyourhearersmaythinkyouareaffirmingthatdestinyisamatterofchance.Byallmeansyoumustemphasizechance,foritisoneofthetwobigideasinthestatement.

Anotherreasonwhychancetakesemphasisisthatitiscontrastedwithchoiceinthenextsentence.Obviously,theauthorhascontrastedtheseideaspurposely,sothat theymight bemore emphatic, andherewe see that contrast is oneof theveryfirstdevicestogainemphasis.

Asapublicspeakeryoucanassistthisemphasisofcontrastwithyourvoice.Ifyou say, "My horse is not black," what color immediately comes into mind?White,naturally, for that is theoppositeofblack. Ifyouwish tobringout thethoughtthatdestinyisamatterofchoice,youcandosomoreeffectivelybyfirstsaying that "DESTINY isNOT amatter ofCHANCE." Is not the color of thehorse impresseduponusmoreemphaticallywhenyou say, "Myhorse isNOT

BLACK.HeisWHITE"thanitwouldbebyhearingyouassertmerelythatyourhorseiswhite?

In the second sentence of the statement there is only one important word—choice. It is the one word that positively defines the quality of the subjectbeing discussed, and the author of those lines desired to bring it outemphatically,ashehasshownbycontrasting itwithanother idea.These lines,then,wouldreadlikethis:

"DESTINYisNOTamatterofCHANCE.ItisamatterofCHOICE."Nowreadthisover,strikingthewordsincapitalswithagreatdealofforce.

In almost every sentence there are a few MOUNTAIN PEAK WORDS thatrepresentthebig,importantideas.Whenyoupickuptheeveningpaperyoucantell at aglancewhichare the importantnewsarticles.Thanks to theeditor,hedoesnottellabouta"holdup"inHongKonginthesamesizedtypeasheusestoreportthedeathoffivefiremeninyourhomecity.Sizeoftypeishisdevicetoshowemphasisinboldrelief.Hebringsoutsometimeseveninredheadlinesthestrikingnewsoftheday.

Itwouldbeaboontospeech-makingifspeakerswouldconservetheattentionoftheiraudiencesinthesamewayandemphasizeonlythewordsrepresentingtheimportant ideas.Theaveragespeakerwilldeliver theforegoinglineondestinywithaboutthesameamountofemphasisoneachword.Insteadofsaying,"Itisamatter ofCHOICE," hewill deliver it, "It is amatter of choice," or "IT IS AMATTEROFCHOICE"—bothequallybad.

CharlesDana,thefamouseditorofTheNewYorkSun,toldoneofhisreportersthatifhewentupthestreetandsawadogbiteaman,topaynoattentiontoit.TheSuncouldnotaffordtowastethetimeandattentionof itsreadersonsuchunimportant happenings. "But," saidMr.Dana, "if you see aman bite a dog,hurry back to the office and write the story." Of course that is news; that isunusual.

Nowthespeakerwhosays"ITISAMATTEROFCHOICE"isputtingtoomuchemphasis upon things that are of nomore importance tometropolitan readersthanadogbite,andwhenhefailstoemphasize"choice"heislikethereporterwho"passesup"theman'sbitingadog.Theidealspeakermakeshisbigwordsstand out like mountain peaks; his unimportant words are submerged likestream-beds. His big thoughts stand like huge oaks; his ideas of no especialvaluearemerelylikethegrassaroundthetree.

Fromallthiswemaydeducethisimportantprinciple:EMPHASISisamatterofCONTRASTandCOMPARISON.

RecentlytheNewYorkAmericanfeaturedaneditorialbyArthurBrisbane.Notethefollowing,printedinthesametypeasgivenhere.

WedonotknowwhatthePresidentTHOUGHTwhenhegotthatmessage,orwhattheelephantthinkswhenheseesthemouse,butwedoknowwhatthePresidentDID.

ThewordsTHOUGHTandDIDimmediatelycatchthereader'sattentionbecausetheyaredifferentfromtheothers,notespeciallybecausetheyarelarger.Ifalltherestofthewordsinthissentenceweremadetentimesaslargeastheyare,andDID and THOUGHT were kept at their present size, they would still beemphatic,becausedifferent.

Take thefollowingfromRobertChambers'novel,"TheBusinessofLife."Thewordsyou,had,would,areallemphatic,becausetheyhavebeenmadedifferent.

Helookedatherinangryastonishment.

"Well, what do you call it if it isn't cowardice—to slink off andmarryadefenselessgirllikethat!"

"DidyouexpectmetogiveyouachancetodestroymeandpoisonJacqueline'smind?IfIhadbeenguiltyofthethingwithwhichyouchargeme,whatIhavedonewouldhavebeencowardly.Otherwise,itisjustified."

A Fifth Avenue bus would attract attention up at Minisink Ford, New York,whileoneof theox teams that frequentlypass therewouldattractattentiononFifthAvenue.Tomakeawordemphatic,deliveritdifferentlyfromthemannerinwhichthewordssurroundingitaredelivered.Ifyouhavebeentalkingloudly,utter the emphatic word in a concentrated whisper—and you have intenseemphasis. Ifyouhavebeengoing fast,govery slowon theemphaticword. Ifyouhavebeentalkingonalowpitch,jumptoahighoneontheemphaticword.Ifyouhavebeentalkingonahighpitch,takealowoneonyouremphaticideas.Read the chapters on "Inflection," "Feeling," "Pause," "Change of Pitch,""Change ofTempo."Each of thesewill explain in detail how to get emphasisthroughtheuseofacertainprinciple.

Inthischapter,however,weareconsideringonlyoneformofemphasis:thatof

applyingforcetotheimportantwordandsubordinatingtheunimportantwords.Donotforget:thisisoneofthemainmethodsthatyoumustcontinuallyemployingettingyoureffects.

Letusnotconfoundloudnesswithemphasis.Toyellisnotasignofearnestness,intelligence,orfeeling.Thekindofforcethatwewantappliedtotheemphaticword is not entirely physical. True, the emphatic word may be spoken moreloudly,oritmaybespokenmoresoftly,buttherealqualitydesiredisintensity,earnestness.Itmustcomefromwithin,outward.

Lastnightaspeakersaid:"Thecurseofthiscountryisnotalackofeducation.It's politics."He emphasized curse, lack, education, politics. The other wordswerehurriedover and thusgivenno comparative importance at all.Thewordpolitics was flamed out with great feeling as he slapped his hands togetherindignantly.His emphasiswas both correct and powerful.He concentrated allourattentiononthewordsthatmeantsomething,insteadofholdingituponsuchwordsasofthis,a,of,It's.

Whatwouldyou thinkofaguidewhoagreed toshowNewYork toastrangerand then took up his time by visiting Chinese laundries and boot-blacking"parlors"onthesidestreets?Thereisonlyoneexcuseforaspeaker'saskingtheattentionofhisaudience:Hemusthaveeithertruthorentertainmentforthem.Ifhewearies theirattentionwith trifles theywillhaveneithervivacitynordesireleftwhenhe reacheswords ofWall-Street and skyscraper importance.Youdonotdwellonthesesmallwordsinyoureverydayconversation,becauseyouarenotaconversationalbore.Apply thecorrectmethodofeverydayspeech to theplatform. As we have noted elsewhere, public speaking is very much likeconversationenlarged.

Sometimes,forbigemphasis,itisadvisabletolaystressoneverysinglesyllableinaword,asabsolutelyinthefollowingsentence:

Iab-so-lute-lyrefusetograntyourdemand.

Now and then this principle should be applied to an emphatic sentence bystressing each word. It is a good device for exciting special attention, and itfurnishesapleasingvariety.PatrickHenry'snotableclimaxcouldbedeliveredinthatmannerveryeffectively:"Give—me—liberty—or—give—me—death."Theitalicized part of the following might also be delivered with this every-wordemphasis.Of course, there aremanywaysofdelivering it; this is onlyoneofseveralgoodinterpretationsthatmightbechosen.

Knowing the price wemust pay, the sacrifice wemust make, theburdenswemustcarry,theassaultswemustendure—knowingfullwellthecost—yetweenlist,andweenlistforthewar.Forweknowthejusticeofourcause,andweknow,too,itscertaintriumph.

—From"PassProsperityAround,"byALBERT J.BEVERIDGE,beforetheChicagoNationalConventionoftheProgressiveParty.

Strongly emphasizing a single word has a tendency to suggest its antithesis.Notice how themeaning changes bymerely putting the emphasis on differentwordsinthefollowingsentence.Theparentheticalexpressionswouldreallynotbeneededtosupplementtheemphaticwords.

IintendedtobuyahousethisSpring(evenifyoudidnot).

IINTENDEDtobuyahousethisSpring(butsomethingprevented).

I intended to BUY a house this Spring (instead of renting asheretofore).

IintendedtobuyaHOUSEthisSpring(andnotanautomobile).

IintendedtobuyahouseTHISSpring(insteadofnextSpring).

IintendedtobuyahousethisSPRING(insteadofintheAutumn).

Whenagreatbattleisreportedinthepapers,theydonotkeepemphasizingthesame facts over and over again. They try to get new information, or a "newslant." The news that takes an important place in themorning editionwill berelegatedtoasmallspaceinthelateafternoonedition.Weareinterestedinnewideasandnewfacts.Thisprinciplehasaveryimportantbearingindeterminingyouremphasis.Donotemphasizethesameideaoverandoveragainunlessyou

desire to lay extra stress on it; Senator Thurston desired to put themaximumamount of emphasis on "force" in his speech on page 50. Note how force isemphasized repeatedly. As a general rule, however, the new idea, the "newslant,"whetherinanewspaperreportofabattleoraspeaker'senunciationofhisideas,isemphatic.

In thefollowingselection,"larger" isemphatic, for it is thenewidea.Allmenhaveeyes,butthismanasksforaLARGEReye.

This man with the larger eye says he will discover, not rivers or safetyappliancesforaeroplanes,butNEWSTARSandSUNS."Newstarsandsuns"arehardlyasemphaticastheword"larger."Why?Becauseweexpectanastronomertodiscoverheavenlybodies rather thancookingrecipes.Thewords,"Republicneeds" in thenext sentence,areemphatic; they introduceanewand importantidea.Republics have always neededmen, but the author says they needNEWmen."New"isemphaticbecauseitintroducesanewidea.Inlikemanner,"soil,""grain,""tools,"arealsoemphatic.

Themost emphaticwords are italicized in this selection.Are there any othersyouwouldemphasize?Why?

Theoldastronomersaid,"Givemealargereye,andIwilldiscovernew stars and suns." That is what the republic needs today—newmen—menwhoarewisetowardthesoil,towardthegrains, towardthetools.IfGodwouldonlyraiseupforthepeopletwoorthreemenlikeWatt,FultonandMcCormick,theywouldbeworthmore to theState than that treasurebox namedCalifornia orMexico. And thereal supremacy of man is based upon his capacity for education.Man is unique in the length of his childhood, which means theperiod of plasticity and education. The childhood of amoth, thedistance that stands between the hatching of the robin and itsmaturity,representafewhoursorafewweeks,buttwentyyears forgrowth stands between man's cradle and his citizenship. Thisprotracted childhoodmakes it possible to handover to the boy alltheaccumulatedstoresachievedbyracesandcivilizations throughthousandsofyears.

—Anonymous.

Youmustunderstand that therearenosteel-rivetedrulesofemphasis. It isnotalways possible to designate which word must, and which must not be

emphasized. One speaker will put one interpretation on a speech, anotherspeakerwillusedifferentemphasistobringoutadifferentinterpretation.Noonecansaythatoneinterpretationisrightandtheotherwrong.Thisprinciplemustbeborneinmindinallourmarkedexercises.Hereyourownintelligencemustguide—andgreatlytoyourprofit.

QUESTIONSANDEXERCISES

1.Whatisemphasis?

2.Describeonemethodofdestroyingmonotonyofthought-presentation.

3.Whatrelationdoesthishavetotheuseofthevoice?

4.Whichwordsshouldbeemphasized,whichsubordinated,inasentence?

5.Readtheselectionsonpages50,51,52,53and54,devotingspecialattentionto emphasizing the important words or phrases and subordinating theunimportantones.Readagain,changingemphasisslightly.Whatistheeffect?

6.Readsomesentencerepeatedly,emphasizingadifferentwordeachtime,andshowhowthemeaningischanged,asisdoneonpage22.

7.Whatistheeffectofalackofemphasis?

8.Readtheselectionsonpages30and48,emphasizingeveryword.Whatistheeffectontheemphasis?

9.Whenisitpermissibletoemphasizeeverysinglewordinasentence?

10.Note the emphasis and subordination in some conversation or speech youhaveheard.Weretheywellmade?Why?Canyousuggestanyimprovement?

11. From a newspaper or a magazine, clip a report of an address, or abiographical eulogy.Mark the passage for emphasis and bring it with you toclass.

12. In the following passage, would you make any changes in the author'smarkingsforemphasis?Where?Why?Bearinmindthatnotallwordsmarkedrequirethesamedegreeofemphasis—inawidevarietyofemphasis,andinniceshadingofthegradations,lietheexcellenceofemphaticspeech.

IwouldcallhimNapoleon,butNapoleonmadehisway toempire

overbrokenoathsandthroughaseaofblood.Thismanneverbrokehisword. "NoRetaliation"washisgreatmottoand the ruleofhislife;andthelastwordsutteredtohissoninFrancewerethese:"Myboy,youwillonedaygobacktoSantoDomingo;forgetthatFrancemurdered your father." Iwould call himCromwell, but Cromwellwasonly a soldier, and the state he foundedwent down with himintohisgrave.IwouldcallhimWashington,butthegreatVirginianheldslaves.Thismanriskedhisempireratherthanpermittheslave-tradeinthehumblestvillageofhisdominions.

Youthinkmeafanaticto-night,foryoureadhistory,notwithyoureyes, but with your prejudices. But fifty years hence, when Truthgetsahearing,theMuseofHistorywillputPhocionfortheGreek,and Brutus for the Roman, Hampden for England, Lafayette forFrance,chooseWashingtonasthebright,consummateflowerofourearlier civilization, andJohnBrown the ripe fruit of ournoonday,then, dipping her pen in the sunlight, will write in the clear blue,abovethemall, thenameof thesoldier, thestatesman, themartyr,TOUSSAINTL'OUVERTURE.

—WENDELLPHILLIPS,Toussaintl'Ouverture.

Practiseonthefollowingselectionsforemphasis:Beecher's"AbrahamLincoln,"page 76; Lincoln's "Gettysburg Speech," page 50; Seward's "IrrepressibleConflict,"page67;andBryan's"PrinceofPeace,"page448.

CHAPTERIV

EFFICIENCYTHROUGHCHANGEOFPITCH

Speech is simply a modified form of singing: the principaldifference being in the fact that in singing the vowel sounds areprolongedand the intervalsareshort,whereas inspeech thewordsareuttered inwhatmaybe called "staccato" tones, thevowels notbeingspeciallyprolongedandtheintervalsbetweenthewordsbeingmore distinct. The fact that in singing we have a larger range oftones does not properly distinguish it from ordinary speech. In

speechwehave likewiseavariationof tones,andeveninordinaryconversationthereisadifferenceoffromthreetosixsemi-tones,asIhavefoundinmyinvestigations,andinsomepersonstherangeisas high as one octave.—WILLIAM SCHEPPEGRELL, Popular ScienceMonthly.

Bypitch,aseveryoneknows,wemeantherelativepositionofavocaltone—as,high,medium, low,oranyvariationbetween. Inpublicspeechweapply itnotonlytoasingleutterance,asanexclamationoramonosyllable(Oh!orthe)butto anygroupof syllables,words, and even sentences thatmaybe spoken in asingle tone. This distinction it is important to keep in mind, for the efficientspeaker not only changes the pitch of successive syllables (see Chapter VII,"EfficiencythroughInflection"),butgivesadifferentpitchtodifferentparts,orword-groups,ofsuccessivesentences.Itisthisphaseofthesubjectwhichweareconsideringinthischapter.

EveryChangeintheThoughtDemandsaChangeintheVoice-Pitch

Whether the speaker follows the rule consciously, unconsciously, orsubconsciously, this is the logicalbasisuponwhichallgoodvoicevariation ismade,yet this lawisviolatedmoreoften thananyotherbypublic speakers.Acriminalmaydisregardalawofthestatewithoutdetectionandpunishment,butthespeakerwhoviolatesthisregulationsuffersitspenaltyatonceinhislossofeffectiveness, while his innocent hearers must endure the monotony—formonotonyisnotonlyasinoftheperpetrator,aswehaveshown,butaplagueonthevictimsaswell.

Change of pitch is a stumbling block for almost all beginners, and for manyexperiencedspeakersalso.Thisisespeciallytruewhenthewordsofthespeechhavebeenmemorized.

If youwish to hear how pitch-monotony sounds, strike the same note on thepiano over and over again.You have in your speaking voice a range of pitchfromhightolow,withagreatmanyshadesbetweentheextremes.Withallthesenotes available there is no excuse for offending the ears and taste of youraudiencebycontinuallyusingtheonenote.True,thereiterationofthesametonein music—as in pedal point on an organ composition—may be made thefoundation of beauty, for the harmony weaving about that one basic toneproduces a consistent, insistent quality not felt in pure variety of chordsequences. In likemanner the intoningvoice in a ritualmay—though it rarely

does—possess a solemn beauty. But the public speaker should shun themonotoneashewouldapestilence.

ContinualChangeofPitchisNature'sHighestMethod

In our search for the principles of efficiencywemust continually go back tonature.Listen—reallylisten—tothebirdssing.Whichof thesefeatheredtribesaremostpleasingintheirvocalefforts:thosewhosevoices,thoughsweet,havelittleornorange,orthosethat,likethecanary,thelark,andthenightingale,notonly possess a considerable range but utter their notes in continual variety ofcombinations?Evenasweet-tonedchirp,when reiteratedwithoutchange,maygrowmaddeningtotheenforcedlistener.

Thelittlechildseldomspeaksinamonotonouspitch.Observetheconversationsof little folk thatyouhearon thestreetor in thehome,andnote thecontinualchanges of pitch. The unconscious speech of most adults is likewise full ofpleasingvariations.

Imaginesomeonespeakingthefollowing,andconsideriftheeffectwouldnotbejustaboutasindicated.Remember,wearenotnowdiscussingtheinflectionofsinglewords,butthegeneralpitchinwhichphrasesarespoken.

(Highpitch)"I'dliketoleaveformyvacationtomorrow,—(lower)still,Ihavesomuchtodo.(Higher)YetIsupposeifIwaituntilIhavetimeI'llnevergo."

Repeatthis,firstinthepitchesindicated,andthenallintheonepitch,asmanyspeakerswould.Observethedifferenceinnaturalnessofeffect.

The followingexercise shouldbe spoken inapurelyconversational tone,withnumerouschangesofpitch.Practiseituntilyourdeliverywouldcauseastrangerin thenextroomto thinkyouwerediscussinganactual incidentwithafriend,instead of delivering a memorized monologue. If you are in doubt about theeffect you have secured, repeat it to a friend and ask him if it sounds likememorizedwords.Ifitdoes,itiswrong.

ASIMILARCASE

Jack, I hear you've gone and done it.—Yes, I know;most fellowswill;went and tried it oncemyself, sir, though you see I'm singlestill. And you met her—did you tell me—down at Newport, lastJuly,andresolvedtoaskthequestionatasoirée?SodidI.

Isupposeyoulefttheball-room,withitsmusicanditslight;fortheysaylove'sflameisbrightest inthedarknessofthenight.Well,youwalked along together, overhead the starlit sky; and I'll bet—oldman,confessit—youwerefrightened.SowasI.

Soyou strolledalong the terrace, saw the summermoonlightpourall its radiance on thewaters, as they rippled on the shore, till atlengthyougathered courage,whenyou saw that nonewasnigh—didyoudrawhercloseandtellherthatyoulovedher?SodidI.

Well,Ineedn'taskyoufurther,andI'msureIwishyoujoy.ThinkI'llwanderdownandseeyouwhenyou'remarried—eh,myboy?Whenthe honeymoon is over and you're settled down,we'll try—What?thedeuceyousay!Rejected—yourejected?SowasI.—Anonymous.

Thenecessityforchangingpitchissoself-evidentthatitshouldbegraspedandapplied immediately. However, it requires patient drill to free yourself frommonotonyofpitch.

Innaturalconversationyouthinkofanideafirst,andthenfindwordstoexpressit.Inmemorizedspeechesyouareliabletospeakthewords,andthenthinkwhattheymean—andmanyspeakersseemtotroubleverylittleevenaboutthat.Isitany wonder that reversing the process should reverse the result? Get back tonatureinyourmethodsofexpression.

Read the following selection in a nonchalant manner, never pausing to thinkwhat the words really mean. Try it again, carefully studying the thought youhaveassimilated.Believe the idea,desire toexpress iteffectively,and imagineanaudiencebeforeyou.Lookthemearnestlyinthefaceandrepeatthistruth.Ifyoufollowdirections,youwillnotethatyouhavemademanychangesofpitchafterseveralreadings.

It isnotwork thatkillsmen; it isworry.Work ishealthy;youcanhardlyputmoreuponamanthanhecanbear.Worryisrustupontheblade. It is not the revolution that destroys themachinery but thefriction.—HENRYWARDBEECHER.

ChangeofPitchProducesEmphasis

This is a highly important statement. Variety in pitch maintains the hearer'sinterest, but one of the surest ways to compel attention—to secure unusual

emphasis—istochangethepitchofyourvoicesuddenlyandinamarkeddegree.Agreatcontrastalwaysarousesattention.Whiteshowswhiteragainstblack;acannonroarslouderintheSaharasilencethanintheChicagohurlyburly—thesearesimpleillustrationsofthepowerofcontrast.

"WhatisCongressgoingtodonext?-----------------------------------

(Highpitch) || Idonotknow."-----------------------------------

(Lowpitch)

By such sudden change of pitch during a sermon Dr. Newell Dwight Hillisrecently achievedgreat emphasis and suggested the gravity of the questionhehadraised.

Theforegoingorderofpitch-changemightbereversedwithequallygoodeffect,thoughwith a slight change in seriousness—eithermethod produces emphasiswhenusedintelligently,thatis,withacommon-senseappreciationofthesortofemphasistobeattained.

In attempting these contrasts of pitch it is important to avoid unpleasantextremes.Most speakerspitch theirvoices toohigh.Oneof the secretsofMr.Bryan'seloquenceishislow,bell-likevoice.Shakespearesaidthatasoft,gentle,lowvoicewas"anexcellentthinginwoman;"itisnolesssoinman,foravoiceneednotbeblatanttobepowerful,—andmustnotbe,tobepleasing.

Inclosing,letusemphasizeanewtheimportanceofusingvarietyofpitch.Yousingupanddown thescale, first touchingonenoteand thenanotheraboveorbelowit.Dolikewiseinspeaking.

Thoughtandindividualtastemustgenerallybeyourguideastowheretousealow,amoderate,orahighpitch.


1.Nametwomethodsofdestroyingmonotonyandgainingforceinspeaking.

2.Whyisacontinualchangeofpitchnecessaryinspeaking?

3.Noticeyourhabitualtonesinspeaking.Aretheytoohightobepleasant?

4.Doweexpressthefollowingthoughtsandemotionsinaloworahighpitch?Which may be expressed in either high or low pitch? Excitement. Victory.Defeat.Sorrow.Love.Earnestness.Fear.

5. How would you naturally vary the pitch in introducing an explanatory orparentheticalexpressionlikethefollowing:

Hestarted—that is, hemade preparations to start—on Septemberthird.

6. Speak the following lines with as marked variations in pitch as yourinterpretation of the sense may dictate. Try each line in two different ways.Which,ineachinstance,isthemoreeffective—andwhy?

WhathaveItogainfromyou?Nothing.

Toengageournationinsuchacompactwouldbeaninfamy.

Note:Intheforegoingsentence,experimentastowherethechangeinpitchwouldbetterbemade.

Once the flowers distilled their fragrance here, but now see thedevastationsofwar.

Hehadreckonedwithoutoneprimefactor—hisconscience.

7.Makeadiagramofaconversationyouhaveheard,showingwherehighandlowpitcheswereused.Werethesechangesinpitchadvisable?Whyorwhynot?

8.Readtheselectionsonpages34,35,36,37and38,payingcarefulattentiontothechangesinpitch.Reread,substitutinglowpitchforhigh,andviceversa.

SelectionsforPractise

Note:Inthefollowingselections,thosepassagesthatmaybestbedeliveredinamoderate pitch are printed in ordinary (roman) type. Those which may berenderedinahighpitch—donotmakethemistakeofraisingthevoicetoohigh—areprinted in italics. Thosewhichmightwell be spoken in a lowpitch areprintedinCAPITALS.

Thesearrangements,however,aremerelysuggestive—wecannotmakeitstrongenoughthatyoumustuseyourownjudgmentininterpretingaselection.Before

doingso,however,itiswelltopractisethesepassagesastheyaremarked.

Yes, all men labor. RUFUS CHOATE AND DANIEL WEBSTERlabor,saythecritics.Buteverymanwhoreadsofthelaborquestionknowsthatitmeansthemovementofthementhatearntheirlivingwiththeirhands;THATAREEMPLOYED,ANDPAIDWAGES:aregathered under roofs of factories, sent out on farms, sent out onships, gathered on the walls. In popular acceptation, the workingclassmeansthementhatworkwiththeirhands,forwages,somanyhoursaday,employedbygreatcapitalists;thatworkforeverybodyelse.Whydowemoveforthisclass?"Why,"asksacritic,"don'tyoumove FOR ALL WORKINGMEN?" BECAUSE, WHILE DANIELWEBSTERGETSFORTYTHOUSANDDOLLARSFORARGUINGTHEMEXICANCLAIMS,thereisnoneedofanybody'smovingforhim. BECAUSE, WHILE RUFUS CHOATE GETS FIVETHOUSAND DOLLARS FOR MAKING ONE ARGUMENT TO AJURY,thereisnoneedofmovingforhim,orforthementhatworkwith their brains,—that do highly disciplined and skilled labor,invent, and write books. The reason why the Labor movementconfinesitselftoasingleclassisbecausethatclassofworkDOESNOT GET PAID, does not get protection. MENTAL LABOR isadequately paid, andMORE THAN ADEQUATELY protected. ITCANSHIFT ITSCHANNELS; it can vary according to the supplyanddemand.

IF A MAN FAILS AS A MINISTER, why, he becomes a railwayconductor. IF THAT DOESN'T SUIT HIM, he goes West, andbecomes governor of a territory. AND IF HE FINDS HIMSELFINCAPABLEOFEITHEROFTHESEPOSITIONS,hecomeshome,andgetstobeacityeditor.Hevarieshisoccupationashepleases,and doesn't need protection.BUT THEGREATMASS, CHAINEDTOATRADE,DOOMEDTOBEGROUNDUPINTHEMILLOFSUPPLYANDDEMAND,THATWORKSOMANYHOURSADAY,ANDMUSTRUNINTHEGREATRUTSOFBUSINESS,—theyarethe men whose inadequate protection, whose unfair share of thegeneralproduct,claimsamovementintheirbehalf.

—WENDELLPHILLIPS.

KNOWING THE PRICE WE MUST PAY, THE SACRIFICE WE

MUSTMAKE,THEBURDENSWEMUSTCARRY,THEASSAULTSWEMUST ENDURE—KNOWING FULLWELL THE COST—yetweenlist,andweenlistforthewar.FORWEKNOWTHEJUSTICEOFOURCAUSE,andweknow,too,itscertaintriumph.

NOTRELUCTANTLYTHEN,buteagerly,notwithfaintheartsBUTSTRONG,dowenowadvanceupontheenemiesofthepeople.FORTHE CALL THAT COMES TO US is the call that came to ourfathers.Astheyrespondedsoshallwe.

"HEHATHSOUNDEDFORTHATRUMPETthatshallnevercallretreat.HE IS SIFTINGOUTTHEHEARTSOFMEN beforeHisjudgmentseat.OH,BESWIFTOURSOULSTOANSWERHIM,BEJUBILANTOURFEET,OurGodismarchingon."

—ALBERTJ.BEVERIDGE.

Rememberthattwosentences,ortwopartsofthesamesentence,whichcontainchangesofthought,cannotpossiblybegiveneffectivelyinthesamekey.Letusrepeat, every big change of thought requires a big change of pitch.What thebeginningstudentwillthinkarebigchangesofpitchwillbemonotonouslyalike.Learn to speak some thoughts in averyhigh tone—others in avery,very lowtone.DEVELOPRANGE.Itisalmostimpossibletousetoomuchofit.

HAPPYAMITHATTHISMISSIONHASBROUGHTMYFEETATLASTTOPRESSNEWENGLAND'SHISTORICSOILandmyeyestotheknowledgeofherbeautyandherthrift.HerewithintouchofPlymouth Rock and Bunker Hill—WHERE WEBSTERTHUNDERED and Longfellow sang, Emerson thought ANDCHANNING PREACHED—HERE IN THE CRADLE OFAMERICANLETTERSandalmostofAmerican liberty, I hasten tomake theobeisance thateveryAmericanowesNewEnglandwhenfirst he stands uncovered in her mighty presence. Strangeapparition! This stern and unique figure—carved from the oceanand the wilderness—its majesty kindling and growing amid thestormsofwinter andofwars—until at last thegloomwasbroken,ITS BEAUTY DISCLOSED IN THE SUNSHINE, and the heroicworkersrestedatitsbase—whilestartledkingsandemperorsgazedandmarveledthatfromtherudetouchofthishandfulcastonableakand unknown shore should have come the embodied genius of

humangovernmentANDTHEPERFECTEDMODELOFHUMANLIBERTY! God bless thememory of those immortalworkers, andprosper the fortunes of their living sons—and perpetuate theinspirationoftheirhandiwork....

FartotheSouth,Mr.President,separatedfromthissectionbyaline—oncedefinedinirrepressibledifference,oncetracedinfratricidalblood,ANDNOW,THANKGOD,BUTAVANISHINGSHADOW—liesthefairestandrichestdomainofthisearth.It isthehomeofabrave and hospitable people. THERE IS CENTERED ALL THATCAN PLEASE OR PROSPER HUMANKIND. A PERFECTCLIMATE ABOVE a fertile soil yields to the husbandman everyproductofthetemperatezone.

There, by night the cotton whitens beneath the stars, and by dayTHEWHEATLOCKSTHESUNSHINEINITSBEARDEDSHEAF.In the same field the clover steals the fragrance of the wind, andtobacco catches the quick aroma of the rains. THERE AREMOUNTAINS STORED WITH EXHAUSTLESS TREASURES:forests—vast and primeval; and rivers that, tumbling or loitering,runwantontothesea.Ofthethreeessentialitemsofallindustries—cotton,ironandwood—thatregionhaseasycontrol.INCOTTON,afixed monopoly—IN IRON, proven supremacy—IN TIMBER, thereserve supply of the Republic. From this assured and permanentadvantage, against which artificial conditions cannot much longerprevail,hasgrownanamazingsystemofindustries.Notmaintainedby human contrivance of tariff or capital, afar off from the fullestand cheapest source of supply, but resting in divine assurance,withintouchoffieldandmineandforest—notsetamidcostlyfarmsfromwhichcompetitionhasdriven thefarmer indespair,butamidcheapandsunnylands,richwithagriculture,towhichneitherseasonnor soilhas set a limit—this systemof industries ismounting toasplendorthatshalldazzleandilluminetheworld.THAT,SIR,isthepicture and the promise of my home—A LAND BETTER ANDFAIRER THAN I HAVE TOLD YOU, and yet but fit setting in itsmaterialexcellencefortheloyalandgentlequalityofitscitizenship.

This hour little needs the LOYALTY THAT IS LOYAL TO ONESECTION and yet holds the other in enduring suspicion andestrangement.Giveus thebroadandperfect loyalty that lovesand

trustsGEORGIAalikewithMassachusetts—thatknowsnoSOUTH,noNorth,noEAST, noWest, butendearswith equal andpatrioticloveeveryfootofoursoil,everyStateofourUnion.

A MIGHTY DUTY, SIR, AND A MIGHTY INSPIRATION impelsevery one of us to-night to lose in patriotic consecrationWHATEVERESTRANGES,WHATEVERDIVIDES.

WE, SIR, are Americans—AND WE STAND FOR HUMANLIBERTY!Theuplifting forceof theAmerican idea isundereverythroneonearth.France,Brazil—THESEAREOURVICTORIES.Toredeem the earth from kingcraft and oppression—THIS IS OURMISSION!ANDWESHALLNOTFAIL.Godhas sown inour soiltheseedofHismillennialharvest,andHewillnotlaythesickletothe ripening crop until His full and perfect day has come. OURHISTORY,SIR,hasbeenaconstantandexpandingmiracle,FROMPLYMOUTH ROCK AND JAMESTOWN, all the way—aye, evenfrom the hourwhen from the voiceless and traceless ocean a newworld rose to the sight of the inspired sailor.Aswe approach thefourthcentennialof that stupendousday—when theoldworldwillcome tomarvel and to learn amid our gathered treasures—let usresolve to crown the miracles of our past with the spectacle of aRepublic, compact, united INDISSOLUBLE IN THE BONDS OFLOVE—loving from the Lakes to the Gulf—the wounds of warhealed in every heart as on every hill, serene and resplendent ATTHE SUMMIT OF HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT AND EARTHLYGLORY,blazingoutthepathandmakingclearthewayupwhichallthenationsoftheearth,mustcomeinGod'sappointedtime!

—HENRYW.GRADY,TheRaceProblem.

...IWOULDCALLHIMNAPOLEON,butNapoleonmadehiswaytoempireoverbrokenoathsandthroughaseaofblood.Thismanneverbrokehisword."NoRetaliation"washisgreatmottoandtheruleofhis life;ANDTHELASTWORDSUTTEREDTOHISSONINFRANCEWERETHESE:"Myboy,youwillonedaygobacktoSanto Domingo; forget that France murdered your father." IWOULD CALL HIM CROMWELL, but Cromwell was only asoldier,andthestatehefoundedwentdownwithhimintohisgrave.IWOULDCALLHIMWASHINGTON,butthegreatVirginianheld

slaves. THIS MAN RISKED HIS EMPIRE rather than permit theslave-tradeinthehumblestvillageofhisdominions.

YOUTHINKMEAFANATICTO-NIGHT,foryoureadhistory,notwith your eyes, BUTWITH YOUR PREJUDICES. But fifty yearshence, when Truth gets a hearing, the Muse of History will putPHOCIONfortheGreek,andBRUTUSfortheRoman,HAMPDENforEngland,LAFAYETTEforFrance,chooseWASHINGTONasthebright,consummateflowerofourEARLIERcivilization,ANDJOHNBROWN the ripe fruit of ourNOONDAY, then, dippingherpen inthesunlight,willwriteintheclearblue,abovethemall,thenameofTHE SOLDIER, THE STATESMAN, THE MARTYR, TOUSSAINTL'OUVERTURE.

—WENDELLPHILLIPS,Toussaintl'Ouverture.

Drill on the following selections for change of pitch: Beecher's "AbrahamLincoln," p. 76; Seward's "Irrepressible Conflict," p. 67; Everett's "History ofLiberty," p. 78; Grady's "The Race Problem," p. 36; and Beveridge's "PassProsperityAround,"p.470.

CHAPTERV

EFFICIENCYTHROUGHCHANGEOFPACE

Hearhowheclearsthepointso'FaithWi'rattlin'an'thumpin'!Nowmeeklycalm,nowwildinwrath,He'sstampin'an'he'sjumpin'.

—ROBERTBURNS,HolyFair.

TheLatinshavebequeathed tousaword thathasnopreciseequivalent inourtongue, thereforewehaveaccepted it,bodyunchanged—it is theword tempo,andmeansrateofmovement, asmeasuredby the time consumed in executingthatmovement.

Thus far its use has been largely limited to the vocal andmusical arts, but itwouldnotbe surprising tohear tempoapplied tomoreconcretematters, for itperfectlyillustratestherealmeaningofthewordtosaythatanox-cartmovesinslow tempo, an express train in a fast tempo. Our guns that fire six hundredtimesaminute,shootatafasttempo;theoldmuzzleloaderthatrequiredthreeminutestoload,shotataslowtempo.Everymusicianunderstandsthisprinciple:itrequireslongertosingahalfnotethanitdoesaneighthnote.

Now tempo is a tremendously important element in good platform work, forwhenaspeakerdeliversawholeaddressatverynearlythesamerateofspeedheis depriving himself of one of his chief means of emphasis and power. Thebaseballpitcher, thebowler in cricket, the tennis server, allknow thevalueofchange of pace—change of tempo—in delivering their ball, and so must thepublicspeakerobserveitspower.

ChangeofTempoLendsNaturalnesstotheDelivery

Naturalness,oratleastseemingnaturalness,aswasexplainedinthechapteron"Monotony,"isgreatlytobedesired,andacontinualchangeoftempowillgoalongwaytowardsestablishingit.Mr.HowardLindsay,StageManagerforMissMargaretAnglin,recentlysaidtothepresentwriterthatchangeofpacewasoneofthemosteffectivetoolsoftheactor.Whileitmustbeadmittedthatthestiltedmouthingsofmanyactorsindicatecloudymirrors,stillthepublicspeakerwoulddowelltostudytheactor'suseoftempo.

There is, however, amore fundamental andeffective source atwhich to studynaturalness—a trait which, once lost, is shy of recapture: that source is thecommonconversationofanywell-bredcircle.This is thestandardwestrive toreachonbothstageandplatform—withcertaindifferences,ofcourse,whichwillappearaswegoon.Ifspeakerandactorweretoreproducewithabsolutefidelityeveryvariationofutterance—everywhisper,grunt,pause,silence,andexplosion—ofconversationaswe find it typically ineveryday life,muchof the interestwould leave the public utterance. Naturalness in public address is somethingmorethanfaithfulreproductionofnature—itisthereproductionofthosetypicalpartsofnature'sworkwhicharetrulyrepresentativeofthewhole.

Therealisticstory-writerunderstandsthisinwritingdialogue,andwemusttakeitintoaccountinseekingfornaturalnessthroughchangeoftempo.

Suppose you speak the first of the following sentences in a slow tempo, thesecond quickly, observing hownatural is the effect. Then speak bothwith the

samerapidityandnotethedifference.

Ican'trecallwhatIdidwithmyknife.Oh,nowIrememberIgaveittoMary.

We see here that a change of tempo often occurs in the same sentence—fortempo applies not only to single words, groups of words, and groups ofsentences,buttothemajorpartsofapublicspeechaswell.


1.Inthefollowing,speakthewords"long,longwhile"veryslowly;therestofthesentenceisspokeninmoderatelyrapidtempo.

WhenyouandIbehindtheVeilarepast,Ohbutthelong,longwhiletheworldshalllast,Whichofourcominganddepartureheeds,Asthesevenseasshouldheedapebblecast.

Note:Inthefollowingselectionsthepassagesthatshouldbegivenafasttempoare in italics; those thatshouldbegiven inaslow tempoare insmallcapitals.Practisetheseselections,andthentryothers,changingfromfasttoslowtempoondifferentparts,carefullynotingtheeffect.

2. No MIRABEAU, NAPOLEON, BURNS, CROMWELL, NOmanADEQUATEtoDOANYTHINGbut is firstofall inRIGHTEARNEST about it—what I call A SINCEREman. I should saySINCERITY,aGREAT,DEEP,GENUINESINCERITY,isthefirstCHARACTERISTIC of a man in any way HEROIC. Not thesincerity that CALLS itself sincere. Ah no. That is a very poormatter indeed—A SHALLOW, BRAGGART, CONSCIOUSsincerity, oftenest SELF-CONCEIT mainly. The GREAT MAN'SSINCERITY is of a kind he CANNOT SPEAK OF. Is NOTCONSCIOUSof.—THOMASCARLYLE.

3.TRUEWORTH isinBEING—NOTSEEMING—indoingeachday that goes by SOME LITTLE GOOD, not in DREAMING ofGREATTHINGS to dobyandby.Forwhatevermen say in theirBLINDNESS, and in spite of the FOLLIES of YOUTH, there is

nothing so KINGLY as KINDNESS, and nothing so ROYAL asTRUTH.—Anonymous.

4.Togetanaturaleffect,wherewouldyouuseslowandwherefasttempointhefollowing?

FOOL'SGOLD

Seehimthere,coldandgray,Watchhimashetriestoplay;No,hedoesn'tknowtheway—Hebegantolearntoolate.She'sagrimoldhag,isFate,Forshelethimhavehispile,Smilingtoherselfthewhile,Knowingwhatthecostwouldbe,Whenhe'dfoundtheGoldenKey.Multimillionaireishe,Manytimesmorerichthanwe;ButatthatIwouldn'ttradeWiththebargainthathemade.Cameheremanyyearsago,Notapersondidheknow;Hadthemoney-hungerbad—Madformoney,piggishmad;Didn'tletajoydiverthim,Didn'tletasorrowhurthim,Lethisfriendsandkindeserthim,Whileheplannedandpluggedandhurried

Onhisquestforgoldandpower.EverysinglewakefulhourWithamoneythoughthe'ddower;Allthewhileashegrewolder,Andgrewbolder,hegrewcolder.AndhethoughtthatsomedayHewouldtakethetimetoplay;But,say—hewaswrong.Life'sasong;

InthespringYouthcansingandcanfling;ButjoyswingWhenwe'reolder,Likebirdswhenit'scolder.Theroseswereredashewentrushingby,Andglorioustapestrieshunginthesky,Andthecloverwaswaving'Neathhoney-bees'slaving;AbirdoverthereRoundelayedasoftair;Butthemancouldn'tspareTimeforgatheringflowers,Orrestinginbowers,OrgazingatskiesThatgladdenedtheeyes.SohekeptonandsweptonThroughmean,sordidyears.Nowhe'suptohisearsInthechoicestofstocks.HeownsendlessblocksOfhousesandshops,AndthestreamneverstopsPouringintohisbanks.IsupposethatheranksPrettyneartothetop.WhatIhavewouldn'tsopHisambitiononetittle;AndyetwithmylittleIdon'tcaretotrade

Withthebargainhemade.Justwatchhimto-day—Seehimtryingtoplay.He'scomebackforblueskies.Butthey'reinanewguise—Winter'shere,allisgray,Thebirdsareaway,Themeadowsarebrown,

Theleaveslieaground,AndthegaybrookthatwoundWithaswirlingandwhirlingOfwaters,isfurlingItsbosominice.Andhehasn'ttheprice,Withallofhisgold,Tobuywhathesold.HeknowsnowthecostOfthespring-timehelost,OftheflowershetossedFromhisway,And,say,He'dpayAnypriceifthedayCouldbemadenotsogray.Hecan'tplay.

—HERBERTKAUFMAN.UsedbypermissionofEverybody'sMagazine.

ChangeofTempoPreventsMonotony

Thecanaryinthecagebeforethewindowisaddingtothebeautyandcharmofhissingingbyacontinualchangeoftempo.IfKingSolomonhadbeenanoratorheundoubtedlywouldhavegatheredwisdomfromthesongofthewildbirdsaswellasfromthebees.Imagineasongwrittenwithbutquarternotes.Imagineanautowithonlyonespeed.

EXERCISES

1. Note the change of tempo indicated in the following, and how it gives apleasingvariety.Readitaloud.(Fasttempoisindicatedbyitalics,slowbysmallcapitals.)

Andhe thought thatsomedayhewould take the time toplay;but,say—HEWASWRONG.LIFE'SASONG;intheSPRINGYOUTHcan SING and can FLING; BUT JOYS WING WHEN WE'REOLDER,LIKETHEBIRDSwhenit'sCOLDER.Theroseswereredashewentrushingby,andglorioustapestrieshunginthesky.

2.Turnto"FoolsGold,"onPage42,anddeliverit inanunvariedtempo:notehow monotonous is the result. This poem requires a great many changes oftempo,andisanexcellentoneforpractise.

3.Usethechangesoftempoindicatedinthefollowing,notinghowtheypreventmonotony.Wherenochangeof tempo is indicated,useamoderatespeed.Toomuchofvarietywouldreallybeareturntomonotony.

THEMOB

"AMOBKILLSTHEWRONGMAN"wasflashedinanewspaperheadline lately. Themob is an IRRESPONSIBLE,UNTHINKINGMASS. It always destroys BUT NEVER CONSTRUCTS. ItcriticisesBUTNEVERCREATES.

UtteragreattruthANDTHEMOBWILLHATEYOU.Seehowitcondemned DANTE to EXILE. Encounter the dangers of theunknownworldforitsbenefit,ANDTHEMOBWILLDECLAREYOUCRAZY.ItridiculedCOLUMBUS,andfordiscoveringanewworldGAVEHIMPRISONANDCHAINS.

Writeapoemtothrillhumanheartswithpleasure,ANDTHEMOBWILL ALLOW YOU TO GO HUNGRY: THE BLIND HOMERBEGGEDBREADTHROUGHTHESTREETS.Inventamachineto save labor AND THE MOB WILL DECLARE YOU ITSENEMY.Less thanahundredyearsagoa furiousrabblesmashedThimonier'sinvention,thesewingmachine.

BUILD A STEAMSHIP TO CARRY MERCHANDISE ANDACCELERATETRAVELandthemobwillcallyouafool.AMOBLINEDTHESHORESOFTHEHUDSONRIVERTOLAUGHATTHEMAIDENATTEMPTOF"FULTON'SFOLLY,"astheycalledhislittlesteamboat.

Emersonsays:"Amobisasocietyofbodiesvoluntarilybereavingthemselves of reason and traversing its work. The mob is manvoluntarily descended to the nature of the beast. Its fit hour ofactivity is NIGHT. ITS ACTIONS ARE INSANE, like its wholeconstitution. It persecutes a principle—IT WOULD WHIP ARIGHT.Itwouldtarandfeatherjusticebyinflictingfireandoutrage

uponthehouseandpersonsofthosewhohavethese."

Themobspiritstalksabroadinourlandtoday.Everyweekgivesafreshvictim to itsmalignant cry forblood.Therewere48personskilledbymobsintheUnitedStatesin1913;64in1912,and71in1911. Among the 48 last year were a woman and a child. Twovictimswereproveninnocentaftertheirdeath.

IN399B.C.ADEMAGOGAPPEALEDTOTHEPOPULARMOBTOHAVESOCRATESPUTTODEATHandhewassentenced tothehemlockcup.FOURTEENHUNDREDYEARSAFTERWARDANENTHUSIASTAPPEALEDTOTHEPOPULARMOBandallEuropeplungedintotheHolyLandtokillandmangletheheathen.Intheseventeenthcenturyademagogappealedtotheignoranceofmen AND TWENTY PEOPLEWERE EXECUTEDAT SALEM,MASS., WITHIN SIX MONTHS FOR WITCHCRAFT. Twothousand years ago the mob yelled, "RELEASE UNTO USBARABBAS"—ANDBARABBASWASAMURDERER!

—FromanEditorialbyD.C.in"Leslie'sWeekly,"bypermission.

Present-day business is as unlike OLD-TIME BUSINESS as theOLD-TIME OX-CART is unlike the present-day locomotive.INVENTIONhasmade thewholeworldoveragain.The railroad,telegraph, telephone have bound the people of MODERNNATIONSintoFAMILIES.TodothebusinessofthesecloselyknitmillionsineverymoderncountryGREATBUSINESSCONCERNSCAMEINTOBEING.WhatwecallbigbusinessistheCHILDOFTHE ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF MANKIND. So warfare todestroy big business is FOOLISH BECAUSE IT CAN NOTSUCCEED and wicked BECAUSE IT OUGHT NOT TOSUCCEED. Warfare to destroy big business does not hurt bigbusiness,whichalwayscomesoutontop,SOMUCHASITHURTSALL OTHER BUSINESS WHICH, IN SUCH A WARFARE,NEVERCOMEOUTONTOP.—A.J.BEVERIDGE.

ChangeofTempoProducesEmphasis

Any big change of tempo is emphatic and will catch the attention. You mayscarcelybeconsciousthatapassengertrainismovingwhenitisflyingovertherailsatninetymilesanhour,butifitslowsdownverysuddenlytoaten-milegait

yourattentionwillbedrawn to itverydecidedly.Youmay forget thatyouarelisteningtomusicasyoudine,butlettheorchestraeitherincreaseordiminishitstempoinaverymarkeddegreeandyourattentionwillbearrestedatonce.

Thissameprinciplewillprocureemphasisinaspeech.Ifyouhaveapointthatyouwant tobringhome toyouraudience forcefully,makea suddenandgreatchangeof tempo, and theywill bepowerless tokeep frompayingattention tothat point. Recently the present writer saw a play in which these lines werespoken:

"Idon'twantyoutoforgetwhatIsaid.Iwantyoutorememberitthelongestdayyou—Idon'tcareifyou'vegotsixguns."Thepartuptothedashwasdeliveredinavery slow tempo, the remainderwasnamedout at lightning speed, as thecharacterwhowasspoken todrewarevolver.Theeffectwassoemphatic thatthe lines are remembered six months afterwards, while most of the play hasfaded frommemory.The studentwho has powers of observationwill see thisprinciple applied by all our best actors in their efforts to get emphasis whereemphasisisdue.Butrememberthattheemotioninthemattermustwarranttheintensity in the manner, or the effect will be ridiculous. Too many publicspeakersareimpressiveovernothing.

Thoughtratherthanrulesmustgovernyouwhilepractisingchangeofpace.Itisoftenamatterofnoconsequencewhichpartofasentenceisspokenslowlyandwhichisgiveninfasttempo.Themainthingtobedesiredisthechangeitself.Forexample, in theselection,"TheMob,"onpage46,note the lastparagraph.Reverse the instructions given, delivering everything that is marked for slowtempo,quickly;andeverythingthatismarkedforquicktempo,slowly.Youwillnotethattheforceormeaningofthepassagehasnotbeendestroyed.

However,manypassagescannotbechangedtoaslowtempowithoutdestroyingtheirforce.Instances:ThePatrickHenryspeechonpage110,andthefollowingpassagefromWhittier's"BarefootBoy."

O for boyhood's time of June, crowding years in one briefmoon,whenall things Iheardor saw,me, theirmaster,waited for. Iwasrich in flowers and trees, humming-birds and honey-bees; for mysport thesquirrelplayed;plied thesnoutedmolehisspade; formytastetheblackberryconepurpledoverhedgeandstone;laughedthebrook for my delight through the day and through the night,whisperingatthegardenwall,talkedwithmefromfalltofall;minethe sand-rimmed pickerel pond; mine the walnut slopes beyond;mine, an bending orchard trees, apples ofHesperides! Still, asmyhorizon grew, larger grew my riches, too; all the world I saw orknewseemedacomplexChinesetoy,fashionedforabarefootboy!—J.G.WHITTIER.

Becarefulinregulatingyourtemponottogetyourmovementtoofast.Thisisacommon fault with amateur speakers.Mrs. Siddons rule was, "Take time." Ahundredyearsagotherewasusedinmedicalcirclesapreparationknownas"theshotgunremedy;"itwasamixtureofaboutfiftydifferentingredients,andwasgiventothepatientinthehopethatatleastoneofthemwouldproveefficacious!Thatseemsaratherpoorschemeformedicalpractice,butitisgoodtouse"shotgun" tempo formost speeches, as it gives a variety. Tempo, like diet, is bestwhenmixed.


1.Definetempo.

2.Whatwordscomefromthesameroot?

3.Whatismeantbyachangeoftempo?

4.Whateffectsaregainedbyit?

5.Namethreemethodsofdestroyingmonotonyandgainingforceinspeaking.

6.Note the changesof tempo in a conversationor speech thatyouhear.Weretheywellmade?Why?Illustrate.

7.Readselectionsonpages34,35,36,37,and38, paying careful attention tochangeoftempo.

8.Asa rule,excitement, joy,or intenseanger takea fast tempo,whilesorrow,

andsentimentsofgreatdignityorsolemnitytendtoaslowtempo.TrytodeliverLincoln'sGettysburgspeech(page50),inafasttempo,orPatrickHenry'sspeech(page110),inaslowtempo,andnotehowridiculoustheeffectwillbe.

Practise the following selections, noting carefully where the tempo may bechanged to advantage. Experiment,making numerous changes.Which one doyoulikebest?

DEDICATIONOFGETTYSBURGCEMETERY

Fourscoreandsevenyearsago,our fathersbrought forthupon thiscontinent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to thepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.Nowweareengagedinagreat civil war, testing whether that nation—or any nation soconceivedandsodedicated—canlongendure.

Wearemetonagreatbattlefieldofthatwar.Wearemettodedicateaportionofitasthefinalresting-placeofthosewhohavegiventheirlives that that nationmight live. It is altogether fitting and properthatweshoulddothis.

But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate,wecannotconsecrate,wecannot hallow, this ground. The bravemen, living and dead, whostruggledhere,haveconsecratedit,faraboveourpowertoaddortodetract.Theworldwillverylittlenotenorlongrememberwhatwesayhere;butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.

Itisforus,theliving,rather,tobededicatedheretotheunfinishedworktheyhavethusfarsonoblycarriedon.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus:thatfromthesehonored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for whichtheyheregavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion;thatweherehighlyresolve that thesedead shall not havedied in vain; that thenationshall,underGod,haveanewbirthoffreedom,andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.

—ABRAHAMLINCOLN.

APLEAFORCUBA

[ThisdeliberativeorationwasdeliveredbySenatorThurstonintheUnitedStatesSenateonMarch 24, 1898. It is recorded in full in the Congressional Record of that date. Mrs.ThurstondiedinCuba.Asadyingrequestsheurgedherhusband,whowasinvestigatingaffairsintheisland,todohisutmosttoinducetheUnitedStatestointervene—hencethisoration.]

Mr.President, I amhere by command of silent lips to speak onceandforallupontheCubansituation.Ishallendeavortobehonest,conservative,andjust.Ihavenopurposetostirthepublicpassiontoany action not necessary and imperative to meet the duties andnecessities of American responsibility, Christian humanity, andnational honor. Iwould shirk this task if I could, but I dare not. Icannotsatisfymyconscienceexceptbyspeaking,andspeakingnow.

Iwent toCuba firmly believing that the condition of affairs therehadbeengreatlyexaggeratedbythepress,andmyowneffortsweredirected in the first instance to the attempted exposure of thesesupposed exaggerations. There has undoubtedly been muchsensationalisminthejournalismofthetime,butastotheconditionof affairs in Cuba, there has been no exaggeration, becauseexaggerationhasbeenimpossible.

Under the inhuman policy of Weyler not less than four hundredthousand self-supporting, simple, peaceable, defenseless countrypeopleweredrivenfromtheirhomesintheagriculturalportionsoftheSpanishprovincestothecities,andimprisoneduponthebarrenwaste outside the residence portions of these cities andwithin thelinesofintrenchmentestablishedalittlewaybeyond.Theirhumblehomes were burned, their fields laid waste, their implements ofhusbandrydestroyed,theirlivestockandfoodsuppliesforthemostpart confiscated. Most of the people were old men, women, andchildren.Theywerethusplacedinhopelessimprisonment,withoutshelteror food.Therewasnoworkfor themin thecities towhichthey were driven. They were left with nothing to depend uponexcept the scanty charity of the inhabitants of the cities and withslowstarvationtheirinevitablefate....

The pictures in the American newspapers of the starvingreconcentradosaretrue.Theycanallbeduplicatedbythethousands.I never before saw, and please God I may never again see, sodeplorableasightasthereconcentradosinthesuburbsofMatanzas.

I can never forget to my dying day the hopeless anguish in theirdespairingeyes.Huddledabouttheirlittlebarkhuts,theyraisednovoiceofappealtousforalmsaswewentamongthem....

Men, women, and children stand silent, famishing with hunger.Their only appeal comes from their sad eyes, through which onelooksasthroughanopenwindowintotheiragonizingsouls.

The government of Spain has not appropriated and will notappropriate one dollar to save these people. They are now beingattendedandnursedandadministeredtobythecharityoftheUnitedStates. Think of the spectacle! We are feeding these citizens ofSpain;wearenursingtheirsick;wearesavingsuchascanbesaved,andyet thereare thosewhostillsayit isrightforus tosendfood,but we must keep hands off. I say that the time has come whenmusketsoughttogowiththefood.

We asked the governor if he knew of any relief for these peopleexcept through the charity of the United States. He did not. Weaskedhim,"Whendoyouthinkthetimewillcomethatthesepeoplecanbeplacedinapositionofself-support?"Herepliedtous,withdeep feeling, "Only the goodGod or the great government of theUnitedStateswillanswerthatquestion."IhopeandbelievethatthegoodGodbythegreatgovernmentoftheUnitedStateswillanswerthatquestion.

Ishallrefertothesehorriblethingsnofurther.Theyarethere.Godpityme, Ihaveseen them; theywill remain inmymindforever—and this is almost the twentieth century. Christ died nineteenhundredyearsago,andSpain isaChristiannation.Shehas setupmorecrossesinmorelands,beneathmoreskies,andunderthemhasbutchered more people than all the other nations of the earthcombined.Europemaytolerateherexistenceas longas thepeopleof the Old World wish. God grant that before another ChristmasmorningthelastvestigeofSpanishtyrannyandoppressionwillhavevanishedfromtheWesternHemisphere!...

Thetimeforactionhascome.Nogreaterreasonforitcanexistto-morrow than exists to-day. Every hour's delay only adds anotherchaptertotheawfulstoryofmiseryanddeath.Onlyonepowercan

intervene—the United States of America. Ours is the one greatnationintheworld,themotherofAmericanrepublics.SheholdsapositionoftrustandresponsibilitytowardthepeoplesandaffairsofthewholeWesternHemisphere.ItwashergloriousexamplewhichinspiredthepatriotsofCubatoraisetheflagoflibertyinhereternalhills.WecannotrefusetoacceptthisresponsibilitywhichtheGodoftheuniversehasplaceduponusastheonegreatpowerintheNewWorld.Wemustact!Whatshallouractionbe?

AgainsttheinterventionoftheUnitedStatesinthisholycausethereis but one voice of dissent; that voice is the voice of themoney-changers.Theyfearwar!NotbecauseofanyChristianorennoblingsentimentagainstwarand in favorofpeace,butbecause they fearthat adeclarationofwar,or the interventionwhichmight result inwar,wouldhaveadepressingeffectuponthestockmarket.Letthemgo.TheydonotrepresentAmericansentiment;theydonotrepresentAmericanpatriotism.Letthemtaketheirchancesastheycan.Theirwealorwoeisofbutlittleimportancetotheliberty-lovingpeopleoftheUnitedStates.Theywillnotdothefighting;theirbloodwillnotflow; theywill keep on dealing in options on human life. Let themenwhoseloyaltyistothedollarstandasidewhilethemenwhoseloyaltyistotheflagcometothefront.

Mr.President,thereisonlyoneactionpossible,ifanyistaken;thatis, intervention for the independence of the island. Butwe cannotintervene and save Cuba without the exercise of force, and forcemeanswar;warmeansblood.ThelowlyNazareneontheshoresofGalileepreachedthedivinedoctrineoflove,"Peaceonearth,goodwill towardmen."Notpeaceonearthat theexpenseoflibertyandhumanity.Notgoodwilltowardmenwhodespoil,enslave,degrade,and starve to death their fellow-men. I believe in the doctrine ofChrist. I believe in the doctrine of peace; but,Mr. President,menmusthavelibertybeforetherecancomeabidingpeace.

Interventionmeansforce.Forcemeanswar.Warmeansblood.ButitwillbeGod'sforce.Whenhasabattleforhumanityandlibertyeverbeenwonexceptbyforce?Whatbarricadeofwrong,injustice,andoppressionhaseverbeencarriedexceptbyforce?

Force compelled the signature of unwilling royalty to the great

MagnaCharta; forceput life into theDeclarationof IndependenceandmadeeffectivetheEmancipationProclamation;forcebeatwithnakedhandsupontheirongatewayoftheBastileandmadereprisalinoneawfulhourforcenturiesofkinglycrime;forcewavedtheflagof revolution over Bunker Hill and marked the snows of ValleyForgewithblood-stainedfeet;forceheldthebrokenlineofShiloh,climbedtheflame-swepthillatChattanooga,andstormedthecloudsonLookoutHeights; forcemarchedwithSherman to the sea, rodewith Sheridan in the valley of the Shenandoah, and gave GrantvictoryatAppomattox;forcesavedtheUnion,keptthestarsintheflag,made"niggers"men.ThetimeforGod'sforcehascomeagain.LettheimpassionedlipsofAmericanpatriotsoncemoretakeupthesong:—

"Inthebeautyofthelilies,Christwasbornacrossthesea.WithagloryinHisbosomthattransfiguresyouandme;AsHediedtomakemenholy,letusdietomakemenfree.WhileGodismarchingon."

Othersmayhesitate,othersmayprocrastinate,othersmaypleadforfurtherdiplomaticnegotiation,whichmeansdelay;butforme,Iamready to act now, and formy action I am ready to answer tomyconscience,mycountry,andmyGod.

—JAMESMELLENTHURSTON.

CHAPTERVI

PAUSEANDPOWER

The true business of the literary artist is to plait or weave hismeaning, involving it around itself; so that each sentence, bysuccessive phrases, shall first come into a kind of knot, and then,

afteramomentofsuspendedmeaning,solveandclearitself.

—GEORGESAINTSBURY,onEnglishProseStyle,inMiscellaneousEssays.

... pause ... has a distinctive value, expressed in silence; in otherwords, while the voice is waiting, the music of the movement isgoing on ... To manage it, with its delicacies and compensations,requiresthatsamefinenessofearonwhichwemustdependforallfaultless prose rhythm.When there is no compensation, when thepauseisinadvertent...thereisasenseofjoltingandlack,asifsomepinorfasteninghadfallenout.

—JOHNFRANKLINGENUNG,TheWorkingPrinciplesofRhetoric.

Pause, in public speech, is not mere silence—it is silence made designedlyeloquent.

When a man says: "I-uh-it is with profound-ah-pleasure that-er-I have beenpermitted to speak to you tonight and-uh-uh-I should say-er"—that is notpausing; that is stumbling. It is conceivable that a speakermaybeeffective inspiteofstumbling—butneverbecauseofit.

On the other hand, one of themost importantmeans of developing power inpublic speaking is to pause either before or after, or both before and after, animportantwordorphrase.Noonewhowouldbeaforcefulspeakercanaffordtoneglect this principle—one of themost significant that has ever been inferredfrom listening to great orators. Study this potential device until you haveabsorbedandassimilatedit.

Itwouldseemthat thisprincipleofrhetoricalpauseought tobeeasilygraspedand applied, but a long experience in training both college men and maturerspeakershasdemonstratedthatthedeviceisnomorereadilyunderstoodbytheaverage man when it is first explained to him than if it were spoken inHindoostani. Perhaps this is because we do not eagerly devour the fruit ofexperiencewhenit is impressivelysetbeforeusontheplatterofauthority;welike to pluck fruit for ourselves—it not only tastes better, butwe never forgetthattree!Fortunately,thisisnodifficulttask,inthisinstance,forthetreesstandthickallaboutus.

Onemanispleadingthecauseofanother:

"Thisman,myfriends,hasmadethiswonderfulsacrifice—foryouandme."

Didnotthepausesurprisinglyenhancethepowerofthisstatement?Seehowhegatheredupreserveforceandimpressivenesstodeliverthewords"foryouandme."Repeatthispassagewithoutmakingapause.Diditloseineffectiveness?

Naturally enough, during a premeditated pause of this kind the mind of thespeakerisconcentratedonthethoughttowhichheisabouttogiveexpression.Hewillnotdare toallowhis thoughts towanderforan instant—hewill rathersupremelycenterhisthoughtandhisemotionuponthesacrificewhoseservice,sweetnessanddivinityheisenforcingbyhisappeal.

Concentration,then,isthebigwordhere—nopausewithoutitcanperfectlyhitthemark.

Efficientpausingaccomplishesoneoralloffourresults:

1. Pause Enables the Mind of the Speaker to Gather His Forces BeforeDeliveringtheFinalVolley

It is often dangerous to rush into battle without pausing for preparation orwaitingforrecruits.ConsiderCuster'smassacreasaninstance.

Youcan lightamatchbyholding itbeneatha lensandconcentrating thesun'srays.Youwouldnotexpectthematchtoflameifyoujerkedthelensbackandforthquickly.Pause,andthelensgatherstheheat.Yourthoughtswillnotsetfiretothemindsofyourhearersunlessyoupausetogathertheforcethatcomesbyasecond or two of concentration. Maple trees and gas wells are rarely tappedcontinually;whenastrongerflowiswanted,apauseismade,naturehastimetogatherherreserveforces,andwhenthetreeorthewellisreopened,astrongerflowistheresult.

Use the same common sense with your mind. If you would make a thoughtparticularly effective, pause just before its utterance, concentrate your mind-energies, and then give it expression with renewed vigor. Carlyle was right:"Speak not, I passionately entreat thee, till thy thought has silently matureditself.Out of silence comes thy strength. Speech is silvern, Silence is golden;Speechishuman,Silenceisdivine."

Silence has been called the father of speech. It should be. Too many of ourpublicspeecheshavenofathers.Theyramblealongwithoutpauseorbreak.Like

Tennyson'sbrook,theyrunonforever.Listentolittlechildren,thepolicemanonthecorner, thefamilyconversationaroundthetable,andseehowmanypausestheynaturallyuse, for theyareunconsciousofeffects.Whenwegetbeforeanaudience,wethrowmostofournaturalmethodsofexpressiontothewind,andstriveafterartificialeffects.Getbacktothemethodsofnature—andpause.

2.PausePreparestheMindoftheAuditortoReceiveYourMessage

HerbertSpencersaidthatalltheuniverseisinmotion.Soitis—andallperfectmotionisrhythm.Partofrhythmisrest.Restfollowsactivityallthroughnature.Instances: day and night; spring—summer—autumn—winter; a period of restbetweenbreaths;aninstantofcompleterestbetweenheartbeats.Pause,andgivetheattention-powersofyouraudiencearest.Whatyousayaftersuchasilencewillthenhaveagreatdealmoreeffect.

Whenyourcountrycousinscometotown,thenoiseofapassingcarwillawakenthem,thoughitseldomaffectsaseasonedcitydweller.Bythecontinualpassingofcarshisattention-powerhasbecomedeadened.Inonewhovisitsthecitybutseldom,attention-valueisinsistent.Tohimthenoisecomesafteralongpause;hence its power.To you, dweller in the city, there is no pause; hence the lowattention-value. After riding on a train several hours you will become soaccustomedtoitsroarthatitwillloseitsattention-value,unlessthetrainshouldstopforawhileandstartagain.Ifyouattempttolistentoaclock-tickthatissofarawaythatyoucanbarelyhearit,youwillfindthatattimesyouareunabletodistinguish it, but in a few moments the sound becomes distinct again. Yourmindwillpauseforrestwhetheryoudesireittodosoornot.

Theattentionofyouraudiencewillactinquitethesameway.Recognizethislawand prepare for it—by pausing. Let it be repeated: the thought that follows apauseismuchmoredynamicthanifnopausehadoccurred.Whatissaidtoyouofanightwillnothavethesameeffectonyourmindasifithadbeenutteredinthemorningwhenyourattentionhadbeenlatelyrefreshedbythepauseofsleep.WearetoldonthefirstpageoftheBiblethateventheCreativeEnergyofGodrestedonthe"seventhday."Youmaybesure,then,thatthefrailfinitemindofyour audiencewill likewise demand rest.Observe nature, study her laws, andobeytheminyourspeaking.

3.PauseCreatesEffectiveSuspense

Suspenseisresponsibleforagreatshareofourinterestinlife;itwillbethesamewithyourspeech.Aplayoranovelisoftenrobbedofmuchofitsinterestifyou

know the plot beforehand. We like to keep guessing as to the outcome. Theability to create suspense is part ofwoman'spower tohold theother sex.Thecircusacrobatemploysthisprinciplewhenhefailspurposelyinseveralattemptstoperformafeat,andthenachievesit.Eventhedeliberatemannerinwhichhearrangesthepreliminariesincreasesourexpectation—weliketobekeptwaiting.Inthelastactoftheplay,"PollyoftheCircus,"thereisacircussceneinwhichalittledogturnsabackwardsomersaultonthebackofarunningpony.Onenightwhenhehesitatedandhadtobecoaxedandworkedwithalongtimebeforehewouldperformhisfeathegotagreatdealmoreapplausethanwhenhedidhistrickatonce.Wenotonlyliketowaitbutweappreciatewhatwewaitfor.Iffishbitetooreadilythesportsoonceasestobeasport.

ItisthissameprincipleofsuspensethatholdsyouinaSherlockHolmesstory—youwaittoseehowthemysteryissolved,andifitissolvedtoosoonyouthrowdownthetaleunfinished.WilkieCollins'receiptforfictionwritingwellappliestopublicspeech:"Make'emlaugh;make'emweep;make'emwait."Aboveallelsemakethemwait;iftheywillnotdothatyoumaybesuretheywillneitherlaughnorweep.

Thuspauseisavaluableinstrumentinthehandsofatrainedspeakertoarouseandmaintain suspense.WeonceheardMr.Bryansay ina speech: "Itwasmyprivilege to hear"—and he paused,while the audiencewondered for a secondwhomitwashisprivilegetohear—"thegreatevangelist"—andhepausedagain;weknewalittlemoreaboutthemanhehadheard,butstillwonderedtowhichevangelisthe referred;and thenheconcluded: "DwightL.Moody."Mr.Bryanpaused slightly again and continued: "I came to regard him"—here he pausedagain and held the audience in a briefmoment of suspense as to how he hadregardedMr.Moody,thencontinued—"asthegreatestpreacherofhisday."Letthedashesillustratepausesandwehavethefollowing:

"It was my privilege to hear—the great evangelist—Dwight L.Moody.—Icametoregardhim—asthegreatestpreacherofhisday."

The unskilled speaker would have rattled this off with neither pause norsuspense, and the sentences would have fallen flat upon the audience. It ispreciselytheapplicationofthesesmallthingsthatmakesmuchofthedifferencebetweenthesuccessfulandtheunsuccessfulspeaker.

4.PausingAfterAnImportantIdeaGivesitTimetoPenetrate

AnyMissourifarmerwilltellyouthatarainthatfallstoofastwillrunoffinto

thecreeksanddothecropsbut littlegood.Astoryis toldofacountrydeaconprayingforraininthismanner:"Lord,don'tsendusanychunkfloater.Justgiveusagoodolddrizzle-drazzle."Aspeech,likearain,willnotdoanybodymuchgoodifitcomestoofasttosoakin.Thefarmer'swifefollowsthissameprincipleindoingherwashingwhensheputstheclothesinwater—andpausesforseveralhoursthatthewatermaysoakin.Thephysicianputscocaineonyourturbinates—andpauses to let it takeholdbeforehe removes them.Whydoweuse thisprincipleeverywhereexcept in thecommunicationof ideas?Ifyouhavegiventheaudienceabigidea,pauseforasecondortwoandletthemturnitover.Seewhateffectithas.Afterthesmokeclearsawayyoumayhavetofireanother14-inchshellonthesamesubjectbeforeyoudemolishthecitadeloferrorthatyouare trying to destroy.Take time.Don't let your speech resemble those touristswhotry"todo"NewYork inaday.Theyspendfifteenminutes lookingat themasterpiecesintheMetropolitanMuseumofArts,tenminutesintheMuseumofNatural History, take a peep into the Aquarium, hurry across the BrooklynBridge, rushup to theZoo, andbackbyGrant'sTomb—and call that "SeeingNew York." If you hasten by your important points without pausing, youraudience will have just about as adequate an idea of what you have tried toconvey.

Take time, you have just as much of it as our richest multimillionaire. Youraudiencewillwaitforyou.Itisasignofsmallnesstohurry.ThegreatredwoodtreesofCaliforniahadburstthroughthesoilfivehundredyearsbeforeSocratesdrank his cup of hemlock poison, and are only in their prime today. Natureshamesuswithourpettyhaste.Silenceisoneofthemosteloquentthingsintheworld.Masterit,anduseitthroughpause.

Inthefollowingselectionsdasheshavebeeninsertedwherepausesmaybeusedeffectively. Naturally, you may omit some of these and insert others withoutgoingwrong—onespeakerwouldinterpretapassageinoneway,oneinanother;it is largely amatterofpersonalpreference.Adozengreat actorshaveplayedHamlet well, and yet each has played the part differently. Which comes thenearesttoperfectionisaquestionofopinion.Youwillsucceedbestbydaringtofollowyourowncourse—ifyouareindividualenoughtoblazeanoriginaltrail.

Amoment's halt—amomentary taste of being from thewell amidthewaste—andlo!thephantomcaravanhasreached—thenothingit

setoutfrom—Ohmakehaste!

The worldly hope men set their hearts upon—turns ashes—or itprospers;—and anon like snow upon the desert's dusty face—lightingalittlehourortwo—isgone.

Thebirdof timehasbuta littleway to flutter,—and thebird isonthewing.

Youwillnote that thepunctuationmarkshavenothing todowith thepausing.Youmayrunbyaperiodveryquicklyandmakealongpausewherethereisnokindofpunctuation.Thought isgreater thanpunctuation. Itmustguideyou inyourpauses.

Abook of verses underneath the bough,—a jug ofwine, a loaf ofbread—and thou beside me singing in the wilderness—Oh—wildernesswereparadiseenow.

Youmustnotconfusethepauseforemphasiswiththenaturalpausesthatcomethrough takingbreath andphrasing.For example, note the pauses indicated inthisselectionfromByron:

Buthush!—hark!—thatdeepsoundbreaksinoncemore,Andnearer!—clearer!—deadlierthanbefore.Arm,ARM!—itis—itisthecannon'sopeningroar!

It isnotnecessary todwellat lengthupon theseobviousdistinctions.Youwillobserve that in natural conversation our words are gathered into clusters orphrases,andweoftenpause to takebreathbetweenthem.Soinpublicspeech,breathe naturally and do not talk until youmust gasp for breath; nor until theaudienceisequallywinded.

Aseriouswordofcautionmustherebeuttered:donotoverworkthepause.Todosowillmakeyourspeechheavyandstilted.Anddonotthinkthatpausecantransmute commonplace thoughts into great and dignified utterance. A grandmanner combined with insignificant ideas is like harnessing a Hambletonianwith an ass. You remember the farcical old school declamation, "AMidnightMurder," that proceeded in grandiosemanner to a thrilling climax, and ended—"andrelentlesslymurdered—amosquito!"

Thepause,dramaticallyhandled,alwaysdrewalaughfromthetoleranthearers.

This is all verywell in farce, but such anti-climax becomes painfulwhen thespeakerfallsfromthesublimetotheridiculousquiteunintentionally.Thepause,tobeeffectiveinsomeothermannerthaninthatoftheboomerang,mustprecedeorfollowathoughtthatisreallyworthwhile,oratleastanideawhosebearingupontherestofthespeechisimportant.

WilliamPittengerrelatesinhisvolume,"ExtemporeSpeech,"aninstanceoftheunconsciouslyfarcicaluseofthepausebyareallygreatAmericanstatesmanandorator."HehadvisitedNiagaraFallsandwastomakeanorationatBuffalothesameday,but,unfortunately,hesattoolongoverthewineafterdinner.Whenhearosetospeak,theoratoricalinstinctstruggledwithdifficulties,ashedeclared,'Gentlemen, I have been to look upon yourmag—mag—magnificent cataract,one hundred—and forty—seven—feet high! Gentlemen, Greece and Rome intheir palmiest daysneverhad a cataract onehundred—and forty—seven—feethigh!'"


1.Namefourmethodsfordestroyingmonotonyandgainingpowerinspeaking.

2.Whatarethefourspecialeffectsofpause?

3.Note the pauses in a conversation, play, or speech.Were they the best thatcouldhavebeenused?Illustrate.

4.Readaloudselectionsonpages50-54,payingspecialattentiontopause.

5.Readthefollowingwithoutmakinganypauses.Rereadcorrectlyandnotethedifference:

Soonthenightwillpass;andwhen,oftheSentinelontherampartsof Liberty the anxious ask: | "Watchman, what of the night?" hisanswerwillbe|"Lo,themornappeareth."

Knowingthepricewemustpay,|thesacrifice|wemustmake,|theburdens |wemustcarry, | theassaults |wemustendure, |knowingfullwellthecost,|yetweenlist,andweenlist|forthewar.|Forweknow the justice of our cause, | and we know, too, its certaintriumph.|

Not reluctantly, then, | but eagerly, | not with faint hearts, | but

strong,dowenowadvanceupontheenemiesofthepeople.|Forthecall thatcomes tous is thecall thatcame toour fathers. |As theyresponded,soshallwe.

"Hehathsoundedforthatrumpet|thatshallnevercallretreat,Heissiftingouttheheartsofmen|beforeHisjudgmentseat.Oh,beswift|oursoulstoanswerHim,|bejubilantourfeet,

OurGod|ismarchingon."

—ALBERT J.BEVERIDE,Fromhis speech as temporary chairman ofProgressiveNationalConvention,Chicago,1912.

6.Bringoutthecontrastingideasinthefollowingbyusingthepause:

Contrast now the circumstances of your life andmine, gently andwith temper, Æschines; and then ask these people whose fortunethey would each of them prefer. You taught reading, I went toschool:youperformedinitiations,Ireceivedthem:youdancedinthechorus,Ifurnishedit:youwereassembly-clerk,Iwasaspeaker:youacted third parts, I heard you: you broke down, and I hissed: youhaveworkedasastatesmanfortheenemy,Iformycountry.Ipassbytherest;butthisverydayIamonmyprobationforacrown,andam acknowledged to be innocent of all offence; while you arealreadyjudgedtobeapettifogger,andthequestionis,whetheryoushallcontinuethattrade,oratoncebesilencedbynotgettingafifthpart of the votes.Ahappy fortune, do you see, youhave enjoyed,thatyoushoulddenouncemineasmiserable!

—DEMOSTHENES.

7.Aftercarefulstudyandpractice,markthepausesinthefollowing:

The past rises beforeme like a dream.Againwe are in the greatstruggle for national life.We hear the sounds of preparation—themusicoftheboisterousdrums,thesilvervoicesofheroicbugles.Wesee thousands of assemblages, and hear the appeals of orators;weseethepalecheeksofwomenandtheflushedfacesofmen;andinthoseassemblagesweseeallthedeadwhosedustwehavecovered

with flowers. We lose sight of them no more. We are with themwhen they enlist in the great army of freedom.We see them partfrom those they love. Some arewalking for the last time in quietwoodyplaceswiththemaidentheyadore.Wehearthewhisperingsandthesweetvowsofeternalloveastheylingeringlypartforever.Othersarebendingovercradles,kissingbabiesthatareasleep.Somearereceivingtheblessingsofoldmen.Somearepartingfromthosewhoholdthemandpress themtotheirheartsagainandagain,andsaynothing;andsomearetalkingwithwives,andendeavoringwithbravewords spoken in theold tones to drive from their hearts theawfulfear.Weseethempart.Weseethewifestandinginthedoor,withthebabeinherarms—standinginthesunlightsobbing;at theturnoftheroadahandwaves—sheanswersbyholdinghighinherlovinghandsthechild.Heisgone—andforever.

—ROBERTJ.INGERSOLL,totheSoldiersofIndianapolis.

8.Wherewouldyoupauseinthefollowingselections?Trypausingindifferentplacesandnotetheeffectitgives.

Themoving fingerwrites; andhavingwritmoveson:nor all yourpietynorwitshalllureitbacktocancelhalfaline,norallyourtearswashoutawordofit.

Thehistoryofwomankind is a storyof abuse.For agesmenbeat,sold,andabusedtheirwivesanddaughters likecattle.TheSpartanmotherthatgavebirthtooneofherownsexdisgracedherself; thegirl babies were often deserted in the mountains to starve; Chinaboundanddeformed their feet;Turkeyveiled their faces;Americadenied them equal educational advantages with men.Most of theworld still refuses them the right to participate in the governmentand everywhere women bear the brunt of an unequal standard ofmorality.

But thewomenareon themarch.Theyarewalkingupward to thesunlit plains where the thinking people rule. China has ceasedbindingtheirfeet.IntheshadowoftheHaremTurkeyhasopenedaschool for girls. America has given the women equal educationaladvantages,andAmerica,webelieve,willenfranchisethem.

Wecandolittletohelpandnotmuchtohinderthisgreatmovement.

The thinking people have put their O.K. upon it. It is movingforwardtoitsgoal justassurelyasthisoldearthisswingingfromthe grip of winter toward the spring's blossoms and the summer'sharvest.[1]

9.Readaloudthefollowingaddress,payingcarefulattentiontopausewherevertheemphasismaytherebybeheightened.

THEIRREPRESSIBLECONFLICT

...Atlast,theRepublicanpartyhasappeared.Itavows,now,astheRepublicanpartyof1800did, inoneword, its faithand itsworks,"Equalandexactjusticetoallmen."Evenwhenitfirstenteredthefield,onlyhalforganized,itstruckablowwhichonlyjustfailedtosecure complete and triumphant victory. In this, its secondcampaign,ithasalreadywonadvantageswhichrenderthattriumphnowbotheasyandcertain.Thesecretofitsassuredsuccessliesinthatverycharacteristicwhich, in themouthofscoffers,constitutesitsgreatandlastingimbecilityandreproach.Itliesinthefactthatitisapartyofoneidea;butthatisanobleone—anideathatfillsandexpands all generous souls; the idea of equality of allmen beforehuman tribunals and human laws, as they all are equal before theDivinetribunalandDivinelaws.

Iknow,andyouknow,thatarevolutionhasbegun.Iknow,andallthe world knows, that revolutions never go backward. TwentysenatorsandahundredrepresentativesproclaimboldlyinCongressto-day sentiments and opinions and principles of freedom whichhardlysomanymen,even in this freeState,dared toutter in theirownhomes twentyyearsago.While thegovernmentof theUnitedStates,undertheconductoftheDemocraticparty,hasbeenallthattime surrenderingoneplain andcastle after another to slavery, thepeople of the United States have been no less steadily andperseveringly gathering together the forces with which to recoverbackagainallthefieldsandallthecastleswhichhavebeenlost,andtoconfoundandoverthrow,byonedecisiveblow, thebetrayersoftheConstitutionandfreedomforever.—W.H.SEWARD.

FOOTNOTES:

[1]FromaneditorialbyD.C.inLeslie'sWeekly,June4,1914.Usedbypermission.

CHAPTERVII

EFFICIENCYTHROUGHINFLECTION

Howsoftthemusicofthosevillagebells,FallingatintervalsupontheearIncadencesweet;nowdyingallaway,Nowpealingloudagain,andlouderstill,Clearandsonorous,asthegalecomeson!WitheasyforceitopensallthecellsWhereMemoryslept.

—WILLIAMCOWPER,TheTask.

HerbertSpencerremarkedthat"Cadence"—bywhichhemeantthemodulationof the tones of the voice in speaking—"is the running commentary of theemotions upon the propositions of the intellect." How true this is will appearwhenwereflect that thelittleupwardanddownwardshadingsofthevoicetellmore trulywhat wemean than our words. The expressiveness of language isliterallymultipliedbythissubtlepowertoshadethevocaltones,andthisvoice-shadingwecallinflection.

The change of pitch within a word is even more important, because moredelicate,thanthechangeofpitchfromphrasetophrase.Indeed,onecannotbepractisedwithouttheother.Thebarewordsareonlysomanybricks—inflectionwill make of them a pavement, a garage, or a cathedral. It is the power ofinflectiontochangethemeaningofwordsthatgavebirthtotheoldsaying:"Itisnotsomuchwhatyousay,ashowyousayit."

Mrs. Jameson, the Shakespearean commentator, has given us a penetratingexample of the effect of inflection; "In her impersonation of the part of LadyMacbeth,Mrs.Siddonsadoptedsuccessivelythreedifferentintonationsingivingthe words 'We fail.' At first a quick contemptuous interrogation—'We fail?'Afterwards, with the note of admiration—'We fail,' an accent of indignant

astonishment laying theprincipal emphasison theword 'we'—'we fail.'Lastly,shefixedonwhatIamconvincedisthetruereading—Wefail—withthesimpleperiod,modulatingthevoicetoadeep,low,resolutetonewhichsettlestheissueatonceasthoughshehadsaid:'Ifwefail,whythenwefail,andallisover.'"

Thismostexpressiveelementofourspeechisthelasttobemasteredinattainingto naturalness in speaking a foreign language, and its correct use is themainelement in a natural, flexible utterance of our native tongue. Without variedinflectionsspeechbecomeswoodenandmonotonous.

There are but twokindsof inflection, the rising and the falling, yet these twomaybe so shadedor socombined that theyarecapableofproducingasmanyvarietiesofmodulationasmaybeillustratedbyeitheroneortwolines,straightorcurved,thus:

lines

Sharprising

Longrising

Level

Longfalling

Sharpfalling

Sharprisingandfalling

Sharpfallingandrising

Hesitating

These may be varied indefinitely, and serve merely to illustrate what widevarietiesofcombinationmaybeeffectedbythesetwosimpleinflectionsofthevoice.

Itisimpossibletotabulatethevariousinflectionswhichservetoexpressvariousshadesofthoughtandfeeling.Afewsuggestionsareofferedhere,togetherwithabundantexercisesforpractise,but theonlyrealwaytomaster inflectionis to

observe,experiment,andpractise.

Forexample,takethecommonsentence,"Oh,he'sallright."Notehowarisinginflectionmaybemadetoexpressfaintpraise,orpolitedoubt,oruncertaintyofopinion. Then note how the same words, spoken with a generally fallinginflectionmaydenotecertainty,orgood-naturedapproval,orenthusiasticpraise,andsoon.

Ingeneral,then,wefindthatabendingupwardofthevoicewillsuggestdoubtand uncertainty, while a decided falling inflection will suggest that you arecertainofyourground.

Students dislike to be told that their speeches are "not sobad," spokenwith arising inflection.Toenunciate thesewordswitha longfalling inflectionwouldindorsethespeechratherheartily.

Saygood-byetoanimaginarypersonwhomyouexpecttoseeagaintomorrow;then to a dear friend you never expect to meet again. Note the difference ininflection.

"Ihavehadadelightfultime,"whenspokenattheterminationofaformalteabya frivolous woman takes altogether different inflection than the same wordsspokenbetweenloverswhohaveenjoyedthemselves.Mimicthetwocharactersinrepeatingthisandobservethedifference.

Notehowlightandshorttheinflectionsareinthefollowingbriefquotationfrom"AnthonytheAbsolute,"bySamuelMervin.

AtSea—March28th.

ThiseveningItoldSirRobertWhat'sHisNamehewasafool.

Iwasquiterightinthis.Heis.

EveryeveningsincetheshipleftVancouverhehaspresidedovertheround table in themiddle of the smoking-room. There he sips hiscoffee and liqueur, and holds forth on every subject known to themindofman.Each subject ishis subject.He is an elderly person,withabadfaceandadroopinglefteyelid.

They tellme thathe is in theBritishService—a judge somewheredowninMalaysia,wheretheydrinkmorethanisgoodforthem.

Deliver the two following selectionswith great earnestness, and note how theinflections differ from the foregoing. Then reread these selections in a light,superficial manner, noting that the change of attitude is expressed through achangeofinflection.

WhenIreadasublimefactinPlutarch,oranunselfishdeedinalineof poetry, or thrill beneath some heroic legend, it is no longerfairyland—Ihaveseenitmatched.—WENDELLPHILLIPS.

Thoughtisdeeperthanallspeech,Feelingdeeperthanallthought;

SoulstosoulscanneverteachWhatuntothemselveswastaught.

—CRANCH

Itmust bemade perfectly clear that inflection dealsmostly in subtle, delicateshadingwithinsinglewords,andisnotbyanymeansaccomplishedbyageneralrise or fall in the voice in speaking a sentence. Yet certain sentencesmay beeffectivelydeliveredwithjustsuchinflection.Trythissentenceinseveralways,makingnomodulationuntilyoucometothelasttwosyllables,asindicated,

AndyetItoldhimdis---------------------------

(high) || tinctly.-------------------------

(low)tinctly.

-------------------------| (high)

AndyetItoldhimdis- |-------------------------

(low)

Now try this sentence by inflecting the important words so as to bring outvarious shades ofmeaning.The first forms, illustrated above, show change ofpitchwithinasingleword;theformsyouwillworkoutforyourselfshouldshow

anumberofsuchinflectionsthroughoutthesentence.

One of the chief means of securing emphasis is to employ a long fallinginflectionontheemphaticwords—thatis,toletthevoicefalltoalowerpitchonaninteriorvowelsoundinaword.Tryitonthewords"every,""eleemosynary,"and"destroy."

Use long falling inflections on the italicizedwords in the following selection,noting their emphatic power.Are there any otherwords here that long fallinginflectionswouldhelptomakeexpressive?

ADDRESSINTHEDARTMOUTHCOLLEGECASE

This, sir, is my case. It is the case not merely of that humbleinstitution;itisthecaseofeverycollegeinourland.Itismore;itisthecaseofeveryeleemosynaryinstitutionthroughoutourcountry—ofall thosegreatcharitiesfoundedbythepietyofourancestors toalleviatehumanmisery and scatter blessings along thepathwayoflife. Sir, youmaydestroy this little institution—it isweak, it is inyourhands.Iknowitisoneofthelesserlightsintheliteraryhorizonof our country.Youmay put it out.But if you do youmust carrythroughyourwork;youmustextinguish,oneafteranother,allthosegreatlightsofsciencewhich,formorethanacentury,havethrowntheirradianceoverourland!

Itis,sir,asIhavesaid,asmallcollege,andyet—therearethosewholoveit!

Sir, Iknownothowothersmayfeel,butas formyselfwhenI seemyalmamatersurrounded,likeCæsarinthesenatehouse,bythosewhoare reiterating stab after stab, Iwould not for this right handhaveherturntomeandsay,Andthou,too,myson!

—DANIELWEBSTER.

Be careful not to over-inflect. Too much modulation produces an unpleasanteffectofartificiality,likeamaturematrontryingtobekittenish.Itisashortstepbetweentrueexpressionandunintentionalburlesque.Scrutinizeyourowntones.Take a single expression like "Oh, no!" or "Oh, I see," or "Indeed," and bypatientself-examinationseehowmanyshadesofmeaningmaybeexpressedbyinflection. This sort of common-sense practise will do youmore good than abookofrules.Butdon'tforgettolistentoyourownvoice.


1. In your own words define (a) cadence, (b) modulation, (c) inflection, (d)emphasis.

2.Namefivewaysofdestroyingmonotonyandgainingeffectivenessinspeech.

3.Whatstatesofminddoesfallinginflectionsignify?Makeasfullalistasyou

can.

4.Dothesamefortherisinginflection.

5.Howdoesthevoicebendinexpressing(a)surprise?(b)shame?(c)hate?(d)formality?(e)excitement?

6.Rereadsomesentenceseveraltimesandbyusingdifferentinflectionschangethemeaningwitheachreading.

7.Notetheinflectionsemployedinsomespeechorconversation.Weretheythebestthatcouldbeusedtobringoutthemeaning?Criticiseandillustrate.

8.Renderthefollowingpassages:

Hasthegentlemandone?Hashecompletelydone?

AndGodsaid,Lettherebelight:andtherewaslight.

9.Inventanindirectquestionandshowhowitwouldnaturallybeinflected.

10.Doesadirectquestionalwaysrequirearisinginflection?Illustrate.

11. Illustrate how the complete ending of an expression or of a speech isindicatedbyinflection.

12.Dothesameforincompletenessofidea.

13.Illustrate(a)trembling,(b)hesitation,and(c)doubtbymeansofinflection.

14.Showhowcontrastmaybeexpressed.

15.Trytheeffectsofbothrisingandfallinginflectionsontheitalicizedwordsinthefollowingsentences.Stateyourpreference.

Gentlemen,Iampersuaded,nay,Iamresolvedtospeak.

Itissownanaturalbody;itisraisedaspiritualbody.

SELECTIONSFORPRACTISE

Inthefollowingselectionssecureemphasisbymeansoflongfallinginflectionsratherthanloudness.

Repeat these selections, attempting to put into practise all the technicalprinciples that we have thus far had; emphasizing important words,subordinatingunimportantwords,varietyofpitch,changing tempo,pause,andinflection. If these principles are applied you will have no trouble withmonotony.

Constantpractisewillgivegreatfacilityintheuseofinflectionandwillrenderthevoiceitselfflexible.

CHARLESI

Wechargehimwithhavingbrokenhiscoronationoath;andwearetoldthathekepthismarriagevow!Weaccusehimofhavinggivenuphispeopletothemercilessinflictionsofthemosthot-headedandhard-heartedofprelates;andthedefenceis,thathetookhislittlesononhiskneeandkissedhim!WecensurehimforhavingviolatedthearticlesofthePetitionofRight,afterhaving,forgoodandvaluableconsideration,promisedtoobservethem;andweareinformedthathewasaccustomedtohearprayersatsixo'clockinthemorning!Itistosuchconsiderationsasthese,togetherwithhisVandykedress,his handsome face, and his peaked beard, that he owes,we verilybelieve,mostofhispopularitywiththepresentgeneration.

—T.B.MACAULAY.

ABRAHAMLINCOLN

We needed not that he should put on paper that he believed inslavery, who, with treason, with murder, with cruelty infernal,hoveredaroundthatmajesticmantodestroyhislife.Hewashimselfbutthelongstingwithwhichslaverystruckatliberty;andhecarriedthepoison that belonged to slavery.As longas this nation lasts, itwillneverbeforgottenthatwehaveonemartyredPresident—never!Never, while time lasts, while heaven lasts, while hell rocks andgroans,will it be forgotten that slavery, by itsminions, slew him,andinslayinghimmademanifestitswholenatureandtendency.

Butanotherthingforustorememberisthatthisblowwasaimedatthe life of the government and of the nation. Lincoln was slain;Americawasmeant.Themanwascastdown; thegovernmentwassmittenat.ItwasthePresidentwhowaskilled.Itwasnationallife,

breathing freedom andmeaning beneficence, thatwas sought.He,the man of Illinois, the private man, divested of robes and theinsignia of authority, representing nothing but his personal self,might have been hated; but that would not have called forth themurderer'sblow.Itwasbecausehestoodintheplaceofgovernment,representing government and a government that represented rightandliberty,thathewassingledout.

This,then,isacrimeagainstuniversalgovernment.Itisnotablowatthefoundationsofourgovernment,morethanatthefoundationsof the English government, of the French government, of everycompact and well-organized government. It was a crime againstmankind.Thewholeworldwillrepudiateandstigmatizeitasadeedwithoutashadeofredeeminglight....

Theblow,however,hassignallyfailed.Thecauseisnotstricken;itis strengthened. This nation has dissolved,—but in tears only. Itstands,four-square,moresolid, to-day, thananypyramidinEgypt.This people are neither wasted, nor daunted, nor disordered.Menhateslaveryandlovelibertywithstrongerhateandloveto-daythaneverbefore.TheGovernmentisnotweakened,itismadestronger....

And now themartyr ismoving in triumphalmarch,mightier thanwhenalive.Thenationrisesupateverystageofhiscoming.Citiesandstatesarehispall-bearers,andthecannonbeats thehourswithsolemn progression. Dead—dead—dead—he yet speaketh! IsWashington dead? Is Hampden dead? Is David dead? Is anymandeadthateverwasfittolive?Disenthralledofflesh,andrisentotheunobstructed sphere where passion never comes, he begins hisillimitablework.His lifenowisgraftedupontheInfinite,andwillbe fruitful as no earthly life can be. Pass on, thou that hastovercome!Your sorrowsO people, are his peace!Your bells, andbands,andmuffleddrumssoundtriumphinhisear.Wailandweephere;Godmakesitechojoyandtriumphthere.Passon,victor!

Fouryearsago,OIllinois,wetookfromyourmidstanuntriedman,and from among the people; we return him to you a mightyconqueror. Not thine anymore, but the nation's; not ours, but theworld's. Give him place, ye prairies! In the midst of this greatContinenthisdustshallrest,asacredtreasuretomyriadswhoshall

make pilgrimage to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal andpatriotism.Yewinds,thatmoveoverthemightyplacesoftheWest,chanthisrequiem!Yepeople,beholdamartyr,whoseblood,assomany inarticulate words, pleads for fidelity, for law, for liberty!—HENRYWARDBEECHER.

THEHISTORYOFLIBERTY

The eventwhichwe commemorate is all-important, notmerely inourownannals,but in thoseof theworld.ThesententiousEnglishpoethasdeclaredthat"theproperstudyofmankindisman,"andofallinquiriesofatemporalnature,thehistoryofourfellow-beingsisunquestionablyamongthemostinteresting.Butnotallthechaptersofhumanhistory are alike important.The annals of our racehavebeenfilledupwithincidentswhichconcernnot,oratleastoughtnottoconcern, thegreatcompanyofmankind.History,as ithasoftenbeen written, is the genealogy of princes, the field-book ofconquerors; and the fortunes of our fellow-men have been treatedonlysofarastheyhavebeenaffectedbytheinfluenceofthegreatmastersanddestroyersofourrace.Suchhistoryis,Iwillnotsayaworthless study, for it isnecessary forus toknow thedarksideaswellasthebrightsideofourcondition.Butitisamelancholystudywhichfillsthebosomofthephilanthropistandthefriendoflibertywithsorrow.

Butthehistoryofliberty—thehistoryofmenstrugglingtobefree—the history of men who have acquired and are exercising theirfreedom—the history of those great movements in the world, bywhichlibertyhasbeenestablishedandperpetuated,formsasubjectwhichwecannotcontemplatetooclosely.Thisistherealhistoryofman,ofthehumanfamily,ofrationalimmortalbeings....

Thetrialofadversitywastheirs;thetrialofprosperityisours.Letusmeet itasmenwhoknowtheirdutyandprize theirblessings.Ourpositionisthemostenviable,themostresponsible,whichmencanfill. If this generation does its duty, the cause of constitutionalfreedomissafe.Ifwefail—ifwefail—notonlydowedefraudourchildrenoftheinheritancewhichwereceivedfromourfathers,butweblastthehopesofthefriendsoflibertythroughoutourcontinent,

throughoutEurope,throughouttheworld,totheendoftime.

Historyisnotwithoutherexamplesofhard-foughtfields,wherethebanner of liberty has floated triumphantly on thewildest storm ofbattle.She iswithoutherexamplesofapeoplebywhomthedear-boughttreasurehasbeenwiselyemployedandsafelyhandeddown.Theeyesoftheworldareturnedforthatexampletous....

Let us, then, aswe assemble on the birthday of the nation, aswegather upon the green turf, once wet with precious blood—let usdevoteourselvestothesacredcauseofconstitutionalliberty!Letusabjure the interests and passions which divide the great family ofAmericanfreemen!Lettherageofpartyspiritsleepto-day!Letusresolve that our children shall have cause to bless thememory oftheir fathers, as we have cause to bless the memory of ours!—EDWARDEVERETT.

CHAPTERVIII

CONCENTRATIONINDELIVERY

Attentionisthemicroscopeofthementaleye.Itspowermaybehighorlow;itsfieldofviewnarroworbroad.Whenhighpowerisusedattentionisconfinedwithinverycircumscribedlimits,butitsactionis exceedingly intense and absorbing. It sees but few things, butthesefewareobserved"throughandthrough"...Mentalenergyandactivity,whetherofperceptionorofthought,thusconcentrated,actlike thesun's raysconcentratedby theburningglass.Theobject isillumined,heated,setonfire.Impressionsaresodeepthattheycanneverbeeffaced.Attentionofthissortistheprimeconditionofthemostproductivementallabor.

—DANIELPUTNAM,Psychology.

Trytorubthetopofyourheadforwardandbackwardatthesametimethatyouarepattingyourchest.Unlessyourpowersofcoördinationarewelldevelopedyouwill find it confusing, if not impossible. The brain needs special training

beforeitcandotwoormorethingsefficientlyatthesameinstant.Itmayseemlike splitting a hair between its north and northwest corner, but somepsychologists argue that no brain can think two distinct thoughts, absolutelysimultaneously—thatwhatseemstobesimultaneousisreallyveryrapidrotationfrom the first thought to the secondandback again, just as in the above-citedexperiment theattentionmustshift fromonehand to theotheruntiloneor theothermovementbecomespartlyorwhollyautomatic.

Whatever is thepsychological truthof this contention it is undeniable that themindmeasurably loses grip onone idea themoment the attention is projecteddecidedlyaheadtoasecondorathirdidea.

Afaultinpublicspeakersthatisasperniciousasitiscommonisthattheytrytothinkofthesucceedingsentencewhilestillutteringtheformer,andinthiswaytheirconcentrationtrailsoff;inconsequence,theystarttheirsentencesstronglyand end them weakly. In a well-prepared written speech the emphatic wordusuallycomesatoneendofthesentence.Butanemphaticwordneedsemphaticexpression,andthisispreciselywhatitdoesnotgetwhenconcentrationflagsbyleapingtoosoontothatwhichisnexttobeuttered.Concentrateallyourmentalenergies on the present sentence. Remember that the mind of your audiencefollowsyoursveryclosely, and ifyouwithdrawyour attention fromwhatyouaresayingtowhatyouaregoingtosay,youraudiencewillalsowithdrawtheirs.Theymaynotdosoconsciouslyanddeliberately,but theywillsurelycease togiveimportancetothethingsthatyouyourselfslight.Itisfataltoeithertheactororthespeakertocrosshisbridgestoosoon.

Ofcourse,allthisisnottosaythatinthenaturalpausesofyourspeechyouarenottotakeswiftforwardsurveys—theyareasimportantastheforwardlookindriving a motor car; the caution is of quite another sort:while speaking onesentence do not think of the sentence to follow. Let it come from its propersource—within yourself. You cannot deliver a broadsidewithout concentratedforce—that is what produces the explosion. In preparation you store andconcentratethoughtandfeeling;inthepausesduringdeliveryyouswiftly lookahead and gather yourself for effective attack; during the moments of actualspeech, SPEAK—DON'T ANTICIPATE. Divide your attention and you divideyourpower.

Thismatterof theeffectof the innermanupon theouterneedsa furtherwordhere,particularlyastouchingconcentration.

"Whatdoyouread,mylord?"Hamletreplied,"Words.Words.Words."Thatisaworld-oldtrouble.Themechanicalcallingofwordsisnotexpression,byalongstretch.Did you ever notice howhollowamemorized speechusually sounds?You have listened to the ranting, mechanical cadence of inefficient actors,lawyers and preachers. Their trouble is a mental one—they are notconcentratedly thinking thoughts that cause words to issue with sincerity andconviction, but are merely enunciating word-sounds mechanically. Painfulexperiencealiketoaudienceandtospeaker!Aparrotisequallyeloquent.Againlet Shakespeare instruct us, this tune in the insincere prayer of the King,Hamlet'suncle.Helamentsthuspointedly:

Mywordsflyup,mythoughtsremainbelow:Wordswithoutthoughtsnevertoheavengo.

Thetruthis,thatasaspeakeryourwordsmustbebornagaineverytimetheyarespoken, then they will not suffer in their utterance, even though perforcecommittedtomemoryandrepeated,likeDr.RussellConwell'slecture,"AcresofDiamonds," five thousand times. Such speeches lose nothing by repetition fortheperfectlypatentreasonthattheyarisefromconcentratedthoughtandfeelingandnotamerenecessityforsayingsomething—whichusuallymeansanything,andthat,inturn,istantamounttonothing.Ifthethoughtbeneathyourwordsiswarm,fresh,spontaneous,apartofyourself,yourutterancewillhavebreathandlife.Wordsareonlyaresult.Donottrytogettheresultwithoutstimulatingthecause.

Doyouaskhowtoconcentrate?Thinkoftheworditself,andofitsphilologicalbrother,concentric.Thinkofhowalensgathersandconcenterstheraysoflightwithinagivencircle. Itcenters thembyaprocessofwithdrawal. Itmayseemlikeaharshsaying,butthemanwhocannotconcentrateiseitherweakofwill,anervouswreck,orhasneverlearnedwhatwill-powerisgoodfor.

Youmustconcentratebyresolutelywithdrawingyourattentionfromeverythingelse.Ifyouconcentrateyourthoughtonapainwhichmaybeafflictingyou,thatpain will grow more intense. "Count your blessings" and they will multiply.Center your thought on your strokes and your tennis play will graduallyimprove.Toconcentrateissimplytoattendtoonething,andattendtonothingelse. If you find that you cannot do that, there is somethingwrong—attend tothatfirst.Removethecauseand thesymptomwilldisappear.Readthechapteron "Will Power." Cultivate your will by willing and then doing, at all costs.Concentrate—andyouwillwin.


1.Selectfromanysourceseveralsentencessuitableforspeakingaloud;deliverthemfirstinthemannercondemnedinthischapter,andsecondwithdueregardforemphasistowardthecloseofeachsentence.

2.Putintoaboutonehundredwordsyourimpressionoftheeffectproduced.

3.Tell of anypeculiarmethodsyoumayhaveobservedor heardof bywhichspeakers have sought to aid their powers of concentration, such as lookingfixedlyatablankspotintheceiling,ortwistingawatchcharm.

4.Whateffectdosuchhabitshaveontheaudience?

5.Whatrelationdoespausebeartoconcentration?

6.Tellwhyconcentrationnaturallyhelpsaspeakertochangepitch,tempo,andemphasis.

7.Readthefollowingselection throughtoget itsmeaningandspiritclearly inyourmind.Thenreaditaloud,concentratingsolelyonthethoughtthatyouareexpressing—donot trouble about the sentence or thought that is coming.Halfthetroublesofmankindarisefromanticipatingtrialsthatneveroccur.Avoidthisin speaking.Make the end of your sentences just as strong as the beginning.CONCENTRATE.

WAR!

The last of the savage instincts iswar.The caveman's clubmadelawandprocuredfood.Mightdecreedright.Warriorsweresaviours.

In Nazareth a carpenter laid down the saw and preached thebrotherhood of man. Twelve centuries afterwards his followersmarchedtotheHolyLandtodestroyallwhodifferedwiththeminthe worship of the God of Love. Triumphantly they wrote "InSolomon'sPorchandinhistempleourmenrodeinthebloodoftheSaracensuptothekneesoftheirhorses."

History is an appalling tale of war. In the seventeenth centuryGermany, France, Sweden, and Spain warred for thirty years. AtMagdeburg 30,000 out of 36,000were killed regardless of sex orage.InGermanyschoolswereclosedforathirdofacentury,homes

burned,women outraged, towns demolished, and the untilled landbecameawilderness.

Two-thirdsofGermany'spropertywasdestroyedand18,000,000ofher citizenswere killed, becausemen quarrelled about theway toglorify "The Prince of Peace." Marching through rain and snow,sleeping on the ground, eating stale food or starving, contractingdiseases and facing guns that fire six hundred times aminute, forfiftycentsaday—thisisthesoldier'slife.

Atthewindowsitsthewidowedmothercrying.Littlechildrenwithtearfulfacespressedagainst thepanewatchandwait.Theirmeansof livelihood, their home, their happiness is gone. Fatherlesschildren,broken-heartedwomen,sick,disabledanddeadmen—thisisthewageofwar.

Wespendmoremoneypreparingmentokilleachotherthanwedoin teaching them to live. We spend more money building onebattleship than in the annual maintenance of all our stateuniversities. The financial loss resulting from destroying oneanother's homes in the civil war would have built 15,000,000houses,eachcosting$2,000.Weprayforlovebutprepareforhate.Wepreachpeacebutequipforwar.

Werehalfthepowerthatfillstheworldwithterror,WerehalfthewealthbestowedoncampandcourtGiventoredeemthisworldfromerror,Therewouldbenoneedofarsenalandfort.

Waronlydefersaquestion.Noissuewilleverreallybesettleduntilitissettledrightly.Likerival"gungangs"inabackalley,thenationsof the world, through the bloody ages, have fought over theirdifferences. Denver cannot fight Chicago and Iowa cannot fightOhio. Why should Germany be permitted to fight France, orBulgariafightTurkey?

Whenmankind rises above creeds, colors and countries,whenwearecitizens,notofanation,butoftheworld,thearmiesandnavies

of theearthwillconstitutean internationalpoliceforce topreservethepeaceandthedovewilltaketheeagle'splace.

Our differences will be settled by an international court with thepowertoenforceitsmandates.Intimesofpeaceprepareforpeace.Thewages of war are the wages of sin, and the "wages of sin isdeath."

—EditorialbyD.C.,Leslie'sWeekly;usedbypermission.

CHAPTERIX

FORCE

However,'tisexpedienttobewary:Indifference,certes,don'tproducedistress;AndrashenthusiasmingoodsocietyWerenothingbutamoralinebriety.

—BYRON,DonJuan.

Youhaveattendedplaysthatseemedfair,yettheydidnotmoveyou,gripyou.Intheatricalparlance,theyfailedto"getover,"whichmeansthattheirmessagedidnotgetover thefoot-lights to theaudience.Therewasnopunch,nojabtothem—theyhadnoforce.

Ofcourse,allthisspellsdisaster,inbigletters,notonlyinastageproductionbutin any platform effort. Every such presentation exists solely for the audience,andifitfailstohitthem—andtheexpressionisagoodone—ithasnoexcuseforliving;norwillitlivelong.

WhatisForce?

Someofourmostobviouswordsopenupsecretmeaningsunderscrutiny,andthisisoneofthem.

Tobeginwith,wemustrecognizethedistinctionbetweeninnerandouterforce.Theoneiscause,theothereffect.Theoneisspiritual,theotherphysical.Inthis

importantparticular, animate forcediffers from inanimate force—thepowerofman,comingfromwithinandexpressingitselfoutwardly,isofanothersortfromthe force of Shimose powder, which awaits some influence from without toexplode it.However susceptive to outside stimuli, the true sourceof power inman lieswithinhimself.Thismay seem like "merepsychology,"but it has anintenselypracticalbearingonpublicspeaking,aswillappear.

Notonlymustwediscernthedifferencebetweenhumanforceandmerephysicalforce,butwemustnotconfuseitsrealessencewithsomeofthethingsthatmay—andmaynot—accompanyit.Forexample,loudnessisnotforce,thoughforceattimesmaybeattendedbynoise.Mereroaringnevermadeagoodspeech,yetthere aremoments—moments,mindyou,notminutes—whenbigvoicepowermaybeusedwithtremendouseffect.

Nor is violent motion force—yet force may result in violent motion. Hamletcounseledtheplayers:

Nordonot saw theair toomuchwithyourhand, thus;butuseallgently;forintheverytorrent,tempest,and(asImaysay)whirlwindofyourpassion,youmustacquireandbegetatemperance,thatmaygive it smoothness. Oh, it offends me to the soul, to hear arobustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to veryrags, tosplit theearsof thegroundlings[2];who, for themostpart,are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb show, and noise. Iwouldhavesuchafellowwhippedforo'er-doingTermagant;itout-herodsHerod.Prayyouavoidit.

Benot too tame,neither,but letyourdiscretionbeyour tutor: suitthe action to the word, the word to the action; with this specialobservance,thatyouo'erstepnotthemodestyofnature;foranythingsooverdoneisfromthepurposeofplaying,whoseend,bothatthefirst, and now, was, and is, to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up toNature, toshowVirtueherownfeature,Scornherownimage,andtheveryageandbodyofthetimehisformandpressure.Now,thisoverdone, or come tardy off, though it make the unskillful laugh,cannotbutmakethejudiciousgrieve;thecensureofthewhichonemust, in your allowance, o'erweigh awhole theater of others.Oh,therebeplayersthatIhaveseenplay—andheardotherspraise,andthathighly—nottospeakitprofanely,that,neitherhavingtheaccentof Christians, nor the gait of Christian, pagan, or man, have so

strutted and bellowed that I have thought some of Nature'sjourneymenhadmademen,andnotmadethemwell, theyimitatedhumanitysoabominably.[3]

Forceisbothacauseandaneffect.Innerforce,whichmustprecedeouterforce,isacombinationoffourelements,actingprogressively.Firstofall,forcearisesfromconviction.Youmustbeconvincedof the truth,or the importance,or themeaning,ofwhatyouareabouttosaybeforeyoucangiveitforcefuldelivery.Itmust lay strong hold upon your convictions before it can grip your audience.Convictionconvinces.

TheSaturdayEveningPostinanarticleon"England'sT.R."—WinstonSpencerChurchill—attributed much of Churchill's and Roosevelt's public platformsuccess to their forceful delivery.Nomatterwhat is in hand, thesemenmakethemselvesbelieveforthetimebeingthatthatonethingisthemostimportantonearth.HencetheyspeaktotheiraudiencesinaDo-this-or-you-PERISHmanner.

That kindof speakingwins, and it is that virile, strenuous, aggressive attitudewhich both distinguishes and maintains the platform careers of our greatestleaders.

Butletuslookalittlecloserattheoriginsofinnerforce.Howdoesconvictionaffectthemanwhofeelsit?Wehaveansweredtheinquiryintheveryquestionitself—hefeelsit:Convictionproducesemotionaltension.StudythepicturesofTheodoreRooseveltandofBillySundayinaction—actionistheword.Notethetensionoftheirjawmuscles,thetautlinesofsinewsintheirentirebodieswhenreaching a climax of force.Moral and physical force are alike in being bothpreceded and accompanied by in-tens-ity—tension—tightness of the cords ofpower.

Itisthistautnessofthebow-string,thisknottingofthemuscles,thiscontractionbefore thespring, thatmakesanaudience feel—almostsee—thereservepowerinaspeaker. Insomereallywonderfulwayit ismorewhataspeakerdoesnotsay and do that reveals the dynamo within. Anything may come from suchstored-upforceonceitisletloose;andthatkeepsanaudiencealert,hangingonthelipsofaspeakerforhisnextword.Afterall,itisallaquestionofmanhood,for a stuffed doll has neither convictions nor emotional tension. If you areupholstered with sawdust, keep off the platform, for your own speech willpunctureyou.

Growing out of this conviction-tension comes resolve to make the audience

share that conviction-tension. Purpose is the backbone of force; without itspeechisflabby—itmayglitter,butitistheiridescenceofthespinelessjellyfish.Youmustholdfasttoyourresolveifyouwouldholdfasttoyouraudience.

Finally,allthisconviction-tension-purposeislifelessanduselessunlessitresultsin propulsion. You remember how Young in his wonderful "Night Thoughts"delineatesthemanwho

Pusheshisprudentpurposetoresolve,Resolves,andre-resolves,anddiesthesame.

Let not your force "die a-borning,"—bring it to full life in its conviction,emotionaltension,resolve,andpropulsivepower.

CanForcebeAcquired?

Yes, if the acquirer has any such capacities aswe have just outlined.How toacquirethisvitalfactorissuggestedinitsveryanalysis:Livewithyoursubjectuntilyouareconvincedofitsimportance.

Ifyourmessagedoesnotofitselfarouseyoutotension,PULLyourselftogether.Whenamanfacesthenecessityofleapingacrossacrevassehedoesnotwaitforinspiration, hewills his muscles into tensity for the spring—it is not withoutpurposethatourEnglishlanguageusesthesamewordtodepictamightythoughdelicatesteelcontrivanceandaquickleapthroughtheair.Thenresolve—andletitallendinactualpunch.

Thistruthisworthreiteration:Themanwithinisthefinalfactor.Hemustsupplythefuel.Theaudience,oreventhemanhimself,mayaddthematch—itmatterslittle which, only so that there be fire. However skillfully your engine isconstructed,howeverwell itworks,youwillhavenoforceif thefirehasgoneoutunder theboiler. Itmatters littlehowwellyouhavemasteredpoise,pause,modulation,andtempo,ifyourspeechlacksfireitisdead.Neitheradeadenginenoradeadspeechwillmoveanybody.

Fourfactorsofforcearemeasurablywithinyourcontrol,andinthatfarmaybeacquired:ideas,feelingaboutthesubject,wording,anddelivery.Eachoftheseismore or less fully discussed in this volume, except wording, which reallyrequiresafullerrhetoricalstudythancanherebeventured.Itis,however,oftheutmost importance that you should be aware of precisely how wording bearsuponforceinasentence.Study"TheWorkingPrinciplesofRhetoric,"byJohn

FranklinGenung,ortherhetoricaltreatisesofAdamsShermanHill,ofCharlesSears Baldwin, or any others whose names may easily be learned from anyteacher.

Hereareafewsuggestionsontheuseofwordstoattainforce:

ChoiceofWords

PLAINwordsaremoreforcefulthanwordslesscommonlyused—jugglehasmorevigorthanprestidigitate.

SHORTwordsarestrongerthanlongwords—endhasmoredirectnessthanterminate.

SAXONwordsareusuallymoreforcefulthanLatinisticwords—forforce,usewarsagainstratherthanmilitateagainst.

SPECIFICwordsarestrongerthangeneralwords—pressmanismoredefinitethanprinter.

CONNOTATIVEwords,thosethatsuggestmorethantheysay,havemorepowerthanordinarywords—"Sheletherselfbemarried"expressesmorethan"Shemarried."

EPITHETS,figurativelydescriptivewords,aremoreeffectivethandirectnames—"Gotellthatoldfox,"hasmore"punch"than"Gotellthatslyfellow."ONOMATOPOETICwords,wordsthatconveythesensebythesound,aremorepowerfulthanotherwords—crashismoreeffectivethancataclysm.

Arrangementofwords

Cutoutmodifiers.

Cutoutconnectives.

Beginwithwordsthatdemandattention.

"Endwithwordsthatdeservedistinction,"saysProf.BarrettWendell.

Setstrongideasoveragainstweakerones,soastogainstrengthbythecontrast.

Avoidelaboratesentencestructure—shortsentencesarestrongerthanlongones.

Cutouteveryuselessword,soastogiveprominencetothereallyimportantones.

Leteachsentencebeacondensedbatteringram,swingingtoitsfinalblowontheattention.

Afamiliar,homelyidiom,ifnotwornbymuchuse,ismoreeffectivethanahighlyformal,scholarlyexpression.

Considerwelltherelativevalueofdifferentpositionsinthesentencesothatyoumaygivetheprominentplacetoideasyouwishtoemphasize.

"But,"sayssomeone,"isitnotmorehonesttodependtheinherentinterestinasubject, its native truth, clearness and sincerity of presentation, and beauty ofutterance,towinyouraudience?Whynotcharmmeninsteadofcapturingthembyassault?"

WhyUseForce?

There is much truth in such an appeal, but not all the truth. Clearness,persuasion,beauty,simplestatementoftruth,areallessential—indeed,theyarealldefinitepartsofa forcefulpresentmentofasubject,withoutbeing theonlyparts. Strong meat may not be as attractive as ices, but all depends on theappetiteandthestageofthemeal.

Youcannotdeliveranaggressivemessagewithcaressinglittlestrokes.No!Jabit inwithhard, swift solarplexuspunches.Youcannotstrike fire fromflintorfrom an audience with love taps. Say to a crowded theatre in a lackadaisicalmanner:"Itseemstomethatthehouseisonfire,"andyourannouncementmaybegreetedwithalaugh.Ifyouflashoutthewords:"Thehouse'sonfire!"theywillcrushoneanotheringettingtotheexits.

Thespirit and the languageof forcearedefinitewithconviction.No immortalspeech in literature contains such expressions as "it seems to me," "I shouldjudge,""inmyopinion,""Isuppose,""perhapsitistrue."Thespeechesthatwilllive have been delivered bymen ablazewith the courage of their convictions,whoutteredtheirwordsaseternaltruth.OfJesusitwassaidthat"thecommonpeopleheardHimgladly."Why?"HetaughtthemasonehavingAUTHORITY."Anaudiencewillneverbemovedbywhat"seems"toyoutobetruthorwhatinyour"humbleopinion"maybeso.Ifyouhonestlycan,assertconvictionsasyourconclusions.Besureyouarerightbeforeyouspeakyourspeech,thenutteryourthoughtsasthoughtheywereaGibraltarofunimpeachabletruth.Deliver themwiththe ironhandandconfidenceofaCromwell.Assert themwith thefireofauthority.Pronouncethemasanultimatum.Ifyoucannotspeakwithconviction,besilent.

Whatforcedidthatyoungministerhavewho,fearingtobetoodogmatic, thusexhortedhishearers: "My friends—as I assume thatyouare—it appears tobemydutytotellyouthatifyoudonotrepent,sotospeak,forsakeyoursins,asitwere, and turn to righteousness, if Imay so express it, youwill be lost, in ameasure"?

Effectivespeechmustreflect theera.This isnotarosewaterage,andatepid,half-hearted speech will not win. This is the century of trip hammers, ofoverlandexpressesthatdashundercitiesandthroughmountaintunnels,andyoumust instill thisspirit intoyourspeech ifyouwouldmoveapopularaudience.From a front seat listen to a first-class company present amodern Broadwaydrama—notacomedy,butagripping,thrillingdrama.Donotbecomeabsorbedin the story; reserve all your attention for the technique and the force of theacting.Thereisakickandacrashaswellasaninfinitelysubtleintensityinthebig, climax-speeches that suggest this lesson: the same well-calculated,restrained,delicatelyshadedforcewouldsimplyrivetyourideasinthemindsofyouraudience.Anair-gunwillrattlebird-shotagainstawindowpane—ittakesarifletowingabulletthroughplateglassandtheoakenwallsbeyond.

WhentoUseForce

Anaudienceisunlikethekingdomofheaven—theviolentdonotalwaystakeitbyforce.Therearetimeswhenbeautyandserenityshouldbetheonlybells inyourchime.Forceisonlyoneof thegreatextremesofcontrast—useneither itnorquietutterancetotheexclusionofothertones:bevarious,andinvarietyfindevengreaterforcethanyoucouldattainbyattemptingitsconstantuse.Ifyouare

readinganessayonthebeautiesofthedawn,talkingaboutthedaintybloomofahoney-suckle,orexplainingthemechanismofagasengine,avigorousstyleofdelivery is entirely out of place. But when you are appealing to wills andconsciencesforimmediateaction,forcefuldeliverywins.Insuchcases,considerthemindsofyouraudienceassomanysafesthathavebeenlockedandthekeyslost.Donottrytofigureoutthecombinations.Pouralittlenitroglycerineintothecracksandlightthefuse.Astheselinesarebeingwrittenacontractordownthestreetisclearingawaytherockswithdynamitetolaythefoundationsforagreatbuilding.Whenyouwanttogetaction,donotfeartousedynamite.

Thefinalargumentfortheeffectivenessofforceinpublicspeechisthefactthateverythingmust be enlarged for the purposes of the platform—that iswhy sofew speeches readwell in the reports on themorning after: statements appearcrudeandexaggeratedbecausetheyareunaccompaniedbytheforcefuldeliveryof aglowing speakerbeforeanaudienceheated to attentiveenthusiasm.So inpreparing your speech you must not err on the side of mild statement—youraudiencewillinevitablytonedownyourwordsinthecoldgreyofafterthought.When Phidias was criticised for the rough, bold outlines of a figure he hadsubmitted in competition, he smiled and asked that his statue and the onewroughtbyhisrivalshouldbesetuponthecolumnforwhichthesculpturewasdestined. When this was done all the exaggerations and crudities, toned bydistances,melted intoexquisitegraceof lineandform.Eachspeechmustbeaspecialstudyinsuitabilityandproportion.

Omit the thunder of delivery, if youwill, but likeWendell Phillips put "silentlightning" intoyourspeech.Makeyour thoughtsbreatheandyourwordsburn.Birrellsaid:"Emersonwriteslikeanelectricalcatemittingsparksandshocksinevery sentence." Go thou and speak likewise. Get the "big stick" into yourdelivery—beforceful.


1.Illustrate,byrepeatingasentencefrommemory,whatismeantbyemployingforceinspeaking.

2.Which in your opinion is themost important of the technical principles ofspeakingthatyouhavestudiedsofar?Why?

3.Whatistheeffectoftoomuchforceinaspeech?Toolittle?

4.Note some uninteresting conversation or ineffective speech, and tellwhy itfailed.

5.Suggesthowitmightbeimproved.

6.Whydospeecheshavetobespokenwithmoreforcethandoconversations?

7.Readaloudtheselectiononpage84,usingthetechnicalprinciplesoutlinedinchaptersIIItoVIII,butneglecttoputanyforcebehindtheinterpretation.Whatistheresult?

8.Rereadseveraltimes,doingyourbesttoachieveforce.

9.Whichpartsoftheselectiononpage84requirethemostforce?

10. Write a five-minute speech not only discussing the errors of those whoexaggerateandthosewhominimizetheuseofforce,butbyimitationshowtheirweaknesses.Donotburlesque,butcloselyimitate.

11.Givealistoftenthemesforpublicaddresses,sayingwhichseemmostlikelytorequirethefrequentuseofforceindelivery.

12.Inyourownopinion,dospeakersusuallyerrfromtheuseoftoomuchortoolittleforce?

13.Define(a)bombast;(b)bathos;(c)sentimentality;(d)squeamish.

14.Sayhowtheforegoingwordsdescribeweaknessesinpublicspeech.

15. Recast in twentieth-century English "Hamlet's Directions to the Players,"page88.

16. Memorize the following extracts from Wendell Phillips' speeches, anddeliverthemwiththeofWendellPhillips'"silentlightning"delivery.

We are for a revolution!We say in behalf of these hunted lyings,whom God created, and who law-abiding Webster and Winthrophave sworn shall not find shelter in Massachusetts,—we say thatthey may make their little motions, and pass their little laws inWashington, but that Faneuil Hall repeals them in the name ofhumanityandtheoldBayState!

Myadvicetoworkingmenisthis:

Ifyouwantpower in thiscountry; ifyouwant tomakeyourselvesfelt;ifyoudonotwantyourchildrentowaitlongyearsbeforetheyhave thebreadon the table theyought tohave, the leisure in theirlivestheyoughttohave,theopportunitiesinlifetheyoughttohave;ifyoudon'twanttowaityourselves,—writeonyourbanner,sothateverypoliticaltrimmercanreadit,sothateverypolitician,nomatterhowshort-sightedhemaybe,canreadit,"WENEVERFORGET!Ifyoulaunchthearrowofsarcasmatlabor,WENEVERFORGET! Ifthere is a division in Congress, and you throw your vote in thewrong scale,WE NEVER FORGET! You may go down on yourknees,andsay,'IamsorryIdidtheact'—butwewillsay'ITWILLAVAILYOUINHEAVENTOBESORRY,BUTONTHISSIDEOFTHE GRAVE, NEVER!'" So that a man in taking up the laborquestionwillknowheisdealingwithahair-triggerpistol,andwillsay, "I am tobe true to justiceand toman;otherwise I amadeadduck."

In Russia there is no press, no debate, no explanation of whatgovernment does, no remonstrance allowed, no agitation of publicissues.Dead silence, like thatwhich reignsat the summitofMontBlanc,freezesthewholeempire,longagodescribedas"adespotismtempered by assassination." Meanwhile, such despotism hasunsettled the brains of the ruling family, as unbridled powerdoubtless made some of the twelve Cæsars insane; a madman,sportingwith the lives and comfort of a hundredmillions ofmen.Theyounggirlwhispersinhermother'sear,underaceiledroof,herpity forabrotherknoutedanddraggedhalfdead intoexile forhisopinions.Thenextweeksheisstrippednakedandfloggedtodeathinthepublicsquare.Noinquiry,noexplanation,notrial,noprotest,one dead uniform silence, the law of the tyrant. Where is thereground for any hope of peaceful change? No, no! in such a landdynamiteandthedaggerarethenecessaryandpropersubstitutesforFaneuil Hall. Anything that will make the madman quake in hisbedchamber, and rouse his victims into reckless and desperate

resistance.ThisistheonlyviewanAmerican,thechildof1620and1776, can take ofNihilism.Any other unsettles and perplexes theethicsofourcivilization.

Born within sight of Bunker Hill—son of Harvard, whose firstpledgewas"Truth,"citizenofarepublicbasedontheclaimthatnogovernment is rightfulunless restingon theconsentof thepeople,andwhichassumestoleadinassertingtherightsofhumanity—Iatleastcansaynothingelseandnothingless—nonotifeverytileonCambridgeroofswereadevilhootingmywords!

For practise on forceful selections, use "The Irrepressible Conflict," page 67;"AbrahamLincoln,"page76,"PassProsperityAround,"page470;"APleaforCuba,"page50.

FOOTNOTES:

[2]Thosewhosatinthepitortheparquet.

[3]Hamlet,ActIII,Scene2.

CHAPTERX

FEELINGANDENTHUSIASM

Enthusiasmisthatsecretandharmoniousspiritthathoversovertheproductionofgenius.

—ISAACDISRAELI,LiteraryCharacter.

If you are addressing a body of scientists on such a subject as the veins in abutterfly'swings,oronroadstructure,naturallyyourthemewillnotarousemuchfeelingineitheryouoryouraudience.Thesearepurelymentalsubjects.Butifyouwantmentovoteforameasurethatwillabolishchildlabor,orifyouwouldinspire them to take up arms for freedom, you must strike straight at theirfeelings.Welieonsoftbeds,sitneartheradiatoronacoldday,eatcherrypie,and devote our attention to one of the opposite sex, not because we havereasonedoutthatitistherightthingtodo,butbecauseitfeelsright.Noonebutadyspepticchooseshisdietfromachart.Ourfeelingsdictatewhatweshalleatand generally how we shall act. Man is a feeling animal, hence the publicspeaker'sabilitytoarousementoactiondependsalmostwhollyonhisabilitytotouchtheiremotions.

Negromothersontheauction-blockseeingtheirchildrensoldawayfromthemintoslaveryhaveflamedoutsomeofAmerica'smoststirringspeeches.True,themotherdidnothaveanyknowledgeof the techniqueof speaking,but shehadsomething greater than all technique,more effective than reason: feeling. Thegreatspeechesoftheworldhavenotbeendeliveredontariffreductionsorpost-office appropriations. The speeches that will live have been charged withemotionalforce.Prosperityandpeacearepoordevelopersofeloquence.Whengreatwrongs are tobe righted,when thepublicheart is flamingwithpassion,

that is theoccasion formemorable speaking.PatrickHenrymadean immortaladdress,forinanepochalcrisishepleadedforliberty.Hehadrousedhimselftothepointwherehecouldhonestlyandpassionatelyexclaim,"Givemelibertyorgiveme death."His famewould have been different had he lived to-day andarguedfortherecallofjudges.

ThePowerofEnthusiasm

Political parties hire bands, and pay for applause—they argue that, for vote-getting,tostirupenthusiasmismoreeffectivethanreasoning.Howfartheyareright depends on the hearers, but there can be no doubt about the contagiousnatureofenthusiasm.AwatchmanufacturerinNewYorktriedouttwoseriesofwatch advertisements; one argued the superior construction, workmanship,durability,andguaranteeofferedwiththewatch;theotherwasheaded,"AWatchtobeProudof,"anddweltuponthepleasureandprideofownership.Thelatterseries sold twice as many as the former. A salesman for a locomotive worksinformed the writer that in selling railroad engines emotional appeal wasstrongerthananargumentbasedonmechanicalexcellence.

Illustrationswithoutnumbermightbecitedtoshowthatinallouractionsweareemotional beings. The speaker whowould speak efficientlymust develop thepowertoarousefeeling.

Webster,greatdebaterthathewas,knewthattherealsecretofaspeaker'spowerwasanemotionalone.Heeloquentlysaysofeloquence:

"Affectedpassion,intenseexpression,thepompofdeclamation,allmayaspireafter it; theycannotreachit.Itcomes, if itcomeatall,liketheoutbreakofafountainfromtheearth,ortheburstingforthofvolcanicfires,withspontaneous,original,nativeforce.

"Thegracestaughtintheschools,thecostlyornamentsandstudiedcontrivances of speech, shock and disgust men, when their ownlives, and the fate of theirwives, their children, and their countryhangonthedecisionofthehour.Thenwordshavelosttheirpower,rhetoric is in vain, and all elaborate oratory contemptible. Evengenius itself then feels rebukedandsubdued,as in thepresenceofhigher qualities. Then patriotism is eloquent, then self-devotion iseloquent.The clear conceptionoutrunning thedeductionsof logic,thehighpurpose,thefirmresolve,thedauntlessspirit,speakingonthe tongue, beaming from the eye, informing every feature, and

urgingthewholemanonward,rightonwardtohissubject—this,thisis eloquence; or rather, it is something greater and higher than alleloquence;itisaction,noble,sublime,godlikeaction."

WhentravelingthroughtheNorthwestsometimeago,oneofthepresentwritersstrolledupavillagestreetafterdinnerandnoticedacrowdlisteningtoa"faker"speakingonacornerfromagoods-box.RememberingEmerson'sadviceaboutlearningsomething fromeverymanwemeet, theobserver stopped to listen tothis speaker's appeal. He was selling a hair tonic, which he claimed to havediscoveredinArizona.Heremovedhishattoshowwhatthisremedyhaddoneforhim,washedhisfaceinittodemonstratethatitwasasharmlessaswater,andenlargedonitsmeritsinsuchanenthusiasticmannerthatthehalf-dollarspouredinonhiminasilverflood.Whenhehadsuppliedtheaudiencewithhairtonic,heaskedwhyagreaterproportionofmenthanwomenwerebald.Nooneknew.Heexplainedthatitwasbecausewomenworethinner-soledshoes,andsomadeagoodelectricalconnectionwithmotherearth,whilemenworethick,dry-soledshoes that did not transmit the earth's electricity to the body.Men's hair, nothavingaproperamountofelectricalfood,diedandfellout.Ofcoursehehadaremedy—alittlecopperplatethatshouldbenailedonthebottomoftheshoe.Hepictured inenthusiasticandvivid terms thedesirabilityofescapingbaldness—andpaidtributestohiscopperplates.Strangeasitmayseemwhenthestoryistoldincoldprint,thespeaker'senthusiasmhadswepthisaudiencewithhim,andtheycrushedaroundhisstandwithoutstretched"quarters"intheiranxietytobethepossessorsofthesemagicalplates!

Emerson's suggestion had been well taken—the observer had seen again thewonderful,persuasivepowerofenthusiasm!

Enthusiasm sentmillions crusading into theHoly Land to redeem it from theSaracens. Enthusiasm plunged Europe into a thirty years' war over religion.Enthusiasmsentthreesmallshipsplyingtheunknownseatotheshoresofanewworld.WhenNapoleon'sarmywerewornoutanddiscouragedintheirascentoftheAlps, the Little Corporal stopped them and ordered the bands to play theMarseillaise.Underitssoul-stirringstrainstherewerenoAlps.

Listen!Emerson said: "Nothing greatwas ever achievedwithout enthusiasm."Carlyledeclared that"Everygreatmovement in theannalsofhistoryhasbeenthe triumph of enthusiasm." It is as contagious asmeasles. Eloquence is halfinspiration. Sweep your audience with you in a pulsation of enthusiasm. Letyourself go. "Aman," saidOliverCromwell, "never rises so high aswhen he

knowsnotwhitherheisgoing."

HowareWetoAcquireandDevelopEnthusiasm?

Itisnottobeslippedonlikeasmokingjacket.Abookcannotfurnishyouwithit.Itisagrowth—aneffect.Butaneffectofwhat?Letussee.

Emersonwrote: "A painter toldme that nobody could draw a treewithout insomesortbecomingatree;ordrawachildbystudyingtheoutlinesofhisformmerely,—but,bywatchingforatimehismotionandplays,thepainterentershisnature,andthencandrawhimatwillineveryattitude.SoRoos'enteredintotheinmostnatureofhissheep.'Iknewadraughtsmanemployedinapublicsurvey,whofoundthathecouldnotsketchtherocksuntiltheirgeologicalstructurewasfirstexplainedtohim."

WhenSarahBernhardtplaysadifficultroleshefrequentlywillspeaktonoonefromfouro'clockintheafternoonuntilaftertheperformance.Fromthehouroffour she lives her character.Booth, it is reported,would not permit anyone tospeak to himbetween the acts of hisShakesperean rôles, for hewasMacbeththen—notBooth.Dante,exiledfromhisbelovedFlorence,condemnedtodeath,lived in caves, half starved; then Dante wrote out his heart in "The DivineComedy." Bunyan entered into the spirit of his "Pilgrim's Progress" sothoroughly that he fell down on the floor of Bedford jail and wept for joy.Turner,who lived inagarret, arosebeforedaybreakandwalkedover thehillsninemilestoseethesunriseontheocean, thathemightcatchthespiritof itswonderful beauty. Wendell Phillips' sentences were full of "silent lightning"becauseheboreinhisheartthesorrowoffivemillionslaves.

Thereisonlyonewaytogetfeelingintoyourspeaking—andwhateverelseyouforget, forget not this: You must actually ENTER INTO the character youimpersonate,thecauseyouadvocate,thecaseyouargue—enterintoitsodeeplythatitclothesyou,enthrallsyou,possessesyouwholly.Thenyouare,inthetruemeaning of the word, in sympathy with your subject, for its feeling is yourfeeling, you "feelwith" it, and therefore your enthusiasm is both genuine andcontagious.TheCarpenterwhospokeas"nevermanspake"utteredwordsbornoutofapassionof loveforhumanity—hehadenteredintohumanity,andthusbecameMan.

But we must not look upon the foregoing words as a facile prescription fordecoctinga feelingwhichmay thenbe ladledout toacomplacentaudience inquantities tosuit theneedof themoment.Genuine feeling inaspeech isbone

and blood of the speech itself and not something that may be added to it orsubstracted at will. In the ideal address theme, speaker and audience becomeone,fusedbytheemotionandthoughtofthehour.

TheNeedofSympathyforHumanity

Itisimpossibletolaytoomuchstressonthenecessityforthespeaker'shavingabroadanddeeptendernessforhumannature.OneofVictorHugo'sbiographersattributeshispowerasanoratorandwritertohiswidesympathiesandprofoundreligious feelings. Recently we heard the editor ofCollier'sWeekly speak onshort-storywriting,andhesooftenemphasizedthenecessityforthisbroadloveforhumanity,thistrulyreligiousfeeling,thatheapologizedtwicefordeliveringasermon.Fewifanyoftheimmortalspeecheswereeverdeliveredforaselfishoranarrowcause—theywerebornoutofapassionatedesiretohelphumanity;instances, Paul's address to the Athenians onMars Hill, Lincoln's Gettysburgspeech, The Sermon on the Mount, Henry's address before the VirginiaConventionofDelegates.

Thesealandsignofgreatnessisadesiretoserveothers.Self-preservationisthefirst law of life, but self-abnegation is the first law of greatness—and of art.Selfishness is the fundamental cause of all sin, it is the thing that all greatreligions,allworthyphilosophies,havestruckat.Outofaheartofrealsympathyandlovecomethespeechesthatmovehumanity.

FormerUnitedStatesSenatorAlbert J.Beveridge in an introduction tooneofthevolumesof"ModernEloquence,"says:"Theprofoundestfeelingamongthemasses,themostinfluentialelementintheircharacter,isthereligiouselement.Itis as instinctive and elemental as the law of self-preservation. It informs thewhole intellect and personality of the people. And he who would greatlyinfluence the people by uttering their unformed thoughtsmust have this greatandunanalyzablebondofsympathywiththem."

WhenthemenofUlsterarmedthemselves tooppose thepassageof theHomeRuleAct,oneofthepresentwritersassignedtoahundredmen"HomeRule"asthe topic foranaddress tobepreparedbyeach.Among thisgroupweresomebrilliant speakers, several of them experienced lawyers and politicalcampaigners. Some of their addresses showed a remarkable knowledge andgrasp of the subject; otherswere clothed in themost attractive phrases.But aclerk,withoutagreatdealofeducationandexperience,aroseand toldhowhespenthisboyhooddaysinUlster,howhismotherwhileholdinghimonherlap

hadpicturedtohimUlster'sdeedsofvalor.Hespokeofapictureinhisuncle'shome that showed themen ofUlster conquering a tyrant andmarching on tovictory.Hisvoicequivered,andwithahandpointingupwardhedeclaredthatifthemenofUlsterwenttowartheywouldnotgoalone—agreatGodwouldgowiththem.

Thespeechthrilledandelectrifiedtheaudience.Itthrillsyetaswerecallit.Thehigh-soundingphrases,thehistoricalknowledge,thephilosophicaltreatment,oftheotherspeakers largelyfailed toarouseanydeep interest,while thegenuineconvictionandfeelingofthemodestclerk,speakingonasubjectthatlaydeepinhisheart,notonlyelectrifiedhisaudiencebutwontheirpersonalsympathyforthecauseheadvocated.

AsWebster said, it is of no use to try to pretend to sympathy or feelings. Itcannot be done successfully. "Nature is forever putting a premiumon reality."Whatisfalseissoondetectedassuch.Thethoughtsandfeelingsthatcreateandmouldthespeechinthestudymustbebornagainwhenthespeechisdeliveredfrom the platform. Do not let your words say one thing, and your voice andattitudeanother.Thereisnoroomhereforhalf-hearted,nonchalantmethodsofdelivery. Sincerity is the very soul of eloquence. Carlyle was right: "NoMirabeau,Napoleon,Burns,Cromwell,nomanadequatetodoanything,butisfirst of all in right earnest about it; what I call a sincere man. I should saysincerity,agreat,deep,genuinesincerity,isthefirstcharacteristicofallmeninanywayheroic.Not the sincerity that calls itself sincere; ahno, that is averypoormatterindeed;ashallowbraggart,conscioussincerity,oftenestself-conceitmainly. The great man's sincerity is of the kind he cannot speak of—is notconsciousof."


Itisonethingtoconvincethewould-bespeakerthatheoughttoputfeelingintohisspeeches;oftenitisquiteanotherthingforhimtodoit.Theaveragespeakerisafraid to lethimselfgo,andcontinuallysuppresseshisemotions.Whenyouputenoughfeeling intoyourspeeches theywillsoundoverdonetoyou,unlessyouareanexperiencedspeaker.Theywillsoundtoostrong,ifyouarenotusedtoenlarging forplatformor stage, for thedelineationof theemotionsmustbeenlargedforpublicdelivery.

1.Study thefollowingspeech,goingback inyour imagination to the timeandcircumstances that brought it forth. Make it not a memorized historical

document,butfeeltheemotionsthatgaveitbirth.Thespeechisonlyaneffect;liveover inyourownheart the causes thatproduced it and try todeliver it atwhiteheat.Itisnotpossibleforyoutoputtoomuchrealfeelingintoit,thoughof course it would be quite easy to rant and fill it with false emotion. Thisspeech,accordingtoThomasJefferson,startedtheballoftheRevolutionrolling.Menwerethenwillingtogooutanddieforliberty.

PATRICKHENRY'SSPEECH

BEFORETHEVIRGINIACONVENTIONOFDELEGATES

Mr.President,itisnaturaltomantoindulgeintheillusionsofhope.Weareapttoshutoureyesagainstapainfultruth,andlistentothesongofthatsiren,tillshetransformsustobeasts.Isthisthepartofwisemen,engagedinagreatandarduousstruggleforliberty?Arewedisposedtobeofthenumberofthosewho,havingeyes,seenot,and having ears, hear not, the thingswhich so nearly concern ourtemporal salvation?Formypart,whateveranguishof spirit itmaycost,Iamwillingtoknowthewholetruth;toknowtheworst,andtoprovideforit.

I have but one lampbywhichmy feet are guided; and that is thelampofexperience.Iknowofnowayofjudgingofthefuturebutbythe past.And judging by the past, Iwish to knowwhat there hasbeenin theconductof theBritishMinistryfor the last tenyears tojustify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased tosolace themselves and the House? Is it that insidious smile withwhichourpetitionhasbeenlatelyreceived?Trustitnot,sir; itwillproveasnaretoyourfeet.Suffernotyourselvestobe"betrayedwithakiss"!Askyourselves,howthisgraciousreceptionofourpetitioncomports with those warlike preparations which cover our watersanddarkenour land.Are fleetsandarmiesnecessary toaworkofloveand reconciliation?Havewe shownourselves sounwilling tobereconciled,thatforcemustbecalledintowinbackourlove?Letusnotdeceiveourselves,sir.Theseare the implementsofwarandsubjugation,thelast"arguments"towhichkingsresort.

Iaskgentlemen,sir,whatmeansthismartialarray,ifitspurposebenot to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other

possiblemotiveforit?HasGreatBritainanyenemyinthisquarteroftheworld,tocallforallthisaccumulationofnaviesandarmies?No,sir,shehasnone.Theyaremeantforus;theycanbemeantfornoother.Theyaresentovertobindandtorivetuponusthosechainswhich the British Ministry have been so long forging. And whathavewe to oppose to them? Shallwe try argument? Sir,we havebeentryingthatforthelasttenyears.Haveweanythingnewtoofferupon the subject? Nothing.We have held the subject up in everylight of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall weresorttoentreatyandhumblesupplication?Whattermsshallwefindwhichhavenotbeenalreadyexhausted?Letusnot,Ibeseechyou,sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything thatcouldbedone,toavertthestormwhichisnowcomingon.Wehavepetitioned, we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we haveprostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored itsinterposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the Ministry andParliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstranceshaveproducedadditionalviolenceandinsult;oursupplicationshavebeendisregarded,andwehavebeenspurnedwithcontemptfromthefootofthethrone.Invain,afterthesethings,mayweindulgeinthefondhopeofpeaceandreconciliation.Thereisnolongeranyroomfor hope. If wewish to be free, if wemean to preserve inviolatethose inestimable privileges for which we have been so longcontending;ifwemeannotbaselytoabandonthenoblestruggleinwhichwehavebeenso longengaged,andwhichwehavepledgedourselvesnever toabandonuntil thegloriousobjectofour contestshallbeobtained,wemustfight; I repeat it,sir,wemustfight!Anappealtoarms,andtotheGodofHosts,isallthatisleftus!

They tell us, sir, that we are weak—"unable to cope with soformidableanadversary"!Butwhenshallwebestronger?Willitbethe next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totallydisarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in everyhouse?Shallwegatherstrengthbyirresolutionandinaction?Shallwe acquire themeansof effectual resistance, by lying supinelyonour backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until ourenemieshaveboundushandandfoot?Sir,wearenotweak, ifwemake a proper use of thosemeanswhich theGod ofNature hathplaced in our power. Threemillions of people, armed in the holy

causeofLiberty,andinsuchacountryasthatwhichwepossess,areinvincible by any force which our enemy can send against us.Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a justPowerwhopresidesoverthedestiniesofnations,andwhowillraiseup friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to thestrongalone;it istothevigilant,theactive,thebrave.Besides,sir,wehavenoelection.Ifwewerebaseenoughtodesireit, it isnowtoo late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, but insubmissionandslavery.Ourchainsareforged.Theirclankingmaybe heard on the plains ofBoston.Thewar is inevitable; and let itcome!I repeat it,sir, let itcome!It is invain,sir, toextenuate thematter.Gentlemenmay cry "Peace, peace!" but there is no peace!Thewarisactuallybegun!Thenextgalethatsweepsfromthenorthwillbringtoourearstheclashofresoundingarms!Ourbrethrenarealready in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it thatgentlemenwish?Whatwouldtheyhave?Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyPowers!—Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!

2.LiveoverinyourimaginationallthesolemnityandsorrowthatLincolnfeltattheGettysburgcemetery.Thefeelinginthisspeechisverydeep,butitisquieterandmoresubduedthantheprecedingone.ThepurposeofHenry'saddresswastogetaction;Lincoln'sspeechwasmeantonlytodedicatethelastrestingplaceofthosewhohadacted.Readitoverandover(seepage50)untilitburnsinyoursoul.Thencommititandrepeatitforemotionalexpression.

3. Beecher's speech on Lincoln, page 76; Thurston's speech on "A Plea forCuba," page50; and the following selection, are recommended for practise indevelopingfeelingindelivery.

A living force thatbrings to itselfall the resourcesof imagination,alltheinspirationsoffeeling,allthatisinfluentialinbody,invoice,ineye,ingesture,inposture,inthewholeanimatedman,isinstrictanalogy with the divine thought and the divine arrangement; andthere isnomisconstructionmoreutterlyuntrueand fatal than this:that oratory is an artificial thing, which deals with baubles andtrifles,forthesakeofmakingbubblesofpleasurefortransienteffectonmercurialaudiences.Sofarfromthat,itistheconsecrationofthewholemantothenoblestpurposestowhichonecanaddresshimself

—theeducationandinspirationofhisfellowmenbyallthatthereisin learning, by all that there is in thought, by all that there is infeeling, by all that there is in all of them, sent home through thechannelsoftasteandofbeauty.—HENRYWARDBEECHER.

4. What in your opinion are the relative values of thought and feeling in aspeech?

5.Couldwedispensewitheither?

6.Whatkindsofselectionsoroccasionsrequiremuchfeelingandenthusiasm?Whichrequirelittle?

7.Inventalistoftensubjectsforspeeches,sayingwhichwouldgivemostroomforpurethoughtandwhichforfeeling.

8.Prepareanddeliveraten-minutespeechdenouncingthe(imaginary)unfeelingplea of an attorney; he may be either the counsel for the defense or theprosecuting attorney, and the accused may be assumed to be either guilty orinnocent,atyouroption.

9.IsfeelingmoreimportantthanthetechnicalprinciplesexpoundedinchaptersIIItoVII?Why?

10. Analyze the secret of some effective speech or speaker. To what is thesuccessdue?

11. Give an example from your own observation of the effect of feeling andenthusiasmonlisteners.

12.MemorizeCarlyle'sandEmerson'sremarksonenthusiasm.

13.DeliverPatrickHenry'saddress,page110,andThurston'sspeech,page50,withoutshowoffeelingorenthusiasm.Whatistheresult?

14.Repeat,withallthefeelingtheseselectionsdemand.Whatistheresult?

15.What stepsdoyou intend to take todevelop thepowerof enthusiasmandfeelinginspeaking?

16. Write and deliver a five-minute speech ridiculing a speaker who usesbombast,pomposityandover-enthusiasm.Imitatehim.

CHAPTERXI

FLUENCYTHROUGHPREPARATION

Animisopibusqueparati—Readyinmindandresources.

—MottoofSouthCarolina.

Inomnibusnegotiispriusquamaggrediare,adhibendaestpræparatiodiligens—In all matters before beginning a diligent preparationshouldbemade.

—CICERO,DeOfficiis.

TakeyourdictionaryandlookupthewordsthatcontaintheLatinstemflu—theresultswillbesuggestive.

Atfirstblushitwouldseemthatfluencyconsistsinaready,easyuseofwords.Notso—theflowingqualityofspeechismuchmore,foritisacompositeeffect,witheachofitspriorconditionsdeservingofcarefulnotice.

TheSourcesofFluency

Speakingbroadly, fluency isalmostentirelyamatterofpreparation.Certainly,native gifts figure largely here, as in every art, but even natural facility isdependenton theverysame lawsofpreparation thatholdgoodfor themanofsupposedlysmallnativeendowment.Letthisencourageyouif,likeMoses,youarepronetocomplainthatyouarenotareadyspeaker.

Haveyoueverstoppedtoanalyzethatexpression,"areadyspeaker?"Readiness,in its prime sense, is preparedness, and they are most ready who are bestprepared.Quickfiringdependsmoreonthealertfingerthanonthehairtrigger.Yourfluencywillbeindirectratiototwoimportantconditions:yourknowledgeofwhat you are going to say, and your being accustomed to tellingwhat youknow to an audience. This gives us the second great element of fluency—topreparation must be added the ease that arises from practise; of which morepresently.

KnowledgeisEssential

Mr. Bryan is a most fluent speaker when he speaks on political problems,tendenciesof the time,andquestionsofmorals. It is tobesupposed,however,that he would not be so fluent in speaking on the bird life of the FloridaEverglades.Mr. John Burroughsmight be at his best on this last subject, yetentirelylostintalkingaboutinternationallaw.Donotexpecttospeakfluentlyonasubjectthatyouknowlittleornothingabout.Ctesiphonboastedthathecouldspeakallday(asininitself)onanysubjectthatanaudiencewouldsuggest.HewasbanishedbytheSpartans.

But preparation goes beyond the getting of the facts in the case you are topresent:itincludesalsotheabilitytothinkandarrangeyourthoughts,afullandprecise vocabulary, an easymanner of speech and breathing, absence of self-consciousness,andtheseveralothercharacteristicsofefficientdeliverythathavedeservedspecialattentioninotherpartsofthisbookratherthaninthischapter.

Preparationmaybeeithergeneralorspecific;usuallyitshouldbeboth.Alife-timeofreading,ofcompanionshipwithstirringthoughts,ofwrestlingwith theproblems of life—this constitutes a general preparation of inestimable worth.Outofawell-storedmind,and—richerstill—abroadexperience,and—bestofall—awarmlysympatheticheart, thespeakerwillhave todrawmuchmaterialthatnoimmediatestudycouldprovide.Generalpreparationconsistsofallthatamanhasput intohimself, all thatheredity andenvironmenthave instilled intohim,and—thatotherrichsourceofpreparednessforspeech—thefriendshipofwisecompanions.WhenSchillerreturnedhomeafteravisitwithGoetheafriendremarked: "I am amazed by the progress Schiller can make within a singlefortnight." It was the progressive influence of a new friendship. Properfriendshipsformoneofthebestmeansfortheformationofideasandideals,forthey enable one to practise in giving expression to thought. The speakerwhowould speak fluently before an audience should learn to speak fluently andentertaininglywith a friend. Clarify your ideas by putting them inwords; thetalkergainsasmuchfromhisconversationasthelistener.Yousometimesbegintoconverseonasubjectthinkingyouhaveverylittletosay,butoneideagivesbirthtoanother,andyouaresurprisedtolearnthatthemoreyougivethemoreyou have to give. This give-and-take of friendly conversation developsmentality, and fluency in expression. Longfellow said: "A single conversationacross the tablewithawiseman isbetter than tenyears' studyofbooks,"andHolmeswhimsicallyyet none the less truthfullydeclared that half the timehetalkedtofindoutwhathethought.Butthatmethodmustnotbeappliedontheplatform!

Afterallthisenrichmentoflifebystorage,mustcomethespecialpreparationforthe particular speech. This is of so definite a sort that it warrants separatechapter-treatmentlater.

Practise

Butpreparationmustalsobeofanothersortthanthegathering,organizing,andshapingofmaterials—itmust includepractise,which, likementalpreparation,mustbebothgeneralandspecial.

Do not feel surprised or discouraged if practise on the principles of deliveryhereinlaiddownseemstoretardyourfluency.Foratime,thiswillbeinevitable.While you are working for proper inflection, for instance, inflection will bedemandingyourfirstthoughts,andtheflowofyourspeech,forthetimebeing,will be secondary. This warning, however, is strictly for the closet, for yourpractise at home. Do not carry any thoughts of inflection with you to theplatform. There you must think only of your subject. There is an absolutetelepathy between the audience and the speaker. If your thought goes to yourgesture,theirthoughtwilltoo.Ifyourinterestgoestothequalityofyourvoice,theywillberegardingthatinsteadofwhatyourvoiceisuttering.

Youhavedoubtlessbeen adjured to "forget everythingbut your subject."Thisadvicesayseithertoomuchortoolittle.Thetruthisthatwhileontheplatformyoumust not forget a greatmany things that are not in your subject, but youmust not think of them. Your attention must consciously go only to yourmessage, but subconsciously you will be attending to the points of techniquewhichhavebecomemoreorlesshabitualbypractise.

Anicebalancebetweenthesetwokindsofattentionisimportant.

Youcannomoreescape this law thanyoucan livewithoutair:Yourplatformgestures, your voice, your inflection,will all be just as good as yourhabit ofgesture, voice, and inflection makes them—no better. Even the thought ofwhether you are speaking fluently or notwill have the effect ofmarring yourflowofspeech.

Returnto theopeningchapter,onself-confidence,andagainlayitsprecepts toheart.Learnbyrulestospeakwithoutthinkingofrules.Itisnot—oroughtnottobe—necessary for you to stop to thinkhow to say the alphabet correctly, as amatteroffactitisslightlymoredifficultforyoutorepeatZ,Y,XthanitistosayX,Y,Z—habit has established the order. Just so youmustmaster the laws of

efficiencyinspeakinguntilitisasecondnatureforyoutospeakcorrectlyratherthan otherwise. A beginner at the piano has a great deal of trouble with themechanicsofplaying,butastimegoesonhisfingersbecometrainedandalmostinstinctivelywander over the keys correctly.As an inexperienced speaker youwillfindagreatdealofdifficultyatfirst inputtingprinciplesintopractise,foryouwillbescared,liketheyoungswimmer,andmakesomecrudestrokes,butifyoupersevereyouwill"winout."

Thus, to sum up, the vocabulary you have enlarged by study,[4] the ease inspeaking you have developed by practise, the economy of your well-studiedemphasis all will subconsciously come to your aid on the platform. Then thehabitsyouhaveformedwillbeearningyouasplendiddividend.Thefluencyofyourspeechwillbeatthespeedofflowyourpractisehasmadehabitual.

Butthismeanswork.Whatgoodhabitdoesnot?Nophilosopher'sstonethatwillactasasubstituteforlaboriouspractisehaseverbeenfound.Ifitwere,itwouldbe thrown away, because it would kill our greatest joy—the delight ofacquisition. If public-speaking means to you a fuller life, you will know nogreater happiness than a well-spoken speech. The time you have spent ingatheringideasandinprivatepractiseofspeakingyouwillfindamplyrewarded.


1.Whatadvantageshasthefluentspeakeroverthehesitatingtalker?

2.Whatinfluences,withinandwithoutthemanhimself,workagainstfluency?

3.Selectfromthedailypapersometopicforanaddressandmakeathree-minuteaddress on it. Do your words come freely and your sentences flow outrhythmically?Practiseonthesametopicuntiltheydo.

4. Select some subject with which you are familiar and test your fluency byspeakingextemporaneously.

5.Takeoneof the sentimentsgivenbelowand, following theadvicegivenonpages 118-119, construct a short speech beginning with the last word in thesentence.

Machineryhascreatedaneweconomicworld.

TheSocialistPartyisastrenuousworkerforpeace.

Hewasacrushedandbrokenmanwhenheleftprison.

Warmustultimatelygivewaytoworld-widearbitration.

The labor unions demand amore equal distribution of the wealththatlaborcreates.

6.Put thesentimentsofMr.Bryan's"PrinceofPeace,"onpage448, intoyourownwords.Honestlycriticiseyourowneffort.

7. Take any of the following quotations andmake a five-minute speech on itwithoutpausingtoprepare.Thefirsteffortsmaybeverylame,butifyouwantspeedonatypewriter,arecordforahundred-yarddash,orfacilityinspeaking,youmustpractise,practise,PRACTISE.

Therelivesmorefaithinhonestdoubt,Believeme,thaninhalfthecreeds.

—TENNYSON,InMemoriam.

Howe'eritbe,itseemstome,'Tisonlynobletobegood.

Kindheartsaremorethancoronets,AndsimplefaiththanNormanblood.

—TENNYSON,LadyClaraVeredeVere.

'TisdistancelendsenchantmenttotheviewAndrobesthemountaininitsazurehue.

—CAMPBELL,PleasuresofHope.

Hisbestcompanions,innocenceandhealth,Andhisbestriches,ignoranceofwealth.

—GOLDSMITH,TheDesertedVillage.

Bewareofdesperatesteps!Thedarkestday,Livetilltomorrow,willhavepassedaway.

—COWPER,NeedlessAlarm.

Mycountryistheworld,andmyreligionistodogood.

—PAINE,RightsofMan.

Tradeitmayhelp,societyextend,Butluresthepirate,andcorruptsthefriend:Itraisesarmiesinanation'said,Butbribesasenate,andtheland'sbetray'd.

—POPE,MoralEssays.[5]

OGod,thatmenshouldputanenemyintheirmouthstosteal

awaytheirbrains!

—SHAKESPEARE,Othello.

Itmattersnothowstraitthegate,Howchargedwithpunishmentthescroll,Iamthemasterofmyfate,Iamthecaptainofmysoul.

—HENLEY,Invictus.

Theworldissofullofanumberofthings,Iamsureweshouldallbehappyaskings.

—STEVENSON,AChild'sGardenofVerses.

Ifyourmoralsaredreary,dependuponittheyarewrong.

—STEVENSON,Essays.

Everyadvantagehasitstax.Ilearntobecontent.

—EMERSON,Essays.

8.Makeatwo-minutespeechonanyofthefollowinggeneralsubjects,butyouwillfindthatyourideaswillcomemorereadilyifyounarrowyoursubjectby

taking some specific phase of it. For instance, instead of trying to speak on"Law" in general, take the proposition, "The Poor Man Cannot Afford toProsecute;" or instead of dwelling on "Leisure," show how modern speed iscreatingmoreleisure.Inthiswayyoumayexpandthissubjectlistindefinitely.

GENERALTHEMES

Law.Politics.Woman'sSuffrage.InitiativeandReferendum.ALargerNavy.War.Peace.ForeignImmigration.TheLiquorTraffic.LaborUnions.Strikes.Socialism.SingleTax.Tariff.Honesty.Courage.Hope.Love.Mercy.Kindness.Justice.Progress.Machinery.Invention.Wealth.Poverty.Agriculture.Science.Surgery.Haste.Leisure.Happiness.

Health.Business.America.TheFarEast.Mobs.Colleges.Sports.Matrimony.Divorce.ChildLabor.Education.Books.TheTheater.Literature.Electricity.Achievement.Failure.PublicSpeaking.Ideals.Conversation.TheMostDramaticMomentofMyLife.MyHappiestDays.ThingsWorthWhile.WhatIHopetoAchieve.MyGreatestDesire.WhatIWouldDowithaMillionDollars.IsMankindProgressing?OurGreatestNeed.

FOOTNOTES:

[4]Seechapteron"IncreasingtheVocabulary."

[5]Money.

CHAPTERXII

THEVOICE

Oh,thereissomethinginthatvoicethatreachesTheinnermostrecessesofmyspirit!

—LONGFELLOW,Christus.

ThedramaticcriticofTheLondonTimesoncedeclaredthatactingisnine-tenthsvoicework.Leaving themessageaside, the samemay justlybe saidofpublicspeaking. A rich, correctly-used voice is the greatest physical factor ofpersuasivenessandpower,oftenover-toppingtheeffectsofreason.

But a good voice, well handled, is not only an effective possession for theprofessionalspeaker,itisamarkofpersonalcultureaswell,andevenadistinctcommercialasset.Gladstone,himselfthepossessorofadeep,musicalvoice,hassaid: "Ninetymen in every hundred in the crowded professionswill probablynever rise above mediocrity because the training of the voice is entirelyneglectedandconsideredofnoimportance."Thesearewordsworthpondering.

Therearethreefundamentalrequisitesforagoodvoice:

1.Ease

SignorBonciof theMetropolitanOperaCompanysays that thesecretofgoodvoice is relaxation; and this is true, for relaxation is thebasisof ease.The airwavesthatproducevoiceresultinadifferentkindoftonewhenstrikingagainstrelaxedmuscles thanwhen striking constrictedmuscles. Try this for yourself.Contractthemusclesofyourfaceandthroatasyoudoinhate,andflameout"Ihateyou!"Nowrelaxasyoudowhenthinkinggentle,tenderthoughts,andsay,"Iloveyou."Howdifferentthevoicesounds.

Inpractisingvoiceexercises,andinspeaking,neverforceyourtones.Easemustbeyourwatchword.Thevoiceisadelicateinstrument,andyoumustnothandleitwithhammerandtongs.Don'tmakeyourvoicego—letitgo.Don'twork.Lettheyokeofspeechbeeasyanditsburdenlight.

Yourthroatshouldbefreefromstrainduringspeech,thereforeitisnecessarytoavoidmuscularcontraction.Thethroatmustactasasortofchimneyorfunnel

forthevoice,henceanyunnaturalconstrictionwillnotonlyharmits tonesbutinjureitshealth.

Nervousness and mental strain are common sources of mouth and throatconstriction, so make the battle for poise and self-confidence for which wepleadedintheopeningchapter.

Buthow can I relax? you ask.By simplywilling to relax.Hold your armoutstraight fromyour shoulder.Now—withdrawall power and let it fall. Practiserelaxation of the muscles of the throat by letting your neck and head fallforward.Rolltheupperpartofyourbodyaround,withthewaistlineactingasapivot. Let your head fall and roll around as you shift the torso to differentpositions. Do not force your head around—simply relax your neck and letgravitypullitaroundasyourbodymoves.

Again, let yourhead fall forwardonyourbreast; raiseyourhead, lettingyourjawhang.Relaxuntilyourjawfeelsheavy,asthoughitwereaweighthungtoyourface.Remember,youmustrelaxthejawtoobtaincommandofit.Itmustbe free and flexible for the moulding of tone, and to let the tone pass outunobstructed.

Thelipsalsomustbemadeflexible,toaidinthemouldingofclearandbeautifultones.For flexibilityof lips repeat the syllables,mo—me. In sayingmo, bringthelipsuptoresembletheshapeoftheletterO.Inrepeatingmedrawthembackasyoudoinagrin.Repeatthisexerciserapidly,givingthelipsasmuchexerciseaspossible.

Trythefollowingexerciseinthesamemanner:

Mo—E—O—E—OO—Ah.

Afterthisexercisehasbeenmastered,thefollowingwillalsobefoundexcellentforflexibilityoflips:

Memorize these sounds indicated (not the expressions) so that you can repeatthemrapidly.

A asin May. E asin Met. U asin Use.A " Ah. I " Ice. Oi " Oil.A " At. I " It. u " Our.O " No. O " No. O " Ooze.A " All. OO " Foot. A " Ah.E " Eat. OO " Ooze. E " Eat.

Alltheactivityofbreathingmustbecentered,notinthethroat,butinthemiddleof thebody—youmustbreathefromthediaphragm.Note thewayyoubreathewhen lying flat on the back, undressed in bed. You will observe that all theactivity then centers around the diaphragm. This is the natural and correctmethodofbreathing.Byconstantwatchfulnessmakethisyourhabitualmanner,foritwillenableyoutorelaxmoreperfectlythemusclesofthethroat.

Thenextfundamentalrequisiteforgoodvoiceis

2.Openness

Ifthemusclesofthethroatareconstricted,thetonepassagepartiallyclosed,andthemouthkepthalf-shut,howcanyouexpect the tone tocomeoutbrightandclear,oreventocomeoutatall?Soundisaseriesofwaves,andifyoumakeaprisonofyourmouth,holdingthejawsandlipsrigidly,itwillbeverydifficultforthetonetosqueezethrough,andevenwhenitdoesescapeitwilllackforceandcarryingpower.Openyourmouthwide,relaxalltheorgansofspeech,andletthetoneflowouteasily.

Starttoyawn,butinsteadofyawning,speakwhileyourthroatisopen.Makethisopen-feeling habitual when speaking—we saymake because it is a matter ofresolutionandofpractise, ifyourvocalorgansarehealthy.Yourtonepassagesmaybepartlyclosedbyenlargedtonsils,adenoids,orenlargedturbinatebonesofthenose.Ifso,askilledphysicianshouldbeconsulted.

The nose is an important tone passage and should be kept open and free forperfecttones.Whatwecall"talkingthroughthenose"isnottalkingthroughthenose,asyoucaneasilydemonstratebyholdingyournoseasyoutalk.Ifyouarebotheredwithnasaltonescausedbygrowthsorswellingsinthenasalpassages,aslight, painless operationwill remove the obstruction. This is quite important,aside fromvoice, for thegeneralhealthwill bemuch lowered if the lungsarecontinuallystarvedforair.

Thefinalfundamentalrequisiteforgoodvoiceis

3.Forwardness

Avoicethatispitchedbackinthethroatisdark,sombre,andunattractive.Thetonemustbepitchedforward,butdonotforceitforward.Youwillrecallthatourfirst principle was ease. Think the tone forward and out. Believe it is goingforward,andallowit tofloweasily.Youcantellwhetheryouareplacingyourtone forward or not by inhaling a deep breath and singingah with themouthwideopen,tryingtofeelthelittledelicatesoundwavesstrikethebonyarchofthe mouth just above the front teeth. The sensation is so slight that you willprobablynotbeabletodetectitatonce,butpersevereinyourpractise,alwaysthinkingthetoneforward,andyouwillberewardedbyfeelingyourvoicestriketheroofofyourmouth.Acorrectforward-placingofthetonewilldoawaywiththe dark, throaty tones that are so unpleasant, inefficient, and harmful to thethroat.

Close the lips,hummingng, im,oran.Think the tone forward.Doyou feel itstrikethelips?

Holdthepalmofyourhandinfrontofyourfaceandsayvigorouslycrash,dash,whirl,buzz.Can you feel the forward tones strike against your hand?Practiseuntil you can.Remember, the onlyway to get your voice forward is toput itforward.

HowtoDeveloptheCarryingPoweroftheVoice

It is not necessary to speak loudly in order to be heard at a distance. It isnecessaryonlytospeakcorrectly.EdithWynneMatthison'svoicewillcarryinawhisper throughout a large theater. A paper rustling on the stage of a largeauditoriumcanbehearddistinctly in thefurthermostseat in thegallery. Ifyouwill only use your voice correctly, youwill not havemuch difficulty in beingheard. Of course it is always well to address your speech to your furthestauditors; if they get it, those nearer will have no trouble, but aside from thisobvioussuggestion,youmustobservetheselawsofvoiceproduction:

Remembertoapplytheprinciplesofease,opennessandforwardness—theyaretheprimefactorsinenablingyourvoicetobeheardatadistance.

Donot gaze at the floor as you talk.This habit not onlygives the speaker anamateurishappearancebutiftheheadishungforwardthevoicewillbedirected

towardsthegroundinsteadoffloatingoutovertheaudience.

Voiceisaseriesofairvibrations.Tostrengthenittwothingsarenecessary:moreairorbreath,andmorevibration.

Breathistheverybasisofvoice.Asabulletwithlittlepowderbehinditwillnothaveforceandcarryingpower,sothevoicethathaslittlebreathbehinditwillbeweak.Not onlywill deep breathing—breathing from the diaphragm—give thevoiceabettersupport,butitwillgiveitastrongerresonancebyimprovingthegeneralhealth.

Usually,illhealthmeansaweakvoice,whileabundantphysicalvitalityisshownthrough a strong, vibrant voice. Therefore anything that improves the generalvitality isanexcellentvoicestrengthener,providedyouuse thevoiceproperly.Authoritiesdifferonmostoftherulesofhygienebutononepointtheyallagree:vitality and longevity are increased by deep breathing. Practise this until itbecomessecondnature.Wheneveryouarespeaking,takeindeepbreaths,butinsuchamannerthattheinhalationswillbesilent.

Donottrytospeaktoolongwithoutrenewingyourbreath.Naturecaresforthisprettywellunconsciously inconversation,andshewilldo thesameforyou inplatformspeakingifyoudonotinterferewithherpremonitions.

A certain very successful speaker developed voice carrying power by runningacrosscountry,practisinghisspeechesashewent.Thevigorousexerciseforcedhimtotakedeepbreaths,anddevelopedlungpower.Ahard-foughtbasketballortennis game is an efficient way of practising deep breathing. When thesemethodsarenotconvenient,werecommendthefollowing:

Placeyourhandsatyoursides,onthewaistline.

Bytrying toencompassyourwaistwithyourfingersand thumbs, forceall theairoutofthelungs.

Takeadeepbreath.Remember,alltheactivityistobecenteredinthemiddleofthebody;donotraise theshoulders.As thebreath is takenyourhandswillbeforcedout.

Repeat the exercise, placing your hands on the small of the back and forcingthemoutasyouinhale.

Manymethods for deepbreathinghavebeengivenbyvarious authorities.Get

theairintoyourlungs—thatistheimportantthing.

Thebodyactsasa soundingboard for thevoice justas thebodyof theviolinactsasasoundingboardforitstones.Youcanincreaseitsvibrationsbypractise.

Placeyour fingeronyour lipandhum themusical scale, thinkingandplacingthevoiceforwardonthelips.Doyoufeelthelipsvibrate?Afteralittlepractisetheywillvibrate,givingaticklingsensation.

Repeatthisexercise,throwingthehummingsoundintothenose.Holdtheupperpart of the nose between the thumb and forefinger. Can you feel the nosevibrate?

Placing the palm of your hand on top of your head, repeat this hummingexercise. Think the voice there as you hum in head tones. Can you feel thevibrationthere?

Now place the palm of your hand on the back of your head, repeating theforegoingprocess.Thentryitonthechest.Alwaysremembertothinkyourtonewhere you desire to feel the vibrations. The mere act of thinking about anyportionofyourbodywilltendtomakeitvibrate.

Repeatthefollowing,afteradeepinhalation,endeavoringtofeelallportionsofyourbodyvibrateat thesametime.Whenyouhaveattainedthisyouwill findthatitisapleasantsensation.

What ho,my jovialmates.Comeon!Wewill frolic it like fairies,friskinginthemerrymoonshine.

PurityofVoice

Thisqualityissometimesdestroyedbywastingthebreath.Carefullycontrolthebreath,usingonlyasmuchasisnecessaryfortheproductionoftone.Utilizeallthatyougiveout.Failuretodothisresultsinabreathytone.Takeinbreathlikeaprodigal;inspeaking,giveitoutlikeamiser.

VoiceSuggestions

Neverattempttoforceyourvoicewhenhoarse.

Donotdrinkcoldwaterwhenspeaking.Thesuddenshocktotheheatedorgansofspeechwillinjurethevoice.

Avoid pitching your voice too high—itwillmake it raspy. This is a commonfault.Whenyoufindyourvoiceintoohigharange,lowerit.Donotwaituntilyougettotheplatformtotrythis.Practiseitinyourdailyconversation.Repeatthealphabet,beginningAon the lowestscalepossibleandgoingupanoteoneachsucceedingletter,forthedevelopmentofrange.Awiderangewillgiveyoufacilityinmakingnumerouschangesofpitch.

Donotformthehabitof listeningtoyourvoicewhenspeaking.Youwillneedyourbraintothinkofwhatyouaresaying—reserveyourobservationforprivatepractise.


1.Whataretheprimerequisitesforgoodvoice?

2.Tellwhyeachoneisnecessaryforgoodvoiceproduction.

3.Givesomeexercisesfordevelopmentoftheseconditions.

4.Whyisrangeofvoicedesirable?

5.Tellhowrangeofvoicemaybecultivated.

6. How much daily practise do you consider necessary for the properdevelopmentofyourvoice?

7.Howcanresonanceandcarryingpowerbedeveloped?

8.Whatareyourvoicefaults?

9.Howareyoutryingtocorrectthem?

CHAPTERXIII

VOICECHARM

A cheerful temper joined with innocence will make beautyattractive,knowledgedelightful,andwitgood-natured.

—JOSEPHADDISON,TheTattler.

Poesaidthat"thetoneofbeautyissadness,"buthewasevidentlythinkingfromcausetoeffect,notcontrariwise,forsadnessisrarelyaproducerofbeauty—thatispeculiarlytheprovinceofjoy.

The exquisite beauty of a sunset is not exhilarating but tends to a sort ofmelancholythatisnotfarfromdelightThehauntingbeautyofdeep,quietmusicholdsmore thana tingeofsadness.The lovelyminorcadencesofbirdsongattwilightarealmostdepressing.

The reason we are affected to sadness by certain forms of placid beauty istwofold: movement is stimulating and joy-producing, while quietude leads toreflection,andreflectioninturnoftenbringsoutthetoneofregretfullongingforthatwhich is past; secondly, quiet beauty produces a vague aspiration for therelativelyunattainable,yetdoesnotstimulatetothetremendouseffortnecessarytomakethedimlydesiredstateorobjectours.

Wemustdistinguish, for these reasons,between the sadnessofbeautyand thejoyofbeauty.True,joyisadeep,innerthingandtakesinmuchmorethantheideaofbounding,sanguinespirits,foritincludesacertainactivecontentednessof heart. In this chapter, however thewordwill have its optimistic, exuberantconnotation—wearethinkingnowofvivid,bright-eyed,laughingjoy.

Musical, joyous tones constitute voice charm, a subtle magnetism that isdelightfullycontagious.Nowitmightseemto thedesultoryreader that to takethelancetandcutintothisalluringvoicequalitywouldbetodissectabutterflywingandsodestroy itscharm.Yethowcanwe induceaneffect ifwearenotcertainastothecause?

NasalResonanceProducestheBell-tonesoftheVoice

Thetonepassagesofthenosemustbekeptentirelyfreeforthebrighttonesofvoice—andafterourwarningintheprecedingchapteryouwillnotconfusewhatis popularly and erroneously called a "nasal" tonewith the true nasal quality,which is so well illustrated by the voice work of trained French singers andspeakers.

Todevelopnasalresonancesingthefollowing,dwellingaslongaspossibleonthengsounds.Pitchthevoiceinthenasalcavity.Practisebothinhighandlowregisters,anddeveloprange—withbrightness.

Sing-song.Ding-dong.Hong-kong.Long-thong.

Practise in the falsettovoicedevelopsabrightquality in thenormal speaking-voice.Trythefollowing,andanyotherselectionsyouchoose,inafalsettovoice.A man's falsetto voice is extremely high and womanish, so men should notpractiseinfalsettoaftertheexercisebecomestiresome.

Sheperfectlyscornedthebestofhisclan,anddeclaredtheninthofanyman,aperfectlyvulgarfraction.

The actressMary Anderson asked the poet Longfellowwhat she could do toimprovehervoice.Hereplied,"Readalouddaily,joyous,lyricpoetry."

Thejoyoustonesarethebrighttones.Developthembyexercise.Practiseyourvoice exercises in an attitudeof joy.Under the influenceofpleasure thebodyexpands,thetonepassagesopen,theactionofheartandlungsisaccelerated,andalltheprimaryconditionsforgoodtoneareestablished.

MoresongsfloatoutfromthebrokenwindowsofthenegrocabinsintheSouththan from the palatial homes on Fifth Avenue. HenryWard Beecher said thehappiestdaysofhislifewerenotwhenhehadbecomeaninternationalcharacter,butwhenhewasanunknownministeroutinLawrenceville,Ohio,sweepinghisown church, andworking as a carpenter to help pay the grocer. Happiness islargelyanattitudeofmind,ofviewinglifefromtherightangle.Theoptimisticattitudecanbecultivated,anditwillexpressitselfinvoicecharm.Atelephonecompany recently placarded this motto in their booths: "The Voice with theSmileWins."Itdoes.Tryit.

Reading joyousprose,or lyricpoetry,will helpput smile and joyof soul intoyourvoice.Thefollowingselectionsareexcellentforpractise.

REMEMBER that when you first practise these classics you are to give soleattentiontotwothings:ajoyousattitudeofheartandbody,andbrighttonesofvoice.Aftertheseendshavebeenattainedtoyoursatisfaction,carefullyreviewthe principles of public speaking laid down in the preceding chapters and putthemintopractiseasyoureadthesepassagesagainandagain.Itwouldbebettertocommiteachselectiontomemory.


FROMMILTON'S"L'ALLEGRO"

Hastethee,Nymph,andbringwiththeeJest,andyouthfulJollity,QuipsandCranksandwantonWiles,NodsandBecks,andwreathèdSmiles,SuchashangonHebe'scheek,Andlovetoliveindimplesleek,—SportthatwrinkledCarederides,AndLaughterholdingbothhissides.

Come,andtripitasyegoOnthelightfantastictoe;AndinthyrighthandleadwiththeeThemountainnymph,sweetLiberty:And,ifIgivetheehonordue,Mirth,admitmeofthycrew,Tolivewithher,andlivewiththee,Inunreprovèdpleasuresfree;

Tohearthelarkbeginhisflight,Andsinging,startlethedullNightFromhiswatch-towerintheskies,TillthedappledDawndothrise;Thentocomeinspiteofsorrow,Andatmywindowbidgood-morrowThroughthesweetbrier,orthevine,Orthetwistedeglantine;WhilethecockwithlivelydinScatterstherearofdarknessthin,Andtothestack,orthebarn-door,Stoutlystrutshisdamesbefore;

OftlisteninghowthehoundsandhornCheerlyrousetheslumberingMorn,Fromthesideofsomehoarhill,Throughthehighwoodechoingshrill;Sometimewalking,notunseen,Byhedge-rowelms,onhillocksgreen,Rightagainsttheeasterngate,WherethegreatSunbeginshisstate,

Robedinflamesandamberlight,Thecloudsinthousandliveriesdight,WhiletheplowmannearathandWhistleso'erthefurrowedland,Andthemilkmaidsingingblithe,Andthemowerwhetshisscythe,Andeveryshepherdtellshistale,Underthehawthorninthedale.

THESEA

Thesea,thesea,theopensea,Theblue,thefresh,thefeverfree;Withoutamark,withoutabound,Itrunneththeearth'swideregionsround;Itplayswiththeclouds,itmockstheskies,Orlikeacradledcreaturelies.I'monthesea,I'monthesea,IamwhereIwouldeverbe,Withtheblueaboveandthebluebelow,Andsilencewheresoe'erIgo.Ifastormshouldcomeandawakethedeep,Whatmatter?Ishallrideandsleep.

Ilove,oh!howIlovetorideOnthefierce,foaming,burstingtide,Whereeverymadwavedrownsthemoon,Andwhistlesaloftitstempesttune,Andtellshowgoeththeworldbelow,Andwhythesouthwestwinddothblow!Ineverwasonthedull,tameshore

ButIlovedthegreatseamoreandmore,Andbackwardflewtoherbillowybreast,Likeabirdthatseekethhermother'snest,—Andamothershewasandistome,ForIwasbornontheopensea.

Thewaveswerewhite,andredthemorn,

InthenoisyhourwhenIwasborn;Thewhaleitwhistled,theporpoiserolled,Andthedolphinsbaredtheirbacksofgold;Andneverwasheardsuchanoutcrywild,Aswelcomedtolifetheoceanchild.Ihavelived,sincethen,incalmandstrife,Fullfiftysummersarover'slife,Withwealthtospend,andapowertorange,Butneverhavesoughtorsighedforchange:Anddeath,wheneverhecomestome,Shallcomeonthewide,unboundedsea!

—BARRYCORNWALL.

Thesundoesnotshineforafewtreesandflowers,butforthewideworld's joy. The lonely pine upon the mountain-top waves itssombreboughs,andcries,"Thouartmysun."Andthelittlemeadowviolet lifts its cup of blue, andwhisperswith its perfumed breath,"Thouartmysun."Andthegraininathousandfieldsrustlesinthewind, and makes answer, "Thou art my sun." And so God sitseffulgent inHeaven,not for a favored few,but for theuniverseoflife;andthereisnocreaturesopoororsolowthathemaynotlookup with child-like confidence and say, "My Father! Thou artmine."—HENRYWARDBEECHER.

THELARK

Birdofthewilderness,Blithesomeandcumberless,

Sweetbethymatino'ermoorlandandlea!Emblemofhappiness,Blestisthydwelling-place:

Oh,toabideinthedesertwiththee!

Wildisthylay,andloud,Farinthedownycloud,—

Lovegivesitenergy;lovegaveitbirth.Where,onthydewywingWhereartthoujourneying?

Thylayisinheaven;thyloveisonearth.

O'erfellandfountainsheen,O'ermoorandmountaingreen,

O'ertheredstreamerthatheraldstheday;Overthecloudletdim,Overtherainbow'srim,

Musicalcherub,soar,singing,away!

Then,whenthegloamingcomes,Lowintheheatherblooms,

Sweetwillthywelcomeandbedoflovebe!Emblemofhappiness,Blestisthydwelling-place.

Oh,toabideinthedesertwiththee!

—JAMESHOGG.

In joyous conversation there is an elastic touch, a delicate stroke, upon thecentralideas,generallyfollowingapause.Thiselastictouchaddsvivacitytothevoice. If you try repeatedly, it can be sensed by feeling the tongue strike theteeth. The entire absence of elastic touch in the voice can be observed in thethicktongueoftheintoxicatedman.Trytotalkwiththetonguelyingstillinthebottomof themouth, and youwill obtain largely the same effect.Vivacity ofutterance is gained by using the tongue to strike off the emphatic ideawith adecisive,elastictouch.

Deliverthefollowingwithdecisivestrokesontheemphaticideas.Deliveritinavivacious manner, noting the elastic touch-action of the tongue. A flexible,responsivetongueisabsolutelyessentialtogoodvoicework.

FROM NAPOLEON'S ADDRESS TO THE DIRECTORY ON HISRETURNFROMEGYPT

WhathaveyoudonewiththatbrilliantFrancewhichIleftyou?Ileftyouatpeace,andIfindyouatwar.IleftyouvictoriousandIfindyou defeated. I left you the millions of Italy, and I find onlyspoliation and poverty. What have you done with the hundredthousand Frenchmen, my companions in glory? They are dead!...Thisstateofaffairscannotlastlong;inlessthanthreeyearsitwould

plungeusintodespotism.

Practisethefollowingselection,forthedevelopmentofelastictouch;sayitinajoyous spirit, using the exercise to develop voice charm in all the wayssuggestedinthischapter.

THEBROOK

Icomefromhauntsofcootandhern,Imakeasuddensally,

Andsparkleoutamongthefern,Tobickerdownavalley.

BythirtyhillsIhurrydown,Orslipbetweentheridges;

Bytwentythorps,alittletown,Andhalfahundredbridges.

TilllastbyPhilip'sfarmIflowTojointhebrimmingriver;

Formenmaycomeandmenmaygo,ButIgoonforever.

Ichatteroverstonyways,Inlittlesharpsandtrebles,

Ibubbleintoeddyingbays,Ibabbleonthepebbles.

WithmanyacurvemybanksIfret,Bymanyafieldandfallow,

AndmanyafairyforelandsetWithwillow-weedandmallow.

Ichatter,chatter,asIflowTojointhebrimmingriver;


Iwindabout,andinandout,

Withhereablossomsailing,Andhereandtherealustytrout,Andhereandthereagrayling,

AndhereandthereafoamyflakeUponme,asItravel,

Withmanyasilverywater-breakAbovethegoldengravel,

Anddrawthemallalong,andflowTojointhebrimmingriver,


Istealbylawnsandgrassyplots,Islidebyhazelcovers,

Imovethesweetforget-me-notsThatgrowforhappylovers.

Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance,Amongmyskimmingswallows;

ImakethenettedsunbeamdanceAgainstmysandyshallows,

ImurmurundermoonandstarsInbramblywildernesses,

Ilingerbymyshinglybars,Iloiterroundmycresses;

AndoutagainIcurveandflowTojointhebrimmingriver;


—ALFREDTENNYSON.

The children at play on the street, glad from sheer physical vitality, display aresonance and charm in their voices quite different from the voices that floatthroughthesilenthallsofthehospitals.Askilledphysiciancantellmuchabouthispatient'sconditionfromthemeresoundofthevoice.Failinghealth,oreven

physical weariness, tells through the voice. It is always well to rest and beentirely refreshed before attempting to deliver a public address. As to health,neitherscopenorspacepermitsustodiscussherethelawsofhygiene.Therearemany excellent books on this subject. In the reign of the Roman emperorTiberius,onesenatorwrotetoanother:"Tothewise,awordissufficient."

"The apparel oft proclaims theman;" the voice always does—it is one of thegreatest revealers of character. The superficial woman, the brutish man, thereprobate, the person of culture, often discloses inner nature in the voice, foreven the cleverest dissembler cannot entirely prevent its tones and qualitiesbeingaffectedbytheslightestchangeofthoughtoremotion.Inangeritbecomeshigh,harsh,andunpleasant;inlovelow,soft,andmelodious—thevariationsareaslimitlessastheyarefascinatingtoobserve.Visitatheatricalhotelinalargecity,andlistentothebuzz-sawvoicesofthechorusgirlsfromsomeburlesque"attraction."Theexplanationissimple—buzz-sawlives.Emersonsaid:"WhenamanliveswithGodhisvoiceshallbeassweetasthemurmurofthebrookortherustleofthecorn."It is impossibletothinkselfishthoughtsandhaveeitheranattractive personality, a lovely character, or a charming voice. If youwant topossessvoicecharm,cultivateadeep,sinceresympathyformankind.Lovewillshineoutthroughyoureyesandproclaimitselfinyourtones.Onesecretofthesweetnessofthecanary'ssongmaybehisfreedomfromtaintedthoughts.Yourcharacterbeautifiesormarsyourvoice.Asamanthinkethinhisheartsoishisvoice.


1.Define(a)charm;(b)joy;(c)beauty.

2.Makealistofallthewordsrelatedtojoy.

3.Writeathree-minuteeulogyof"TheJoyfulMan."

4. Deliver it without the use of notes. Have you carefully considered all thequalitiesthatgotomakeupvoice-charminitsdelivery?

5.Tell briefly in your ownwordswhatmeansmaybe employed to develop acharmingvoice.

6.Discusstheeffectofvoiceoncharacter.

7.Discusstheeffectofcharacteronvoice.

8.Analyzethevoicecharmofanyspeakerorsingeryouchoose.

9.Analyzethedefectsofanygivenvoice.

10.Makeashorthumorousspeechimitatingcertainvoicedefects,pointingoutreasons.

11.Committhefollowingstanzaandinterpreteachphaseofdelightsuggestedorexpressedbythepoet.

Aninfantwhenitgazesonalight,Achildthemomentwhenitdrainsthebreast,

AdevoteewhensoarstheHostinsight,AnArabwithastrangerforaguest,

Asailorwhentheprizehasstruckinfight,Amiserfillinghismosthoardedchest,

Feelrapture;butnotsuchtruejoyarereapingAstheywhowatcho'erwhattheylovewhilesleeping.

—BYRON,DonJuan.

CHAPTERXIV

DISTINCTNESSANDPRECISIONOFUTTERANCE

InmanspeaksGod.

—HESIOD,WordsandDays.

Andendlessarethemodesofspeech,andfarExtendsfromsidetosidethefieldofwords.

—HOMER,Iliad.

Inpopularusagetheterms"pronunciation,""enunciation,"and"articulation"aresynonymous, but real pronunciation includes threedistinct processes, andmaythereforebedefinedas, theutteranceofasyllableoragroupofsyllableswithregardtoarticulation,accentuation,andenunciation.

Distinct and precise utterance is one of the most important considerations ofpublic speech. How preposterous it is to hear a speaker making sounds of"inarticulate earnestness" under the contented delusion that he is tellingsomethingtohisaudience!Telling?Tellingmeanscommunicating,andhowcanheactuallycommunicatewithoutmakingeveryworddistinct?

Slovenly pronunciation results from either physical deformity or habit. Asurgeon or a surgeon dentist may correct a deformity, but your own will,working by self-observation and resolution in drill, will break a habit. Alldependsuponwhetheryouthinkitworthwhile.

Defective speech is sowidespread that freedom from it is the exception. It ispainfullycommontohearpublicspeakersmutilatetheking'sEnglish.Iftheydonotactuallymurderit,asCurranoncesaid,theyoftenknockaniout.

A Canadian clergyman, writing in the Homiletic Review, relates that in hisstudentdays"aclassmatewhowasanEnglishmansuppliedacountrychurchforaSunday.OnthefollowingMondayheconductedamissionarymeeting.Inthecourseofhisaddresshesaidsomefarmers thought theyweredoing theirdutytowardmissionswhen they gave their 'hodds and hends' to thework, but theLordrequiredmore.Atthecloseofthemeetingayoungwomanseriouslysaidto a friend: 'I am sure the farmersdowell if theygive their hogs andhens tomissions.Itismorethanmostpeoplecanafford.'"

It is insufferable effrontery for any man to appear before an audience whopersistsindrivingthehoutofhappiness,homeandheaven,and,toparaphraseWaldoMessaros,willnotletitrestinhell.Hewhodoesnotshowenoughself-knowledge to see in himself such glaring faults, nor enough self-mastery tocorrectthem,hasnobusinesstoinstructothers.Ifhecandonobetter,heshouldbesilent.Ifhewilldonobetter,heshouldalsobesilent.

Barringincurablephysicaldefects—andfewareincurablenowadays—thewholematter isoneofwill.Thecatalogueof thosewhohavedonetheimpossiblebyfaithfulworkisasinspiringasaroll-callofwarriors."Thelessthereisofyou,"saysNathanSheppard,"themoreneedforyoutomakethemostofwhatthereisofyou."

Articulation

Articulation is the forming and joining of the elementary sounds of speech. Itseemsanappallingtasktoutterarticulatelythethird-of-amillionwordsthatgo

tomakeupourEnglishvocabulary,but theway tomakeabeginning is reallysimple:learntouttercorrectly,andwitheasychangefromonetotheother,eachoftheforty-fourelementarysoundsinourlanguage.

The reasons why articulation is so painfully slurred by a great many publicspeakers are four: ignorance of the elemental sounds; failure to discriminatebetween sounds nearly alike; a slovenly, lazy use of the vocal organs; and atorpidwill.Anyonewhoisstillmasterofhimselfwillknowhowtohandleeachofthesedefects.

The vowel sounds are the most vexing source of errors, especially wherediphthongs are found. Who has not heard such errors as are hit off in thisinimitableversebyOliverWendellHolmes:

LearningcondemnsbeyondthereachofhopeThecarelesslipsthatspeakofsŏapforsōap;HeredictexilesfromherfairabodeTheclownishvoicethatuttersrŏadforrōad;Lesssterntohimwhocallshiscōat,acŏatAndsteershisbōatbelievingitabŏat.Shepardonedone,ourclassiccity'sboast.WhosaidatCambridge,mŏstinsteadofmōst,ButknitherbrowsandstampedherangryfootTohearaTeachercallarōōtarŏŏt.

Theforegoingexamplesareallmonosyllables,butbadarticulationisfrequentlythe result of joining sounds that do not belong together. For example, no onefindsitdifficulttosaybeauty,butmanypersistinpronouncingdutyasthoughitwerespelledeitherdootyorjuty. It isnotonlyfromuntaughtspeakers thatwehearsuchslovenlyarticulationsascolyumforcolumn,andprittyforpretty,buteven great orators occasionally offend quite as unblushingly as less notedmortals.

Nearlyallsuchareerrorsofcarelessness,notofpureignorance—ofcarelessnessbecause the ear never tries to hear what the lips articulate. It must beexasperatingtoaforeignertofindthattheelementalsoundougiveshimnohintfor the pronunciation ofbough, cough, rough, thorough, and through, andwecanwell forgiveevenamanofculturewhooccasionally loseshiswayamidsttheintricaciesofEnglisharticulation,buttherecanbenoexcusefortheslovenlyutteranceofthesimplevowelsoundswhichformatoncethelifeandthebeauty

ofourlanguage.Hewhoistoolazytospeakdistinctlyshouldholdhistongue.

Theconsonantsoundsoccasionserioustroubleonlyfor thosewhodonot lookwith care at the spelling of words about to be pronounced. Nothing butcarelessnesscanaccountforsayingJacop,Babtist,sevem,alwus,orsadisfy.

"He that hath yaws to yaw, let him yaw," is the rendering which anAnglophobiac clergyman gave of the familiar scripture, "He that hath ears tohear,lethimhear."AfterhearingthenameofSirHumphryDavypronounced,aFrenchmanwhowishedtowrite to theeminentEnglishmanthusaddressedtheletter:"SerumFridavi."

Accentuation

Accentuation is thestressingof thepropersyllables inwords.This it is that ispopularly called pronunciation. For instance, we properly say that a word ismispronouncedwhenitisaccentedin'-viteinsteadofin-vite', though it is reallyanoffenseagainstonlyoneformofpronunciation—accentuation.

Itistheworkofalifetimetolearntheaccentsofalargevocabularyandtokeeppacewith changingusage; but an alert ear, the studyofword-origins, and thedictionary habit, will prove to be mighty helpers in a task that can never befinallycompleted.

Enunciation

Correctenunciationisthecompleteutteranceofallthesoundsofasyllableoraword.Wrong articulation gives thewrong sound to the vowel or vowels of awordorasyllable,asdoofordew;orunitestwosoundsimproperly,ashullyforwholly.Wrongenunciation is the incompleteutteranceofa syllableoraword,the sound omitted or added being usually consonantal. To say needcessityinsteadofnecessity is awrong articulation; to saydoin fordoing is improperenunciation.Theonearticulates—thatis,joints—twosoundsthatshouldnotbejoined,andthusgivesthewordapositivelywrongsound;theotherfailstotouchall the sounds in the word, and in that particular way also sounds the wordincorrectly.

"Mytex'maybefoun' in thefif'andsix'versesof thesecon'chapterofTitus;andthesubjec'ofmydiscourseis'TheGover'mentofarHomes.'"[6]

Whatdidthispreacherdowithhisfinalconsonants?Thisslovenlydroppingofessentialsoundsisasoffensiveasthecommonhabitofrunningwordstogether

sothattheylosetheirindividualityanddistinctness.Lightendark,uppendown,doncherknow,partic'lar,zamination,arealltoocommontoneedcomment.

Imperfect enunciation is due to lack of attention and to lazy lips. It can becorrectedbyresolutelyattendingtotheformationofsyllablesastheyareuttered.Flexible lipswill enunciate difficult combinations of soundswithout slightinganyofthem,butsuchflexibilitycannotbeattainedexceptbyhabituallyutteringwordswithdistinctnessandaccuracy.Adailyexerciseinenunciatingaseriesofsoundswillinashorttimegiveflexibilitytothelipsandalertnesstothemind,sothatnowordwillbeutteredwithoutreceivingitsduecomplementofsound.

Returningtoourdefinition,weseethatwhenthesoundsofawordareproperlyarticulated,therightsyllablesaccented,andfullvaluegiventoeachsoundinitsenunciation, we have correct pronunciation. Perhaps one word of caution isneeded here, lest any one, anxious to bring out clearly every sound, shouldoverdo thematter and neglect the unity and smoothness of pronunciation. Becarefulnot tobringsyllablesintosomuchprominenceastomakewordsseemlongandangular.Thejointsmustbekeptdecentlydressed.

Beforedelivery,donotfailtogooveryourmanuscriptandnoteeverysoundthatmay possibly be mispronounced. Consult the dictionary and make assurancedoubly sure. If the arrangement of words is unfavorable to clear enunciation,change either words or order and do not rest until you can follow Hamlet'sdirectionstotheplayers.


1. Practise repeating the following rapidly, paying particular attention to theconsonants.

"Foolish Flavius, flushing feverishly, fiercely found fault withFlora'sfrivolity.[7]"

Mary'smatchlessmimicrymakesmuchmischief.

Seatedonshiningshaleshesellsseashells.

Youyoungstersyieldedyouryouthfulyule-tideyearningsyesterday.

2.Soundthelineachofthefollowingwords,repeatedinsequence:

BlueblackblinkersblockedBlackBlondin'seyes.

3.Doyousayablooskyorabluesky?

4.Comparetheusoundinfewandinnew.Sayeachaloud,anddecidewhichiscorrect,NooYork,NewYawk,orNewYork?

5. Pay careful heed to the directions of this chapter in reading the following,fromHamlet.After the interviewwith theghostofhis father,Hamlet tellshisfriendsHoratioandMarcellusthatheintendstoactapart:

Horatio.Odayandnight,butthisiswondrousstrange!

Hamlet.Andthereforeasastrangergiveitwelcome.

Therearemorethingsinheavenandearth,Horatio,Thanaredreamtofinyourphilosophy.Butcome;Here,asbefore,never,sohelpyoumercy,Howstrangeoroddso'erIbearmyself,—AsIperchancehereaftershallthinkmeetToputananticdispositionon,—Thatyou,atsuchtimesseeingme,nevershall,Witharmsencumber'dthus,orthishead-shake,Orbypronouncingofsomedoubtfulphrase,As"Well,well,weknow,"or"Wecould,anifwewould,"Or"Ifwelisttospeak,"or"Therebe,aniftheremight,"Orsuchambiguousgiving-out,tonoteThatyouknowaughtofme:thisnottodo,Sograceandmercyatyourmostneedhelpyou,Swear.

—ActI.SceneV.

6.Makealistofcommonerrorsofpronunciation,sayingwhichareduetofaultyarticulation,wrongaccentuation,andincompleteenunciation.Ineachcasemakethecorrection.

7.Criticiseanyspeechyoumayhaveheardwhichdisplayedthesefaults.

8.Explainhowthefalseshameofseemingtobetooprecisemayhinderusfromcultivatingperfectverbalutterance.

9. Over-precision is likewise a fault. To bring out any syllable unduly is tocaricaturetheword.Bemoderateinreadingthefollowing:

THELASTSPEECHOFMAXIMILIANDEROBESPIERRE

TheenemiesoftheRepubliccallmetyrant!WereIsuchtheywouldgrovel at my feet. I should gorge them with gold, I should grant

themimmunityfortheircrimes,andtheywouldbegrateful.WereIsuch, the kings we have vanquished, far from denouncingRobespierre,would lendme their guilty support; therewouldbe acovenantbetween themandme.Tyrannymusthave tools.But theenemiesoftyranny,—whitherdoestheirpathtend?Tothetomb,andto immortality!What tyrant ismyprotector?Towhat factiondo Ibelong? Yourselves! What faction, since the beginning of theRevolution,hascrushedandannihilatedsomanydetected traitors?You, the people,—our principles—are that faction—a faction towhichIamdevoted,andagainstwhichall thescoundrelismof thedayisbanded!

Theconfirmationof theRepublichasbeenmyobject; and Iknowthat the Republic can be established only on the eternal basis ofmorality.Againstme,andagainstthosewhoholdkindredprinciples,the league is formed. My life? Oh! my life I abandon without aregret!Ihaveseenthepast;andIforeseethefuture.Whatfriendofthis countrywouldwish to survive themomentwhenhe couldnolongerserveit,—whenhecouldnolongerdefendinnocenceagainstoppression? Wherefore should I continue in an order of things,where intrigue eternally triumphs over truth; where justice ismocked;wherepassions themost abject,or fears themost absurd,over-ride the sacred interests of humanity? In witnessing themultitudeofviceswhichthetorrentoftheRevolutionhasrolledinturbid communion with its civic virtues, I confess that I havesometimesfearedthatIshouldbesullied,intheeyesofposterity,bythe impure neighborhood of unprincipled men, who had thrustthemselvesintoassociationwiththesincerefriendsofhumanity;andI rejoice that these conspirators against my country have now, bytheir reckless rage, traced deep the line of demarcation betweenthemselvesandalltruemen.

Question history, and learn how all the defenders of liberty, in alltimes,havebeenoverwhelmedbycalumny.Buttheirtraducersdiedalso. The good and the bad disappear alike from the earth; but inverydifferentconditions.OFrenchmen!Omycountrymen!Letnotyour enemies, with their desolating doctrines, degrade your souls,and enervate your virtues! No, Chaumette, no! Death is not "aneternalsleep!"Citizens!effacefromthetombthatmotto,gravenby

sacrilegioushands,which spreadsover all nature a funereal crape,takes from oppressed innocence its support, and affronts thebeneficent dispensation of death! Inscribe rather thereon thesewords:"Deathisthecommencementofimmortality!"IleavetotheoppressorsofthePeopleaterribletestament,whichIproclaimwiththeindependencebefittingonewhosecareerissonearlyended;itistheawfultruth—"Thoushaltdie!"

FOOTNOTES:

[6]SchoolandCollegeSpeaker,Mitchell.

[7]SchoolandCollegeSpeaker,Mitchell.

CHAPTERXV

THETRUTHABOUTGESTURE

WhenWhitefield acted an old blindman advancing by slow stepstoward the edge of the precipice,LordChesterfield started up andcried: "Good God, he is gone!"—NATHAN SHEPPARD, Before anAudience.

Gesture is really a simplematter that requires observation and common senserather than a book of rules. Gesture is an outward expression of an inwardcondition.Itismerelyaneffect—theeffectofamentaloranemotionalimpulsestrugglingforexpressionthroughphysicalavenues.

Youmust not, however, begin at the wrong end: if you are troubled by yourgestures,oralackofgestures,attendtothecause,nottheeffect.Itwillnotintheleasthelpmatters to tackon toyourdeliverya fewmechanicalmovements. Ifthetreeinyourfrontyardisnotgrowingtosuityou,fertilizeandwaterthesoilandletthetreehavesunshine.Obviouslyitwillnothelpyourtreetonailonafew branches. If your cistern is dry, wait until it rains; or bore a well. Whyplungeapumpintoadryhole?

The speaker whose thoughts and emotions are welling within him like amountainspringwillnothavemuchtroubletomakegestures;itwillbemerelyaquestionofproperlydirectingthem.Ifhisenthusiasmforhissubjectisnotsuchas to give him a natural impulse for dramatic action, it will avail nothing tofurnishhimwithalonglistofrules.Hemaytackonsomemovements,buttheywilllooklikethewiltedbranchesnailedtoatreetosimulatelife.Gesturesmustbeborn,notbuilt.Awoodenhorsemayamuse thechildren,but it takesa liveonetogosomewhere.

Itisnotonlyimpossibletolaydowndefiniterulesonthissubject,butitwouldbe silly to try, for everything depends on the speech, the occasion, thepersonalityandfeelingsofthespeaker,andtheattitudeoftheaudience.Itiseasyenoughtoforecasttheresultofmultiplyingsevenbysix,butitisimpossibletotellanymanwhatkindofgestureshewillbeimpelledtousewhenhewishestoshowhisearnestness.Wemaytellhimthatmanyspeakersclosethehand,withtheexceptionoftheforefinger,andpointingthatfingerstraightattheaudiencepourouttheirthoughtslikeavolley;orthatothersstamponefootforemphasis;orthatMr.Bryanoftenslapshishandstogetherforgreatforce,holdingonepalmupward inaneasymanner;or thatGladstonewouldsometimesmakearushatthe clerk's table in Parliament and smite it with his hand so forcefully thatD'israeli once brought down the house by grimly congratulating himself thatsuchabarrierstoodbetweenhimselfand"thehonorablegentleman."

All these things, and a bookfulmore,maywe tell the speaker, butwe cannotknowwhether he can use these gestures or not, anymore thanwe can decidewhether he couldwearMr.Bryan's clothes.Thebest that canbedoneon thissubjectistoofferafewpracticalsuggestions,andletpersonalgoodtastedecideastowhereeffectivedramaticactionendsandextravagantmotionbegins.

AnyGestureThatMerelyCallsAttentiontoItselfIsBad

Thepurposeofagestureistocarryyourthoughtandfeelingintothemindsandheartsofyourhearers;thisitdoesbyemphasizingyourmessage,byinterpretingit, by expressing it in action, by striking its tone in either a physicallydescriptive,asuggestive,oratypicalgesture—andletitberememberedallthetimethatgestureincludesallphysicalmovement,fromfacialexpressionandthetossingoftheheadtotheexpressivemovementsofhandandfoot.Ashiftingoftheposemaybeamosteffectivegesture.

Whatistrueofgestureistrueofalllife.Ifthepeopleonthestreetturnaround

andwatchyourwalk,yourwalk ismore important thanyouare—change it. Iftheattentionofyouraudienceiscalledtoyourgestures,theyarenotconvincing,because theyappear tobe—what theyhaveadoubtful right tobe in reality—studied.Haveyoueverseenaspeakerusesuchgrotesquegesticulationsthatyouwerefascinatedbytheirfrenzyofoddity,butcouldnotfollowhisthought?Donotsmotherideaswithgymnastics.Savonarolawouldrushdownfromthehighpulpit among the congregation in theduomo at Florence and carry the fire ofconvictiontohishearers;BillySundayslides tobaseontheplatformcarpet indramatizingoneofhisbaseball illustrations.Yet inboth instances themessagehas somehow stood out bigger than the gesture—it is chiefly in calmafterthoughtthatmenhaverememberedtheformofdramaticexpression.WhenSirHenryIrvingmadehisfamousexitas"Shylock"thelastthingtheaudiencesawwas his pallid, avaricious hand extended skinny and claw-like against thebackground.Atthetime,everyonewasoverwhelmedbythetremendoustypicalquality of this gesture; now, we have time to think of its art, and discuss itsrealisticpower.

Onlywhengesture is subordinated to theabsorbing importanceof the idea—aspontaneous,livingexpressionoflivingtruth—isitjustifiableatall;andwhenitisrememberedforitself—asapieceofunusualphysicalenergyorasapoemofgrace—itisadeadfailureasdramaticexpression.Thereisaplaceforauniquestyle of walking—it is the circus or the cake-walk; there is a place forsurprisinglyrhythmicalevolutionsofarmsandlegs—itisonthedancefloororthestage.Don'tletyouragilityandgraceputyourthoughtsoutofbusiness.

Oneofthepresentwriterstookhisfirstlessonsingesturefromacertaincollegepresidentwhoknew farmore aboutwhat had happened at theDiet ofWormsthanhedidabouthowtoexpresshimselfinaction.Hisinstructionsweretostartthemovementonacertainword,continueitonaprecisecurve,andunfoldthefingersattheconclusion,endingwiththeforefinger—justso.Plenty,andmorethanplenty,hasbeenpublishedonthissubject,givingjustsuchsillydirections.Gesture is a thing of mentality and feeling—not a matter of geometry.Remember,whenever apair of shoes, amethodofpronunciation, or agesturecallsattentiontoitself,itisbad.Whenyouhavemadereallygoodgesturesinagoodspeechyourhearerswillnotgoawaysaying,"Whatbeautifulgestureshemade!"buttheywillsay,"I'llvoteforthatmeasure.""Heisright—Ibelieveinthat."

GesturesShouldBeBornoftheMoment

Thebestactorsandpublicspeakersrarelyknowinadvancewhatgesturestheyaregoingtomake.Theymakeonegestureoncertainwordstonight,andnoneatall tomorrownight at the samepoint—their variousmoods and interpretationsgovern their gestures. It is all amatter of impulse and intelligent feelingwiththem—don'toverlookthatwordintelligent.Naturedoesnotalwaysprovidethesamekindofsunsetsorsnowflakes,andthemovementsofagoodspeakervaryalmostasmuchasthecreationsofnature.

Nowallthisisnottosaythatyoumustnottakesomethoughtforyourgestures.Ifthatweremeant,whythischapter?Whenthesergeantdespairinglybesoughtthe recruit in the awkward squad to step out and look at himself, he gavesplendidadvice—andworthyofpersonalapplication.Particularlywhileyouarein the learning days of public speaking you must learn to criticise your owngestures.Recallthem—seewheretheywereuseless,crude,awkward,whatnot,and do better next time. There is a vast deal of difference between beingconsciousofselfandbeingself-conscious.

Itwillrequireyournicediscriminationinordertocultivatespontaneousgesturesandyetgivedueattentiontopractise.Whileyoudependuponthemomentitisvital to remember thatonlyadramaticgeniuscaneffectivelyaccomplish suchfeatsaswehaverelatedofWhitefield,Savonarola,andothers:anddoubtlessthefirst time they were used they came in a burst of spontaneous feeling, yetWhitefielddeclaredthatnotuntilhehaddeliveredasermonfortytimeswasitsdelivery perfected. What spontaneity initiates let practise complete. Everyeffective speakerandeveryvividactorhasobserved, consideredandpractisedgesture until his dramatic actions are a sub-conscious possession, just like hisability to pronounce correctly without especially concentrating his thought.Every able platformman has possessed himself of a dozenways inwhich hemightdepictingestureanygivenemotion;infact,themeansforsuchexpressionareendless—andthisispreciselywhyitisbothuselessandharmfultomakeachartofgesturesandenforcethemastheidealsofwhatmaybeusedtoexpressthisorthatfeeling.Practisedescriptive,suggestive,andtypicalmovementsuntilthey come as naturally as a good articulation; and rarely forecast the gesturesyouwilluseatagivenmoment:leavesomethingtothatmoment.

AvoidMonotonyinGesture

Roastbeefisanexcellentdish,butitwouldbeterribleasanexclusivediet.Nomatter how effective one gesture is, do not overwork it. Put variety in youractions.Monotonywilldestroyallbeautyandpower.Thepumphandlemakes

one effective gesture, and on hot days that one is very eloquent, but it has itslimitations.

AnyMovementthatisnotSignificant,Weakens

Do not forget that. Restlessness is not expression. A great many uselessmovements will only take the attention of the audience from what you aresaying.Awidely-notedmanintroducedthespeakerof theeveningoneSundaylately to a New York audience. The only thing remembered about thatintroductoryspeechisthatthespeakerplayednervouslywiththecoveringofthetableashetalked.Wenaturallywatchmovingobjects.AjanitorputtingdownawindowcantaketheattentionofthehearersfromMr.Roosevelt.Bymakingafewmovementsatonesideofthestageachorusgirlmaydrawtheinterestofthespectatorsfromabigscenebetweenthe"leads."Whenourforefathers livedincavestheyhadtowatchmovingobjects,formovementsmeantdanger.Wehavenotyetovercomethehabit.Advertisershavetakenadvantageofit—witnessthemovingelectric light signs in anycity.A shrewd speakerwill respect this lawand conserve the attention of his audience by eliminating all unnecessarymovements.

GestureShouldeitherbeSimultaneouswithorPrecedetheWords—notFollowThem

Lady Macbeth says: "Bear welcome in your eye, your hand, your tongue."Reverse thisorderandyougetcomedy.Say, "Therehegoes,"pointingathimafteryouhavefinishedyourwords,andseeiftheresultisnotcomical.

DoNotMakeShort,JerkyMovements

Somespeakersseemtobeimitatingawaiterwhohasfailedtogetatip.Letyourmovementsbeeasy,andfromtheshoulder,asarule,ratherthanfromtheelbow.Butdonotgo to theotherextremeandmake toomanyflowingmotions—thatsavorsofthelackadaisical.

Put a little "punch" and life into your gestures.You can not, however, do thismechanically. The audiencewill detect it if you do. Theymay not know justwhatiswrong,butthegesturewillhaveafalseappearancetothem.

FacialExpressionisImportant

Have you ever stopped in front of a Broadway theater and looked at thephotographsofthecast?Noticetherowofchorusgirlswhoaresupposedtobe

expressingfear.Theirattitudesaresomechanicalthattheattemptisridiculous.Notice the picture of the "star" expressing the same emotion: hismuscles aredrawn, his eyebrows lifted, he shrinks, and fear shines through his eyes. Thatactorfelt fearwhenthephotographwas taken.Thechorusgirls felt that itwastime for a rarebit, andmore nearly expressed that emotion than they did fear.Incidentally,thatisonereasonwhytheystayinthechorus.

The movements of the facial muscles may mean a great deal more than themovements of the hand. Themanwho sits in a dejected heapwith a look ofdespaironhisfaceisexpressinghisthoughtsandfeelingsjustaseffectivelyasthemanwhoiswavinghisarmsandshoutingfromthebackofadraywagon.Theeyehasbeencalled thewindowof thesoul.Throughitshines the lightofourthoughtsandfeelings.

DoNotUseTooMuchGesture

Asamatteroffact,inthebigcrisesoflifewedonotgothroughmanyactions.Whenyourclosest frienddiesyoudonot throwupyourhandsand talkaboutyourgrief.Youaremorelikelytositandbroodindry-eyedsilence.TheHudsonRiverdoesnotmakemuchnoiseonitswaytothesea—itisnothalfsoloudasthelittlecreekupinBronxParkthatabullfrogcouldleapacross.Thebarkingdognevertearsyourtrousers—atleasttheysayhedoesn't.Donotfearthemanwhowaves his arms and shouts his anger, but themanwho comes up quietlywith eyes flaming and face burningmay knock you down. Fuss is not force.Observetheseprinciplesinnatureandpractisetheminyourdelivery.

Thewriterofthischapteronceobservedaninstructordrillingaclassingesture.TheyhadcometothepassagefromHenryVIIIinwhichthehumbledCardinalsays: "Farewell, a long farewell to allmy greatness." It is one of the patheticpassagesof literature.Amanuttering sucha sentimentwouldbecrushed, andthe last thingonearthhewoulddowouldbe tomakeflamboyantmovements.Yetthisclasshadanelocutionarymanualbeforethemthatgaveanappropriategesture foreveryoccasion, frompaying thegasbill todeath-bedfarewells.Sotheywereinstructedtothrowtheirarmsoutatfulllengthoneachsideandsay:"Farewell,alongfarewelltoallmygreatness."Suchagesturemightpossiblybeusedinanafter-dinnerspeechattheconventionofatelephonecompanywhoselines extended from theAtlantic to thePacific, but to thinkofWolsey's usingthatmovementwouldsuggestthathisfatewasjust.

Posture

The physical attitude to be taken before the audience really is included ingesture.Justwhatthatattitudeshouldbedepends,notonrules,butonthespiritofthespeechandtheoccasion.SenatorLaFollettestoodforthreehourswithhisweight thrownonhisforwardfootasheleanedoutover thefootlights, ranhisfingersthroughhishair,andflamedoutadenunciationofthetrusts.Itwasveryeffective.Butimagineaspeakertakingthatkindofpositiontodiscourseonthedevelopmentofroad-makingmachinery.Ifyouhaveafiery,aggressivemessage,andwill letyourselfgo,naturewillnaturallypullyourweight toyourforwardfoot.Aman in a hot political argument or a street brawl never has to stop tothink uponwhich foot he should throwhisweight.Youmay sometimes placeyourweightonyourbackfootifyouhavearestfulandcalmmessage—butdon'tworryaboutit:juststandlikeamanwhogenuinelyfeelswhatheissaying.Donot stand with your heels close together, like a soldier or a butler. No moreshouldyoustandwiththemwideapartlikeatrafficpoliceman.Usesimplegoodmannersandcommonsense.

Hereawordofcautionisneeded.Wehaveadvisedyoutoallowyourgesturesandpostures tobespontaneousandnotwoodenlypreparedbeforehand,butdonotgo to theextremeof ignoring the importanceofacquiringmasteryofyourphysicalmovements.Amuscularhandmade flexibleby freemovement, is farmorelikelytobeaneffectiveinstrumentingesturethanastiff,pudgybunchoffingers. Ifyour shouldersare litheandcarriedwell,whileyourchestdoesnotretreat from association with your chin, the chances of using goodextemporaneousgesturesaresomuchthebetter.Learntokeepthebackofyourneck touching your collar, hold your chest high, and keep down your waistmeasure.

Soattentiontostrength,poise,flexibility,andgraceofbodyarethefoundationsof good gesture, for they are expressions of vitality, and without vitality nospeakercanenterthekingdomofpower.WhenanawkwardgiantlikeAbrahamLincoln rose to the sublimest heights of oratory he did so because of thegreatness of his soul—his very ruggedness of spirit and artless honesty wereproperlyexpressedinhisgnarlybody.Thefireofcharacter,ofearnestness,andofmessageswepthishearersbeforehimwhen the tepidwordsofan insincereApollowouldhaveleftnoeffect.ButbesureyouareasecondLincolnbeforeyoudespisethehandicapofphysicalawkwardness.

"Ty"Cobbhasconfidedtothepublicthatwhenheisinabattingslumpheevenstandsbeforeamirror,batinhand,toobservethe"swing"and"followthrough"ofhisbattingform.Ifyouwouldlearntostandwellbeforeanaudience,lookat

yourselfinamirror—butnottoooften.Practisewalkingandstandingbeforethemirror so as to conquer awkwardness—not to cultivate a pose. Stand on theplatforminthesameeasymannerthatyouwouldusebeforeguestsinadrawing-room.Ifyourpositionisnotgraceful,makeitsobydancing,gymnasiumwork,andbygettinggraceandpoiseinyourmind.

Do not continually hold the same position. Any big change of thoughtnecessitates a change of position. Be at home. There are no rules—it is all amatteroftaste.Whileontheplatformforgetthatyouhaveanyhandsuntilyoudesire touse them—then remember themeffectively.Gravitywill takecareofthem. Of course, if you want to put them behind you, or fold them once inawhile,itisnotgoingtoruinyourspeech.Thoughtandfeelingarethebigthingsinspeaking—notthepositionofafootorahand.Simplyputyourlimbswhereyouwantthemtobe—youhaveawill,sodonotneglecttouseit.

Letus reiterate,donotdespisepractise.Yourgesturesandmovementsmaybespontaneousandstillbewrong.Nomatterhownaturaltheyare,itispossibletoimprovethem.

Itisimpossibleforanyone—evenyourself—tocriticiseyourgesturesuntilaftertheyaremade.Youcan'tpruneapeach treeuntil it comesup; thereforespeakmuch,andobserveyourownspeech.Whileyouareexaminingyourself,donotforget tostudystatuaryandpaintings toseehowthegreatportrayersofnaturehavemadetheirsubjectsexpressideasthroughaction.Noticethegesturesofthebest speakers and actors. Observe the physical expression of life everywhere.Theleavesonthetreerespondtotheslightestbreeze.Themusclesofyourface,thelightofyoureyes,shouldrespondtotheslightestchangeoffeeling.Emersonsays:"EverymanthatImeetismysuperiorinsomeway.InthatIlearnofhim."IlliterateItaliansmakegesturessowonderfulandbeautifulthatBoothorBarrettmighthavesatattheirfeetandbeeninstructed.Openyoureyes.Emersonsaysagain:"Weareimmersedinbeauty,butoureyeshavenoclearvision."Tossthisbook toone side; goout andwatchone childpleadwith another for abiteofapple; seea streetbrawl;observe life in action.Doyouwant toknowhow toexpressvictory?Watchthevictors'handsgohighonelectionnight.Doyouwanttopleadacause?Makeacompositephotographofallthepleadersindailylifeyou constantly see. Beg, borrow, and steal the best you can get,BUTDON'TGIVEITOUTASTHEFT.Assimilateituntilitbecomesapartofyou—thenlettheexpressioncomeout.


1.Fromwhatsourcedoyouintendtostudygesture?

2.Whatisthefirstrequisiteofgoodgestures?Why?

3.Whyisitimpossibletolaydownsteel-cladrulesforgesturing?

4.Describe(a)agracefulgesturethatyouhaveobserved;(b)aforcefulone;(c)anextravagantone;(d)aninappropriateone.

5.Whatgesturesdoyouuseforemphasis?Why?

6.Howcangraceofmovementbeacquired?

7.Whenindoubtaboutagesturewhatwouldyoudo?

8. What, according to your observations before a mirror, are your faults ingesturing?

9.Howdoyouintendtocorrectthem?

10. What are some of the gestures, if any, that you might use in deliveringThurston'sspeech,page50;Grady'sspeech,page36?Bespecific.

11.Describesomeparticularlyappropriategesturethatyouhaveobserved.Whywasitappropriate?

12. Cite at least three movements in nature that might well be imitated ingesture.

13.Whatwouldyougatherfromtheexpressions:descriptivegesture,suggestivegesture,andtypicalgesture?

14.Selectanyelementalemotion,suchasfear,andtry,bypicturinginyourmindatleastfivedifferentsituationsthatmightcallforththisemotion,toexpressitsseveralphasesbygesture—includingposture,movement,andfacialexpression.

15.Dothesamethingforsuchotheremotionsasyoumayselect.

16.Selectthreepassagesfromanysource,onlybeingsurethattheyaresuitableforpublicdelivery,memorizeeach,and thendevisegesturessuitable foreach.Saywhy.

17.Criticisethegesturesinanyspeechyouhaveheardrecently.

18.Practiseflexiblemovementofthehand.Whatexercisesdidyoufinduseful?

19.Carefullyobservesomeanimal;thendeviseseveraltypicalgestures.

20.Write a brief dialogue between any two animals; read it aloud and inventexpressivegestures.

21.Deliver,withappropriategestures,thequotationthatheadsthischapter.

22.Readaloudthefollowingincident,usingdramaticgestures:

WhenVoltairewaspreparingayoungactresstoappearinoneofhistragedies,hetiedherhandstohersideswithpackthreadinordertocheck her tendency toward exuberant gesticulation. Under thiscondition of compulsory immobility she commenced to rehearse,and for some time she bore herself calmly enough; but at last,completely carried away by her feelings, she burst her bonds andflung up her arms. Alarmed at her supposed neglect of hisinstructions, she began to apologize to the poet; he smilinglyreassuredher,however; thegesturewas then admirable,because itwasirrepressible.—REDWAY,TheActor'sArt.

23.Renderthefollowingwithsuitablegestures:

Oneday,whilepreaching,Whitefield"suddenlyassumedanauticalair andmanner thatwere irresistiblewithhim,"andbroke forth inthesewords:"Well,myboys,wehaveaclearsky,andaremakingfineheadwayoverasmoothseabeforealightbreeze,andweshallsoonlosesightofland.Butwhatmeansthissuddenloweringoftheheavens, and that dark cloud arising from beneath the westernhorizon?Hark!Don'tyouheardistantthunder?Don'tyouseethoseflashesof lightning?There is a stormgathering!Everyman tohisduty!Theair isdark!—the tempest rages!—ourmastsaregone!—the ship is on her beam ends! What next?" At this a number ofsailors in the congregation, utterly swept away by the dramaticdescription, leaped to their feetandcried:"The longboat!—take tothelongboat!"

—NATHANSHEPPARD,BeforeanAudience.

CHAPTERXVI

METHODSOFDELIVERY

The crown, the consummation, of the discourse is its delivery.Toward it all preparation looks, for it theaudiencewaits,by it thespeakerisjudged....Alltheforcesoftheorator'slifeconvergeinhisoratory. The logical acuteness with which he marshals the factsaround his theme, the rhetorical facility with which he orders hislanguage,thecontroltowhichhehasattainedintheuseofhisbodyasasingleorganofexpression,whateverrichnessofacquisitionandexperience are his—these all are now incidents; the fact is thesendingofhismessagehometohishearers....Thehourofdeliveryis the "supreme, inevitable hour" for the orator. It is this fact thatmakeslackofadequatepreparationsuchanimpertinence.Anditisthis thatsendssuch thrillsof indescribable joy through theorator'swholebeingwhenhehasachievedasuccess—itislikethemotherforgettingherpangsforthejoyofbringingasonintotheworld.

—J.B.E.,HowtoAttractandHoldanAudience.

There are four fundamental methods of delivering an address; all others aremodificationsofoneormoreofthese:readingfrommanuscript,committingthewritten speech and speaking from memory, speaking from notes, andextemporaneousspeech.Itisimpossibletosaywhichformofdeliveryisbestforallspeakers inallcircumstances—indecidingforyourselfyoushouldconsidertheoccasion,thenatureoftheaudience,thecharacterofyoursubject,andyourownlimitationsoftimeandability.However,itisworthwhilewarningyounottobelenientinself-exaction.Saytoyourselfcourageously:Whatotherscando,I can attempt. A bold spirit conquers where others flinch, and a trying taskchallengespluck.

ReadingfromManuscript

Thismethodreallydeservesshortshriftinabookonpublicspeaking,for,deludeyourselfasyoumay,publicreadingisnotpublicspeaking.Yettherearesomanywho grasp this broken reed for support that we must here discuss the "readspeech"—apologeticmisnomerasitis.

Certainly there are occasions—among them, the opening of Congress, the

presentation of a sore question before a deliberative body, or a historicalcommemoration—when itmay seemnot alone to the "orator" but to all thoseinterestedthatthechiefthingistoexpresscertainthoughtsinpreciselanguage—inlanguagethatmustnotbeeithermisunderstoodormisquoted.Atsuchtimesoratory is unhappily elbowed to a back bench, the manuscript is solemnlywithdrawnfromthecapaciousinnerpocketofthenewfrockcoat,andeveryonesettles himself resignedly,withonly a feeble flicker of hope that the so-calledspeech may not be as long as it is thick. The words may be golden, but thehearers' (?) eyes are prone to be leaden, and in about one instance out of ahundreddoestheperpetratorreallydeliveranimpressiveaddress.Hisexcuseishis apology—he is not to be blamed, as a rule, for some one decreed that itwould be dangerous to cut loose from manuscript moorings and take hisaudiencewithhimonareallydelightfulsail.

Onegreattroubleonsuch"greatoccasions"isthattheessayist—forsuchheis—hasbeenchosennotbecauseofhisspeakingabilitybutbecausehisgrandfatherfoughtinacertainbattle,orhisconstituentssenthimtoCongress,orhisgiftsinsomelineofendeavorotherthanspeakinghavedistinguishedhim.

Aswell choose a surgeon from his ability to play golf. To be sure, it alwaysinterestsanaudiencetoseeagreatman;becauseofhiseminencetheyarelikelytolistentohiswordswithrespect,perhapswithinterest,evenwhendronedfromamanuscript.Buthowmuchmoreeffectivesuchadeliverancewouldbeifthepaperswerecastaside!

Nowhere is the read-address so common as in the pulpit—the pulpit, that inthesedaysleastofallcanaffordtoinviteahandicap.Doubtlessmanyclergymenprefer finish to fervor—let them choose: they are rarely men who sway themassestoacceptanceoftheirmessage.Whattheygaininprecisionandeleganceoflanguagetheyloseinforce.

Therearejustfourmotivesthatcanmoveamantoreadhisaddressorsermon:

1.Laziness is the commonest.Enough said.EvenHeavencannotmake a lazymanefficient.

2.Amemorysodefectivethathereallycannotspeakwithoutreading.Alas,heisnotspeakingwhenheisreading,sohisdilemmaispainful—andnottohimselfalone.Butnomanhasarighttoassumethathismemoryisutterlybaduntilhehasbuckleddowntomemoryculture—andfailed.Aweakmemoryisofteneranexcusethanareason.

3. A genuine lack of time to do more than write the speech. There are suchinstances—but they do not occur every week! The disposition of your timeallowsmore flexibility thanyou realize.Motive3 toooftenharnessesupwithMotive1.

4.Aconvictionthatthespeechistooimportanttoriskforsakingthemanuscript.But,ifitisvitalthateverywordshouldbesoprecise,thestylesopolished,andthethoughtssological,thatthepreachermustwritethesermonentire,isnotthemessageimportantenoughtowarrantextraeffortinperfectingitsdelivery?ItisaninsulttoacongregationanddisrespectfultoAlmightyGodtoputthephrasingof amessage above themessage itself. To reach the hearts of the hearers thesermonmust be delivered—it is only half delivered when the speaker cannotutter it with original fire and force, when he merely repeats words that wereconceivedhoursorweeksbeforeandhencearelikechampagnethathaslostitsfizz.Thereadingpreacher'seyesaretieddowntohismanuscript;hecannotgivetheaudiencethebenefitofhisexpression.Howlongwouldaplayfillatheaterifthe actors held their cue-books in hand and read their parts? Imagine PatrickHenry reading his famous speech; Peter-the-Hermit, manuscript in hand,exhortingthecrusaders;Napoleon,constantlylookingathispapers,addressingthe army at the Pyramids; or Jesus reading the Sermon on theMount! Thesespeakers were so full of their subjects, their general preparation had been sorichlyadequate,thattherewasnonecessityforamanuscript,eithertorefertoorto serve as "anoutward andvisible sign"of their preparedness.No eventwaseversodignifiedthatitrequiredanartificialattemptatspeechmaking.Callanessaybyitsrightname,butnevercallitaspeech.PerhapsthemostdignifiedofeventsisasupplicationtotheCreator.Ifyoueverlistenedtothereadingofanoriginalprayeryoumusthavefeltitssuperficiality.

Regardless of what the theories may be about manuscript delivery, the factremains that it does not work out with efficiency. Avoid it whenever at allpossible.

CommittingtheWrittenSpeechandSpeakingfromMemory

Thismethod has certain points in its favor. If you have time and leisure, it ispossible to polish and rewrite your ideas until they are expressed in clear,concise terms. Pope sometimes spent a whole day in perfecting one couplet.Gibbonconsumedtwentyyearsgatheringmaterialforandrewritingthe"DeclineandFallof theRomanEmpire."Althoughyoucannotdevotesuchpainstakingpreparationtoaspeech,youshouldtaketimetoeliminateuselesswords,crowd

whole paragraphs into a sentence and choose proper illustrations. Goodspeeches, like plays, are not written; they are rewritten. The National CashRegister Company follows this plan with their most efficient sellingorganization: they require their salesmen tomemorize verbatim a selling talk.Theymaintainthatthereisonebestwayofputtingtheirsellingarguments,andthey insist that each salesman use this ideal way rather than employ anyhaphazardphrasesthatmaycomeintohismindatthemoment.

The method of writing and committing has been adopted by many notedspeakers; Julius Cæsar, Robert Ingersoll, and, on some occasions, WendellPhillips, were distinguished examples. The wonderful effects achieved byfamousactorswere,ofcourse,accomplishedthroughthedeliveryofmemorizedlines.

The inexperienced speaker must be warned before attempting this method ofdeliverythatitisdifficultandtrying.Itrequiresmuchskilltomakeitefficient.Thememorized linesof theyoung speakerwill usually sound likememorizedwords,andrepel.

Ifyouwanttohearanexample,listentoadepartmentstoredemonstratorrepeather memorized lingo about the newest furniture polish or breakfast food. Itrequirestrainingtomakeamemorizedspeechsoundfreshandspontaneous,and,unless you have a fine native memory, in each instance the finished productnecessitatesmuchlabor.Shouldyouforgetapartofyourspeechormissafewwords,youareliabletobesoconfusedthat,likeMarkTwain'sguideinRome,youwillbecompelledtorepeatyourlinesfromthebeginning.

On the other hand, youmay be so taken upwith trying to recall yourwrittenwordsthatyouwillnotabandonyourselftothespiritofyouraddress,andsofailtodeliveritwiththatspontaneitywhichissovitaltoforcefuldelivery.

Butdonot let thesedifficulties frightenyou. Ifcommittingseemsbest toyou,giveitafaithfultrial.Donotbedeterredbyitspitfalls,butbyresolutepractiseavoidthem.

OneofthebestwaystorisesuperiortothesedifficultiesistodoasDr.WallaceRadcliffeoftendoes:commitwithoutwritingthespeech,makingpracticallyallthepreparationmentally,withoutputtingpentopaper—alaboriousbuteffectivewayofcultivatingbothmindandmemory.

Youwillfinditexcellentpractise,bothformemoryanddelivery,tocommitthe

specimenspeechesfoundinthisvolumeanddeclaimthem,withallattentiontothe principles we have put before you. William Ellery Channing, himself adistinguishedspeaker,yearsagohadthistosayofpractiseindeclamation:

"Istherenotanamusement,havinganaffinitywiththedrama,whichmightbeusefullyintroducedamongus?Imean,Recitation.Aworkofgenius,recitedbyamanoffinetaste,enthusiasm,andpowersofelocution,isaverypureandhighgratification. Were this art cultivated and encouraged, great numbers, nowinsensible to the most beautiful compositions, might be waked up to theirexcellenceandpower."

SpeakingfromNotes

Thethird,andthemostpopularmethodofdelivery,isprobablyalsothebestoneforthebeginner.Speakingfromnotesisnotidealdelivery,butwelearntoswiminshallowwaterbeforegoingoutbeyondtheropes.

Make a definite plan for your discourse (for a fuller discussion see ChapterXVIII)andsetdownthepointssomewhatinthefashionofalawyer'sbrief,orapreacher'soutline.Hereisasampleofverysimplenotes:

ATTENTION

I.INTRODUCTION.

Attentionindispensabletotheperformanceofanygreatwork.Anecdote.

II.DEFINEDANDILLUSTRATED.

1.Fromcommonobservation.

2.Fromthelivesofgreatmen{Carlyle,RobertE.Lee.}

III.ITSRELATIONTOOTHERMENTALPOWERS.

1.Reason.

2.Imagination.

3.Memory.

4.Will.Anecdote.

IV.ATTENTIONMAYBECULTIVATED.

1.Involuntaryattention.

2.Voluntaryattention.Examples.

V.CONCLUSION.

Theconsequencesofinattentionandofattention.

Fewbriefswouldbesopreciseasthisone,forwithexperienceaspeakerlearnstouse little tricks toattracthiseye—hemayunderscoreacatch-wordheavily,drawaredcirclearoundapivotalidea,enclosethekey-wordofananecdoteinawavy-linedbox,andsoonindefinitely.Thesepointsareworthremembering,fornothing so eludes the swift-glancing eye of the speaker as the sameness oftypewriting,orevenaregularpen-script.Sounintentionalathingasablotonthepage may help you to remember a big "point" in your brief—perhaps byassociationofideas.

Aninexperiencedspeakerwouldprobablyrequirefullernotesthanthespecimengiven. Yet that way lies danger, for the complete manuscript is but a shortremovefromthecopiousoutline.Useasfewnotesaspossible.

Theymaybenecessaryforthetimebeing,butdonotfailtolookuponthemasanecessaryevil;andevenwhenyoulaythembeforeyou,refertothemonlywhencompelledtodoso.Makeyournotesasfullasyoupleaseinpreparation,butbyallmeanscondensethemforplatformuse.

ExtemporaneousSpeech

Surely this is the idealmethodofdelivery.It isfarandawaythemostpopularwiththeaudience,andthefavoritemethodofthemostefficientspeakers.

"Extemporaneous speech" has sometimes been made to mean unpreparedspeech, and indeed it is too often precisely that; but in no such sense do werecommenditstronglytospeakersoldandyoung.Onthecontrary,tospeakwellwithout notes requires all the preparation which we discussed so fully in the

chapter on "Fluency,"while yet relying upon the "inspiration of the hour" forsomeofyour thoughts andmuchofyour language.Youhadbetter remember,however, that themost effective inspiration of the hour is the inspiration youyourselfbring to it,bottledup inyour spirit and ready to infuse itself into theaudience.

Ifyouextemporizeyoucangetmuchcloser toyouraudience. Inasense, theyappreciate the task you have before you and send out their sympathy.Extemporize,andyouwillnothavetostopandfumblearoundamidstyournotes—youcankeepyoureyeafirewithyourmessageandholdyouraudiencewithyourveryglance.Youyourselfwillfeeltheirresponseasyoureadtheeffectsofyourwarm,spontaneouswords,writtenontheircountenances.

Sentences written out in the study are liable to be dead and cold whenresurrectedbeforetheaudience.Whenyoucreateasyouspeakyouconserveallthenative fireofyour thought.Youcanenlargeononepointoromit another,justastheoccasionorthemoodoftheaudiencemaydemand.Itisnotpossibleforeveryspeaker touse this, themostdifficultofallmethodsofdelivery,andleastofallcanitbeusedsuccessfullywithoutmuchpractise,butitistheidealtowardswhichallshouldstrive.

Onedangerinthismethodis thatyoumaybeledasidefromyoursubject intoby-paths. To avoid this peril, firmly stick to your mental outline. Practisespeakingfromamemorizedbriefuntilyougaincontrol.Joinadebatingsociety—talk,talk,TALK,andalwaysextemporize.Youmay"makeafoolofyourself"onceortwice,butisthattoogreatapricetopayforsuccess?

Notes,likecrutches,areonlyasignofweakness.Rememberthatthepowerofyourspeechdependstosomeextentupontheviewyouraudienceholdsofyou.General Grant's words as president were more powerful than his words as aMissourifarmer.Ifyouwouldappearinthelightofanauthority,beone.Makenotesonyourbraininsteadofonpaper.

JointMethodsofDelivery

Amodificationofthesecondmethodhasbeenadoptedbymanygreatspeakers,particularlylecturerswhoarecompelledtospeakonawidevarietyofsubjectsdayafterday;suchspeakersoftencommit theiraddresses tomemorybutkeeptheirmanuscripts inflexiblebookformbeforethem,turningseveralpagesatatime.Theyfeelsaferforhavingasheet-anchortowindward—butitisananchor,nevertheless,andhindersrapid,freesailing,thoughitdragneversolightly.

Otherspeakersthrowoutastill lighteranchorbykeepingbeforethemaratherfulloutlineoftheirwrittenandcommittedspeech.

Others again write and commit a few important parts of the address—theintroduction, the conclusion, some vital argument, some pat illustration—anddependonthehourforthelanguageoftherest.Thismethodiswelladaptedtospeakingeitherwithorwithoutnotes.

Somespeakersreadfrommanuscriptthemostimportantpartsoftheirspeechesanduttertherestextemporaneously.

Thus, what we have called "joint methods of delivery" are open to muchpersonalvariation.Youmustdecide foryourselfwhich isbest foryou, for theoccasion, for your subject, for your audience—for these four factors all havetheirindividualclaims.

Whateverformyouchoose,donotbesoweaklyindifferentastoprefertheeasyway—choosethebestway,whateveritcostyouintimeandeffort.Andofthisbe assured: only the practised speaker can hope to gain both conciseness ofargumentandconviction inmanner,polishof languageandpower indelivery,finishofstyleandfireinutterance.


1.Whichinyourjudgmentisthemostsuitableofdeliveryforyou?Why?

2. What objections can you offer to, (a) memorizing the entire speech; (b)readingfrommanuscript;(c)usingnotes;(d)speakingfrommemorizedoutlineornotes;(ee)anyofthe"jointmethods"?

3.What is there to commend in delivering a speech in any of the foregoingmethods?

4. Can you suggest any combination of methods that you have foundefficacious?

5.Whatmethods, according to your observation, domost successful speakersuse?

6.Selectsometopicfromthelistonpage123,narrowthethemesoastomakeitspecific (seepage122),anddeliverashortaddress,utilizing the fourmethodsmentioned,infourdifferentdeliveriesofthespeech.

7. Select one of the joint methods and apply it to the delivery of the sameaddress.

8.Whichmethoddoyouprefer,andwhy?

9.From the listof subjects in theAppendixselecta themeanddelivera five-minuteaddresswithoutnotes,butmakecarefulpreparationwithoutputtingyourthoughtsonpaper.

NOTE:Itisearnestlyhopedthatinstructorswillnotpassthisstageoftheworkwithout requiring of their students much practise in the delivery of originalspeeches,inthemannerthatseems,aftersomeexperiment,tobebestsuitedtothestudent'sgifts.Studentswhoarestudyingaloneshouldbeequallyexactingindemanduponthemselves.Onepointismostimportant:Itiseasytolearntoreada speech, therefore it is much more urgent that the pupil should have muchpractise in speaking fromnotes and speakingwithoutnotes.At this stage,paymore attention tomanner than tomatter—the succeeding chapters take up thecompositionoftheaddress.Beparticularlyinsistentuponfrequentandthoroughreviewoftheprinciplesofdeliverydiscussedintheprecedingchapters.

CHAPTERXVII

THOUGHTANDRESERVEPOWER

Providenceisalwaysonthesideofthelastreserve.

—NAPOLEONBONAPARTE.

Somightiestpowersbydeepestcalmsarefed,Andsleep,howoft,inthingsthatgentlestbe!

—BARRYCORNWALL,TheSeainCalm.

Whatwouldhappen ifyoushouldoverdrawyourbankaccount?Asa rule thecheckwouldbeprotested;butifyouwereonfriendlytermswiththebank,yourcheck might be honored, and you would be called upon to make good theoverdraft.

Naturehasnosuchfavorites,thereforeextendsnocredits.Sheisasrelentlessasagasolinetank—whenthe"gas"isallusedthemachinestops.It isasrecklessfor a speaker to risk going before an audience without having something inreserve as it is for the motorist to essay a long journey in the wilds withoutenoughgasolineinsight.

Butinwhatdoesaspeaker'sreservepowerconsist?Inawell-foundedrelianceonhisgeneralandparticulargraspofhissubject;inthequalityofbeingalertandresourcefulinthought—particularlyintheabilitytothinkwhileonhisfeet;andinthatself-possessionwhichmakesonethecaptainofallhisownforces,bodilyandmental.

Thefirstoftheseelements,adequatepreparation,andthelast,self-reliance,werediscussedfullyinthechapterson"Self-Confidence"and"Fluency,"sotheywillbetouchedonlyincidentallyhere;besides,thenextchapterwilltakeupspecificmethodsofpreparationforpublicspeaking.Thereforethecentralthemeofthischapteristhesecondoftheelementsofreservepower—Thought.

TheMentalStorehouse

Anemptymind, likeanemptylarder,maybeaseriousmatterornot—allwilldepend on the available resources. If there is no food in the cupboard thehousewifedoesnotnervouslyrattletheemptydishes;shetelephonesthegrocer.Ifyouhavenoideas,donotrattleyouremptyersandahs,butget some ideas,anddon'tspeakuntilyoudogetthem.

This,however,isnotbeingwhattheoldNewEnglandhousekeeperusedtocall

"forehanded."Therealsolutionoftheproblemofwhattodowithanemptyheadisnevertoletitbecomeempty.IntheartesianwellsofDakotathewaterrushesto the surface and leaps a score of feet above the ground. The secret of thisexuberantflowisofcoursethegreatsupplybelow,crowdingtogetout.

Whatistheuseofstoppingtoprimeamentalpumpwhenyoucanfillyourlifewiththeresourcesforanartesianwell?Itisnotenoughtohavemerelyenough;youmusthavemorethanenough.Thenthepressureofyourmassofthoughtandfeelingwillmaintainyourflowofspeechandgiveyoutheconfidenceandpoisethatdenotereservepower.Tobeawayfromhomewithonlytheexactreturnfareleavesagreatdealtocircumstances!

Reservepower ismagnetic. It does not consist in giving the idea that you areholding something in reserve, but rather in the suggestion that the audience isgettingthecreamofyourobservation,reading,experience,feeling,thought.Tohavereservepower,therefore,youmusthaveenoughmilkofmaterialonhandtosupplysufficientcream.

Buthowshallwegetthemilk?Therearetwoways:theoneisfirst-hand—fromthecow;theotherissecond-hand—fromthemilkman.

TheSeeingEye

Somesagehassaid:"Forathousandmenwhocanspeak,thereisonlyonewhocanthink;forathousandmenwhocanthink,thereisonlyonewhocansee."Toseeandtothinkistogetyourmilkfromyourowncow.

Whentheonemaninamillionwhocanseecomesalong,wecallhimMaster.OldMr.Holbrook,of"Cranford,"askedhisguestwhatcolorash-budswere inMarch;sheconfessedshedidnotknow,towhichtheoldgentlemananswered:"Iknew you didn't.Nomore did I—an old fool that I am!—till this youngmancomesandtellsme. 'Blackasash-budsinMarch.'AndI'velivedallmylifeinthecountry.Moreshameformenottoknow.Black;theyarejet-black,madam."

"Thisyoungman"referredtobyMr.HolbrookwasTennyson.

HenryWardBeechersaid:"IdonotbelievethatIhaveevermetamanonthestreet that I did not get from him some element for a sermon. I never seeanything in nature which does not work towards that for which I give thestrengthofmylife.Thematerialformysermonsisallthetimefollowingmeandswarminguparoundme."

Insteadofsayingonlyonemaninamillioncansee, itwouldstrikenearer thetruthtosaythatnoneofusseeswithperfectunderstandingmorethanafractionofwhatpassesbeforeoureyes,yetthisfacultyofacuteandaccurateobservationissoimportantthatnomanambitioustoleadcanneglectit.Thenexttimeyouareinacar,lookatthosewhositoppositeyouandseewhatyoucandiscoveroftheir habits, occupations, ideals, nationalities, environments, education, and soon. You may not see a great deal the first time, but practise will revealastonishing results. Transmute every incident of your day into a subject for aspeechoran illustration.Translateall thatyousee into termsofspeech.Whenyoucandescribeallthatyouhaveseenindefinitewords,youareseeingclearly.Youarebecomingthemillionthman.

DeMaupassant'sdescriptionofanauthorshouldalsofitthepublic-speaker:"Hiseye is like a suction pump, absorbing everything; like a pickpocket's hand,always at work. Nothing escapes him. He is constantly collecting material,gathering-up glances, gestures, intentions, everything that goes on in hispresence—theslightestlook,theleastact,themeresttrifle."DeMaupassantwashimselfamillionthman,aMaster.

"Ruskin took a common rock-crystal and saw hidden within its stolid heartlessonswhichhavenotyetceasedtomovemen'slives.Beecherstoodforhoursbeforethewindowofajewelrystorethinkingoutanalogiesbetweenjewelsandthesoulsofmen.Goughsawinasingledropofwaterenoughtruthwherewithtoquench the thirst of five thousand souls. Thoreau sat so still in the shadowywoods thatbirds and insects cameandopenedup their secret lives tohis eye.Emersonobservedthesoulofamansolongthatatlengthhecouldsay,'Icannothearwhatyousay, for seeingwhatyouare.'Preyer for threeyears studied thelifeofhisbabeandsobecameanauthorityupon thechildmind.Observation!Most men are blind. There are a thousand times as many hidden truths andundiscovered facts about us to-day as have made discoverers famous—factswaitingforsomeoneto'pluckouttheheartoftheirmystery.'Butsolongasmengoaboutthesearchwitheyesthatseenot,solongwillthesehiddenpearlslieintheirshells.Notanoratorbutwhocouldmoreeffectivelypointandfeatherhisshaftswerehetosearchnatureratherthanlibraries.Toofewcansee'sermonsinstones' and 'books in the running brooks,' because they are so used to seeingmerelysermons inbooksandonlystones in runningbrooks.SirPhilipSidneyhad a saying, 'Look in thy heart and write;' Massillon explained his astuteknowledgeofthehumanheartbysaying,'Ilearneditbystudyingmyself;'Byronsays of John Locke that 'all his knowledge of the human understanding was

derived from studying his ownmind.' Sincemultiform nature is all about us,originalityoughtnottobesorare."[8]

TheThinkingMind

Thinking is doingmental arithmetic with facts. Add this fact to that and youreach a certain conclusion. Subtract this truth from another and you have adefiniteresult.Multiplythisfactbyanotherandhaveapreciseproduct.Seehowmanytimesthisoccurrencehappensinthatspaceoftimeandyouhavereachedacalculabledividend.Inthought-processesyouperformeveryknownproblemofarithmetic and algebra. That is why mathematics are such excellent mentalgymnastics. But by the same token, thinking is work. Thinking takes energy.Thinking requires time, and patience, and broad information, andclearheadedness.Beyondamiserablelittlesurface-scratching,fewpeoplereallythinkatall—onlyoneinathousand,accordingtothepunditalreadyquoted.Solongasthepresentsystemofeducationprevailsandchildrenaretaughtthroughthe ear rather than through the eye, so long as they are expected to rememberthoughtsofothersratherthanthinkforthemselves,thisproportionwillcontinue—onemaninamillionwillbeabletosee,andoneinathousandtothink.

But,howeverthought-lessamindhasbeen,thereispromiseofbetterthingssosoonastheminddetectsitsownlackofthought-power.Thefirststepistostopregardingthoughtas"themagicofthemind,"touseByron'sexpression,andseeitasthoughttrulyis—aweighingofideasandaplacingoftheminrelationshipsto each other. Ponder this definition and see if you have learned to thinkefficiently.

Habitualthinkingisjustthat—ahabit.Habitcomesofdoingathingrepeatedly.The lowerhabitsareacquiredeasily, thehigheronesrequiredeepergrooves iftheyare topersist.Sowe find that the thought-habit comesonlywith resolutepractise;yetnoeffortwillyieldricherdividends.Persistinpractise,andwhereasyouhavebeenabletothinkonlyaninch-deepintoasubject,youwillsoonfindthatyoucanpenetrateitafoot.

Perhaps this homely metaphor will suggest how to begin the practise ofconsecutivethinking,bywhichwemeanweldinganumberofseparatethought-linksintoachainthatwillhold.Takeonelinkatatime,seethateachnaturallybelongswith the ones you link to it, and remember that a singlemissing linkmeansnochain.

Thinkingis themostfascinatingandexhilaratingofallmentalexercises.Once

realize that your opinion on a subject does not represent the choice you havemade between what Dr. Cerebrum has written and Professor Cerebellum hassaid,but is theresultofyourownearnestly-appliedbrain-energy,andyouwillgain a confidence in your ability to speak on that subject that nothingwill beabletoshake.Yourthoughtwillhavegivenyoubothpowerandreservepower.

Someonehascondensedtherelationofthoughttoknowledgeinthesepungent,homelylines:

"Don'tgivemethemanwhothinkshethinks,Don'tgivemethemanwhothinksheknows,

Butgivemethemanwhoknowshethinks,AndIhavethemanwhoknowsheknows!"

ReadingAsaStimulustoThought

Nomatterhowdrythecow,however,norhowpoorourabilitytomilk,thereisstill the milkman—we can read what others have seen and felt and thought.Often, indeed, such records will kindle within us that pre-essential and vitalspark,thedesiretobeathinker.

ThefollowingselectionistakenfromoneofDr.NewellDwightHillis'slectures,asgivenin"AMan'sValuetoSociety."Dr.Hillisisamostfluentspeaker—henever refers to notes.He has reserve power.Hismind is a veritable treasure-houseoffactsandideas.Seehowhedrawsfromaknowledgeoffifteendifferentgeneral or special subjects: geology, plant life, Palestine, chemistry, Eskimos,mythology,literature,TheNile,history,law,wit,evolution,religion,biography,andelectricity.Surely,itneedsnosagetodiscoverthatthesecretofthisman'sreservepoweristheoldsecretofourartesianwellwhoseabundancesurgesfromunseendepths.

THEUSESOFBOOKSANDREADING[9]

EachKingsleyapproachesastoneasajewelerapproachesacasketto unlock the hidden gems. Geikie causes the bit of hard coal tounroll the juicybud, the thickodorous leaves, thepungentboughs,until the bit of carbon enlarges into the beauty of a tropic forest.ThatlittlebookofGrantAllen'scalled"HowPlantsGrow"exhibitstrees and shrubs as eating, drinking andmarrying.We see certaindate groves in Palestine, and other date groves in the desert ahundredmilesaway,andthepollenoftheonecarrieduponthetrade

windstothebranchesof theother.Weseethetreewithitsstrangesystem of water-works, pumping the sap up through pipes andmains;weseethechemicallaboratoryinthebranchesmixingflavorfor theorange inonebough,mixing the juicesof thepineapple inanother;we behold the tree as amothermaking each infant acornreadyagainstthelongwinter,rollingit inswathssoftandwarmaswoolblankets,wrappingitaroundwithgarmentsimpervioustotherain, and finally slipping the infant acorn into a sleeping bag, likethosetheEskimosgaveDr.Kane.

At lengthwe come to feel that theGreekswere not far wrong inthinking each tree had a dryad in it, animating it, protecting itagainst destruction, dying when the tree withered. Some Faradayshows us that each drop of water is a sheath for electric forcessufficient to charge 800,000 Leyden jars, or drive an engine fromLiverpool to London. Some Sir William Thomson tells us howhydrogengaswillchewupalargeironspikeasachild'smolarswillchewofftheendofastickofcandy.Thuseachnewbookopensupsome new and hitherto unexplored realm of nature. Thus booksfulfillforusthelegendofthewondrousglassthatshoweditsownerall things distant and all things hidden. Through books our worldbecomes as "a bud from the bower of God's beauty; the sun as asparkfromthelightofHiswisdom;theskyasabubbleontheseaofHis Power." Therefore Mrs. Browning's words, "No child can becalled fatherless who has God and his mother; no youth can becalled friendless who has God and the companionship of goodbooks."

Booksalsoadvantageus in that theyexhibit theunityofprogress,thesolidarityoftherace,andthecontinuityofhistory.Authorsleadusbackalongthepathwayof law,of libertyorreligion,andsetusdowninfrontofthegreatmaninwhosebraintheprinciplehaditsrise.AsthediscovererleadsusfromthemouthoftheNilebacktothe headwaters of Nyanza, so books exhibit great ideas andinstitutions, as they move forward, ever widening and deepening,likesomeNilefeedingmanycivilizations.Forallthereformsofto-day go back to some reform of yesterday.Man's art goes back toAthensandThebes.Man'slawsgobacktoBlackstoneandJustinian.Man's reapers and plows go back to the savage scratching the

groundwithhisforkedstick,drawnbythewildbullock.Theheroesoflibertymarchforwardinasolidcolumn.LincolngraspsthehandofWashington.Washington received his weapons at the hands ofHampdenandCromwell.ThegreatPuritanslockhandswithLutherandSavonarola.

TheunbrokenprocessionbringsusatlengthtoHimwhoseSermonon the Mount was the very charter of liberty. It puts us under adivinespelltoperceivethatweareallcoworkerswiththegreatmen,and yet single threads in the warp and woof of civilization. Andwhen books have related us to our own age, and related all theepochstoGod,whoseprovidenceisthegulfstreamofhistory,theseteachers go on to stimulate us to new and greater achievements.Alone,man is an unlighted candle.Themindneeds somebook tokindleitsfaculties.BeforeByronbegantowriteheusedtogivehalfanhourtoreadingsomefavoritepassage.Thethoughtofsomegreatwriternever failed tokindleByron into a creativeglow, evenas amatchlightsthekindlingsuponthegrate.Intheseburning,luminousmoodsByron'sminddiditsbestwork.Thetruebookstimulatesthemindasnowinecaneverquickentheblood.Itisreadingthatbringsustoourbest,androuseseachfacultytoitsmostvigorouslife.

We recognize this aspurecream,and if it seemsat first tohave its secondarysourceinthefriendlymilkman,letusnotforgetthatthethemeis"TheUsesofBooksandReading."Dr.Hillisbothseesandthinks.

Itisfashionablejustnowtodecrythevalueofreading.Weread,wearetold,toavoidthenecessityofthinkingforourselves.Booksareforthementallylazy.

Thoughthisisonlyahalf-truth,theelementoftruthitcontainsislargeenoughtomakeuspause.Putyourself throughagoodoldPresbyteriansoul-searchingself-examination, and if reading-from-thought-laziness is one of your sins,confessit.Noonecanshriveyouofit—butyourself.Dopenanceforitbyusingyourownbrains,foritisatransgressionthatdwarfsthegrowthofthoughtanddestroysmentalfreedom.Atfirstthepenancewillbetrying—butatthelastyouwillbegladinit.

Readingshouldentertain,giveinformation,orstimulatethought.Here,however,wearechieflyconcernedwithinformation,andstimulationofthought.

WhatshallIreadforinformation?

Theamplepageofknowledge,asGreytellsus,is"richwiththespoilsoftime,"andtheseareoursforthepriceofatheatreticket.YoumaycommandSocratesand Marcus Aurelius to sit beside you and discourse of their choicest, hearLincolnatGettysburgandPericlesatAthens,stormtheBastilewithHugo,andwander through Paradise with Dante. You may explore darkest Africa withStanley, penetrate the human heart with Shakespeare, chat with Carlyle aboutheroes,anddelvewiththeApostlePaulintothemysteriesoffaith.Thegeneralknowledgeandtheinspiringideasthatmenhavecollectedthroughagesoftoilandexperimentareyours for theasking.TheSageofChelseawas right: "Thetrueuniversityofthesedaysisacollectionofbooks."

To master a worth-while book is to master much else besides; few of us,however,makeperfectconquestofavolumewithoutfirstowningitphysically.Toreadaborrowedbookmaybeajoy,buttoassignyourownbookaplaceofitsownonyourownshelves—betheyfewormany—tolovethebookandfeelofitsworncover,tothumbitoverslowly,pagebypage,topencilitsmarginsinagreementor inprotest, tosmileor thrillwith its rememberedpungencies—nomerebookborrowercouldeversenseallthatdelight.

The readerwhopossessesbooks in thisdouble sense findsalso thathisbookspossess him, and the volumeswhichmost firmly grip his life are likely to bethoseithascosthimsomesacrificetoown.Theselightly-come-bytitles,whichMr.Fatpurseselects,perhapsbyproxy,canscarcelyplaytheguide,philosopherandfriendincrucialmomentsasdothebooks—longcoveted,joyouslyattained—thatarewelcomedintothelives,andnotmerelythelibraries,ofusotherswhoareatoncepoorerandricher.

Soitisscarcelytoomuchtosaythatofallthemanywaysinwhichanowned—amastered—bookisliketoahumanfriend,thetruestwaysarethese:Afriendisworthmakingsacrificesfor,bothtogainandtokeep;andourlovesgooutmostdearlytothoseintowhoseinmostliveswehavesincerelyentered.

Whenyouhavenottheadvantageofthetestoftimebywhichtojudgebooks,investigateasthoroughlyaspossibletheauthorityofthebooksyouread.Muchthatisprintedandpassescurrentiscounterfeit."Ireaditinabook"istomanyasufficientwarrantyoftruth,butnottothethinker."Whatbook?"asksthecarefulmind."Whowroteit?Whatdoesheknowaboutthesubjectandwhatrighthashetospeakonit?Whorecognizeshimasauthority?Withwhatotherrecognizedauthoritiesdoeshe agreeordisagree?"Beingcaught trying topass counterfeitmoney,evenunintentionally,isanunpleasantsituation.Bewarelestyoucirculate

spuriouscoin.

Aboveall,seekreadingthatmakesyouuseyourownbrains.Suchreadingmustbealivewithfreshpointsofview,packedwithspecialknowledge,anddealwithsubjectsofvitalinterest.Donotconfineyourreadingtowhatyoualreadyknowyouwillagreewith.Oppositionwakesoneup.Theotherroadmaybethebetter,butyouwillneverknowitunlessyou"giveittheonceover."Donotdoallyourthinking and investigating in front of given "Q.E.D.'s;" merely assemblingreasonstofillinbetweenyourtheoremandwhatyouwanttoprovewillgetyounowhere. Approach each subject with an openmind and—once sure that youhavethoughtitout thoroughlyandhonestly—havethecouragetoabidebythedecisionofyourownthought.Butdon'tbragaboutitafterward.

No book on public speakingwill enable you to discourse on the tariff if youknownothingaboutthetariff.Knowingmoreaboutitthantheothermanwillbeyouronlyhopeformakingtheothermanlistentoyou.

Takeagroupofmendiscussingagovernmentalpolicyofwhichsomeonesays:"It is socialistic." That will commend the policy to Mr. A., who believes insocialism,but condemn it toMr.B.,whodoesnot. Itmaybe thatneitherhadconsideredthepolicybeyondnoticingthatitssurface-colorwassocialistic.Thechances are, furthermore, thatneitherMr.A.norMr.B.has adefinite ideaofwhatsocialismreallyis,forasRobertLouisStevensonsays,"Manlivesnotbybread alonebut chieflyby catchwords." If you areof this groupofmen, andhaveobservedthisproposedgovernmentpolicy,andinvestigatedit,andthoughtabout it, what you have to say cannot fail to command their respect andapproval,foryouwillhaveshownthemthatyoupossessagraspofyoursubjectand—toadoptanexceedinglyexpressivebitofslang—thensome.


1.RobertHoudintrainedhissontogiveoneswiftglanceatashopwindowinpassingandbeabletoreportaccuratelyasurprisingnumberofitscontents.Trythisseveraltimesondifferentwindowsandreporttheresult.

2.Whateffectdoesreservepowerhaveonanaudience?

3.Whatarethebestmethodsforacquiringreservepower?

4.Whatisthedangeroftoomuchreading?

5.Analyzesomespeechthatyouhavereadorheardandnoticehowmuchrealinformation there is in it.Compare itwithDr.Hillis's speechon "BraveLittleBelgium,"page394.

6. Write out a three-minute speech on any subject you choose. How muchinformation,andwhatnewideas,doesitcontain?Compareyourspeechwiththeextractonpage191fromDr.Hillis's"TheUsesofBooksandReading."

7. Have you ever read a book on the practise of thinking? If so, give yourimpressionsofitsvalue.

NOTE:Thereareanumberofexcellentbooksonthesubjectofthoughtandthemanagement of thought. The following are recommended as being especiallyhelpful: "Thinking and Learning to Think," Nathan C. Schaeffer; "Talks toStudentsontheArtofStudy,"Cramer;"AsaManThinketh,"Allen.

8.Define(a) logic; (b)mentalphilosophy(ormentalscience); (c)psychology;(d)abstract.

FOOTNOTES:

[8]HowtoAttractandHoldanAudience,J.BergEsenwein.

[9]Usedbypermission.

CHAPTERXVIII

SUBJECTANDPREPARATION

Suityourtopicstoyourstrength,Andponderwellyoursubject,anditslength;Norliftyourload,beforeyou'requiteawareWhatweightyourshoulderswill,orwillnot,bear.

—BYRON,HintsfromHorace.

Looktothisday,foritislife—theverylifeoflife.Initsbriefcourseliealltheveritiesandrealitiesofyourexistence:theblissofgrowth,

thegloryofaction,thesplendorofbeauty.Foryesterdayisalreadyadreamand tomorrow isonlyavision;but today,well lived,makeseveryyesterdayadreamofhappinessandeverytomorrowavisionofhope.Lookwell, therefore, to thisday.Suchis thesalutationofthedawn.

—FromtheSanskrit.

In the chapter precedingwehave seen the influenceof "Thought andReservePower" on general preparedness for public speech.But preparation consists insomething more definite than the cultivation of thought-power, whether fromoriginalorfromborrowedsources—itinvolvesaspecificallyacquisitiveattitudeof thewhole life. Ifyouwouldbecomeafullsoulyoumustconstantly take inandassimilate,forinthatwayonlymayyouhopetogiveoutthatwhichisworththehearing;butdonotconfuse theacquisitionofgeneral informationwith themasteryofspecificknowledge.Informationconsistsofafactoragroupoffacts;knowledge is organized information—knowledge knows a fact in relation tootherfacts.

Nowtheimportantthinghereisthatyoushouldsetallyourfacultiestotakeinthe things aboutyouwith theparticularobject of correlating themand storingthemforuseinpublicspeech.Youmusthearwiththespeaker'sear,seewiththespeaker'seye,andchoosebooksandcompanionsandsightsandsoundswiththespeaker'spurposeinview.Atthesametime,bereadytoreceiveunplanned-forknowledge.Oneofthefascinatingelementsinyourlifeasapublicspeakerwillbe the conscious growth in power that casual daily experiences bring. If youreyes are alert youwill be constantly discovering facts, illustrations, and ideaswithouthavingsetoutinsearchofthem.Theseallmaybeturnedtoaccountontheplatform;eventheleadeneventsofhum-drumdailylifemaybemeltedintobulletsforfuturebattles.

ConservationofTimeinPreparation

But,yousay,Ihavesolittletimeforpreparation—mymindmustbeabsorbedbyothermatters.DanielWebsterneverletanopportunitypasstogathermaterialforhisspeeches.Whenhewasaboyworkinginasawmillhereadoutofabookinonehandandbusiedhimselfat somemechanical taskwith theother. InyouthPatrick Henry roamed the fields and woods in solitude for days at a timeunconsciously gathering material and impressions for his later service as aspeaker.Dr.RussellH.Conwell, themanwho, the lateCharlesA.Dana said,

had addressed more hearers than any living man, used to memorize longpassages fromMilton while tending the boiling syrup-pans in the silent NewEnglandwoods at night. Themodern employerwould discharge aWebster oftoday for inattention to duty, and doubtless hewould be justified, and PatrickHenry seemed only an idle chap even in those easy-going days; but the truthremains:thosewhotakeinpowerandhavethepurposetouseitefficientlywillsome day win to the place in which that stored-up power will revolve greatwheelsofinfluence.

Napoleon said that quarter hours decide the destinies of nations. How manyquarterhoursdoweletdriftbyaimlessly!RobertLouisStevensonconservedallhis time; every experience became capital for his work—for capital may bedefined as "the results of labor stored up to assist future production." Hecontinuallytriedtoputintosuitablelanguagethescenesandactionsthatwereinevidenceabouthim.Emerson says: "Tomorrowwillbe like today.Lifewastesitselfwhilstwearepreparingtolive."

Whywaitforamoreconvenientseasonforthisbroad,generalpreparation?Thefifteenminutesthatwespendonthecarcouldbeprofitablyturnedintospeech-capital.

Procureacheapeditionofmodernspeeches,andbycuttingoutafewpageseachday,andreadingthemduringtheidleminutehereandthere,notehowsoonyoucanmakeyourselffamiliarwiththeworld'sbestspeeches.Ifyoudonotwishtomutilateyourbook,takeitwithyou—mostoftheepoch-makingbooksarenowprintedinsmallvolumes.ThedailywasteofnaturalgasintheOklahomafieldsisequaltotenthousandtonsofcoal.Onlyaboutthreepercentofthepowerofthe coal that enters the furnace ever diffuses itself from your electric bulb aslight—theotherninety-sevenpercentiswasted.Yetthesewastesarenolarger,normoretobelamentedthanthetremendouswasteoftimewhich,ifconservedwould increase the speaker's powers to theirnth degree.Scientists aremakingthree ears of corn grow where one grew before; efficiency engineers areeliminatinguselessmotionsandproductsfromourfactories:catchthespiritoftheageandapplyefficiencytotheuseofthemostvaluableassetyoupossess—time. What do you do mentally with the time you spend in dressing or inshaving?Takesomesubjectandconcentrateyourenergieson it foraweekbyutilizing just the sparemoments thatwould otherwise bewasted.Youwill beamazedat the result.Onepassage aday from theBookofBooks, onegoldeningot fromsomemastermind,one fully-possessed thoughtofyourownmightthusbeaddedtothetreasuryofyourlife.Donotwasteyourtimeinwaysthat

profityounothing.Fill "theunforgivingminute"with"sixtyseconds'worthofdistancerun"andontheplatformyouwillbeimmeasurablythegainer.

Letnowordofthis,however,seemtodecrythevalueofrecreation.Nothingismorevital to aworker than rest—yetnothing is sovitiating to the shirker.Besure that your recreation re-creates. A pause in the midst of labors gathersstrengthforneweffort.Themistakeistopausetoolong,ortofillyourpauseswithideasthatmakelifeflabby.

ChoosingaSubject

Subjectandmaterialstremendouslyinfluenceeachother.

"Thisarisesfromthefactthattherearetwodistinctwaysinwhichasubjectmaybechosen:byarbitrarychoice,orbydevelopmentfromthoughtandreading.

"Arbitrary choice ... of one subject from among a number involves so manyimportant considerations that no speaker ever fails to appreciate the tone ofsatisfactioninhimwhotriumphantlyannounces:'Ihaveasubject!'

"'Dogivemeasubject!'Howoftenthewearyschoolteacherhearsthatcry.Thena list of themes is suggested, gone over, considered, and, in most instances,rejected, because the teacher can know but imperfectly what is in the pupil'smind. To suggest a subject in thisway is like trying to discover the street onwhichalostchildlives,bynamingoveranumberofstreetsuntilonestrikesthelittleone'searassoundingfamiliar.

"Choicebydevelopmentisaverydifferentprocess.Itdoesnotask,WhatshallIsay?Itturnsthemindinuponitselfandasks,WhatdoIthink?Thus,thesubjectmay be said to choose itself, for in the process of thought or of reading onethemerisesintoprominenceandbecomesalivinggerm,soontogrowintothediscourse.Hewho has not learned to reflect is not really acquaintedwith hisown thoughts; hence, his thoughts are not productive. Habits of reading andreflectionwillsupplythespeaker'smindwithanabundanceofsubjectsofwhichhe already knows something from the very reading and reflectionwhich gavebirthtohistheme.Thisisnotaparadox,butsobertruth.

"Itmustbealreadyapparentthatthechoiceofasubjectbydevelopmentsavorsmoreofcollectionthanofconsciousselection.Thesubject'popsintothemind.'...Intheintellectofthetrainedthinkeritconcentrates—byaprocesswhichwehaveseentobeinduction—thefactsandtruthsofwhichhehasbeenreadingand

thinking.This ismostoftenagradualprocess.Thescattered ideasmaybebutvaguely connected at first, butmore andmore they concentrate and take on asingle form until at length one strong idea seems to grasp the soul withirresistible force, and to cry aloud, 'Arise, I am your theme!Henceforth, untilyoutransmutemebythealchemyofyourinwardfireintovitalspeech,youshallknownorest!'Happy,then,isthatspeaker,forhehasfoundasubjectthatgripshim.

"Ofcourse,experiencedspeakersusebothmethodsofselection.Evenareadingand reflective man is sometimes compelled to hunt for a theme fromDan toBeersheba,andthenthetaskofgatheringmaterialsbecomesaseriousone.Buteven in such a case there is a sense in which the selection comes bydevelopment, because no careful speaker settles upon a themewhichdoes notrepresentatleastsomematuredthought."[10]

DecidingontheSubjectMatter

Evenwhenyourthemehasbeenchosenforyoubysomeoneelse,thereremainstoyouaconsiderablefieldforchoiceofsubjectmatter.Thesameconsiderations,infact,thatwouldgovernyouinchoosingathememustguideintheselectionofthematerial.Askyourself—orsomeoneelse—suchquestionsasthese:

What is the precise nature of the occasion? How large an audience may beexpected?Fromwhatwalksoflifedotheycome?Whatistheirprobableattitudetowardthetheme?Whoelsewillspeak?DoIspeakfirst,last,orwhere,ontheprogram?Whataretheotherspeakersgoingtotalkabout?Whatisthenatureoftheauditorium?Isthereadesk?Couldthesubjectbemoreeffectivelyhandledifsomewhatmodified?PreciselyhowmuchtimeamItofill?

Itisevidentthatmanyspeech-misfitsofsubject,speaker,occasionandplacearedue to failure to ask just such pertinent questions.What should be said, bywhom, and in what circumstances, constitute ninety per cent of efficiency inpublic address.Nomatterwhoasksyou, refuse tobe a squarepeg in a roundhole.

QuestionsofProportion

Proportioninaspeechisattainedbyaniceadjustmentof time.Howfullyyoumay treat your subject it is not always for you to say. Let tenminutesmeanneither nine nor eleven—though better nine than eleven, at all events. Youwouldn't steal a man's watch; no more should you steal the time of the

succeedingspeaker,or thatof theaudience.There isnoneedtooversteptime-limits if youmakeyour preparation adequate anddivide your subject so as togiveeach thought itsdueproportionofattention—andnomore.Blessed is themanthatmakethshortspeeches,forheshallbeinvitedtospeakagain.

Anothermatterofprimeimportance is,whatpartofyouraddressdemands themost emphasis. This once decided, youwill knowwhere to place that pivotalsection so as to give it the greatest strategic value, and what degree ofpreparationmustbegiventothatcentralthoughtsothatthevitalpartmaynotbesubmergedbynon-essentials.Manyaspeakerhasawakenedtofindthathehasburntupeightminutesofaten-minutespeechinmerelygettingupsteam.Thatis like spendingeightypercentofyourbuilding-moneyon thevestibuleof thehouse.

The same sense of proportion must tell you to stop precisely when you arethrough—and it is tobehoped thatyouwilldiscover thearrivalof thatperiodbeforeyouraudiencedoes.

TappingOriginalSources

Thesurestwaytogivelifetospeech-materialistogatheryourfactsatfirsthand.Your words come with the weight of authority when you can say, "I haveexaminedtheemploymentrollsofeverymillinthisdistrictandfindthatthirty-twopercentof thechildrenemployedareunder the legalage."Nocitationofauthoritiescanequalthat.Youmustadoptthemethodsofthereporterandfindoutthefactsunderlyingyourargumentorappeal.Todosomayprovelaborious,butitshouldnotbeirksome,forthegreatworldoffactteemswithinterest,andover and above all is the sense of power thatwill come to you from originalinvestigation.To see and feel the factsyouarediscussingwill reactuponyoumuchmorepowerfullythanifyouweretosecurethefactsatsecondhand.

Liveanactive lifeamongpeoplewhoaredoingworth-while things,keepeyesandearsandmindandheartopentoabsorbtruth,andthentellofthethingsyouknow,asifyouknowthem.Theworldwilllisten,fortheworldlovesnothingsomuchasreallife.

HowtoUseaLibrary

Unsuspectedtreasureslieinthesmallestlibrary.Evenwhentheownerhasreadeverylastpageofhisbooksitisonlyinrareinstancesthathehasfullindexestoall of them, either in his mind or on paper, so as to make available the vast

numberofvariedsubjectstoucheduponortreatedinvolumeswhosetitleswouldneversuggestsuchtopics.

For thisreasonit isagoodthingto takeanoddhournowandthentobrowse.Takedownonevolumeafteranotherandlookoveritstableofcontentsanditsindex.(Itisareproachtoanyauthorofaseriousbooknottohaveprovidedafullindex,withcrossreferences.)Thenglanceoverthepages,makingnotes,mentalorphysical,ofmaterialthatlooksinterestingandusable.Mostlibrariescontainvolumesthattheowneris"goingtoreadsomeday."Afamiliaritywitheventhecontents of such books on your own shelveswill enable you to refer to themwhenyouwanthelp.Writingsreadlongagoshouldbetreatedinthesameway—ineverychaptersomesurpriselurkstodelightyou.

In lookingupasubjectdonotbediscouraged ifyoudonot find it indexedoroutlinedinthetableofcontents—youareprettysuretodiscoversomematerialunderarelatedtitle.

Suppose you set to work somewhat in this way to gather references on"Thinking:" First you look over your book titles, and there is Schaeffer's"ThinkingandLearningtoThink."NearitisKramer's"TalkstoStudentsontheArtofStudy"—thatseemslikelytoprovidesomematerial,anditdoes.Naturallyyouthinknextofyourbookonpsychology,andthereishelpthere.Ifyouhaveavolumeonthehumanintellectyouwillhavealreadyturnedtoit.Suddenlyyouremember your encyclopedia and your dictionary of quotations—and nowmaterial fairly rains upon you; the problem is what not to use. In theencyclopedia you turn to every reference that includes or touches or evensuggests "thinking;" and in the dictionary of quotations you do the same.Thelattervolumeyoufindpeculiarlyhelpfulbecauseitsuggestsseveralvolumestoyou that are on your own shelves—you neverwould have thought to look inthemforreferencesonthissubject.Evenfictionwillsupplyhelp,butespeciallybooksofessaysandbiography.Beawareofyourownresources.

To make a general index to your library does away with the necessity forindexingindividualvolumesthatarenotalreadyindexed.

Tobeginwith, keep a note-bookby you; or small cards andpaper cuttings inyour pocket and on your desk will serve as well. The same note-book thatrecordstheimpressionsofyourownexperiencesandthoughtswillbeenrichedbytheideasofothers.

Tobesure,thisnote-bookhabitmeanslabor,butrememberthatmorespeeches

havebeenspoiledbyhalf-heartedpreparationthanbylackoftalent.Lazinessisan own-brother to Over-confidence, and both are your inveterate enemies,thoughtheypretendtobesoothingfriends.

Conserveyourmaterialbyindexingeverygoodideaoncards,thus:

SocialismProgressofS.,Env.16S.afallacy,96/210GeneralarticleonS.,Howells',Dec.1913"SocialismandtheFranchise,"Forbes"SocialisminAncientLife,"OriginalMs.,Env.102

Onthecardillustratedabove,clippingsareindexedbygivingthenumberoftheenvelopeinwhichtheyarefiled.Theenvelopesmaybeofanysizedesiredandkept in any convenient receptacle.On the foregoing example, "Progress ofS.,Envelope 16," will represent a clipping, filed in Envelope 16, which is, ofcourse,numberedarbitrarily.

The fractions refer to books in your library—the numerator being the book-number, the denominator referring to the page. Thus, "S. a fallacy, 96/210,"referstopage210ofvolume96inyourlibrary.Bysomearbitrarysign—sayredink—youmayevenindexareferenceinapubliclibrarybook.

Ifyoupreserveyourmagazines,importantarticlesmaybeindexedbymonthandyear.Anentirevolumeonasubjectmaybeindicatedliketheimaginarybookby"Forbes." If you clip the articles, it is better to index them according to theenvelopesystem.

Yourownwritingsandnotesmaybefiledinenvelopeswiththeclippingsorinaseparateseries.

Anothergood indexing systemcombines the library indexwith the "scrap,"orclipping,systembymakingtheoutsideoftheenvelopeservethesamepurposeasthecardfortheindexingofbooks,magazines,clippingsandmanuscripts,thelatter twoclassesofmaterialbeingenclosed in theenvelopes that index them,andallfiledalphabetically.

When your cards accumulate so as to make ready reference difficult under a

single alphabet, you may subdivide each letter by subordinate guide cardsmarkedbythevowels,A,E,I,O,U.Thus,"Antiquities"wouldbefiledunderiinA,becauseAbeginstheword,andthesecondletter,n,comesafterthevoweliin the alphabet, but before o. In the same manner, "Beecher" would be filedundereinB;and"Hydrogen"wouldcomeunderuinH.

OutliningtheAddress

Noonecanadviseyouhowtopreparethenotesforanaddress.Somespeakersgetthebestresultswhilewalkingoutandruminating,jottingdownnotesastheypause in theirwalk.Others never put pen to paper until thewhole speechhasbeen thought out. The great majority, however, will take notes, classify theirnotes, write a hasty first draft, and then revise the speech. Try each of thesemethodsandchoosetheonethatisbest—foryou.Donotallowanymantoforceyou towork inhisway;butdonotneglect to considerhisway, for itmaybebetterthanyourown.

For those who make notes and with their aid write out the speech, thesesuggestionsmayprovehelpful:

Afterhavingreadandthoughtenough,classifyyournotesbysettingdownthebig,centralthoughtsofyourmaterialonseparatecardsorslipsofpaper.Thesewillstandinthesamerelationtoyoursubjectaschaptersdotoabook.

Then arrange these main ideas or heads in such an order that they will leadeffectively to the result you have in mind, so that the speech may rise inargument, in interest, inpower,bypilingonefactorappealuponanotheruntiltheclimax—thehighestpointofinfluenceonyouraudience—hasbeenreached.

Nextgroupallyourideas,facts,anecdotes,andillustrationsundertheforegoingmainheads,eachwhereitnaturallybelongs.

You now have a skeleton or outline of your address that in its polished formmight serve either as the brief, or manuscript notes, for the speech or as theguide-outlinewhichyouwillexpandinto thewrittenaddress, ifwrittenit is tobe.

Imagineeachofthemainideasinthebriefonpage213asbeingseparate;thenpicture your mind as sorting them out and placing them in order; finally,conceive of how you would fill in the facts and examples under each head,givingspecialprominencetothoseyouwishtoemphasizeandsubduingthoseof

lessmoment. In theend,youhave theoutlinecomplete.The simplest formofoutline—notverysuitableforuseontheplatform,however—isthefollowing:

WHYPROSPERITYISCOMING

What prosperitymeans.—The real tests of prosperity.—Its basis in the soil.—Americanagriculturalprogress.—Newinterestinfarming.—Enormousvalueofour agricultural products.—Reciprocal effect on trade.—Foreign countriesaffected.—Effectsofournewinternaleconomy—theregulationofbankingand"big business"—on prosperity.—Effects of our revised attitude toward foreignmarkets,includingourmerchantmarine.—Summary.

Obviously, thisverysimpleoutline iscapableofconsiderableexpansionundereachheadbytheadditionoffacts,arguments,inferencesandexamples.

Hereisanoutlinearrangedwithmoreregardforargument:

FOREIGNIMMIGRATIONSHOULDBERESTRICTED[11]

I.FACTASCAUSE:Manyimmigrantsarepracticallypaupers.(Proofsinvolvingstatisticsorstatementsofauthorities.)

II. FACTAS EFFECT: They sooner or later fill our alms-houses andbecomepubliccharges.(Proofsinvolvingstatisticsorstatementsofauthorities.)

III. FACT AS CAUSE: Some of them are criminals. (Examples ofrecentcases.)

IV.FACTASEFFECT:Theyreënforcethecriminalclasses.(Effectsonourciviclife.)

V.FACTASCAUSE:Manyofthemknownothingofthedutiesoffreecitizenship.(Examples.)

VI.FACTAS EFFECT: Such immigrants recruit the worst element inourpolitics.(Proofs.)

A more highly ordered grouping of topics and subtopics is shown in thefollowing:

OURSACHRISTIANNATION

I. INTRODUCTION: Why the subject is timely. Influences operativeagainstthiscontentiontoday.

II. CHRISTIANITY PRESIDED OVER THE EARLY HISTORYOFAMERICA.

1. First practical discovery by a Christian explorer. ColumbusworshipedGodonthenewsoil.

2.TheCavaliers.

3.TheFrenchCatholicsettlers.

4.TheHuguenots.

5.ThePuritans.

III.THEBIRTHOFOURNATIONWASUNDERCHRISTIANAUSPICES.

1.ChristiancharacterofWashington.

2.OtherChristianpatriots.

3.TheChurchinourRevolutionarystruggle.Muhlenberg.

IV. OUR LATER HISTORY HAS ONLY EMPHASIZED OURNATIONALATTITUDE.Examplesofdealingswithforeignnationsshow Christian magnanimity. Returning the Chinese Indemnity;fosteringtheRedCross;attitudetowardBelgium.

V. OUR GOVERNMENTAL FORMS AND MANY OF OURLAWSAREOFACHRISTIANTEMPER.

1.TheuseoftheBibleinpublicways,oaths,etc.

2.TheBibleinourschools.

3. Christian chaplains minister to our law-making bodies, to ourarmy,andtoournavy.

4.TheChristianSabbathisofficiallyandgenerallyrecognized.

5.TheChristianfamilyandtheChristiansystemofmoralityareatthebasisofourlaws.

VI.THELIFEOFTHEPEOPLETESTIFIESOFTHEPOWEROFCHRISTIANITY.Charities,education,etc.,haveChristiantone.

VII.OTHERNATIONSREGARDUSASACHRISTIANPEOPLE.

VIII.CONCLUSION:Theattitudewhichmayreasonablybeexpectedofallgoodcitizens towardquestions touching thepreservationofourstandingasaChristiannation.

WritingandRevision

Aftertheoutlinehasbeenperfectedcomesthetimetowritethespeech,ifwriteit youmust.Then,whateveryoudo,write it atwhiteheat,withnot toomuchthoughtofanythingbutthestrong,appealingexpressionofyourideas.

Thefinalstageistheparingdown,there-vision—theseeingagain,astheword

implies—when all the parts of the speechmust be impartially scrutinized forclearness,precision, force, effectiveness, suitability,proportion, logical climax;and in all this you must imagine yourself to be before your audience, for aspeech is not an essay andwhatwill convince and arouse in the onewill notprevailintheother.

TheTitle

Oftenlastofallwillcomethatwhichinasenseisfirstofall—thetitle,thenamebywhich the speech is known. Sometimes it will be the simple theme of theaddress,as"TheNewAmericanism,"byHenryWatterson;oritmaybeabitofsymbolism typifying the spirit of the address, as "Acres of Diamonds," byRussell H. Conwell; or it may be a fine phrase taken from the body of theaddress, as "Pass ProsperityAround," byAlbert J.Beveridge.All in all, fromwhatevermotive itbechosen, let the titlebefresh,short,suited to thesubject,andlikelytoexciteinterest.


1.Define(a)introduction;(b)climax;(c)peroration.

2. If a thirty-minute speechwould require threehours for specificpreparation,wouldyouexpecttobeabletodoequaljusticetoaspeechone-thirdaslonginone-thirdthetimeforpreparation?Givereasons.

3.Relatebrieflyanypersonalexperienceyoumayhavehadinconservingtimeforreadingandthought.

4. In the manner of a reporter or investigator, go out and get first-handinformationonsomesubjectofinteresttothepublic.Arrangetheresultsofyourresearchintheformofanoutline,orbrief.

5.Fromaprivateorapubliclibrarygatherenoughauthoritativematerialononeofthefollowingquestionstobuildanoutlineforatwenty-minuteaddress.Takeone definite side of the question, (a) "The Housing of the Poor;" (b) "TheCommissionFormofGovernment forCities as aRemedy forPoliticalGraft;"(c)"TheTestofWoman'sSuffrage in theWest;" (d)"PresentTrendsofPublicTaste in Reading;" (e) "Municipal Art;" (f) "Is the Theatre Becoming moreElevated inTone?"(g)"TheEffectsof theMagazineonLiterature;" (h)"DoesModern Life Destroy Ideals?" (i) "Is Competition 'the Life of Trade?'" (j)"Baseball is tooAbsorbing to be aWholesomeNationalGame;" (k)"Summer

BaseballandAmateurStanding;"(l)"DoesCollegeTrainingUnfitaWomanforDomesticLife?" (m) "DoesWoman'sCompetitionwithMan inBusinessDullthe Spirit of Chivalry?" (n) "Are Elective Studies Suited to High SchoolCourses?" (o) "Does the Modern College Prepare Men for PreeminentLeadership?" (p) "The Y.M.C.A. in Its Relation to the Labor Problem;" (q)"PublicSpeakingasTraininginCitizenship."

6.Constructtheoutline,examiningitcarefullyforinterest,convincingcharacter,proportion,andclimaxofarrangement.

NOTE:—This exercise should be repeated until the student shows facility insyntheticarrangement.

7.Delivertheaddress,ifpossiblebeforeanaudience.

8. Make a three-hundred word report on the results, as best you are able toestimatethem.

9.Tellsomethingofthebenefitsofusingaperiodical(orcumulative)index.

10. Give a number of quotations, suitable for a speaker's use, that you havememorizedinoffmoments.

11.Inthemanneroftheoutlineonpage213,analyzetheaddressonpages78-79,"TheHistoryofLiberty."

12.Giveanoutlineanalysis,fromnotesormemory,ofanaddressorsermontowhichyouhavelistenedforthispurpose.

13.Criticisetheaddressfromastructuralpointofview.

14.InventtitlesforanyfiveofthethemesinExercise5.

15.Criticisethetitlesofanyfivechaptersofthisbook,suggestingbetterones.

16.Criticisethetitleofanylectureoraddressofwhichyouknow.

FOOTNOTES:


[11]AdaptedfromCompetition-Rhetoric,ScottandDenny,p.241.

CHAPTERXIX

INFLUENCINGBYEXPOSITION

Speaknotatall,inanywise,tillyouhavesomewhattospeak;carenotfortherewardofyourspeaking,butsimplyandwithundividedmindforthetruthofyourspeaking.

—THOMASCARLYLE,EssayonBiography.

Acompletediscussionof the rhetorical structureofpublic speeches requires afullertreatisethancanbeundertakeninaworkofthisnature,yetinthischapter,and in the succeeding ones on "Description," "Narration," "Argument," and"Pleading,"theunderlyingprinciplesaregivenandexplainedasfullyasneedbeforaworkingknowledge,andadequatebookreferencesaregivenforthosewhowouldperfectthemselvesinrhetoricalart.

TheNatureofExposition

Intheword"expose"—tolaybare,touncover,toshowthetrueinwardnessof—we see the foundation-idea of "Exposition." It is the clear and precise settingforthofwhatthesubjectreallyis—itisexplanation.

Expositiondoesnotdrawapicture,forthatwouldbedescription.Totellinexacttermswhat theautomobile is, toname itscharacteristicpartsandexplain theirworkings,wouldbeexposition;sowouldanexplanationofthenatureof"fear."Buttocreateamentalimageofaparticularautomobile,withitsglisteningbody,graceful lines,andgreatspeed,wouldbedescription;andsowouldapicturingof fear acting on the emotions of a child at night. Exposition and descriptionoften intermingle and overlap, but fundamentally they are distinct. Theirdifferenceswillbetoucheduponagaininthechapteron"Description."

Expositionfurthermoredoesnotincludeanaccountofhoweventshappened—thatisnarration.WhenPearylecturedonhispolardiscoveriesheexplainedtheinstrumentsusedfordetermininglatitudeandlongitude—thatwasexposition.Inpicturinghisequipmentheuseddescription.Intellingofhisadventuresdaybyday he employed narration. In supporting some of his contentions he usedargument.Yethemingledalltheseformsthroughoutthelecture.

Neither does exposition deal with reasons and inferences—that is the field ofargument.Aseriesofconnectedstatements intended toconvinceaprospectivebuyerthatoneautomobileisbetterthananother,orproofsthattheappealtofearisawrongmethodofdiscipline,wouldnotbeexposition.Theplainfactsassetforthinexpositoryspeakingorwritingarenearlyalwaysthebasisofargument,yet the processes are not one. True, the statement of a single significant factwithout the addition of one other word may be convincing, but a moment'sthoughtwill show that the inference,whichcompletesachainof reasoning, ismadeinthemindofthehearerandpresupposesotherfactsheldinconsideration.[12]

Inlikemanner,itisobviousthatthefieldofpersuasionisnotopentoexposition,forexpositionisentirelyanintellectualprocess,withnoemotionalelement.

TheImportanceofExposition

The importance of exposition in public speech is precisely the importance ofsettingforthamattersoplainlythatitcannotbemisunderstood.

"Tomastertheprocessofexpositionistobecomeaclearthinker.'Iknow,whenyoudonotaskme,'[13]repliedagentlemanuponbeingrequestedtodefineahighlycomplexidea.Nowsomelargeconceptsdefyexplicitdefinition;butnomindshouldtakerefugebehindsuchexceptions, for where definition fails, other forms succeed.Sometimes we feel confident that we have perfect mastery of anidea,butwhenthetimecomestoexpressit,theclearnessbecomesahaze.Exposition, then, is the testof clearunderstanding.To speakeffectively you must be able to see your subject clearly andcomprehensively,andtomakeyouraudienceseeitasyoudo."[14]

Therearepitfallsonbothsidesofthispath.Toexplaintoolittlewillleaveyouraudienceindoubtastowhatyoumean.Itisuselesstoargueaquestionifit isnotperfectlyclearjustwhatismeantbythequestion.Haveyounevercometoablind lane in conversationby finding that youwere talkingofone aspect of amatterwhileyour friendwas thinkingof another? If twodonot agree in theirdefinitions of aMusician, it is useless to dispute over a certainman's right toclaimthetitle.

On the other side of the path lies the abyss of tediously explaining toomuch.Thatoffendsbecauseitimpressesthehearersthatyoueitherdonotrespecttheirintelligenceoraretryingtoblowabreezeintoatornado.Carefullyestimatethe

probableknowledgeofyouraudience,bothingeneralandoftheparticularpointyouareexplaining.Intryingtosimplify,it isfatalto"sillify."Toexplainmorethanisneededforthepurposesofyourargumentorappealistowasteenergyallaround. In your efforts to be explicit do not press exposition to the extent ofdulness—theconfinesarenotfardistantandyoumayarrivebeforeyouknowit.

SomePurposesofExposition

Fromwhathasbeensaiditoughttobeclearthat,primarily,expositionweavesacord of understanding between you and your audience. It lays, furthermore, afoundationoffactonwhichtobuildlaterstatements,arguments,andappeals.Inscientificandpurely"information"speechesexpositionmayexistby itselfandforitself,asinalectureonbiology,oronpsychology;butinthevastmajorityofcases it is used to accompany and prepare the way for the other forms ofdiscourse.

Clearness, precision, accuracy, unity, truth, and necessity—these must be theconstant standards by which you test the efficiency of your expositions, and,indeed, that of every explanatory statement.This dictum should bewritten onyourbraininlettersmostplain.Andletthisapplynotalonetothepurposesofexpositionbutinequalmeasuretoyouruseofthe

MethodsofExposition

Thevariouswaysalongwhichaspeakermayproceedinexpositionarelikelytotoucheachothernowand then, and evenwhen theydonotmeet and actuallyoverlaptheyrunsonearlyparallelthattheroadsaresometimesdistinctratherintheorythaninanymorepracticalrespect.

Definition, theprimaryexpositorymethod, is a statementofprecise limits.[15]Obviously,here thegreatestcaremustbeexercisedthat thetermsofdefinitionshouldnotthemselvesdemandtoomuchdefinition;thatthelanguageshouldbeconciseandclear;andthatthedefinitionshouldneitherexcludenorincludetoomuch.Thefollowingisasimpleexample:

To expound is to set forth the nature, the significance, thecharacteristics,andthebearingofanideaoragroupofideas.

—ARLOBATES,TalksonWritingEnglish.

ContrastandAntithesisareoftenusedeffectively toamplifydefinition,as inthissentence,whichimmediatelyfollowstheabove-citeddefinition:

ExpositionthereforediffersfromDescriptioninthatitdealsdirectlywith the meaning or intent of its subject instead of with itsappearance.

Thisantithesisformsanexpansionof thedefinition,andassuch itmighthavebeenstill furtherextended. In fact, this is a frequentpractise inpublic speech,wherethemindsofthehearersoftenaskforreiterationandexpandedstatementto help them grasp a subject in its several aspects. This is the very heart ofexposition—toamplifyandclarifyallthetermsbywhichamatterisdefined.

Exampleisanothermethodofamplifyingadefinitionorofexpoundinganideamorefully.ThefollowingsentencesimmediatelysucceedMr.Bates'sdefinitionandcontrastjustquoted:

Agooddealwhichweareaccustomedinexactlytocalldescriptionisreallyexposition.Supposethatyoursmallboywishestoknowhowanengineworks,andshouldsay:"Pleasedescribethesteam-enginetome."Ifyouinsistontakinghiswordsliterally—andarewillingtoruntheriskofhisindignationatbeingwilfullymisunderstood—youwill to the best of your ability picture to him this familiarlywonderfulmachine.Ifyouexplainittohim,youarenotdescribingbutexpoundingit.

Thechiefvalueofexampleisthatitmakescleartheunknownbyreferringthemindtotheknown.Readinessofmindtomakeilluminating,aptcomparisonsforthesakeofclearnessisoneofthespeaker'schiefresourcesontheplatform—itisthe greatest of all teaching gifts. It is a gift, moreover, that responds tocultivation. Read the three extracts from Arlo Bates as their author deliveredthem,asonepassage,andseehowtheymeltintoone,eachpartsupplementingtheothermosthelpfully.

Analogy,whichcallsattention tosimilarrelationships inobjectsnototherwisesimilar,isoneofthemostusefulmethodsofexposition.ThefollowingstrikingspecimenisfromBeecher'sLiverpoolspeech:

Asavageisamanofonestory,andthatonestoryacellar.Whenaman begins to be civilized he raises another story. When youchristianizeandcivilize theman,youputstoryuponstory,foryoudevelop faculty after faculty; and you have to supply every storywithyourproductions.

Discarding is a less common form of platform explanation. It consists inclearingawayassociatedideassothattheattentionmaybecenteredonthemainthought to be discussed. Really, it is a negative factor in exposition though amost importantone, for it is fundamental to theconsiderationofan intricatelyrelatedmatterthatsubordinateandsidequestionsshouldbesetasideinordertobringoutthemainissue.Hereisanexampleofthemethod:

Icannotallowmyselftobeledasidefromtheonlyissuebeforethisjury.Itisnotpertinenttoconsiderthatthisprisoneristhehusbandofaheartbrokenwomanandthathisbabeswillgo throughtheworldundertheshadowofthelaw'sextremestpenaltyworkedupontheirfather.Wemust forget the venerable father and themotherwhomHeaveninpity tookbeforeshelearnedofherson'sdisgrace.Whathave these matters of heart, what have the blenched faces of hisfriends,what have the prisoner's long and honorable career to saybefore this bar when you are sworn to weigh only the directevidencebeforeyou?Theoneandonlyquestionforyou todecideon the evidence is whether this man did with revengeful intentcommitthemurderthateveryimpartialwitnesshassolemnlylaidathisdoor.

Classification assigns a subject to its class. By an allowable extension of thedefinition it may be said to assign it also to its order, genus, and species.Classification is useful in public speech in narrowing the issue to a desiredphase.Itisequallyvaluableforshowingathinginitsrelationtootherthings,orincorrelation.ClassificationiscloselyakintoDefinitionandDivision.

This question of the liquor traffic, sirs, takes its place beside thegrave moral issues of all times. Whatever be its economicsignificance—and who is there to question it—whatever vitalbearingithasuponourpoliticalsystem—andisthereonewhowilldenyit?—thequestionofthelicensedsaloonmustquicklybesettledas the world in its advancement has settled the questions ofconstitutionalgovernmentforthemasses,oftheopiumtraffic,oftheserf, and of the slave—not as matters of economic and politicalexpediencybutasquestionsofrightandwrong.

Analysis separates a subject into its essential parts.This itmaydobyvariousprinciples; for example, analysismay follow theorderof time (geologiceras),order of place (geographic facts), logical order (a sermon outline), order of

increasing interest,orprocession toaclimax(a lectureon20thcenturypoets);andsoon.Aclassicexampleofanalyticalexpositionisthefollowing:

In philosophy the contemplations ofman do either penetrate untoGod,orarecircumferredtonature,orarereflectedorreverteduponhimself. Out of which several inquiries there do arise threeknowledges: divine philosophy, natural philosophy, and humanphilosophyorhumanity.Forallthingsaremarkedandstampedwiththis triplecharacter,of thepowerofGod, thedifferenceofnature,andtheuseofman.

—LORDBACON,TheAdvancementofLearning.[16]

Divisiondiffersonlyfromanalysisinthatanalysisfollowstheinherentdivisionsof a subject, as illustrated in the foregoing passage, while division arbitrarilyseparatesthesubjectforconvenienceoftreatment,asinthefollowingnone-too-logicalexample:

Forcivilhistory,itisofthreekinds;notunfitlytobecomparedwiththethreekindsofpicturesorimages.Forofpicturesorimages,weseesomeareunfinished,someareperfect,andsomearedefaced.Soof historieswemay find three kinds,memorials, perfect histories,andantiquities;formemorialsarehistoryunfinished,orthefirstorroughdraftsofhistory;andantiquitiesarehistorydefaced,orsomeremnantsof historywhichhave casually escaped the shipwreckoftime.

—LORDBACON,TheAdvancementofLearning.[16A]

Generalization states a broad principle, or a general truth, derived fromexamination of a considerable number of individual facts. This syntheticexposition is not the same as argumentative generalization, which supports ageneral contention by citing instances in proof. Observe how Holmes beginswithonefact,andbyaddinganotherandanotherreachesacompletewhole.Thisisoneofthemosteffectivedevicesinthepublicspeaker'srepertory.

Take a hollow cylinder, the bottom closed while the top remainsopen,andpourinwatertotheheightofafewinches.Nextcoverthewater with a flat plate or piston, which fits the interior of thecylinderperfectly;thenapplyheattothewater,andweshallwitnessthefollowingphenomena.Afterthelapseofsomeminutesthewater

willbegintoboil,andthesteamaccumulatingat theuppersurfacewill make room for itself by raising the piston slightly. As theboiling continues,more andmore steamwill be formed, and raisethe piston higher and higher, till all thewater is boiled away, andnothing but steam is left in the cylinder. Now this machine,consistingofcylinder,piston,water,andfire,isthesteam-engineinitsmostelementaryform.Forasteam-enginemaybedefinedasanapparatus for doing work bymeans of heat applied to water; andsince raising such aweight as thepiston is a formof doingwork,thisapparatus,clumsyandinconvenient thoughitmaybe,answersthedefinitionprecisely.[17]

ReferencetoExperienceisoneofthemostvitalprinciplesinexposition—asineveryotherformofdiscourse.

"Reference to experience, as here used, means reference to the known. Theknownisthatwhichthelistenerhasseen,heard,read,felt,believedordone,andwhichstillexistsinhisconsciousness—hisstockofknowledge.Itembracesallthose thoughts, feelings and happenings which are to him real. Reference toExperience,then,meanscomingintothelistener'slife.[18]

The vast results obtained by science are won by no mysticalfaculties, by no mental processes, other than those which arepractisedbyeveryoneofusinthehumblestandmeanestaffairsoflife.Adetectivepolicemandiscoversaburglarfromthemarksmadebyhisshoe,byamentalprocessidenticalwiththatbywhichCuvierrestoredtheextinctanimalsofMontmartrefromfragmentsof theirbones.Nordoesthatprocessofinductionanddeductionbywhichalady, findinga stainof aparticularkinduponherdress, concludesthat somebody has upset the inkstand thereon, differ in any wayfromthatbywhichAdamsandLeverrierdiscoveredanewplanet.Themanofscience,infact,simplyuseswithscrupulousexactnessthe methods which we all habitually, and at every moment, usecarelessly.

—THOMASHENRYHUXLEY,LaySermons.

Doyousetdownyournameinthescrollofyouth, thatarewrittendownoldwithallthecharactersofage?Haveyounotamoisteye?adry hand? a yellow cheek? a white beard? a decreasing leg? an

increasingbelly? is not your voicebroken?yourwind short? yourchindouble?yourwitsingle?andeverypartaboutyoublastedwithantiquity? and will you yet call yourself young? Fie, fie, fie, SirJohn!

—SHAKESPEARE,TheMerryWivesofWindsor.

Finally, inpreparingexpositorymaterialaskyourself thesequestionsregardingyoursubject:

Whatisit,andwhatisitnot?Whatisitlike,andunlike?Whatareitscauses,andeffects?Howshallitbedivided?Withwhatsubjectsisitcorrelated?Whatexperiencesdoesitrecall?Whatexamplesillustrateit?


1.Whatwouldbetheeffectofadheringtoanyoneoftheformsofdiscourseinapublicaddress?

2.Haveyoueverheardsuchanaddress?

3.Inventaseriesofexamplesillustrativeofthedistinctionsmadeonpages232and233.

4.Make a list of ten subjects thatmight be treated largely, if not entirely, byexposition.

5.Namethesixstandardsbywhichexpositorywritingshouldbetried.

6.Defineanyoneofthefollowing:(a)storagebattery;(b)"afreehand;"(c)sailboat; (d) "TheBigStick;" (e)nonsense; (f) "agoodsport;" (g) short-story; (h)novel; (i)newspaper; (j)politician; (k) jealousy; (l) truth; (m)matinée girl; (n)collegehonorsystem;(o)modish;(p)slum;(q)settlementwork;(r)forensic.

7.Amplifythedefinitionbyantithesis.

8.Inventtwoexamplestoillustratethedefinition(question6).

9.Inventtwoanalogiesforthesamesubject(question6).

10.Makeashortspeechbasedononeofthefollowing:(a)wagesandsalary;(b)master and man; (c) war and peace; (d) home and the boarding house; (e)struggleandvictory;(f)ignoranceandambition.

11.Makeaten-minutespeechonanyofthetopicsnamedinquestion6,usingallthemethodsofexpositionalreadynamed.

12.Explainwhat ismeantbydiscarding topics collateral and subordinate to asubject.

13.Rewritethejury-speechonpage224.

14.Definecorrelation.

15.Writeanexampleof "classification,"onanypolitical, social, economic,ormoralissueoftheday.

16.MakeabriefanalyticalstatementofHenryW.Grady's"TheRaceProblem,"page36.

17.Bywhatanalyticalprincipledidyouproceed?(Seepage225.)

18.Writeashort,carefullygeneralizedspeechfroma largeamountofdataonone of the following subjects: (a) The servant girl problem; (b) cats; (c) thebaseballcraze;(d)reformadministrations;(e)sewingsocieties;(f)coeducation;(g)thetravelingsalesman.

19.ObservethispassagefromNewton's"EffectiveSpeaking:"

"That man is a cynic. He sees goodness nowhere. He sneers atvirtue, sneers at love; to him themaiden plighting her troth is anartfulschemer,andheseeseveninthemother'skissnothingbutanemptyconventionality."

Write,commitanddelivertwosimilarpassagesbasedonyourchoicefromthislist: (a) "the egotist;" (b) "the sensualist;" (c) "the hypocrite;" (d) "the timidman;" (e) "the joker;" (f) "the flirt;" (g) "the ungrateful woman;" (h) "themournfulman."Inbothcasesusetheprincipleof"ReferencetoExperience."

20.WriteapassageonanyoftheforegoingcharactersinimitationofthestyleofShakespeare'scharacterizationofSirJohnFalstaff,page227.

FOOTNOTES:

[12]Argumentationwillbeoutlinedfullyinsubsequentchapter.

[13]TheWorkingPrinciplesofRhetoric,J.F.Genung.


[15]OnthevarioustypesofdefinitionseeanycollegemanualofRhetoric.

[16]QuotedinTheWorkingPrinciplesofRhetoric,J.F.Genung.

[16A]QuotedinTheWorkingPrinciplesofRhetoric,J.F.Genung.

[17]G.C.V.Holmes,quotedinSpecimensofExposition,H.Lamont.

[18]EffectiveSpeaking,ArthurEdwardPhillips.Thisworkcoversthepreparationofpublicspeechinaveryhelpfulway.

CHAPTERXX

INFLUENCINGBYDESCRIPTION

ThegrovesofEdenvanish'dnowsolong,Liveindescription,andlookgreeninsong.

—ALEXANDERPOPE,WindsorForest.

Themoment our discourse rises above the ground-line of familiarfacts, and is inflamed with passion or exalted thought, it clothesitself in images. A man conversing in earnest, if he watch hisintellectualprocesses,will find thatalwaysamaterial image,moreor less luminous, arises in hismind, contemporaneous with everythought, which furnishes the vestment of the thought.... Thisimagery is spontaneous. It is the blending of experience with thepresent action of the mind. It is proper creation.—RALPH WALDO

EMERSON,Nature.

Like other valuable resources in public speaking, description loses its powerwhencarriedtoanextreme.Over-ornamentationmakesthesubjectridiculous.Adust-cloth is a very useful thing, but why embroider it? Whether description

shallberestrainedwithinitsproperandimportantlimits,orbeencouragedtorunriot, is the personal choice that comes before every speaker, forman's earliestliterarytendencyistodepict.

TheNatureofDescription

To describe is to call up a picture in the mind of the hearer. "In talking ofdescriptionwe naturally speak of portraying, delineating, coloring, and all thedevicesofthepicturepainter.Todescribeistovisualize,hencewemustlookatdescriptionasapictorialprocess,whetherthewriterdealswithmaterialorwithspiritualobjects."[19]

Ifyouwereaskedtodescribetherapid-firegunyoumightgoaboutitineitheroftwoways:giveacoldtechnicalaccountofitsmechanism,inwholeandindetail,or else describe it as a terrible engine of slaughter, dwelling upon its effectsratherthanuponitsstructure.

The former of these processes is exposition, the latter is true description.Exposition dealsmorewith the general, while descriptionmust deal with theparticular.Expositionelucidates ideas, description treats of things.Expositiondealswith theabstract, descriptionwith theconcrete. Exposition is concernedwith the internal, description with the external. Exposition is enumerative,descriptionliterary.Expositionisintellectual,descriptionsensory.Expositionisimpersonal,descriptionpersonal.

Ifdescriptionisavisualizingprocessforthehearer,itisfirstofallsuchforthespeaker—he cannot describe what he has never seen, either physically or infancy. It is thispersonalquality—thisquestionof thepersonal eyewhich seesthethingslatertobedescribed—thatmakesdescriptionsointerestinginpublicspeech. Given a speaker of personality, and we are interested in his personalview—hisviewadds to thenatural interestof the scene, andmayevenbe thesolesourceofthatinteresttohisauditors.

The seeing eye has been praised in an earlier chapter (on "Subject andPreparation") and the imagination will be treated in a subsequent one (on"RidingtheWingedHorse"),butherewemustconsiderthepicturingmind: themindthatformsthedoublehabitofseeingthingsclearly—forweseemorewiththemindthanwedowiththephysicaleye—andthenofre-imagingthesethingsforthepurposeofgettingthembeforetheminds'eyesofthehearers.Nohabitismoreuseful than thatofvisualizingclearly theobject, thescene, the situation,the action, the person, about to be described. Unless that primary process is

carriedoutclearly,thepicturewillbeblurredforthehearer-beholder.

In a work of this nature we are concerned with the rhetorical analysis ofdescription,andwithitsmethods,onlysofarasmaybeneededforthepracticalpurposes of the speaker.[20] The following grouping, therefore, will not beregardedascomplete,norwillitherebenecessarytoaddmorethanawordofexplanation:

DescriptionforPublicSpeakers

Objects {StillObjects {InmotionScenes {StillScenes {IncludingactionSituations {PrecedingchangeSituations {DuringchangeSituations {AfterchangeActions {MentalActions {PhysicalPersons {InternalPersons {External

Someof the foregoingprocesseswill overlap, in certain instances, and all aremorelikelytobefoundincombinationthansingly.

When description is intended solely to give accurate information—as todelineate the appearance, not the technical construction, of the latest Zeppelinairship—itiscalled"scientificdescription,"andisakintoexposition.Whenitisintendedtopresentafreepictureforthepurposeofmakingavividimpression,itiscalled"artisticdescription."Withbothofthesethepublicspeakerhastodeal,but more frequently with the latter form. Rhetoricians make still furtherdistinctions.

MethodsofDescription

Inpublicspeaking,descriptionshouldbemainlybysuggestion,notonlybecausesuggestivedescriptionissomuchmorecompactandtime-savingbutbecauseitis sovivid.Suggestive expressions connotemore than they literally say—theysuggestideasandpicturestothemindofthehearerwhichsupplementthedirect

wordsof thespeaker.WhenDickens, inhis"ChristmasCarol,"says:"IncameMrs. Fezziwig, one vast substantial smile," ourminds complete the picture sodeftly begun—amuchmore effective process than that of aminutely detaileddescription because it leaves a unified, vivid impression, and that is what weneed.Hereisapresent-daybitofsuggestion:"GeneralTrinklewasagnarlyoakofaman—rough,solid,andsafe;youalwaysknewwheretofindhim."DickenspresentsMissPeecheras:"Alittlepin-cushion,alittlehousewife,alittlebook,alittle work-box, a little set of tables and weights and measures, and a littlewoman all in one." In his "Knickerbocker's" "History of New York," IrvingportraysWoutervanTwilleras"arobustiousbeer-barrel,standingonskids."

Whatever forms of description you neglect, be sure to master the art ofsuggestion.

Descriptionmaybebysimplehint.Lowellnotesahappyinstanceofthissortofpicturing by intimation when he says of Chaucer: "Sometimes he describesamplybythemeresthint,aswheretheFriar,beforesettinghimselfdown,drivesaway the cat. We know without need of more words that he has chosen thesnuggestcorner."

Description may depict a thing by its effects. "When the spectator's eye isdazzled,andheshadesit,"saysMozleyinhis"Essays,""weformtheideaofasplendid object; when his face turns pale, of a horrible one; from his quickwonderandadmirationweformtheideaofgreatbeauty;fromhissilentawe,ofgreatmajesty."

Brief description may be by epithet. "Blue-eyed," "white-armed," "laughter-loving," are now conventional compounds, but they were fresh enough whenHomerfirstconjoinedthem.Thecenturieshavenotyetimprovedupon"Wheelsround, brazen, eight-spoked," or "Shields smooth, beautiful, brazen, well-hammered." Observe the effective use of epithet inWill Levington Comfort's"The FightingDeath,"when he speaks of soldiers in a Philippine skirmish asbeing"leechedagainstarock."

Description uses figures of speech. Any advanced rhetoric will discuss theirforms and give examples for guidance.[21] This matter is most important, beassured.A brilliant yet carefully restrained figurative style, a stylemarked bybrief, pungent, witty, and humorous comparisons and characterizations, is awonderfulresourceforallkindsofplatformwork.

Descriptionmay be direct. This statement is plain enoughwithout exposition.

Useyourownjudgmentastowhetherinpicturingyouhadbetterproceedfromageneralviewtothedetails,orfirstgivethedetailsandthusbuildupthegeneralpicture,butbyallmeansBEBRIEF.

Note the vivid compactness of these delineations from Washington Irving's"Knickerbocker:"

Hewasashort,square,brawnyoldgentleman,withadoublechin,amastiff mouth, and a broad copper nose, which was supposed inthose days to have acquired its fiery hue from the constantneighborhoodofhistobaccopipe.

Hewasexactlyfivefeetsixinchesinheight,andsixfeetfiveinchesin circumference. His head was a perfect sphere, and of suchstupendous dimensions, that Dame Nature, with all her sex'singenuity,wouldhavebeenpuzzled toconstructaneckcapableofsupportingit;whereforeshewiselydeclinedtheattempt,andsettleditfirmlyonthetopofhisbackbone,justbetweentheshoulders.Hisbodywasofanoblongform,particularlycapaciousatbottom;whichwas wisely ordered by Providence, seeing that he was a man ofsedentaryhabits,andveryaversetotheidlelaborofwalking.

Theforegoingistoolongfortheplatform,butitissogood-humored,sofullofdelightfulexaggeration,thatitmaywellserveasamodelofhumorouscharacterpicturing,forhereoneinevitablyseestheinnermanintheouter.

Directdescriptionforplatformusemaybemadevividbythesparinguseofthe"historicalpresent."Thefollowingdramaticpassage,accompaniedbythemostlively action, has lingered in themind for thirty years after hearingDr.T.DeWittTalmagelectureon"BigBlunders."Thecrackofthebatsoundscleareventoday:

Get ready the bats and take your positions.Now, give us the ball.Too low. Don't strike. Too high. Don't strike. There it comes likelightning. Strike! Away it soars! Higher! Higher! Run! Anotherbase!Faster!Faster!Good!Allaroundatonestroke!

Observe the remarkable way in which the lecturer fused speaker, audience,spectators,andplayersintooneexcited,ecstaticwhole—justasyouhavefoundyourselfstartingforward inyourseatat thedeliveryof theballwith"threeonandtwodown"intheninthinning.Notice,too,how—perhapsunconsciously—

TalmagepaintedthesceneinHomer'scharacteristicstyle:notashavingalreadyhappened,butashappeningbeforeyoureyes.

If you have attendedmany travel talks youmust have been impressed by thepainfulextremestowhichthelecturersgo—withafewnotableexceptions,theirlanguageiseitherover-ornateorcrude.Ifyouwouldlearnthepowerofwordstomake scenery, yes, evenhouses, palpitatewithpoetry andhumanappeal, readLafcadioHearn,RobertLouisStevenson,PierreLoti,andEdmondoDeAmicis.

Blue-distant,amountainofcarvenstoneappearedbeforethem,—theTemple, lifting to heaven its wilderness of chiseled pinnacles,flingingtotheskythegoldensprayofitsdecoration.

—LAFCADIOHEARN,ChineseGhosts.

Thestarswereclear,colored,andjewel-like,butnotfrosty.AfaintsilveryvapourstoodfortheMilkyWay.Allaroundmetheblackfir-points stood upright and stock-still.By thewhiteness of the pack-saddleIcouldseeModestinewalkingroundandroundatthelengthofher tether; I couldhearher steadilymunchingat the sward;buttherewasnotanothersoundsavetheindescribablequiettalkoftherunneloverthestones.

—ROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON,TravelswithaDonkey.

It was full autumn now, late autumn—with the nightfalls gloomy,and all things growing dark early in the old cottage, and all theBretonlandlookingsombre,too.Theverydaysseemedbuttwilight;immeasurable clouds, slowly passing, would suddenly bringdarkness at broadnoon.Thewindmoaned constantly—itwas likethe sound of a great cathedral organ at a distance, but playingprofaneairs,ordespairingdirges;atothertimesitwouldcomecloseto the door, and lift up a howl likewild beasts.—PIERRE LOTI,AnIcelandFisherman.

I see thegreat refectory,[22]whereabattalionmighthavedrilled; Iseethelongtables,thefivehundredheadsbentabovetheplates,therapidmotionoffivehundredforks,ofathousandhands,andsixteenthousandteeth;theswarmofservantsrunninghereandthere,calledto, scolded, hurried, on every side at once; I hear the clatter ofdishes,thedeafeningnoise,thevoiceschokedwithfoodcryingout:"Bread—bread!" and I feel oncemore the formidable appetite, theherculeanstrengthofjaw,theexuberantlifeandspiritsofthosefar-offdays.[23]

—EDMONDODEAMICIS,CollegeFriends.

SuggestionsfortheUseofDescription

Decide,onbeginningadescription,whatpointofviewyouwishyourhearersto

take.Onecannotseeeitheramountainoramanonallsidesatonce.Establishaview-point,anddonotshiftwithoutgivingnotice.

Choose an attitude toward your subject—shall it be idealized? caricatured?ridiculed?exaggerated?defended?ordescribedimpartially?

Be sure of your mood, too, for it will color the subject to be described.Melancholywillmakearose-gardenlookgray.

Adoptanorderinwhichyouwillproceed—donotshiftbackwardandforwardfromnear to far, remote to close in time, general to particular, large to small,important to unimportant, concrete to abstract, physical tomental; but followyourchosenorder.Scatteredandshiftingobservationsproducehazyimpressionsjustasamovingcameraspoilsthetime-exposure.

Do not go into needlessminutiæ. Some details identify a thingwith its class,while other details differentiate it from its class. Choose only the significant,suggestive characteristics and bring those out with terse vividness. Learn alessonfromthefewstrokesusedbytheposterartist.

In determining what to describe and what merely to name, seek to read theknowledgeofyouraudience.Thedifferencetothembetweentheunknownandtheknownisavitalonealsotoyou.

Relentlesslycutoutallideasandwordsnotnecessarytoproducetheeffectyoudesire.Eachelementinamentalpictureeitherhelpsorhinders.Besuretheydonothinder,fortheycannotbepassivelypresentinanydiscourse.

Interruptionsofthedescriptiontomakeside-remarksareaspowerfultodestroyunityasarescattereddescriptivephrases.Theonlyvisualimpressionthatcanbeeffectiveisonethatisunified.

Indescribing,trytocalluptheemotionsyoufeltwhenfirstyousawthescene,and then try to reproduce those emotions in your hearers. Description isprimarilyemotionalinitsappeal;nothingcanbemoredeadlydullthanacold,unemotionaloutline,whilenothingleavesawarmerimpressionthanaglowing,spiriteddescription.

Giveaswiftandvividgeneralviewatthecloseoftheportrayal.Firstandfinalimpressions remain the longest. The mind may be trained to take in thecharacteristic points of a subject, so as to view in a single scene, action,experience,orcharacter,aunifiedimpressionofthewhole.Todescribeathing

as a whole you must first see it as a whole. Master that art and you havemastereddescriptiontothelastdegree.


THEHOMESOFTHEPEOPLE

IwenttoWashingtontheotherday,andIstoodontheCapitolHill;my heart beat quick as I looked at the towering marble of mycountry'sCapitolandthemistgatheredinmyeyesasIthoughtofitstremendous significance, and the armies and the treasury, and thejudges and thePresident, and theCongress and the courts, and allthatwasgatheredthere.AndIfeltthatthesuninallitscoursecouldnotlookdownonabettersightthanthatmajestichomeofarepublicthathadtaughttheworlditsbestlessonsofliberty.AndIfeltthatifhonorandwisdomandjusticeabidedtherein,theworldwouldatlastowe to that great house in which the ark of the covenant of mycountryislodged,itsfinalupliftinganditsregeneration.

Twodaysafterward,Iwenttovisitafriendinthecountry,amodestman,withaquietcountryhome.Itwasjustasimple,unpretentioushouse,setaboutwithbig trees,encircled inmeadowandfieldrichwiththepromiseofharvest.Thefragranceofthepinkandhollyhockinthefrontyardwasmingledwiththearomaoftheorchardandofthegardens,andresonantwiththecluckofpoultryandthehumofbees.

Insidewasquiet,cleanliness,thrift,andcomfort.Therewastheoldclockthathadwelcomed,insteadymeasure,everynewcomertothefamily,thathadtickedthesolemnrequiemofthedead,andhadkeptcompanywiththewatcheratthebedside.Therewerethebig,restfulbedsandtheold,openfireplace,andtheoldfamilyBible,thumbedwiththefingersofhandslongsincestill,andwetwith thetearsofeyeslongsinceclosed,holdingthesimpleannalsofthefamilyandtheheartandtheconscienceofthehome.

Outside, there stoodmy friend, themaster, a simple, uprightman,withnomortgageonhisroof,nolienonhisgrowingcrops,masterofhislandandmasterofhimself.Therewashisoldfather,anaged,tremblingman,buthappyintheheartandhomeofhisson.Andastheystartedtotheirhome,thehandsoftheoldmanwentdownon

theyoungman'sshoulder, laying there theunspeakableblessingofthehonoredandgratefulfatherandennoblingitwiththeknighthoodofthefifthcommandment.

Andas theyreached thedoor theoldmothercamewith thesunsetfallingfaironherface,andlightingupherdeep,patienteyes,whileher lips, trembling with the rich music of her heart, bade herhusbandandsonwelcometotheirhome.Beyondwasthehousewife,busywith her household cares, clean of heart and conscience, thebuckler and helpmeet of her husband. Down the lane came thechildren, trooping home after the cows, seeking as truant birds dothequietoftheirhomenest.

AndIsawthenightcomedownonthathouse,fallinggentlyasthewingsof theunseendove.And theoldman—whilea startledbirdcalledfromtheforest,andthetreeswereshrillwiththecricket'scry,andthestarswereswarminginthesky—gotthefamilyaroundhim,and,takingtheoldBiblefromthetable,calledthemtotheirknees,the little baby hiding in the folds of its mother's dress, while heclosed the record of that simple day by calling down God'sbenediction on that family and that home.Andwhile I gazed, thevisionofthatmarbleCapitolfaded.ForgottenwereitstreasuresanditsmajestyandIsaid,"Oh,surelyhere in thehomesof thepeopleare lodged at last the strength and the responsibility of thisgovernment,thehopeandthepromiseofthisrepublic."—HENRYW.GRADY.

SUGGESTIVESCENES

One thing in life calls for another; there is a fitness in events andplaces.Thesightofapleasantarborputsitinourmindtositthere.Oneplace suggestswork,another idleness,a thirdearly risingandlongramblesinthedew.Theeffectofnight,ofanyflowingwater,oflightedcities,ofthepeepofday,ofships,oftheopenocean,callsup in the mind an army of anonymous desires and pleasures.Something, we feel, should happen; we know not what, yet weproceedinquestofit.Andmanyofthehappiesthoursinlifefleetbyusinthisvainattendanceonthegeniusoftheplaceandmoment.Itis thus that tracts of young fir, and low rocks that reach into deepsoundings,particularlydelightandtortureme.Somethingmusthave

happenedinsuchplaces,andperhapsagesback,tomembersofmyrace;andwhenIwasachildItriedtoinventappropriategamesforthem,as I still try, justasvainly, to fit themwith theproperstory.Someplacesspeakdistinctly.Certaindankgardenscryaloudforamurder;certainoldhousesdemandtobehaunted;certaincoastsareset aside for shipwreck. Other spots again seem to abide theirdestiny, suggestiveand impenetrable, "michingmallecho."The innat Burford Bridge, with its arbours and green garden and silent,eddyingriver—thoughitisknownalreadyastheplacewhereKeatswrote someofhisEndymion andNelsonparted fromhisEmma—still seems to wait the coming of the appropriate legend. Withinthese ivied walls, behind these old green shutters, some furtherbusinesssmoulders,waitingfor itshour.TheoldHawesInnat theQueen's ferrymakesasimilarcalluponmyfancy.There it stands,apart from the town, beside the pier, in a climate of its own, halfinland, halfmarine—in front, the ferry bubblingwith the tide andtheguard-shipswingingtoheranchor;behind, theoldgardenwiththe trees. Americans seek it already for the sake of Lovel andOldbuck,whodinedthereatthebeginningoftheAntiquary.Butyouneednottellme—thatisnotall;thereissomestory,unrecordedornotyetcomplete,whichmustexpressthemeaningofthatinnmorefully.... I have lived both at theHawes andBurford in a perpetualflutter, on the heel, as it seemed, of some adventure that shouldjustifytheplace;butthoughthefeelinghadmetobedatnightandcalledmeagainatmorninginoneunbrokenroundofpleasureandsuspense,nothingbefellmeineitherworthremark.Themanorthehour hadnot yet come; but someday, I think, a boat shall put offfrom theQueen's ferry, fraughtwithadearcargo,andsome frostynightahorseman,ona tragicerrand, rattlewithhiswhipupon thegreenshuttersattheinnatBurford.

—R.L.STEVENSON,AGossiponRomance.

FROM"MIDNIGHTINLONDON"

Clang!Clang!Clang!thefire-bells!Bing!Bing!Bing!thealarm!Inan instant quiet turns to uproar—an outburst of noise, excitement,clamor—bedlam broke loose; Bing! Bing! Bing! Rattle, clash andclatter. Open fly the doors; brave men mount their boxes. Bing!Bing!Bing!They'reoff!Thehorses teardownthestreet likemad.

Bing!Bing!Bing!goesthegong!

"Get out of the track! The engines are coming! For God's sake,snatchthatchildfromtheroad!"

On, on, wildly, resolutely, madly fly the steeds. Bing! Bing! thegong.Awaydashthehorsesonthewingsoffeveredfury.Onwhirlsthemachine,downstreets,aroundcorners,upthisavenueandacrossthatone,out intotheverybowelsofdarkness,whiffing,wheezing,shootingamillionsparksfromthestack,pavingthepathofstartlednight with a galaxy of stars. Over the house-tops to the north, avolcanic burst of flame shoots out, belching with blinding effect.Theskyisablaze.Atenementhouseisburning.Fivehundredsoulsare in peril.Merciful Heaven! Spare the victims!Are the enginescoming? Yes, here they are, dashing down the street. Look! thehorses ride upon thewind; eyes bulging like balls of fire; nostrilswideopen.Apalpitatingbillowoffire,rolling,plunging,boundingrising,falling,swelling,heaving,andwithmadpassionburstingitsred-hot sides asunder, reachingout its arms, encircling, squeezing,grabbing up, swallowing everything before itwith the hot, greedymouthofanappallingmonster.

How the horses dash around the corner!Animal instinct say you?Aye,more.Brutereason.

"Uptheladders,men!"

The toweringbuilding is buried in bloatedbanksof savage, bitingelements.Forkedtonguesdartoutandin,dodgehereandthere,upand down, and wind their cutting edges around every object. Acrash,adull,explosivesound,andapuffofsmokeleapsout.Atthehighestpointupontheroofstandsadarkfigureinadesperatestrait,the handsmaking frantic gestures, the arms swingingwildly—andthen the body shoots off into frightful space, plunging upon thepavementwitha revolting thud.Theman'sarmstrikesabystanderas he darts down. The crowd shudders, sways, and utters a lowmurmurofpity andhorror.The faint-hearted lookers-onhide theirfaces.Onewomanswoonsaway.

"Poorfellow!Dead!"exclaimsalaborer,ashelooksupontheman'sbody.

"Aye,Joe,andIknewhimwell,too!Helivednextdoortome,fiveflights back. He leaves a widowed mother and two wee bits oforphans.Ihelpedhimburyhiswifeafortnightago.Ah,Joe!butit'shardlinesfortheorphans."

Aghastlyhourmoveson,draggingitsregimentofpanicinitstrailandleavingcrimsonblotchesofcrueltyalongthepathofnight.

"Aretheyallout,firemen?"

"Aye,aye,sir!"

"No,they'renot!There'sawomaninthetopwindowholdingachildin her arms—over yonder in the right-hand corner! The ladders,there!Ahundredpoundstothemanwhomakestherescue!"

Adozenstart.Onemanmoresupplethantheothers,andrecklessinhisbravery,clamberstothetoprungoftheladder.

"Tooshort!"hecries."Hoistanother!"

Up it goes. He mounts to the window, fastens the rope, lashesmotherandbabe,swingsthemoffintouglyemptiness,andletsthemdowntoberescuedbyhiscomrades.

"Bravo,fireman!"shoutsthecrowd.

Acrashbreaksthroughtheuproarofcracklingtimbers.

"Lookalive,upthere!GreatGod!Theroofhasfallen!"

The walls sway, rock, and tumble in with a deafening roar. Thespectatorsceasetobreathe.Thecoldtruthrevealsitself.Thefiremanhasbeencarriedintotheseethingfurnace.Anoldwoman,bentwiththeweightofage,rushesthroughthefireline,shrieking,raving,andwringingherhandsandopeningherheartofgrief.

"PoorJohn!HewasallIhad!Andabraveladhewas,too!Buthe'sgonenow.Helosthisownlife insavin' twomore,andnow—nowhe'sthere,awayinthere!"sherepeats,pointingtothecrueloven.

The engines do their work. The flames die out. An eerie gloomhangsovertheruinslikeaformidable,blackenedpall.

Andthenoonofnightispassed.—ARDENNESJONES-FOSTER.

QUESTIONSANDANSWERS

1.Writetwoparagraphsononeofthese:theracehorse,themotorboat,golfing,tennis;letthefirstbepureexpositionandthesecondpuredescription.

2. Select your own theme and do the same in two short extemporaneousspeeches.

3.Deliverashortoriginaladdressintheover-ornamentedstyle.

4.(a)Pointoutitsdefects;(b)recastitinamoreeffectivestyle;(c)showhowtheonesurpassestheother.

5.Makea listof tensubjectswhichlendthemselves todescriptionin thestyleyouprefer.

6.Deliveratwo-minutespeechonanyoneofthem,usingchiefly,butnotsolely,description.

7. For one minute, look at any object, scene, action, picture, or person youchoose, take two minutes to arrange your thoughts, and then deliver a shortdescription—allwithoutmakingwrittennotes.

8.Inwhatsenseisdescriptionmorepersonalthanexposition?

9.Explainthedifferencebetweenascientificandanartisticdescription.

10. In the style of Dickens and Irving (pages 234, 235), write five separatesentences describing five characters bymeans of suggestion—one sentence toeach.

11.Describe a character bymeans of a hint, after themanner of Chaucer (p.235).

12.Readaloudthefollowingwithspecialattentiontogesture:

Hisvery throatwasmoral.Yousawagooddealof it.You lookedover a very low fence of white cravat (whereof noman had everbeheld the tie, for he fastened it behind), and there it lay, a valleybetweentwojuttingheightsofcollar,sereneandwhiskerlessbeforeyou. It seemed to say, on the part ofMr. Pecksniff, "There is nodeception,ladiesandgentlemen,all ispeace,aholycalmpervades

me."Sodidhishair, justgrizzledwithan irongray,whichwasallbrushedoffhisforehead,andstoodboltupright,orslightlydroopedinkindredactionwithhisheavyeyelids.Sodidhisperson,whichwas sleek though free from corpulency. So did hismanner,whichwassoftandoily.Inaword,evenhisplainblacksuit,andstateofwidower, and dangling double eye-glass, all tended to the samepurpose,andcriedaloud,"BeholdthemoralPecksniff!"

—CHARLESDICKENS,MartinChuzzlewit.

13.Whichofthefollowingdoyouprefer,andwhy?

Shewasabloominglassoffresheighteen,plumpasapartridge,ripeand melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father's peaches.—IRVING.

Shewas a splendidly feminine girl, aswholesome as aNovemberpippin,andnomoremysteriousthanawindow-pane.

—O.HENRY.

Small, shining, neat, methodical, and buxom was Miss Peecher;cherry-cheekedandtunefulofvoice.—DICKENS.

14.Inventfiveepithets,andapplythemasyouchoose(p.235).

15.(a)Makealistoffivefiguresofspeech;(b)definethem;(c)giveanexample—preferablyoriginal—undereach.

16.PickoutthefiguresofspeechintheaddressbyGrady,onpage240.

17.InventanoriginalfiguretotaketheplaceofanyoneinGrady'sspeech.

18.What sortof figuresdoyou find in the selection fromStevenson,onpage242?

19.Whatmethodsofdescriptiondoesheseemtoprefer?

20.Writeanddeliver,withoutnotesandwithdescriptivegestures,adescriptioninimitationofanyoftheauthorsquotedinthischapter.

21. Reëxamine one of your past speeches and improve the descriptive work.Reportonwhatfaultsyoufoundtoexist.

22.Deliveranextemporaneousspeechdescribinganydramaticsceneinthestyleof"MidnightinLondon."

23. Describe an event in your favorite sport in the style of Dr. Talmage. Becarefultomakethedeliveryeffective.

24.Criticise, favorably or unfavorably, the descriptions of any travel talk youmayhaveheardrecently.

25.Deliverabrieforiginaltraveltalk,asthoughyouwereshowingpictures.

26.Recastthetalkanddeliverit"withoutpictures."

FOOTNOTES:

[19]WritingtheShort-Story,J.BergEsenwein.

[20]ForfullertreatmentofDescriptionseeGenung'sWorkingPrinciplesofRhetoric,Albright'sDescriptive Writing, Bates' Talks on Writing English, first and secondseries,andanyadvancedrhetoric.

[21]SeealsoTheArtofVersification,J.BergEsenweinandMaryEleanorRoberts,pp.28-35;andWritingtheShort-Story,J.BergEsenwein,pp.152-162;231-240.

[22]IntheMilitaryCollegeofModena.

[23]Thisfigureofspeechisknownas"Vision."

CHAPTERXXI

INFLUENCINGBYNARRATION

The art of narration is the art of writing in hooks and eyes. Theprinciple consists in making the appropriate thought follow theappropriatethought,theproperfacttheproperfact;infirstpreparingthemind for what is to come, and then letting it come.—WALTER

BAGEHOT,LiteraryStudies.

Ourveryspeechiscuriouslyhistorical.Mostmen,youmayobserve,speak only to narrate; not in imparting what they have thought,

whichindeedwereoftenaverysmallmatter,butinexhibitingwhatthey have undergone or seen, which is a quite unlimited one, dotalkersdilate.Cutusoff fromNarrative,howwould the streamofconversation, even among the wisest, languish into detachedhandfuls, andamong the foolishutterlyevaporate!Thus, aswedonothing but enact History, we say little but recite it.—THOMAS

CARLYLE,OnHistory.

Only a small segmentof thegreat fieldofnarrationoffers its resources to thepublic speaker, and that includes the anecdote, biographical facts, and thenarrationofeventsingeneral.

Narration—moreeasilydefinedthanmastered—istherecitalofanincident,oragroupoffactsandoccurrences,insuchamannerastoproduceadesiredeffect.

The laws of narration are few, but its successful practise involvesmore of artthanwouldatfirstappear—somuch,indeed,thatwecannoteventouchuponitstechnique here, but must content ourselves with an examination of a fewexamplesofnarrationasusedinpublicspeech.

Inapreliminaryway,noticehowradicallythepublicspeaker'suseofnarrativediffers from that of the story-writer in the more limited scope, absence ofextended dialogue and character drawing, and freedom from elaboration ofdetail,whichcharacterizeplatformnarrative.Ontheotherhand,thereareseveralsimilarities of method: the frequent combination of narration with exposition,description,argumentation,andpleading;thecareexercisedinthearrangementofmaterialsoastoproduceastrongeffectattheclose(climax);theverygeneralpractise of concealing the "point" (dénouement) of a story until the effectivemoment;andthecarefulsuppressionofneedless,andthereforehurtful,details.

Soweseethat,whetherformagazineorplatform,theartofnarrationinvolvesfarmorethantherecitalofannals;thesuccessionofeventsrecordedrequiresaplaninordertobringthemoutwithrealeffect.

Itwillbenoticed,too,thattheliterarystyleinplatformnarrationislikelytobeeither less polished and more vigorously dramatic than in that intended forpublication, or else more fervid and elevated in tone. In this latter respect,however, the best platform speaking of today differs from the models of theprecedinggeneration,whereinahighlydignified,andsometimespompous,stylewas thought the only fitting dress for a public deliverance. Great, noble andstirringastheseoldermasterswereintheirloftyandimpassionedeloquence,we

are sometimes oppressed when we read their sounding periods for any greatlength of time—even allowing for all that we lose by missing the speaker'spresence, voice, and fire.So let usmodel our platformnarration, as our otherformsofspeech,upontheeffectiveaddressesofthemoderns,withoutlesseningouradmirationfortheolderschool.

TheAnecdote

Ananecdoteisashortnarrativeofasingleevent,toldasbeingstrikingenoughtobringoutapoint.Thekeenerthepoint,themorecondensedtheform,andthemoresuddenlytheapplicationstrikesthehearer,thebetterthestory.

To regard an anecdote as an illustration—an interpretive picture—will help tohold us to its true purpose, for a purposeless story is of all offenses on theplatform the most asinine. A perfectly capital joke will fall flat when it isdraggedinbythenapewithoutevidentbearingonthesubjectunderdiscussion.Ontheotherhand,anappositeanecdotehassavedmanyaspeechfromfailure.

"Thereisnofineropportunityforthedisplayoftactthanintheintroductionofwittyorhumorousstoriesintoadiscourse.Witiskeenandlikearapier,piercingdeeply, sometimes even to the heart. Humor is good-natured, and does notwound.Wit is founded upon the sudden discovery of an unsuspected relationexistingbetween two ideas.Humordealswith thingsoutof relation—with theincongruous.ItwaswitinDouglassJerroldtoretortuponthescowlofastrangerwhoseshoulderhehadfamiliarlyslapped,mistakinghimforafriend:'Ibegyourpardon, I thought I knew you—but I'm glad I don't.' It was humor in theSouthernorator,JohnWise,tolikenthepleasureofspendinganeveningwithaPuritan girl to that of sitting on a block of ice in winter, cracking hailstonesbetweenhisteeth."[24]

The foregoing quotation has been introduced chiefly to illustrate the first andsimplestformofanecdote—thesinglesentenceembodyingapungentsaying.

Another simple form is that which conveys its meaning without need of"application,"astheoldpreachersusedtosay.GeorgeAdehasquotedthisoneasthebestjokeheeverheard:

Two solemn-looking gentlemen were riding together in a railwaycarriage.Onegentlemansaidtotheother:"Isyourwifeentertainingthissummer?"Whereupontheothergentlemanreplied:"Notvery."

Other anecdotes need harnessing to the particular truth the speaker wishes tocarryalonginhistalk.Sometimestheapplicationismadebeforethestoryistoldand the audience is prepared to make the comparison, point by point, as theillustrationistold.HenryW.Gradyusedthismethodinoneoftheanecdoteshetoldwhiledeliveringhisgreatextemporaneousaddress,"TheNewSouth."

Agedoesnotendowall thingswithstrengthandvirtue,norareallnew things to be despised.The shoemakerwhoput over his door,"JohnSmith'sshop,founded1760,"wasmorethanmatchedbyhisyoung rival across the street who hung out this sign: "Bill Jones.Established1886.Nooldstockkeptinthisshop."

In twoanecdotes, toldalso in"TheNewSouth,"Mr.Grady illustratedanotherwayofenforcingtheapplication:inbothinstanceshesplittheideahewishedtodrivehome,bringinginpartbeforeandpartaftertherecitalofthestory.Thefactthat thespeakermisquotedthewordsofGenesisinwhichtheArkisdescribeddidnotseemtodetractfromtheburlesquehumorofthestory.

I bespeak the utmost stretch of your courtesy tonight. I am nottroubled about those fromwhom I come. You remember themanwhose wife sent him to a neighbor with a pitcher of milk, who,tripping on the top step, fell,with such casual interruptions as thelandingsafforded,intothebasement,and,whilepickinghimselfup,hadthepleasureofhearinghiswifecallout:

"John,didyoubreakthepitcher?

"No,Ididn't,"saidJohn,"butIbedingedifIdon't."

So,while thosewho call tome frombehindmay inspiremewithenergy, ifnotwithcourage, Iaskan indulgenthearingfromyou. Ibeg that you will bring your full faith in American fairness andfrankness to judgment upon what I shall say. There was an oldpreacheroncewhotoldsomeboysoftheBiblelessonhewasgoingtoread in themorning.Theboys, findingtheplace,gluedtogetherthe connecting pages. The nextmorning he read on the bottomofone page: "WhenNoahwas one hundred and twenty years old hetookuntohimself awife,whowas"—then turning thepage—"onehundred and forty cubits long, forty cubits wide, built of gopherwood, and covered with pitch inside and out." He was naturallypuzzled at this. He read it again, verified it, and then said, "My

friends,thisisthefirsttimeIevermetthisintheBible,butIacceptit as an evidence of the assertion that we are fearfully andwonderfullymade."IfIcouldgetyoutoholdsuchfaithto-night,Icould proceed cheerfully to the task I otherwise approach with asenseofconsecration.

Now and then a speaker will plunge without introduction into an anecdote,leavingtheapplicationtofollow.Thefollowingillustratesthismethod:

A large, slew-footed darky was leaning against the corner of therailroad station in a Texas town when the noon whistle in thecanning factoryblewand thehandshurriedout,bearing theirgrubbuckets. The darky listened, with his head on one side until therocketingechohadquitediedaway.Thenheheavedadeepsighandremarkedtohimself:

"Dar she go. Dinner time for some folks—but jes' 12 o'clock furme!"

That is the situation in thousandsofAmerican factories, large andsmall,today.Andwhy?etc.,etc.

Doubtless themost frequentplatformuseof the anecdote is in thepulpit.Thesermon"illustration,"however,isnotalwaysstrictlynarrativeinform,buttendstoextendedcomparison,asthefollowingfromDr.AlexanderMaclaren:

MenwillstandasIndianfakirsdo,withtheirarmsabovetheirheadsuntiltheystiffenthere.TheywillperchthemselvesuponpillarslikeSimeonStylites,foryears,tillthebirdsbuildtheirnestsintheirhair.They will measure all the distance from Cape Comorin toJuggernaut's temple with their bodies along the dusty road. Theywill wear hair shirts and scourge themselves. They will fast anddeny themselves. Theywill build cathedrals and endow churches.Theywilldoasmanyofyoudo,laborbyfitsandstartsallthruyourlivesattheendlesstaskofmakingyourselvesreadyforheaven,andwinningitbyobedienceandbyrighteousness.Theywilldoallthesethings and do them gladly, rather than listen to the humblingmessage that says, "You do not need to do anything—wash." Is ityourwashing,orthewater,thatwillcleanyou?Washandbeclean!Naaman'scleaningwasonlyatestofhisobedience,andatokenthatit was God who cleansed him. There was no power in Jordan's

waters to take away the taint of leprosy. Our cleansing is in thatbloodofJesusChristthathasthepowertotakeawayallsin,andtomakethefoulestamongstuspureandclean.

Onefinalwordmustbesaidabout the introduction to theanecdote.Aclumsy,inappropriate introduction is fatal, whereas a single apt orwitty sentencewillkindle interest and prepare a favorable hearing. The following extremeillustration,by theEnglishhumorist,CaptainHarryGraham,well satirizes thestumblingmanner:

ThebeststorythatIeverheardwasonethatIwastoldonceinthefallof1905(oritmayhavebeen1906),whenIwasvisitingBoston—atleast,IthinkitwasBoston;itmayhavebeenWashington(mymemoryissobad).

IhappenedtorunacrossamostamusingmanwhosenameIforget—WilliamsorWilsonorWilkins;somenamelikethat—andhetoldmethisstorywhilewewerewaitingforatrolleycar.

Icanstill rememberhowheartily I laughedat the time;andagain,thatevening,afterIhadgonetobed,howIlaughedmyselftosleeprecallingthehumorofthisincrediblyhumorousstory.Itwasreallyquiteextraordinarily funny. In fact, Ican truthfullyaffirmthat it isquite the most amusing story I have ever had the privilege ofhearing.Unfortunately,I'veforgottenit.

BiographicalFacts

Public speaking has much to do with personalities; naturally, therefore, thenarration of a series of biographical details, including anecdotes among therecitalofinterestingfacts,playsalargepartintheeulogy,thememorialaddress,the political speech, the sermon, the lecture, and other platform deliverances.Wholeaddressesmaybemadeupofsuchbiographicaldetails,suchasasermonon"Moses,"oralectureon"Lee."

The following example is in itself an expanded anecdote, forming a link in achain:

MARIUSINPRISON

Thepeculiar sublimityof theRomanminddoesnot express itself,norisitatalltobesought,intheirpoetry.Poetry,according to the

Roman ideal of it, was not an adequate organ for the grandermovementsof thenationalmind.Romansublimitymustbe lookedfor inRoman acts, and inRoman sayings.Where, again,will youfindamoreadequateexpressionoftheRomanmajesty, thaninthesayingofTrajan—Imperatoremoporterestantemmori—thatCæsarought todiestanding;a speechof imperatorialgrandeur! Implyingthat he, who was "the foremost man of all this world,"—and, inregard to all other nations, the representative of his own,—shouldexpress its characteristic virtue in his farewell act—should die inprocinctu—and should meet the last enemy as the first, with aRoman countenance and in a soldier's attitude. If this had animperatorial—what follows had a consular majesty, and is almostthegrandeststoryuponrecord.

Marius, the man who rose to be seven times consul, was in adungeon, and a slave was sent in with commission to put him todeath.Thesewerethepersons,—thetwoextremitiesofexaltedandforlornhumanity,itsvanwardanditsrearwardman,aRomanconsulandanabjectslave.Buttheirnaturalrelationstoeachotherwere,bythe caprice of fortune, monstrously inverted: the consul was inchains;theslavewasforamomentthearbiterofhisfate.Bywhatspells, what magic, did Marius reinstate himself in his naturalprerogatives?Bywhatmarvels drawn from heaven or from earth,did he, in the twinkling of an eye, again invest himself with thepurple, and place between himself and his assassin a host ofshadowylictors?Bythemereblanksupremacyofgreatmindsoverweak ones. He fascinated the slave, as a rattlesnake does a bird.Standing "like Teneriffe," he smote him with his eye, and said,"Tune, homo, audes occidere C. Marium?"—"Dost thou, fellow,presumetokillCaiusMarius?"Whereat,thereptile,quakingunderthevoice,nordaringtoaffronttheconsulareye,sankgentlytotheground—turned rounduponhishands and feet—and, crawlingoutoftheprisonlikeanyothervermin,leftMariusstandinginsolitudeassteadfastandimmovableasthecapitol.

—THOMASDEQUINCY.

Here is a similar example, prefaced by a general historical statement andconcludingwithautobiographicaldetails:

AREMINISCENCEOFLEXINGTON

Onerawmorninginspring—itwillbeeightyyearsthe19thdayofthis month—Hancock and Adams, the Moses and Aaron of thatGreat Deliverance, were both at Lexington; they also had"obstructed an officer" with brave words. British soldiers, athousand strong, came to seize them and carry them over sea fortrial, and so nip the bud of Freedom auspiciously opening in thatearly spring. The townmilitia came together before daylight, "fortraining."Agreat,tallman,withalargeheadandahigh,widebrow,theircaptain,—onewhohad"seenservice,"—marshalledthemintoline, numbering but seventy, and bade "every man load his piecewithpowderandball.Iwillorderthefirstmanshotthatrunsaway,"saidhe,whensomefaltered."Don'tfireunlessfiredupon,butiftheywanttohaveawar,letitbeginhere."

Gentlemen,youknowwhatfollowed;thosefarmersandmechanics"firedtheshotheardroundtheworld."Alittlemonumentcoversthebonesof suchasbeforehadpledged their fortuneand their sacredhonor to the Freedom of America, and that day gave it also theirlives.Iwasborninthatlittletown,andbredupamidthememoriesofthatday.Whenaboy,mymotherliftedmeup,oneSunday,inherreligious, patriotic arms, and held me while I read the firstmonumental lineIeversaw—"Sacred toLibertyand theRightsofMankind."

Since then I have studied the memorial marbles of Greece andRome,inmanyanancienttown;nay,onEgyptianobeliskshavereadwhatwaswrittenbefore theEternal raisedupMoses to lead Israelout of Egypt; but no chiseled stone has ever stirred me to suchemotionastheserusticnamesofmenwhofell"IntheSacredCauseofGodandtheirCountry."

Gentlemen, the Spirit of Liberty, the Love of Justice, were earlyfannedintoaflameinmyboyishheart.Thatmonumentcoversthebones ofmy own kinsfolk; itwas their bloodwhich reddened thelong,greengrassatLexington. Itwasmyownnamewhichstandschiseled on that stone; the tall captain whomarshalled his fellowfarmers andmechanics into stern array, and spoke such brave anddangerouswords as opened thewar ofAmerican Independence,—

thelasttoleavethefield,—wasmyfather'sfather.Ilearnedtoreadout of hisBible, andwith amusket he that day captured from thefoe,Ilearnedanotherreligiouslesson,that"RebelliontoTyrantsisObedience to God." I keep them both "Sacred to Liberty and theRightsofMankind,"tousethemboth"IntheSacredCauseofGodandmyCountry."—THEODOREPARKER.

NarrationofEventsinGeneral

In thiswider, emancipatednarrationwe findmuchminglingofother formsofdiscourse, greatly to the advantage of the speech, for this truth cannot be toostronglyemphasized:Theefficientspeakercutsloosefromformforthesakeofabig,freeeffect.Thepresentanalysesarefornootherpurposethantoacquaintyouwithform—donotallowanysuchmodels tohangasaweightaboutyourneck.

The following pure narration of events, from George William Curtis's "PaulRevere's Ride," varies the biographical recital in other parts of his famousoration:

That evening, at ten o'clock, eight hundred British troops, underLieutenant-ColonelSmith,tookboatatthefootoftheCommonandcrossed to theCambridge shore.Gage thought his secret hadbeenkept,butLordPercy,whohadheardthepeoplesayontheCommonthatthetroopswouldmisstheiraim,undeceivedhim.Gageinstantlyorderedthatnooneshouldleavethetown.Butasthetroopscrossedthe river, EbenezerDorr,with amessage toHancock andAdams,wasridingovertheNecktoRoxbury,andPaulReverewasrowingovertherivertoCharlestown,havingagreedwithhisfriend,RobertNewman,toshowlanternsfromthebelfryoftheOldNorthChurch—"Oneifbyland,andtwoifbysea"—asasignalofthemarchoftheBritish.

The following, from the same oration, beautifully mingles description withnarration:

Itwasabrilliantnight.Thewinterhadbeenunusuallymild,andthespringvery forward.Thehillswerealreadygreen.Theearlygrainwaved in the fields, and the air was sweet with the blossomingorchards.Already the robinswhistled, the bluebirds sang, and thebenedictionofpeaceresteduponthelandscape.Underthecloudless

moon the soldiers silentlymarched, and PaulRevere swiftly rode,galloping through Medford and West Cambridge, rousing everyhouseashewentspurringforLexingtonandHancockandAdams,and evading theBritish patrolswho had been sent out to stop thenews.

InthesucceedingextractfromanotherofMr.Curtis'saddresses,wehaveafreeuseofallegoryasillustration:

THELEADERSHIPOFEDUCATEDMEN

There is amodernEnglishpicturewhich thegeniusofHawthornemight have inspired. The painter calls it, "How they metthemselves."Aman and awoman, haggard andweary,wanderinglost in a somber wood, suddenly meet the shadowy figures of ayouthandamaid.Somemysterious fascination fixes thegazeandstillstheheartsofthewanderers,andtheiramazementdeepensintoaweas theygraduallyrecognize themselvesasonce theywere; thesoft bloom of youth upon their rounded cheeks, the dewy light ofhope in their trusting eyes, exulting confidence in their springingstep, themselves blithe and radiant with the glory of the dawn.Today, and here, we meet ourselves. Not to these familiar scenesalone—yonder college-green with its reverend traditions; thehalcyon cove of the Seekonk, upon which the memory of RogerWilliamsbroodslikeabirdofcalm;thehistoricbay,beatingforeverwiththemuffledoarsofBartonandofAbrahamWhipple;here,thehummingcityoftheliving;there,thepeacefulcityofthedead;—notto theseonlyor chieflydowe return, but toourselves asweoncewere. It is not the smiling freshmen of the year, it is your ownbeardlessandunwrinkledfaces,thatarelookingfromthewindowsofUniversityHall and ofHopeCollege.Under the trees upon thehill it is yourselves whom you see walking, full of hopes anddreams, glowing with conscious power, and "nourishing a youthsublime;"andinthisfamiliartemple,whichsurelyhasneverechoedwith eloquence so fervid and inspiring as that of yourcommencementorations,itisnotyonderyouthsinthegallerieswho,as they fondly believe, arewhispering to yondermaids; it is youryoungerselveswho,inthedaysthatarenomore,aremurmuringtothefairestmothersandgrandmothersofthosemaids.

Happy the worn and weary man and woman in the picture couldtheyhavefelttheiroldereyesstillglisteningwiththatearlierlight,and their hearts yet beating with undiminished sympathy andaspiration.Happywe,brethren,whatevermayhavebeenachieved,whateverleftundone,if,returningtothehomeofourearlieryears,webringwithus the illimitablehope, theunchilled resolution, theinextinguishablefaithofyouth.

—GEORGEWILLIAMCURTIS.


1.Clipfromanysourcetenanecdotesandstatewhattruthstheymaybeusedtoillustrate.

2.Deliverfiveoftheseinyourownlanguage,withoutmakinganyapplication.

3. From the ten, deliver one so as to make the application before telling theanecdote.

4.Deliveranothersoastosplittheapplication.

5.Deliveranothersoastomaketheapplicationafterthenarration.

6.Deliveranotherinsuchawayastomakeaspecificapplicationneedless.

7.Givethreewaysofintroducingananecdote,bysayingwhereyouheardit,etc.

8.Deliveranillustrationthat isnotstrictlyananecdote, inthestyleofCurtis'sspeechonpage259.

9.Deliveranaddressonanypubliccharacter,usingtheformsillustratedinthischapter.

10.Deliveranaddressonsomehistoricaleventinthesamemanner.

11. Explain how the sympathies and viewpoint of the speaker will color ananecdote,abiography,orahistoricalaccount.

12.Illustratehowthesameanecdote,orasectionofahistoricaladdress,maybegiventwodifferenteffectsbypersonalprejudice.

13. What would be the effect of shifting the viewpoint in the midst of a

narration?

14. What is the danger of using too much humor in an address? Too muchpathos?

FOOTNOTES:


CHAPTERXXII

INFLUENCINGBYSUGGESTION

Sometimes the feeling that a given way of looking at things isundoubtedly correct prevents the mind from thinking at all.... Inview of the hindrances which certain kinds or degrees of feelingthrowintothewayofthinking,itmightbeinferredthatthethinkermust suppress the element of feeling in the inner life. No greatermistakecouldbemade.IftheCreatorendowedmanwiththepowertothink,tofeel,andtowill,theseseveralactivitiesofthemindarenotdesignedtobeinconflict,andsolongasanyoneofthemisnotperverted or allowed to run to excess, it necessarily aids andstrengthenstheothersintheirnormalfunctions.

—NATHANC.SCHAEFFER,ThinkingandLearningtoThink.

Whenweweigh, compare, and decide upon the value of any given ideas,wereason;whenanideaproducesinusanopinionoranaction,withoutfirstbeingsubjectedtodeliberation,wearemovedbysuggestion.

Manwas formerly thought tobea reasoninganimal,basinghisactionson theconclusionsofnaturallogic.Itwassupposedthatbeforeforminganopinionordecidingonacourseofconductheweighedatleastsomeofthereasonsforandagainst thematter, and performed amore or less simple process of reasoning.But modern research has shown that quite the opposite is true. Most of ouropinionsandactionsarenotbaseduponconsciousreasoning,butaretheresultofsuggestion. In fact, someauthoritiesdeclare thatanactofpurereasoning isvery rare in the average mind. Momentous decisions are made, far-reachingactionsaredeterminedupon,primarilybytheforceofsuggestion.

Notice that word "primarily," for simple thought, and evenmature reasoning,oftenfollowsasuggestionacceptedinthemind,andthethinkerfondlysupposesthathisconclusionisfromfirsttolastbasedoncoldlogic.

TheBasisofSuggestion

Wemustthinkofsuggestionbothasaneffectandasacause.Consideredasaneffect,orobjectively,theremustbesomethinginthehearerthatpredisposeshimtoreceivesuggestion;consideredasacause,orsubjectively,theremustbesomemethods by which the speaker can move upon that particularly susceptibleattitudeofthehearer.Howtodothishonestlyandfairlyisourproblem—todoitdishonestlyandtrickily, tousesuggestion tobringaboutconvictionandactionwithout abasisof right and truthand inabadcause, is to assume the terribleresponsibility thatmustfallon thechampionoferror.Jesusscornednot tousesuggestionsothathemightmovementotheirbenefit,buteveryvicioustricksterhas adopted the same means to reach base ends. Therefore honest men willexaminewellintotheirmotivesandintothetruthoftheircause,beforeseekingtoinfluencemenbysuggestion.

Threefundamentalconditionsmakeusallsusceptivetosuggestion:

Wenaturallyrespectauthority.Ineverymindthisisonlyaquestionofdegree,ranging from the subject who is easily hypnotized to the stubborn mind thatfortifies itself themorestronglywitheveryassaultupon itsopinion.The lattertypeisalmostimmunetosuggestion.

Oneof thesingular thingsaboutsuggestion is that it is rarelya fixedquantity.The mind that is receptive to the authority of a certain person may proveinflexibletoanother;moodsandenvironmentsthatproducehypnosisreadilyinone instance may be entirely inoperative in another; and some minds canscarcely ever be thus moved. We do know, however, that the feeling of thesubject that authority—influence, power, domination, control, whatever youwishtocallit—liesinthepersonofthesuggester,isthebasisofallsuggestion.

Theextremeforceofthisinfluenceisdemonstratedinhypnotism.Thehypnoticsubjectistoldthatheisinthewater;heacceptsthestatementastrueandmakesswimmingmotions.Heistoldthatabandismarchingdownthestreet,playing"TheStarSpangledBanner;"hedeclareshehears themusic,arisesandstandswithheadbared.

In thesamewaysomespeakersareable toachieveamodifiedhypnoticeffect

upontheiraudiences.Thehearerswillapplaudmeasuresandideaswhich,afterindividual reflection, they will repudiate unless such reflection brings theconvictionthatthefirstimpressioniscorrect.

A second important principle is that our feelings, thoughts and wills tend tofollowthelineofleastresistance.Onceopenthemindtotheswayofonefeelinganditrequiresagreaterpoweroffeeling,thought,orwill—orevenallthree—tounseatit.Ourfeelingsinfluenceourjudgmentsandvolitionsmuchmorethanwecare toadmit.Sotrue is this that it isasuperhumantask togetanaudiencetoreason fairly on a subject on which it feels deeply, and when this result isaccomplished the success becomes noteworthy, as in the case of HenryWardBeecher'sLiverpoolspeech.Emotionalideasonceacceptedaresooncherished,andfinallybecomeourveryinmostselves.Attitudesbasedonfeelingsaloneareprejudices.

What is trueofour feelings, in this respect, applies toour ideas:All thoughtsthat enter the mind tend to be accepted as truth unless a stronger andcontradictorythoughtarises.

Thespeakerskilledinmovingmentoactionmanagestodominatethemindsofhis audience with his thoughts by subtly prohibiting the entertaining of ideashostiletohisown.Mostofusarecapturedbythelateststrongattack,andifwecanbeinducedtoactwhileunderthestressofthatlastinsistentthought,welosesight of counter influences. The fact is that almost all our decisions—if theyinvolvethoughtatall—areofthissort:Atthemomentofdecisionthecourseofaction thenunder contemplationusurps the attention, andconflicting ideas aredroppedoutofconsideration.

Theheadofalargepublishinghouseremarkedonlyrecentlythatninetypercentof the people who bought books by subscription never read them. They buybecausethesalesmanpresentshiswaressoskillfullythateveryconsiderationbuttheattractivenessof thebookdropsoutof themind,and that thoughtpromptsaction.Everyideathatentersthemindwillresultinactionunlessacontradictorythoughtarisestoprohibitit.Thinkofsingingthemusicalscaleanditwillresultinyoursinging itunless thecounter-thoughtof its futilityorabsurdity inhibitsyour action. If youbandage and "doctor" a horse's foot, hewill go lame.Youcannot think of swallowing, without the muscles used in that process beingaffected.Youcannot thinkofsaying"hello,"withoutaslightmovementof themuscles of speech. To warn children that they should not put beans up theirnosesisthesurestmethodofgettingthemtodoit.Everythoughtcalledupinthe

mindofyouraudiencewillworkeitherfororagainstyou.Thoughtsarenotdeadmatter; they radiatedynamicenergy—the thoughtsall tend topass intoaction."Thought is anothername for fate."Dominateyourhearers' thoughts, allay allcontradictoryideas,andyouwillswaythemasyouwish.

Volitions as well as feelings and thoughts tend to follow the line of leastresistance.That iswhatmakeshabit.Suggest toaman that it is impossible tochange his mind and in most cases it becomes more difficult to do so—theexceptionisthemanwhonaturallyjumpstothecontrary.Countersuggestionistheonlywaytoreachhim.Suggestsubtlyandpersistentlythat theopinionsofthose in the audience who are opposed to your views are changing, and itrequires an effort of the will—in fact, a summoning of the forces of feeling,thoughtandwill—tostemthetideofchangethathassubconsciouslysetin.

But, not only are we moved by authority, and tend toward channels of leastresistance:Weareallinfluencedbyourenvironments.Itisdifficulttoriseabovetheswayofacrowd—itsenthusiasmsanditsfearsarecontagiousbecausetheyaresuggestive.Whatsomanyfeel,wesaytoourselves,musthavesomebasisintruth.Ten times tenmakesmore thanonehundred.Set tenmentospeaking totenaudiencesof tenmeneach, andcompare the aggregatepowerof those tenspeakerswith that of oneman addressing one hundredmen.The ten speakersmay bemore logically convincing than the single orator, but the chances arestronglyinfavoroftheoneman'sreachingagreatertotaleffect,forthehundredmenwillradiateconvictionandresolutionastensmallgroupscouldnot.Weallknow the truism about the enthusiasm of numbers. (See the chapter on"InfluencingtheCrowd.")

Environment controls us unless the contrary is strongly suggested. A gloomyday, in a drab room, sparsely tenanted by listeners, invites platform disaster.Everyonefeelsitintheair.Butletthespeakerwalksquarelyuptotheissueandsuggest by all his feeling, manner and words that this is going to be a greatgatheringineveryvitalsense,andseehowthesuggestivepowerofenvironmentrecedesbeforetheadvanceofamorepotentsuggestion—ifsuchthespeakerisabletomakeit.

Nowthesethreefactors—respectforauthority,tendencytofollowlinesofleastresistance,andsusceptibilitytoenvironment—allhelptobringtheauditorintoastate of mind favorable to suggestive influences, but they also react on thespeaker, and nowwemust consider those personally causative, or subjective,forceswhichenablehimtousesuggestioneffectively.

HowtheSpeakerCanMakeSuggestionEffective

Wehaveseenthatundertheinfluenceofauthoritativesuggestiontheaudienceisinclinedtoacceptthespeaker'sassertionwithoutargumentandcriticism.Buttheaudience is not in this state of mind unless it has implicit confidence in thespeaker. If they lack faith inhim,questionhismotivesor knowledge, or evenobjecttohismannertheywillnotbemovedbyhismostlogicalconclusionandwillfailtogivehimajusthearing.Itisallamatteroftheirconfidenceinhim.Whetherthespeakerfindsitalreadyinthewarm,expectantlookofhishearers,ormust win to it against opposition or coldness, hemust gain that one greatvantagepointbeforehissuggestionstakeonpowerintheheartsofhislisteners.ConfidenceisthemotherofConviction.

NoteintheopeningofHenryW.Grady'safter-dinnerspeechhowheattemptedtosecuretheconfidenceofhisaudience.Hecreatedareceptiveatmospherebyahumorous story; expressed his desire to speak with earnestness and sincerity;acknowledged "the vast interests involved;" deprecated his "untried arm," andprofessedhishumility.Wouldnot suchan introductiongiveyouconfidence inthespeaker,unlessyouwerestronglyopposedtohim?Andeventhen,woulditnotpartlydisarmyourantagonism?

Mr.President:—Biddenbyyourinvitationtoadiscussionoftheraceproblem—forbidden by occasion to make a political speech—Iappreciate,intryingtoreconcileorderswithpropriety,theperplexityof the littlemaid,who, bidden to learn to swim,was yet adjured,"Now, go, my darling; hang your clothes on a hickory limb, anddon'tgonearthewater."

Thestoutestapostleof theChurch, theysay, is themissionary,andthemissionary,whereverheunfurlshisflag,willneverfindhimselfindeeperneedofunctionandaddressthanI,biddentonighttoplantthestandardofaSouthernDemocratinBoston'sbanquethall,andtodiscuss the problem of the races in the home of Phillips and ofSumner. But, Mr. President, if a purpose to speak in perfectfranknessandsincerity;ifearnestunderstandingofthevastinterestsinvolved;ifaconsecratingsenseofwhatdisastermayfollowfurthermisunderstanding and estrangement; if these may be counted tosteadyundisciplinedspeechandtostrengthenanuntriedarm—then,sir,Ishallfindthecouragetoproceed.

Note alsoMr.Bryan's attempt to secure the confidence of his audience in thefollowing introduction to his "Cross of Gold" speech delivered before theNationalDemocraticConventioninChicago,1896.Heassertshisowninabilitytoopposethe"distinguishedgentleman;"hemaintainstheholinessofhiscause;andhedeclaresthathewillspeakintheinterestofhumanity—wellknowingthathumanity is likely to have confidence in the champion of their rights. Thisintroductioncompletelydominatedtheaudience,andthespeechmadeMr.Bryanfamous.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: I would bepresumptuous indeed to present myself against the distinguishedgentlementowhomyouhavelistenedifthiswereameremeasuringofabilities;butthisisnotacontestbetweenpersons.Thehumblestcitizeninalltheland,whencladinthearmorofarighteouscause,isstrongerthanallthehostsoferror.Icometospeaktoyouindefenseofacauseasholyasthecauseofliberty—thecauseofhumanity.

Somespeakersareabletobegetconfidencebytheirverymanner,whileotherscannot.

To secure confidence, be confident. How can you expect others to accept amessage inwhich you lack, or seem to lack, faith yourself? Confidence is ascontagious as disease. Napoleon rebuked an officer for using the word"impossible" inhispresence.Thespeakerwhowillentertainno ideaofdefeatbegetsinhishearerstheideaofhisvictory.LadyMacbethwassoconfidentofsuccess that Macbeth changed his mind about undertaking the assassination.ColumbuswassocertaininhismissionthatQueenIsabellapawnedherjewelstofinancehisexpedition.Assertyourmessagewithimplicitassurance,andyourownbeliefwillactassomuchgunpowdertodriveithome.

Advertisershavelongutilizedthisprinciple."Themachineyouwilleventuallybuy,""Askthemanwhoownsone,""HasthestrengthofGibraltar,"arepublicitysloganssofullofconfidencethattheygivebirthtoconfidenceinthemindofthereader.

Itshould—butmaynot!—gowithoutsaying thatconfidencemusthaveasolidground ofmerit or therewill be a ridiculous crash. It is all verywell for the"spellbinder" to claim all the precincts—the official count is just ahead. Thereactionagainstover-confidenceandover-suggestionoughttowarnthosewhosechiefassetismerebluff.

A short time ago a speaker arose in a public-speaking club and asserted thatgrasswouldspringfromwood-ashessprinkledoverthesoil,withouttheaidofseed. This idea was greetedwith a laugh, but the speaker was so sure of hisposition that he reiterated the statement forcefully several times and cited hisown personal experience as proof. One of the most intelligent men in theaudience,whoatfirsthadderidedtheidea,atlengthcametobelieveinit.Whenasked the reason for his sudden change of attitude, he replied: "Because thespeakerissoconfident."Infact,hewassoconfidentthatittookaletterfromtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturetodislodgehiserror.

If by a speaker's confidence, intelligent men can be made to believe suchpreposterous theories as thiswherewill thepowerof self-reliance ceasewhenplausiblepropositions areunder consideration, advancedwith all thepowerofconvincingspeech?

Notetheutterassuranceintheseselections:

I know not what course others may take, but as for me give melibertyorgivemedeath.—PATRICKHENRY.

Ine'erwillaskyequarter,andIne'erwillbeyourslave;ButI'llswimtheseaofslaughter,tillIsinkbeneathitswave.

—PATTEN.

Comeone,comeall.ThisrockshallflyFromitsfirmbaseassoonasI.

—SIRWALTERSCOTT

INVICTUS

Outofthenightthatcoversme,Blackasthepitfrompoletopole,

IthankwhateverGodsmaybeFormyunconquerablesoul.

Inthefellclutchofcircumstance

Ihavenotwincednorcriedaloud;UnderthebludgeoningsofchanceMyheadisbloody,butunbowed.

BeyondthisplaceofwrathandtearsLoomsbuttheHorroroftheshade,

AndyetthemenaceoftheyearsFindsandshallfindmeunafraid.

Itmattersnothowstraitthegate,Howchargedwithpunishmentsthescroll,

Iamthemasterofmyfate;Iamthecaptainofmysoul.

—WILLIAMERNESTHENLEY.

Authority is a factor in suggestion.We generally accept as truth, andwithoutcriticism,thewordsofanauthority.Whenhespeaks,contradictoryideasrarelyariseinthemindtoinhibittheactionhesuggests.AjudgeoftheSupremeCourthasthepowerofhiswordsmultipliedbythevirtueofhisposition.TheideasoftheU.S.Commissionerof Immigrationonhissubjectaremuchmoreeffectiveandpowerfulthanthoseofasoapmanufacturer,thoughthelattermaybeanableeconomist.

Thisprinciplealsohasbeenusedinadvertising.Wearetoldthatthephysiciansto twoKings have recommended Sanatogen.We are informed that the largestbankinAmerica,TiffanyandCo.,andTheState,War,andNavyDepartments,all use the Encyclopedia Britannica. The shrewd promoter gives stock in hiscompanytoinfluentialbankersorbusinessmeninthecommunityinorderthathemayusetheirexamplesasasellingargument.

Ifyouwish to influenceyour audience through suggestion, ifyouwouldhaveyour statements acceptedwithout criticism or argument, you should appear inthe light of an authority—and be one. Ignorance and credulity will remainunchanged unless the suggestion of authority be followed promptly by facts.Don't claimauthorityunlessyoucarryyour license inyourpocket.Let reasonsupportthepositionthatsuggestionhasassumed.

Advertisingwillhelptoestablishyourreputation—itis"uptoyou"tomaintainit.One speaker found that his reputation as amagazinewriterwas a splendid

asset as a speaker.Mr. Bryan's publicity, gained by three nominations for thepresidencyandhispositionasSecretaryofState,helpshim tocommand largesums as a speaker. But—back of it all, he is a great speaker. Newspaperannouncements,allkindsofadvertising,formality,impressiveintroductions,allhaveacapitaleffectontheattitudeof theaudience.Buthowridiculousarealltheseifatoypistolisadvertisedasasixteen-inchgun!

Note how authority is used in the following to support the strength of thespeaker'sappeal:

Professor Alfred Russell Wallace has just celebrated his 90thbirthday. Sharing with Charles Darwin the honor of discoveringevolution, Professor Wallace has lately received many and signalhonorsfromscientificsocieties.AtthedinnergivenhiminLondonhisaddresswaslargelymadeupofreminiscences.HereviewedtheprogressofcivilizationduringthelastcenturyandmadeaseriesofbrilliantandstartlingcontrastsbetweentheEnglandof1813andtheworld of 1913.He affirmed that our progress is only seeming andnotreal.ProfessorWallaceinsiststhatthepainters,thesculptors,thearchitectsofAthensandRomeweresosuperiortothemodernmenthattheveryfragmentsoftheirmarblesandtemplesarethedespairof the present day artists. He tells us that man has improved histelescopeandspectacles,butthatheislosinghiseyesight;thatmanis improving his looms, but stiffening his fingers; improving hisautomobile and his locomotive, but losing his legs; improving hisfoods,butlosinghisdigestion.Headdsthatthemodernwhiteslavetraffic, orphan asylums, and tenement house life in factory towns,makeablackpageinthehistoryofthetwentiethcentury.

Professor Wallace's views are reinforced by the report of thecommissionofParliamenton thecausesof thedeteriorationof thefactory-classpeople.InourowncountryProfessorJordanwarnsusagainst war, intemperance, overworking, underfeeding of poorchildren,anddisturbsourcontentmentwithhis"HarvestofBlood."Professor Jenks is more pessimistic. He thinks that the pace, theclimate, and the stress of city life, have broken down the Puritanstock, that in another century our old familieswill be extinct, andthat the flood of immigration means a Niagara of muddy watersfouling the pure springs of American life. In his address in NewHaven Professor Kellogg calls the roll of the signs of race

degeneracyandtellsusthatthisdeteriorationevenindicatesatrendtowardraceextinction.

—NEWELLDWIGHTHILLIS.

From every side come warnings to the American people. Ourmedical journals are filled with danger signals; new books andmagazines, fresh from thepress, tellusplainly thatourpeoplearefronting a social crisis. Mr. Jefferson, who was once regarded asgoodDemocraticauthority,seemstohavediffered inopinionfromthe gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority.Thosewhoareopposed to thisproposition tellus that the issueofpaper money is a function of the bank, and that the governmentoughttogooutofthebankingbusiness.IstandwithJeffersonratherthanwiththem,andtellthem,ashedid,thattheissueofmoneyisafunctionof government, and that thebanksought to goout of thegoverningbusiness.

—WILLIAMJENNINGSBRYAN.

Authorityisthegreatweaponagainstdoubt,butevenitsforcecanrarelyprevailagainstprejudiceandpersistentwrong-headedness.Ifanyspeakerhasbeenabletoforgeaswordthatiswarrantedtopiecesucharmor,lethimblesshumanitybysharinghissecretwithhisplatformbrethreneverywhere,forthusfarheisaloneinhisglory.

Thereisamiddle-groundbetweenthesuggestionofauthorityandtheconfessionofweaknessthatoffersawiderangefortactinthespeaker.Noonecanadviseyou when to throw your "hat in the ring" and say defiantly at the outstart,"Gentlemen, I am here to fight!" Theodore Roosevelt can do that—BeecherwouldhavebeenmobbedifhehadbeguninthatstyleatLiverpool.Itisforyourown tact to decide whether you will use the disarming grace of Henry W.Grady's introduction just quoted (even the time-worn jokewas ingenuous andseemedtosay,"Gentlemen,Icometoyouwithnocarefully-palmedcoins"),orwhetherthesolemngravityofMr.BryanbeforetheConventionwillprovetobemoreeffective.Onlybesurethatyouropeningattitudeiswellthoughtout,andifitchangeasyouwarmuptoyoursubject,letnotthechangelayyouopentoarevulsionoffeelinginyouraudience.

Example is a powerful means of suggestion. As we saw while thinking ofenvironment in its effectsonanaudience,wedo,without theusualamountof

hesitation and criticism, what others are doing. Paris wears certain hats andgowns;therestoftheworldimitates.Thechildmimicstheactions,accentsandintonations of the parent.Were a child never to hear anyone speak, hewouldneveracquirethepowerofspeech,unlessundermostarduoustraining,andeventhenonlyimperfectly.OneofthebiggestdepartmentstoresintheUnitedStatesspendsfortunesononeadvertisingslogan:"Everybodyisgoingtothebigstore."Thatmakeseverybodywanttogo.

Youcanreinforcethepowerofyourmessagebyshowingthatithasbeenwidelyaccepted.Politicalorganizationssubsidizeapplausetocreatetheimpressionthattheir speakers' ideas are warmly received and approved by the audience. Theadvocates of the commission-form of government of cities, the champions ofvotesforwomen,reserveastheirstrongestargumentsthefactthatanumberofcitiesandstateshavealreadysuccessfullyacceptedtheirplans.Advertisementsusethetestimonialforitspowerofsuggestion.

Observe how this principle has been applied in the following selections, andutilize it on every occasion possible in your attempts to influence throughsuggestion:

Thewarisactuallybegun.ThenextgalethatsweepsfromtheNorthwillbringtoourearstheclashofresoundingarms.Ourbrethrenarealreadyinthefield.Whystandyehereidle?

—PATRICKHENRY.

WithazealapproachingthezealwhichinspiredtheCrusaderswhofollowed Peter the Hermit, our silver Democrats went forth fromvictoryuntovictoryuntiltheyarenowassembled,nottodiscuss,nottodebate,buttoenterupthejudgmentalreadyrenderedbytheplainpeople of this country. In this contest brother has been arrayedagainst brother, father against son. The warmest ties of love,acquaintance, and association have been disregarded; old leadershave been cast aside when they refused to give expression to thesentiments of thosewhom theywould lead, and new leaders havesprung up to give direction to this cause of truth. Thus has thecontestbeenwaged,andwehaveassembledhereunderasbindingandsolemninstructionsaswereeverimposeduponrepresentativesofthepeople.

—WILLIAMJENNINGSBRYAN.

Figurativeandindirectlanguagehassuggestiveforce,becauseitdoesnotmakestatementsthatcanbedirectlydisputed.Itarousesnocontradictoryideasintheminds of the audience, thereby fulfilling one of the basic requisites ofsuggestion.Byimplyingaconclusioninindirectorfigurativelanguageitisoftenassertedmostforcefully.

Note that in the followingMr.Bryandidnot say thatMr.McKinleywouldbedefeated.Heimplieditinamuchmoreeffectivemanner:

Mr.McKinleywas nominated at St. Louis upon a platformwhichdeclared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it can bechangedintobimetallismbyinternationalagreement.Mr.McKinleywasthemostpopularmanamongtheRepublicans,andthreemonthsagoeverybodyintheRepublicanpartyprophesiedhiselection.Howis it today?Why, themanwhowas once pleased to think that helooked like Napoleon—that man shudders today when heremembersthathewasnominatedontheanniversaryofthebattleofWaterloo. Not only that, but as he listens he can hear with ever-increasingdistinctnessthesoundofthewavesastheybeatuponthelonelyshoresofSt.Helena.

Had Thomas Carlyle said: "A false man cannot found a religion," his wordswouldhavebeenneithersosuggestivenorsopowerful,norsolongrememberedashisimplicationinthesestrikingwords:

Afalsemanfoundareligion?Why,afalsemancannotbuildabrickhouse!Ifhedoesnotknowandfollowtrulythepropertiesofmortar,burntclay,andwhatelseheworksin,itisnohousethathemakes,butarubbishheap.Itwillnotstandfortwelvecenturies,tolodgeahundred and eightymillions; it will fall straightway. A man mustconform himself to Nature's laws, be verily in communion withNatureandthetruthofthings,orNaturewillanswerhim,No,notatall!

Observehow thepicture thatWebster drawshere ismuchmore emphatic andforcefulthananymereassertioncouldbe:

Sir, Iknownothowothersmayfeel,butas formyselfwhenI seemyalmamatersurrounded,likeCaesarinthesenatehouse,bythosewho are reiterating stab after stab, Iwould not for this right handhaveherturntomeandsay,"Andthou,too,myson!"—WEBSTER.

Aspeechshouldbebuiltonsoundlogicalfoundations,andnomanshoulddareto speak in behalf of a fallacy. Arguing a subject, however, will necessarilyarousecontradictoryideasinthemindofyouraudience.Whenimmediateactionor persuasion is desired, suggestion ismore efficacious than argument—whenbotharejudiciouslymixed,theeffectisirresistible.


1.Makeanoutline,orbrief,ofthecontentsofthischapter.

2.Revisetheintroductiontoanyofyourwrittenaddresses,withtheteachingsofthischapterinmind.

3.Givetwooriginalexamplesofthepowerofsuggestionasyouhaveobserveditineachofthesefields:(a)advertising;(b)politics;(c)publicsentiment.

4.Giveoriginalexamplesofsuggestivespeech,illustratingtwooftheprinciplessetforthinthischapter.

5. What reasons can you give that disprove the general contention of thischapter?

6.Whatreasonsnotalreadygivenseemtoyoutosupportit?

7.Whateffectdohisownsuggestionshaveonthespeakerhimself?

8.Cansuggestionarisefromtheaudience?Ifso,showhow.

9.SelecttwoinstancesofsuggestioninthespeechesfoundintheAppendix.

10. Change any two passages in the same, or other, speeches so as to usesuggestionmoreeffectively.

11.Deliverthosepassagesintherevisedform.

12.Choosingyourownsubject,prepareanddeliverashortspeechlargelyinthesuggestivestyle.

CHAPTERXXIII

INFLUENCINGBYARGUMENT

Commonsenseisthecommonsenseofmankind.Itistheproductofcommon observation and experience. It is modest, plain, andunsophisticated. It sees with everybody's eyes, and hears witheverybody's ears. It has no capricious distinctions, no perplexities,and no mysteries. It never equivocates, and never trifles. Itslanguage is always intelligible. It is knownby clearness of speechandsinglenessofpurpose.

—GEORGEJACOBHOLYOAKE,PublicSpeakingandDebate.

Theverynameoflogicisawesometomostyoungspeakers,butsosoonastheycometorealizethatitsprocesses,evenwhenmostintricate,aremerelytechnicalstatements of the truths enforced by common sense, itwill lose its terrors. Infact,logic[25]isafascinatingsubject,wellworththepublicspeaker'sstudy,foritexplainstheprinciplesthatgoverntheuseofargumentandproof.

Argumentation is the process of producing conviction bymeans of reasoning.Otherways of producing conviction there are, notably suggestion, aswehavejust shown,butnomeans is sohigh, soworthyof respect, as the adducingofsoundreasonsinsupportofacontention.

Sincemorethanonesideofasubjectmustbeconsideredbeforewecanclaimtohave deliberated upon it fairly,we ought to think of argumentation under twoaspects: building up an argument, and tearing down an argument; that is, youmustnotonlyexamineintothestabilityofyourstructureofargumentsothatitmaybothsupportthepropositionyouintendtoprobeandyetbesosoundthatitcannot be overthrown by opponents, but you must also be so keen to detectdefects inargumentthatyouwillbeabletodemolishtheweakerargumentsofthosewhoargueagainstyou.

We can consider argumentation only generally, leaving minute and technicaldiscussions to such excellent works as George P. Baker's "The Principles ofArgumentation," andGeorge JacobHolyoake's "Public Speaking andDebate."Any good college rhetoric also will give help on the subject, especially theworksofJohnFranklinGenungandAdamsShermanHill.Thestudentisurgedtofamiliarizehimselfwithatleastoneofthesetexts.

Thefollowingseriesofquestionswill,itishoped,serveatriplepurpose:thatof

suggestingtheformsofprooftogetherwiththewaysinwhichtheymaybeused;that of helping the speaker to test the strength of his arguments; and that ofenablingthespeakertoattackhisopponent'sargumentswithbothkeennessandjustice.

TESTINGANARGUMENT

I.THEQUESTIONUNDERDISCUSSION

1.Isitclearlystated?

(a)Dothetermsofstatementmeanthesametoeachdisputant?(Forexample,themeaningoftheterm"gentleman"maynotbemutuallyagreedupon.)

(b)Isconfusionlikelytoariseastoitspurpose?

2.Isitfairlystated?

(a)Doesitincludeenough?

(b)Doesitincludetoomuch?

(c)Isitstatedsoastocontainatrap?

3.Isitadebatablequestion?

4.Whatisthepivotalpointinthewholequestion?

5.Whatarethesubordinatepoints?

II.THEEVIDENCE

1.Thewitnessesastofacts

(a)Iseachwitnessimpartial?Whatishisrelationtothesubjectatissue?

(b)Ishementallycompetent?

(c)Ishemorallycredible?

(d)Isheinapositiontoknowthefacts?Isheaneye-witness?

(e)Isheawillingwitness?

(f)Ishistestimonycontradicted?

(g)Ishistestimonycorroborated?

(h)Ishistestimonycontrarytowell-knownfactsorgeneralprinciples?

(i)Isitprobable?

2.Theauthoritiescitedasevidence

(a)Istheauthoritywell-recognizedassuch?

(b)Whatconstituteshimanauthority?

(c)Ishisinterestinthecaseanimpartialone?

(d)Doeshestatehisopinionpositivelyandclearly?

(e)Arethenon-personalauthoritiescited(books,etc.)reliableandunprejudiced?

3.Thefactsadducedasevidence

(a)Aretheysufficientinnumbertoconstituteproof?

(b)Aretheyweightyenoughincharacter?

(c)Aretheyinharmonywithreason?

(d)Aretheymutuallyharmoniousorcontradictory?

(e)Aretheyadmitted,doubted,ordisputed?

4.Theprinciplesadducedasevidence

(a)Aretheyaxiomatic?

(b)Aretheytruthsofgeneralexperience?

(c)Aretheytruthsofspecialexperience?

(d)Aretheytruthsarrivedatbyexperiment?Weresuchexperimentsspecialorgeneral?Weretheexperimentsauthoritativeandconclusive?

III.THEREASONING

1.Inductions

(a)Arethefactsnumerousenoughtowarrantacceptingthegeneralizationasbeingconclusive?

(b)Dothefactsagreeonlywhenconsideredinthelightofthisexplanationasaconclusion?

(c)Haveyouoverlookedanycontradictoryfacts?

(d)Arethecontradictoryfactssufficientlyexplainedwhenthisinferenceisacceptedastrue?

(e)Areallcontrarypositionsshowntoberelativelyuntenable?

(f)Haveyouacceptedmereopinionsasfacts?

2.Deductions

(a)Isthelaworgeneralprincipleawell-establishedone?

(b)Doesthelaworprincipleclearlyincludethefactyouwishtodeducefromit,orhaveyoustrainedtheinference?

(c)Doestheimportanceofthelaworprinciplewarrantsoimportantaninference?

(d)Canthedeductionbeshowntoprovetoomuch?

3.Parallelcases

(a)Arethecasesparallelatenoughpointstowarrantaninferenceofsimilarcauseoreffect?

(b)Arethecasesparallelatthevitalpointatissue?

(c)Hastheparallelismbeenstrained?

(d)Aretherenootherparallelsthatwouldpointtoastrongercontraryconclusion?

4.Inferences

(a)Aretheantecedentconditionssuchaswouldmaketheallegationprobable?(Characterandopportunitiesoftheaccused,forexample.)

(b)Arethesignsthatpointtotheinferenceeitherclearornumerousenoughtowarrantitsacceptanceasfact?

(c)Arethesignscumulative,andagreeableonewiththeother?

(d)Couldthesignsbemadetopointtoacontraryconclusion?

5.Syllogisms

(a)Haveanystepsbeenomittedinthesyllogisms?(Suchasinasyllogisminenthymeme.)Ifso,testanysuchbyfillingoutthesyllogisms.

(b)Haveyoubeenguiltyofstatingaconclusionthatreallydoesnotfollow?(Anonsequitur.)

(c)Canyoursyllogismbereducedtoanabsurdity?(Reductioadabsurdum.)


1.Showwhyanunsupportedassertionisnotanargument.

2.Illustratehowanirrelevantfactmaybemadetoseemtosupportanargument.

3.Whatinferencesmayjustlybemadefromthefollowing?

DuringtheBoerWaritwasfoundthattheaverageEnglishmandidnotmeasureuptothestandardsofrecruitingandtheaveragesoldierin the field manifested a low plane of vitality and endurance.Parliament, alarmed by the disastrous consequences, instituted aninvestigation. The commission appointed brought in a finding thatalcoholicpoisoningwasthegreatcauseofthenationaldegeneracy.The investigations of the commission have been supplemented byinvestigations of scientific bodies and individual scientists, allarriving at the same conclusion. As a consequence, the BritishGovernment has placarded the streets of a hundred cities withbillboards setting forth the destructive and degenerating nature ofalcohol and appealing to the people in the name of the nation todesist fromdrinkingalcoholicbeverages.UndereffortsdirectedbytheGovernmenttheBritishArmyisfastbecominganarmyoftotalabstainers.

The Governments of continental Europe followed the lead of theBritishGovernment.TheFrenchGovernmenthasplacardedFrancewith appeals to the people, attributing the decline of the birth rateand increase in the death rate to the widespread use of alcoholicbeverages.TheexperienceoftheGermanGovernmenthasbeenthesame.TheGermanEmperorhasclearlystatedthatleadershipinwarandinpeacewillbeheldbythenationthatrootsoutalcohol.Hehasundertakentoeliminateeventhedrinkingofbeer,sofaraspossible,from the German Army and Navy.—RICHMOND PEARSON HOBSON,BeforetheU.S.Congress.

4.Sincetheburdenofproofliesonhimwhoattacksaposition,orarguesforachangeinaffairs,howwouldhisopponentbelikelytoconducthisownpartofadebate?

5.Define(a)syllogism;(b)rebuttal;(c)"beggingthequestion;"(d)premise;(e)rejoinder;(f)sur-rejoinder;(g)dilemma;(h)induction;(i)deduction;(j)apriori;(k)aposteriori;(l)inference.

6.Criticisethisreasoning:

Menoughtnottosmoketobacco,becausetodosoiscontrarytobestmedical opinion. My physician has expressly condemned thepractise,andisamedicalauthorityinthiscountry.

7.Criticisethisreasoning:

Menoughtnottoswearprofanely,becauseit iswrong.It iswrongforthereasonthatitiscontrarytotheMoralLaw,anditiscontraryto the Moral Law because it is contrary to the Scriptures. It iscontrary to theScripturesbecause it iscontrary tothewillofGod,andweknowitiscontrarytoGod'swillbecauseitiswrong.

8.Criticisethissyllogism:

MAJORPREMISE:Allmenwhohavenocaresarehappy.MINORPREMISE:Slovenlymenarecareless.CONCLUSION:Therefore,slovenlymenarehappy.

9.Criticisethefollowingmajor,orfoundation,premises:

Allisnotgoldthatglitters.

Allcoldmaybeexpelledbyfire.

10.Criticisethefollowingfallacy(nonsequitur):

MAJORPREMISE:Allstrongmenadmirestrength.MINORPREMISE:Thismanisnotstrong.CONCLUSION:Thereforethismandoesnotadmirestrength.

11.Criticisethesestatements:

Sleepisbeneficialonaccountofitssoporificqualities.

Fiske's histories are authentic because they contain accurateaccounts of American history, and we know that they are trueaccounts for otherwise they would not be contained in theseauthenticworks.

12.Whatdoyouunderstandfromtheterms"reasoningfromeffecttocause"and"fromcausetoeffect?"Giveexamples.

13.WhatprincipledidRichmondPearsonHobsonemployinthefollowing?

What is the police power of the States? The police power of theFederal Government or the State—any sovereign State—has beendefined.TakethedefinitiongivenbyBlackstone,whichis:

ThedueregulationanddomesticorderoftheKingdom,wherebytheinhabitantsofaState, likemembersofawell-governedfamily,areboundtoconformtheirgeneralbehaviortotherulesofpropriety,ofneighborhoodandgoodmanners,andtobedecent,industrious,andinoffensiveintheirrespectivestations.

Would this amendment interfere with any State carrying on thepromotionofitsdomesticorder?

Oryoucantakethedefinitioninanotherform,inwhichitisgivenbyMr.Tiedeman,whenhesays:

Theobjectofgovernmentistoimposethatdegreeofrestraintuponhuman actions which is necessary to a uniform, reasonableenjoymentofprivaterights.Thepowerofthegovernmenttoimposethisrestraintiscalledthepolicepower.

JudgeCooleysaysoftheliquortraffic:

Thebusinessofmanufacturingandsellingliquorisonethataffectsthepublicinterestsinmanywaysandleadstomanydisorders.Ithasatendencytoincreasepauperismandcrime.Itrendersalargeforceofpeaceofficersessential,and itadds to theexpenseof thecourtsandofnearlyallbranchesofciviladministration.

JusticeBradley,oftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,says:

Licenses may be properly required in the pursuit of many

professionsandavocations,whichrequirepeculiarskillandtrainingorsupervisionforthepublicwelfare.Theprofessionoravocationisopen to all alike who will prepare themselves with the requisitequalifications or give the requisite security for preserving publicorder. This is in harmony with the general proposition that theordinary pursuits of life, forming the greater per cent of theindustrialpursuits,areandoughttobefreeandopentoall,subjectonly to such general regulations, applying equally to all, as thegeneralgoodmaydemand.

All such regulations are entirely competent for the legislature tomake and are in no sense an abridgment of the equal rights ofcitizens. But a license to do that which is odious and againstcommon right is necessarily an outrage upon the equal rights ofcitizens.

14.WhatmethoddidJesusemployinthefollowing:

Ye are the salt of the earth; but if the salt have lost his savour,wherewithshallitbesalted?Itisthenceforthgoodfornothingbuttobecastout,andtobetroddenunderfootofmen.

Behold the fowlsof theair; for theysownot,neitherdo they reapnorgatherintobarns;yetyourheavenlyFatherfeedeththem.Areyenotmuchbetterthanthey?

And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of thefield;howtheygrow;theytoilnot,neitherdotheyspin;AndyetIsayuntoyou,thatevenSolomoninallhisglorywasnotarrayedlikeone of these. Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field,which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, shall he notmuchmoreclotheyou,Oyeoflittlefaith?

Orwhatmanisthereofyou,whomifhissonaskbread,willhegivehima stone?Or ifheaska fish,willhegivehima serpent? Ifyethen, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children,how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give goodthingstothemthataskhim?

15.Makefiveoriginalsyllogisms[26]onthefollowingmodels:

MAJOR PREMISE: He who administers arsenic gives poison. MINOR

PREMISE: The prisoner administered arsenic to the victim.CONCLUSION:Thereforetheprisonerisapoisoner.

MAJOR PREMISE: All dogs are quadrupeds. MINOR PREMISE: Thisanimalisabiped.CONCLUSION:Thereforethisanimalisnotadog.

16.Prepareeitherthepositiveorthenegativesideofthefollowingquestionfordebate:Therecallofjudgesshouldbeadoptedasanationalprinciple.

17.Isthisquestiondebatable?BenedictArnoldwasagentleman.Givereasonsforyouranswer.

18.Criticiseanystreetordinner-tableargumentyouhaveheardrecently.

19.Testthereasoningofanyofthespeechesgiveninthisvolume.

20.Makeashortspeecharguinginfavorofinstructioninpublicspeakinginthepubliceveningschools.

21.(a)Clipanewspapereditorialinwhichthereasoningisweak.(b)Criticiseit.(c)Correctit.

22. Make a list of three subjects for debate, selected from the monthlymagazines.

23.Dothesamefromthenewspapers.

24. Choosing your own question and side, prepare a brief suitable for a ten-minutedebatingargument.Thefollowingmodelsofbriefsmayhelpyou:

DEBATE

RESOLVED:Thatarmedinterventionisnotjustifiableonthepartofanynationtocollect,onbehalfofprivateindividuals, financialclaimsagainstanyAmericannation.[27]

BRIEFOFAFFIRMATIVEARGUMENT

Firstspeaker—Chafee

ArmedinterventionforcollectionofprivateclaimsfromanyAmericannationisnotjustifiable,for

1.Itiswronginprinciple,because

(a)Itviolatesthefundamentalprinciplesofinternationallawforaveryslightcause

(b)ItiscontrarytotheproperfunctionoftheState,and

(c)Itiscontrarytojustice,sinceclaimsareexaggerated.

Secondspeaker—Hurley

2.Itisdisastrousinitsresults,because

(a)Itincursdangerofgraveinternationalcomplications

(b)IttendstoincreasetheburdenofdebtintheSouthAmericanrepublics

(c)Itencouragesawasteoftheworld'scapital,and

(d)ItdisturbspeaceandstabilityinSouthAmerica.

Thirdspeaker—Bruce

3.Itisunnecessarytocollectinthisway,because

(a)Peacefulmethodshavesucceeded

(b)Iftheseshouldfail,claimsshouldbesettledbyTheHagueTribunal

(c)ThefaulthasalwaysbeenwithEuropeanStateswhenforcehasbeenused,and

(d)Inanycase,forceshouldnotbeused,foritcounteractsthemovementtowardspeace.

BRIEFOFNEGATIVEARGUMENT

Firstspeaker—Branch

ArmedinterventionforthecollectionofprivatefinancialclaimsagainstsomeAmericanStatesisjustifiable,for

1.Whenothermeansofcollectionhavefailed,armedinterventionagainstanynationisessentiallyproper,because

(a)Justiceshouldalwaysbesecured

(b)Non-enforcementofpaymentputsapremiumondishonesty

(c)Interventionforthispurposeissanctionedbythebestinternationalauthority

(d)Dangerofunduecollectionisslightandcanbeavoidedentirelyby

submissionofclaimstoTheHagueTribunalbeforeintervening.

Secondspeaker—Stone

2.ArmedinterventionisnecessarytosecurejusticeintropicalAmerica,for

(a)Thegovernmentsofthissectionconstantlyrepudiatejustdebts

(b)Theyinsistthatthefinaldecisionaboutclaimsshallrestwiththeirowncorruptcourts

(c)Theyrefusetoarbitratesometimes.

Thirdspeaker—Dennett

3.Armedinterventionisbeneficialinitsresults,because

(a)Itinspiresresponsibility

(b)Inadministeringcustomhousesitremovestemptationtorevolutions

(c)Itgivesconfidencetodesirablecapital.

Among others, the following books were used in the preparation of thearguments:

N."TheMonroeDoctrine,"byT.B.Edgington.Chapters22-28."DigestofInternationalLaw,"byJ.B.Moore.ReportofPenfieldof

proceedingsbeforeHagueTribunalin1903.

"Statesman'sYearBook"(forstatistics).

A.MinisterDrago'sappealtotheUnitedStates,inForeign

RelationsofUnitedStates,1903.

PresidentRoosevelt'sMessage,1905,pp.33-37.

Andarticlesinthefollowingmagazines(amongmanyothers):

"JournalofPoliticalEconomy,"December,1906.

"AtlanticMonthly,"October,1906.

"NorthAmericanReview,"Vol.183,p.602.

Allof thesecontainmaterialvaluable forbothsides,except thosemarked"N"and"A,"whichareusefulonlyforthenegativeandaffirmative,respectively.

NOTE:—Practiseindebatingismosthelpfultothepublicspeaker,butifpossibleeachdebateshouldbeunderthesupervisionofsomepersonwhosewordwillberespected, so that the debaters might show regard for courtesy, accuracy,effective reasoning, and the necessity for careful preparation. The Appendixcontainsalistofquestionsfordebate.

25.Arethefollowingpointswellconsidered?

THEINHERITANCETAXISNOTAGOODSOCIALREFORMMEASURE

A.Doesnotstrikeattherootoftheevil

1.FortunesnotamenaceinthemselvesAfortuneof$500,000maybeagreatersocialevilthanoneof$500,000,000

2.Dangerofwealthdependsonitswrongaccumulationanduse

3.Inheritancetaxwillnotpreventrebates,monopoly,discrimination,bribery,etc.

4.Lawsaimedatunjustaccumulationanduseofwealthfurnishthetrueremedy.

B.Itwouldbeevaded

1.Lowratesareevaded

2.Ratemustbehightoresultindistributionofgreatfortunes.

26. Class exercises: Mock Trial for (a) some serious political offense; (b) aburlesqueoffense.

FOOTNOTES:

[25]McCosh'sLogic is ahelpfulvolume,andnot too technical for thebeginner.AbriefdigestoflogicalprinciplesasappliedtopublicspeakingiscontainedinHowtoAttractandHoldanAudience,byJ.BergEsenwein.

[26]Forthosewhowouldmakeafurtherstudyofthesyllogismthefollowingrulesaregiven:1.Inasyllogismthereshouldbeonlythreeterms.2.Ofthesethreeonlyonecanbe themiddle term.3.Onepremisemustbeaffirmative.4.Theconclusionmust be negative if either premise is negative. 5. To prove a negative, one of thepremisesmustbenegative.

SummaryofRegulatingPrinciples:1.Termswhichagreewiththesamethingagreewitheachother;andwhenonlyoneof two termsagreeswitha third term, the twotermsdisagreewitheachother.2."Whateverisaffirmedofaclassmaybeaffirmedofallthemembersofthatclass,"and"Whateverisdeniedofaclassmaybedeniedofallthemembersofthatclass."

[27]AllthespeakerswerefromBrownUniversity.Theaffirmativebriefswereusedin debate with the Dartmouth College team, and the negative briefs were used indebatewiththeWilliamsCollegeteam.FromTheSpeaker,bypermission.

CHAPTERXXIV

INFLUENCINGBYPERSUASION

ShehathprosperousartWhenshewillplaywithreasonanddiscourse,Andwellshecanpersuade.

—SHAKESPEARE,MeasureforMeasure.

Himwe call an artistwho shall play on an assembly ofmen as amasteronthekeysofapiano,—whoseeingthepeoplefurious,shallsoftenandcomposethem,shalldrawthem,whenhewill,tolaughterandtotears.Bringhimtohisaudience,and,betheywhotheymay,

—coarse or refined, pleased or displeased, sulky or savage, withtheiropinionsinthekeepingofaconfessororwiththeiropinionsintheir bank safes,—he will have them pleased and humored as hechooses;andtheyshallcarryandexecutewhathebidsthem.

—RALPHWALDOEMERSON,EssayonEloquence.

Moregoodandmoreillhavebeeneffectedbypersuasionthanbyanyotherformofspeech. It isanattempt to influencebymeansofappeal to someparticularinterest held important by the hearer. Its motive may be high or low, fair orunfair, honest or dishonest, calm or passionate, and hence its scope isunparalleledinpublicspeaking.

This"instilmentofconviction,"touseMatthewArnold'sexpression,isnaturallyacomplexprocess in that itusually includesargumentationandoftenemployssuggestion, as the next chapter will illustrate. In fact, there is little publicspeakingworthyofthenamethatisnotinsomepartpersuasive,formenrarelyspeak solely to alter men's opinions—the ulterior purpose is almost alwaysaction.

The nature of persuasion is not solely intellectual, but is largely emotional. Ituseseveryprincipleofpublicspeaking,andevery"formofdiscourse,"tousearhetorician's expression, but argument supplemented by special appeal is itspeculiarquality.Thiswemaybestseebyexamining

TheMethodsofPersuasion

High-mindedspeakersoftenseektomovetheirhearerstoactionbyanappealtotheirhighestmotives,suchasloveofliberty.SenatorHoar,inpleadingforactiononthePhilippinequestion,usedthismethod:

Whathasbeen thepracticalstatesmanshipwhichcomesfromyourideals and your sentimentalities? You have wasted nearly sixhundred millions of treasure. You have sacrificed nearly tenthousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You havedevastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of thepeople you desire to benefit.You have established reconcentrationcamps.Yourgeneralsarecominghomefromtheirharvestbringingsheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick andwounded and insane to drag outmiserable lives,wrecked in bodyandmind.Youmake theAmerican flag in theeyesofanumerous

people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of theburningofhumandwellings,andofthehorrorofthewatertorture.Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take GeorgeWashingtonandAbrahamLincolnorthesoldiersoftheRevolutionoroftheCivilWarasmodels,haslookedinsomecasestoSpainforyourexample. Ibelieve—nay,Iknow—that ingeneralourofficersand soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried onyour warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castiliancruelty.

Yourpractical statesmanshiphas succeeded in convertingapeoplewhothreeyearsagowerereadytokissthehemofthegarmentoftheAmerican and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged afteryourmen,whentheylandedonthoseislands,withbenedictionandgratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of ahatredwhichcenturiescannoteradicate.

Mr. President, this is the eternal law of human nature. You maystruggle against it, you may try to escape it, you may persuadeyourself thatyourintentionsarebenevolent, thatyouryokewillbeeasy and your burden will be light, but it will assert itself again.Governmentwithout theconsentof thegoverned—authoritywhichheavennevergave—canonlybesupportedbymeanswhichheavennevercansanction.

TheAmerican people have got this one question to answer. Theymay answer it now; they can take ten years, or twenty years, or ageneration,oracenturytothinkofit.Butwillnotdown.Theymustanswer it in the end:Canyou lawfullybuywithmoney,orgetbybrute force of arms, the right to hold in subjugation an unwillingpeople, and to impose on them such constitution as you, and notthey,thinkbestforthem?

SenatorHoar thenwenton tomakeanother sortof appeal—theappeal to factandexperience:

Wehaveansweredthisquestionagoodmanytimesinthepast.Thefathers answered it in 1776, and founded the Republic upon theiranswer,whichhasbeen thecorner-stone. JohnQuincyAdamsandJames Monroe answered it again in the Monroe Doctrine, which

JohnQuincyAdamsdeclaredwasonlythedoctrineoftheconsentofthe governed. The Republican party answered it when it tookpossessionoftheforceofgovernmentatthebeginningofthemostbrilliantperiodinalllegislativehistory.AbrahamLincolnanswereditwhen,onthatfataljourneytoWashingtonin1861,heannouncedthat as the doctrine of his political creed, and declared, withpropheticvision, thathewasreadytobeassassinatedforit ifneedbe.YouanswereditagainyourselveswhenyousaidthatCuba,whohad nomore title than the people of the Philippine Islands had totheirindependence,ofrightoughttobefreeandindependent.

—GEORGEF.HOAR.

Appealtothethingsthatmanholdsdearisanotherpotentformofpersuasion.

Joseph Story, in his great Salem speech (1828) used this method mostdramatically:

I call upon you, fathers, by the shades of your ancestors—by thedearasheswhichreposeinthisprecioussoil—byallyouare,andallyou hope to be—resist every object of disunion, resist everyencroachmentuponyourliberties,resisteveryattempttofetteryourconsciences, or smother your public schools, or extinguish yoursystemofpublicinstruction.

I call uponyou,mothers, by thatwhichnever fails inwoman, theloveofyouroffspring;teachthem,astheyclimbyourknees,orleanonyourbosoms,theblessingsofliberty.Swearthematthealtar,aswith theirbaptismalvows, tobe true to theircountry,andnever toforgetorforsakeher.

I call upon you, young men, to remember whose sons you are;whose inheritanceyoupossess.Life canneverbe too short,whichbringsnothingbutdisgraceandoppression.Deathnevercomestoosoon,ifnecessaryindefenceofthelibertiesofyourcountry.

Icalluponyou,oldmen, foryourcounsels,andyourprayers,andyourbenedictions.Maynotyourgrayhairsgodowninsorrowtothegrave, with the recollection that you have lived in vain.May notyourlastsunsinkinthewestuponanationofslaves.

No;Ireadinthedestinyofmycountryfarbetterhopes,farbrightervisions.We,whoarenowassembledhere,mustsoonbegatheredtothecongregationofotherdays.Thetimeofourdepartureisathand,to make way for our children upon the theatre of life. May Godspeed them and theirs. May he who, at the distance of anothercentury,shallstandheretocelebratethisday,stilllookrounduponafree,happy,andvirtuouspeople.Mayhehavereasontoexultaswedo.May he,with all the enthusiasm of truth aswell as of poetry,exclaim,thathereisstillhiscountry.—JOSEPHSTORY.

Theappealtoprejudiceiseffective—thoughnotoften,ifever,justifiable;yetsolong as special pleading endures this sort of persuasion will be resorted to.Rudyard Kipling uses this method—as have many others on both sides—indiscussing the great Europeanwar.Mingledwith the appeal to prejudice,Mr.Kiplingusestheappeal toself-interest; thoughnotthehighest, it isapowerfulmotive in all our lives. Notice how at the last the pleader sweeps on to thehighest ground he can take. This is a notable example of progressive appeal,beginningwith a lowmotive and endingwith a highone in such away as tocarryalltheforceofprejudiceyetgainallthevalueofpatrioticfervor.

ThroughnofaultnorwishofoursweareatwarwithGermany,thepowerwhichowesitsexistencetothreewell-thought-outwars; thepower which, for the last twenty years, has devoted itself toorganizing and preparing for this war; the power which is nowfightingtoconquerthecivilizedworld.

For the last two generations theGermans in their books, lectures,speeches and schools have been carefully taught that nothing lessthan this world-conquest was the object of their preparations andtheirsacrifices.Theyhavepreparedcarefullyandsacrificedgreatly.

Wemusthavemenandmenandmen,ifwe,withourallies,aretochecktheonrushoforganizedbarbarism.

Haveno illusions.Wearedealingwitha strongandmagnificentlyequipped enemy, whose avowed aim is our complete destruction.The violation of Belgium, the attack on France and the defenseagainst Russia, are only steps by the way. The German's realobjective, as she always has told us, is England, and England'swealth,tradeandworldwidepossessions.

If you assume, for an instant, that the attack will be successful,Englandwill not be reduced, as somepeople say, to the rankof asecondratepower,butweshallceasetoexistasanation.WeshallbecomeanoutlyingprovinceofGermany, tobe administeredwiththatseverityGermansafetyandinterestrequire.

Weareagainstsuchafate.Weenterintoanewlifeinwhichallthefactsofwarthatwehadputbehindorforgottenforthelasthundredyears, have returned to the front and test us as they tested ourfathers.Itwillbealongandahardroad,besetwithdifficultiesanddiscouragements, but we tread it together and we will tread ittogethertotheend.

Ourpettysocialdivisionsandbarriershavebeensweptawayattheoutset of our mighty struggle. All the interests of our life of sixweeksagoaredead.Wehavebutoneinterestnow,andthattouchesthenakedheartofeverymaninthisislandandintheempire.

Ifwearetowintherightforourselvesandforfreedomtoexistonearth, every man must offer himself for that service and thatsacrifice.

Fromtheseexamplesitwillbeseenthattheparticularwayinwhichthespeakersappealed to their hearerswasby coming close home to their interests, and bythemselves showing emotion—two very important principles which you mustkeepconstantlyinmind.

To accomplish the former requires a deep knowledge of human motive ingeneralandanunderstandingoftheparticularaudienceaddressed.Whatarethemotives thatarousementoaction?Thinkof themearnestly,set themdownonthe tablets of your mind, study how to appeal to them worthily. Then, whatmotiveswould be likely to appeal to your hearers?What are their ideals andinterestsinlife?Amistakeinyourestimatemaycostyouyourcase.Toappealtoprideinappearancewouldmakeonesetofmenmerelylaugh—totrytoarousesympathyfortheJewsinPalestinewouldbewastedeffortamongothers.Studyyouraudience,feelyourway,andwhenyouhaveonceraisedaspark,fanitintoaflamebyeveryhonestresourceyoupossess.

The larger your audience the more sure you are to find a universal basis ofappeal.Asmallaudienceofbachelorswillnotgrowexcitedovertheimportanceoffurnitureinsurance;mostmencanberousedtothedefenseofthefreedomof

thepress.

Patentmedicineadvertisementusuallybeginsbytalkingaboutyourpains—theybegin on your interests. If they first discussed the size and rating of theirestablishment,ortheefficacyoftheirremedy,youwouldneverreadthe"ad."Iftheycanmakeyou thinkyouhavenervous troublesyouwill evenplead for aremedy—theywillnothavetotrytosellit.

Thepatentmedicinemenarepleading—askingyoutoinvestyourmoneyintheircommodity—yettheydonotappeartobedoingso.Theygetoveronyoursideof the fence, and arouse a desire for their nostrumsby appealing to your owninterests.

Recentlyabook-salesmanenteredanattorney'sofficeinNewYorkandinquired:"Doyouwanttobuyabook?"Hadthelawyerwantedabookhewouldprobablyhaveboughtonewithoutwaitingforabook-salesmantocall.Thesolicitormadethesamemistakeastherepresentativewhomadehisapproachwith:"Iwanttosell you a sewing machine." They both talked only in terms of their owninterests.

The successful pleader must convert his arguments into terms of his hearers'advantage. Mankind are still selfish, are interested in what will serve them.Expungefromyouraddressyourownpersonalconcernandpresentyourappealintermsof thegeneralgood,andtodothisyouneednotbeinsincere,foryouhad better not plead any cause that is not for the hearers' good. Notice howSenator Thurston in his plea for intervention in Cuba and Mr. Bryan in his"CrossofGold"speechconstitutedthemselvestheapostlesofhumanity.

Exhortationisahighlyimpassionedformofappealfrequentlyusedbythepulpitin efforts to arouse men to a sense of duty and induce them to decide theirpersonal courses, and by counsel in seeking to influence a jury. The greatpreachers,likethegreatjury-lawyers,havealwaysbeenmastersofpersuasion.

Notice the difference among these four exhortations, and analyze themotivesappealedto:

Revenge!About!Seek!Burn!Fire!Kill!Slay!Letnotatraitorlive!—SHAKESPEARE,JuliusCæsar.

Strike—tillthelastarmedfoeexpires,Strike—foryouraltarsandyourfires,

Strike—forthegreengravesofyoursires,God—andyournativeland!

—FITZ-GREENEHALLECK,MarcoBozzaris.

Believe,gentlemen, if itwerenot for thosechildren,hewouldnotcomehereto-daytoseeksuchremuneration;ifitwerenotthat,byyour verdict, you may prevent those little innocent defraudedwretchesfrombecomingwanderingbeggars,aswellasorphansonthe faceof this earth.Oh, Iknow Ineednot ask thisverdict fromyourmercy;Ineednotextortitfromyourcompassion;Iwillreceiveit from your justice. I do conjure you, not as fathers, but ashusbands:—notashusbands,butascitizens:—notascitizens,butasmen:—not as men, but as Christians:—by all your obligations,public,private,moral,andreligious;bythehearthprofaned;bythehomedesolated;bythecanonsofthelivingGodfoullyspurned;—save,oh:saveyourfiresidesfromthecontagion,yourcountryfromthecrime,andperhapsthousands,yetunborn,fromtheshame,andsin,andsorrowofthisexample!

—CHARLESPHILLIPS,AppealtothejuryinbehalfofGuthrie.

SoIappealfromthemeninsilkenhosewhodancedtomusicmadeby slaves and called it freedom, from themen in bell-crown hatswho ledHesterPrynne to her shame and called it religion, to thatAmericanism which reaches forth its arms to smite wrong withreason and truth, secure in the power of both. I appeal from thepatriarchs of New England to the poets of New England; fromEndicott toLowell; fromWinthrop toLongfellow; fromNorton toHolmes;andIappealinthenameandbytherightsofthatcommoncitizenship—ofthatcommonorigin,backofboththePuritanandtheCavalier, to which all of us owe our being. Let the dead past,consecrated by the blood of itsmartyrs, not by its savage hatreds,darkenedalikebykingcraft andpriestcraft—let thedeadpastburyits dead. Let the present and the future ring with the song of thesingers. Blessed be the lessons they teach, the laws they make.Blessedbetheeyetosee, the light toreveal.Blessedbetolerance,sittingeveron therighthandofGod toguide thewaywith lovingword,asblessedbeallthatbringsusnearerthegoaloftruereligion,truerepublicanism,andtruepatriotism,distrustofwatchwordsand

labels,shamsandheroes,beliefinourcountryandourselves.ItwasnotCottonMather,butJohnGreenleafWhittier,whocried:

DearGodandFatherofusall,Forgiveourfaithincruellies,Forgivetheblindnessthatdenies.

Castdownouridols—overturnOurBloodyaltars—makeusseeThyselfinThyhumanity!

—HENRYWATTERSON,PuritanandCavalier.

Goethe, on being reproached for not having written war songs against theFrench,replied,"InmypoetryIhavenevershammed.HowcouldIhavewrittensongsofhatewithouthatred?"Neitherisitpossibletopleadwithfullefficiencyforacauseforwhichyoudonotfeeldeeply.Feelingiscontagiousasbelief iscontagious. The speakerwho pleadswith real feeling for his own convictionswillinstillhisfeelingsintohislisteners.Sincerity,force,enthusiasm,andaboveall, feeling—these are the qualities that move multitudes and make appealsirresistible. They are of far greater importance than technical principles ofdelivery, grace of gesture, or polished enunciation—important as all theseelementsmustdoubtlessbeconsidered.Baseyourappealonreason,butdonotend in the basement—let the building rise, full of deep emotion and noblepersuasion.


1.(a)Whatelementsofappealdoyoufindinthefollowing?(b)Isittooflorid?(c) Is this style equally powerful today? (d) Are the sentences too long andinvolvedforclearnessandforce?

Oh,gentlemen,amIthisdayonlythecounselofmyclient?No,no;Iamtheadvocateofhumanity—ofyourselves—yourhomes—yourwives—yourfamilies—yourlittlechildren.Iamgladthat thiscaseexhibitssuchatrocity;unmarkedasitisbyanymitigatoryfeature,itmaystopthefrightfuladvanceofthiscalamity;itwillbemetnow,andmarkedwithvengeance. If itbenot, farewell to thevirtuesofyour country; farewell to all confidence between man and man;farewell to that unsuspicious and reciprocal tenderness, without

which marriage is but a consecrated curse. If oaths are to beviolated, lawsdisregarded,friendshipbetrayed,humanity trampled,nationalandindividualhonorstained,andifajuryoffathersandofhusbandswillgivesuchmiscreancyapassport to theirhomes,andwives, and daughters,—farewell to all that yet remains of Ireland!But Iwillnotcast suchadoubtupon thecharacterofmycountry.Against the sneerof the foe, and the skepticismof the foreigner, Iwillstillpoint to thedomesticvirtues, thatnoperfidycouldbarter,and no bribery can purchase, that with a Roman usage, at onceembellish and consecrate households, giving to the society of thehearthallthepurityofthealtar;thatlingeringalikeinthepalaceandthecottage,arestilltobefoundscatteredoverthisland—therelicofwhat shewas—the source perhaps ofwhat shemay be—the lone,the stately, and magnificent memorials, that rearing their majestyamid surrounding ruins, serve at once as the landmarks of thedepartedglory,andthemodelsbywhichthefuturemaybeerected.

Preservethosevirtueswithavestalfidelity;markthisday,byyourverdict,yourhorrorof theirprofanation;andbelieveme,when thehandwhich records that verdict shall be dust, and the tongue thatasks it, traceless in the grave, many a happy home will bless itsconsequences, andmanyamother teachher little child tohate theimpioustreasonofadultery.

—CHARLESPHILLIPS.

2.Analyze and criticise the formsof appeal used in the selections fromHoar,Story,andKipling.

3.WhatisthetypeofpersuasionusedbySenatorThurston(page50)?

4.Cite two examples each, from selections in this volume, inwhich speakerssoughttobepersuasivebysecuringthehearers'(a)sympathyforthemselves;(b)sympathywiththeirsubjects;(c)self-pity.

5.Makeashortaddressusingpersuasion.

6.Whatothermethodsofpersuasionthanthoseherementionedcanyouname?

7.Isiteasiertopersuadementochangetheircourseofconductthantopersuadethemtocontinueinagivencourse?Giveexamplestosupportyourbelief.

8.Inhowfararewejustifiedinmakinganappealtoself-interestinordertoleadmentoadoptagivencourse?

9.Does themerit of the coursehave anybearingon themerit of themethodsused?

10.Illustrateanunworthymethodofusingpersuasion.

11.Deliverashortspeechonthevalueofskillinpersuasion.

12.Doeseffectivepersuasionalwaysproduceconviction?

13.Doesconvictionalwaysresultinaction?

14.Isitfairforcounseltoappealtotheemotionsofajuryinamurdertrial?

15.Oughtthejudgeusepersuasioninmakinghischarge?

16.Sayhowself-consciousnessmayhinderthepowerofpersuasioninaspeaker.

17.Isemotionwithoutwordseverpersuasive?Ifso,illustrate.

18.Mightgestureswithoutwordsbepersuasive?Ifso,illustrate.

19.Haspostureinaspeakeranythingtodowithpersuasion?Discuss.

20.Hasvoice?Discuss.

21.Hasmanner?Discuss.

22.Whateffectdoespersonalmagnetismhaveinproducingconviction?

23. Discuss the relation of persuasion to (a) description; (b) narration; (c)exposition;(d)purereason.

24.Whatistheeffectofover-persuasion?

25.Makeashortspeechon theeffectof theconstantuseofpersuasionon thesincerityofthespeakerhimself.

26.Showbyexamplehowageneralstatementisnotaspersuasiveasaconcreteexampleillustratingthepointbeingdiscussed.

27.Showbyexamplehowbrevityisofvalueinpersuasion.

28.Discusstheimportanceofavoidinganantagonisticattitudeinpersuasion.

29.Whatisthemostpersuasivepassageyouhavefoundintheselectionsofthisvolume.Onwhatdoyoubaseyourdecision?

30.Citeapersuasivepassagefromsomeothersource.Readorreciteitaloud.

31.Makealistoftheemotionalbasesofappeal,gradingthemfromlowtohigh,accordingtoyourestimate.

32. Would circumstances make any difference in such grading? If so, giveexamples.

33.Deliver a short, passionate appeal to a jury, pleading for justice to a poorwidow.

34.Deliverashortappealtomentogiveupsomeevilway.

35.Criticise the structure of the sentence beginningwith the last line of page296.

CHAPTERXXV

INFLUENCINGTHECROWD

Success in business, in the last analysis, turns upon touching theimagination of crowds. The reason that preachers in this presentgeneration are less successful in getting people to want goodnessthanbusinessmenareingettingthemtowantmotorcars,hats,andpianolas,isthatbusinessmenasaclassaremorecloseanddesperatestudentsofhumannature,andhaveboneddownhardertotheartoftouching the imaginations of the crowds.—GERALD STANLEY LEE,Crowds.

IntheearlypartofJuly,1914,acollectionofFrenchmeninParis,orGermansinBerlin,wasnotacrowdinapsychologicalsense.Eachindividualhadhisownspecial interests and needs, and therewas no powerful common idea to unifythem.Agroupthenrepresentedonlyacollectionofindividuals.Amonthlater,any collection of Frenchmen or Germans formed a crowd: Patriotism, hate, acommonfear,apervasivegrief,hadunifiedtheindividuals.

Thepsychologyofthecrowdisfardifferentfromthepsychologyofthepersonalmembersthatcomposeit.Thecrowdisadistinctentity.Individualsrestrainandsubdue many of their impulses at the dictates of reason. The crowd neverreasons.Itonlyfeels.Aspersonsthereisasenseofresponsibilityattachedtoouractionswhichchecksmanyofourincitements,butthesenseofresponsibilityislostinthecrowdbecauseofitsnumbers.Thecrowdisexceedinglysuggestibleand will act upon the wildest and most extreme ideas. The crowd-mind isprimitive andwill cheer plans and perform actions which itsmembers wouldutterlyrepudiate.

Amobisonlyahighly-wroughtcrowd.Ruskin'sdescriptionisfitting:"Youcantalk a mob into anything; its feelings may be—usually are—on the whole,generousandright,butithasnofoundationforthem,noholdofthem.Youmaytease or tickle it into anything at your pleasure. It thinks by infection, for themostpart, catchinganopinion like a cold, and there isnothing so little that itwill not roar itselfwild about,when the fit is on, nothing so great but itwillforgetinanhourwhenthefitispast."[28]

Historywill showushow thecrowd-mindworks.Themedievalmindwasnotgiventoreasoning; themedievalmanattachedgreatweight to theutteranceofauthority;hisreligiontouchedchieflytheemotions.Theseconditionsprovidedarich soil for thepropagationof thecrowd-mindwhen, in theeleventhcentury,flagellation,avoluntaryself-scourging,waspreachedbythemonks.Substitutingflagellation for reciting penitential psalmswas advocated by the reformers. Ascalewasdrawnup,makingone thousandstrokesequivalent to tenpsalms,orfifteen thousand to theentirepsalter.This craze spreadby leaps—andcrowds.Flagellantfraternitiessprangup.Priestscarryingbannersledthroughthestreetsgreat processions reciting prayers and whipping their bloody bodies withleathern thongs fitted with four iron points. Pope Clement denounced thispractiseandseveralof the leadersof theseprocessionshadtobeburnedat thestakebeforethefrenzycouldbeuprooted.

AllwesternandcentralEuropewasturnedintoacrowdbythepreachingofthecrusaders, andmillions of the followers of the Prince of Peace rushed to theHolyLandtokilltheheathen.EventhechildrenstartedonacrusadeagainsttheSaracens. The mob-spirit was so strong that home affections and persuasioncouldnotprevailagainstitandthousandsofmerebabesdiedintheirattemptstoreachandredeemtheSacredSepulchre.

IntheearlypartoftheeighteenthcenturytheSouthSeaCompanywasformedin

England.Britainbecameaspeculativecrowd.StockintheSouthSeaCompanyrose from128-1/2 points in January to 550 inMay, and scored 1,000 in July.Fivemillionsharesweresoldatthispremium.Speculationranriot.Hundredsofcompanieswereorganized.Onewasformed"forawheelofperpetualmotion."Another never troubled to give any reason at all for taking the cash of itssubscribers—itmerelyannouncedthatitwasorganized"foradesignwhichwillhereafterbepromulgated."Ownersbegantosell,themobcaughtthesuggestion,apanicensued,theSouthSeaCompanystockfell800pointsinafewdays,andmorethanabilliondollarsevaporatedinthiseraoffrenziedspeculation.

The burning of thewitches at Salem, theKlondike gold craze, and the forty-eightpeoplewhowerekilledbymobsintheUnitedStatesin1913,areexamplesfamiliartousinAmerica.

TheCrowdMustHaveaLeader

The leader of the crowd or mob is its determining factor. He becomes self-hynoptizedwiththeideathatunifiesitsmembers,hisenthusiasmiscontagious—andsoistheirs.Thecrowdactsashesuggests.Thegreatmassofpeopledonothaveanyverysharply-drawnconclusionsonanysubjectoutsideoftheirownlittlespheres,butwhentheybecomeacrowdtheyareperfectlywillingtoacceptready-made,hand-me-downopinions.Theywillfollowaleaderatallcosts—inlabor troubles they often follow a leader in preference to obeying theirgovernment,inwartheywillthrowself-preservationtothebushesandfollowaleader in the faceofguns that fire fourteen timesasecond.Themobbecomesshorn of will-power and blindly obedient to its dictator. The RussianGovernment, recognizing the menace of the crowd-mind to its autocracy,formerlyprohibitedpublicgatherings.Historyisfullofsimilarinstances.

HowtheCrowdisCreated

Today the crowd is as real a factor in our socialized life as aremagnates andmonopolies.Itistoocomplexaproblemmerelytodamnorpraiseit—itmustbereckonedwith,andmastered.Thepresentproblemishowtogetthemostandthebestoutofthecrowd-spirit,andthepublicspeakerfindsthistobepeculiarlyhisownquestion.Hisinfluenceismultipliedifhecanonlytransmutehisaudienceintoacrowd.Hisaffirmationsmustbetheirconclusions.

Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyunifyingthemindsandneedsoftheaudienceandarousing their emotions.Their feelings, not their reason,must be played upon—itis"upto"himtodothisnobly.Argumenthasitsplaceontheplatform,but

evenitspotenciesmustsubservethespeaker'splanofattacktowinpossessionofhisaudience.

Reread the chapter on "Feeling and Enthusiasm." It is impossible tomake anaudience a crowd without appealing to their emotions. Can you imagine theaveragegroupbecomingacrowdwhilehearingalectureonDryFlyFishing,oronEgyptianArt?On theotherhand, itwouldnothave requiredworld-famouseloquence to have turned any audience in Ulster, in 1914, into a crowd bydiscussingtheHomeRuleAct.Thecrowd-spiritdependslargelyonthesubjectusedtofusetheirindividualitiesintooneglowingwhole.

NotehowAntonyplayeduponthefeelingsofhishearersinthefamousfuneralorationgivenbyShakespearein"JuliusCæsar."Frommurmuringunitsthemenbecameaunit—amob.

ANTONY'SORATIONOVERCÆSAR'SBODY

Friends,Romans,countrymen!Lendmeyourears;IcometoburyCæsar,nottopraisehim.Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem;Thegoodisoftinterredwiththeirbones:SoletitbewithCæsar!TheNobleBrutusHathtoldyouCæsarwasambitious.Ifitwereso,itwasagrievousfault,AndgrievouslyhathCæsaransweredit.Here,underleaveofBrutus,andtherest—ForBrutusisanhonorableman,

Soaretheyall,allhonorablemen—ComeItospeakinCæsar'sfuneral.Hewasmyfriend,faithfulandjusttome:ButBrutussayshewasambitious;AndBrutusisanhonorableman.HehathbroughtmanycaptiveshometoRome,Whoseransomsdidthegeneralcoffersfill:DidthisinCæsarseemambitious?Whenthatthepoorhavecried,Cæsarhathwept;Ambitionshouldbemadeofsternerstuff:YetBrutussays,hewasambitious;AndBrutusisanhonorableman.

Youalldidsee,that,ontheLupercal,Ithricepresentedhimakinglycrown,Whichhedidthricerefuse.Wasthisambition?YetBrutussayshewasambitious;Andsure,heisanhonorableman.IspeaknottodisprovewhatBrutusspoke,ButhereIamtospeakwhatIdoknow.Youalldidlovehimonce,notwithoutcause;Whatcausewithholdsyouthentomournforhim?Oh,judgment,thouartfledtobrutishbeasts,Andmenhavelosttheirreason!—Bearwithme;MyheartisinthecoffintherewithCæsar,AndImustpausetillitcomebacktome.[Weeps.

1Plebeian.Methinksthereismuchreasoninhissayings.

2Ple.Ifthouconsiderrightlyofthematter,Cæsarhashadgreatwrong.

3Ple.Hashe,masters?Ifeartherewillaworsecomeinhisplace.

4Ple.Mark'dyehiswords?Hewouldnottakethecrown;Therefore,'tiscertain,hewasnotambitious.

1Ple.Ifitbefoundso,somewilldearabideit.

2Ple.Poorsoul,hiseyesareredasfirewithweeping.

3Ple.There'snotanoblermaninRomethanAntony.

4Ple.Nowmarkhim,hebeginsagaintospeak.

Ant.Butyesterday,thewordofCæsarmightHavestoodagainsttheworld:nowlieshethere,Andnonesopoortodohimreverence.

Oh,masters!ifIweredispos'dtostirYourheartsandmindstomutinyandrage,IshoulddoBrutuswrong,andCassiuswrong,Who,youallknow,arehonorablemen.Iwillnotdothemwrong;IratherchooseTowrongthedead,towrongmyself,andyou,ThanIwillwrongsuchhonorablemen.Buthere'saparchment,withthesealofCæsar;Ifounditinhiscloset;'tishiswill:Letbutthecommonshearthistestament—Which,pardonme,Idonotmeantoread—AndtheywouldgoandkissdeadCæsar'swounds,Anddiptheirnapkinsinhissacredblood;Yea,begahairofhimformemory,And,dying,mentionitwithintheirwills,Bequeathingitasarichlegacy

Untotheirissue.

4Ple.We'llhearthewill:Readit,MarkAntony.

All.Thewill!thewill!wewillhearCæsar'swill.

Ant.Havepatience,gentlefriends:Imustnotreadit;ItisnotmeetyouknowhowCæsarlov'dyou.Youarenotwood,youarenotstones,butmen;And,beingmen,hearingthewillofCæsar,Itwillinflameyou,itwillmakeyoumad:'Tisgoodyouknownotthatyouarehisheirs;Forifyoushould,oh,whatwouldcomeofit!

4Ple.Readthewill;we'llhearit,Antony!Youshallreadusthewill!Cæsar'swill!

Ant.Willyoubepatient?Willyoustayawhile?Ihaveo'ershotmyself,totellyouofit.IfearIwrongthehonorablemenWhosedaggershavestab'dCæsar;Idofearit.

4Ple.Theyweretraitors:Honorablemen!

All.Thewill!thetestament!

2Ple.Theywerevillains,murtherers!Thewill!Readthewill!

Ant.Youwillcompelmethentoreadthewill?Then,makearingaboutthecorpseofCæsar,Andletmeshewyouhimthatmadethewill.ShallIdescend?Andwillyougivemeleave?

All.Comedown.

2Ple.Descend.[HecomesdownfromtheRostrum.

3Ple.Youshallhaveleave.

4Ple.Aring;standround.

1Ple.Standfromthehearse,standfromthebody.

2Ple.RoomforAntony!—mostnobleAntony!

Ant.Nay,pressnotsouponme;standfaroff.

All.Standback!room!bearback!

Ant.Ifyouhavetears,preparetoshedthemnow;Youalldoknowthismantle:IrememberThefirsttimeeverCæsarputiton;'Twasonasummer'sevening,inhistent,ThatdayheovercametheNervii.Look,inthisplace,ranCassius'daggerthrough:See,whatarenttheenviousCascamade:Throughthis,thewell-belovedBrutusstab'd;Andashepluck'dhiscursedsteelaway,MarkhowthebloodofCæsarfollow'dit!—Asrushingoutofdoors,toberesolv'dIfBrutussounkindlyknock'd,orno;ForBrutus,asyouknow,wasCæsar'sangel:Judge,OyouGods,howCæsarlov'dhim!Thiswasthemostunkindestcutofall!ForwhenthenobleCæsarsawhimstab,Ingratitude,morestrongthantraitors'arms,Quitevanquish'dhim:thenbursthismightyheart;Andinhismantlemufflinguphisface,EvenatthebaseofPompey'sstatue,Whichallthewhileranblood,greatCæsarfell.Ohwhatafallwasthere,mycountrymen!ThenIandyou,andallofus,felldown,Whilstbloodytreasonflourish'doverus.Oh!nowyouweep;andIperceiveyoufeelThedintofpity;thesearegraciousdrops.Kindsouls!what,weepyou,whenyoubutbeholdOurCæsar'svesturewounded?Lookyouhere!Hereishimself,mar'd,asyousee,bytraitors.

1Ple.Oh,piteousspectacle!

2Ple.Oh,nobleCæsar!

3Ple.Oh,wofulday!

4Ple.Oh,traitors,villains!

1Ple.Oh,mostbloodysight!

2Ple.Wewillbereveng'd!

All.Revenge;about—seek—burn—fire—kill—day!—Letnotatraitorlive!

Ant.Stay,countrymen.

1Ple.Peacethere!HearthenobleAntony.

2Ple.We'llhearhim,we'llfollowhim,we'lldiewithhim.

Ant.Goodfriends,sweetfriends,letmenotstiryouupTosuchasuddenfloodofmutiny:Theythathavedonethisdeedarehonorable:Whatprivategriefstheyhave,alas!Iknownot,Thatmadethemdoit;theyarewise,andhonorable,Andwill,nodoubt,withreasonsansweryou.Icomenot,friends,tostealawayyourhearts;Iamnoorator,asBrutusis;Butasyouknowmeall,aplainbluntman,Thatlovemyfriend,andthattheyknowfullwellThatgavemepublicleavetospeakofhim:ForIhaveneitherwit,norwords,norworth,Action,norutterance,northepowerofspeech,Tostirmen'sblood.Ionlyspeakrighton:Itellyouthatwhichyouyourselvesdoknow;ShowyoursweetCæsar'swounds,poor,poor,dumbmouths,Andbidthemspeakforme.ButwereIBrutus,

AndBrutusAntony,therewereanAntonyWouldruffleupyourspirits,andputatongueIneverywoundofCæsar,thatshouldmoveThestonesofRometoriseandmutiny.

All.We'llmutiny!

1Ple.We'llburnthehouseofBrutus.

3Ple.Away,then!Come,seektheconspirators.

Ant.Yethearme,countrymen;yethearmespeak.

All.Peace,ho!HearAntony,mostnobleAntony.

Ant.Why,friends,yougotodoyouknownotwhat.WhereinhathCæsarthusdeserv'dyourloves?Alas!youknownot!—Imusttellyouthen.YouhaveforgotthewillItoldyouof.

Ple.Mosttrue;—thewill!—let'sstay,andhearthewill.

Ant.Hereisthewill,andunderCæsar'sseal.ToeveryRomancitizenhegives,Toeveryseveralman,seventy-fivedrachmas.

2Ple.MostnobleCæsar!—we'llrevengehisdeath.

3Ple.OroyalCæsar!

Ant.Hearmewithpatience.

All.Peace,ho!

Ant.Moreover,hehathleftyouallhiswalks,Hisprivatearbours,andnew-plantedorchards,OnthissideTiber;hehathleftthemyou,Andtoyourheirsforever,commonpleasures,Towalkabroad,andrecreateyourselves.HerewasaCæsar!Whencomessuchanother?

1Ple.Never,never!—Come,away,away!We'llburnhisbodyintheholyplace,Andwiththebrandsfirethetraitors'houses.Takeupthebody.

2Ple.Go,fetchfire.

3Ple.Pluckdownbenches.

4Ple.Pluckdownforms,windows,anything.[ExeuntCitizens,withthebody.

Ant.Nowletitwork.Mischief,thouartafoot,Takethouwhatcoursethouwilt!

Tounifysingle,auditorsintoacrowd,expresstheircommonneeds,aspirations,dangers, and emotions, deliver yourmessage so that the interests of one shallappear to be the interests of all. The conviction of one man is intensified inproportion ashe findsothers sharinghis belief—and feeling.Antonydoesnotstop with telling the Roman populace that Cæsar fell—he makes the tragedyuniversal:

ThenI,andyou,andallofusfelldown,Whilstbloodytreasonflourishedoverus.

Applause,generallyasignoffeeling,helpstounifyanaudience.Thenatureofthecrowdisillustratedbythecontagionofapplause.RecentlyathronginaNewYorkmoving-picture andvaudevillehousehadbeenapplauding several songs,andwhen an advertisement for tailored skirtswas thrown on the screen someone started the applause, and the crowd, like sheep, blindly imitated—untilsomeonesawthejokeandlaughed;thenthecrowdagainfollowedaleaderandlaughedatandapplaudeditsownstupidity.

Actorssometimesstartapplausefortheir linesbysnappingtheirfingers.Someoneinthefirstfewrowswillmistakeitforfaintapplause,andthewholetheatrewillchimein.

An observant auditor will be interested in noticing the various devices amonologistwillusetogetthefirstroundoflaughterandapplause.Heworkssohardbecauseheknowsanaudienceofunitsisanaudienceofindifferentcritics,

butoncegetthemtolaughingtogetherandeachsinglelaughersweepsanumberofotherswithhim,untilthewholetheatreisaroarandtheentertainerhasscored.These are meretricious schemes, to be sure, and do not savor in the least ofinspiration,butcrowdshavenotchangedintheirnatureinathousandyearsandtheonelawholdsforthegreatestpreacherandthepettieststump-speaker—youmustfuseyouraudienceortheywillnotwarmtoyourmessage.Thedevicesofthegreatoratormaynotbesoobviousasthoseofthevaudevillemonologist,buttheprincipleisthesame:hetriestostrikesomeuniversalnotethatwillhaveallhishearersfeelingalikeatthesametime.

Theevangelistknowsthiswhenhehasthesoloistsingsometouchingsongjustbeforetheaddress.Orhewillhavetheentirecongregationsing,andthatisthepsychologyof"Noweverybodysing!"forheknowsthattheywhowillnotjoininthesongareasyetoutsidethecrowd.Manyatimehasthepopularevangeliststoppedinthemiddleofhistalk,whenhefeltthathishearerswereunitsinsteadof a molten mass (and a sensitive speaker can feel that condition mostdepressingly) and suddenly demanded that everyone arise and sing, or repeataloud a familiar passage, or read in unison; or perhaps he has subtly left thethreadofhisdiscoursetotellastorythat,fromlongexperience,heknewwouldnotfailtobringhishearerstoacommonfeeling.

Thesethingsareimportantresourcesforthespeaker,andhappyishewhousesthem worthily and not as a despicable charlatan. The difference between ademagogueandaleaderisnotsomuchamatterofmethodasofprinciple.Eventhemostdignifiedspeakermustrecognizetheeternallawsofhumannature.Youarebynomeansurgedtobecomeatricksterontheplatform—farfromit!—butdon'tkillyourspeechwithdignity.Tobeicilycorrect isassillyas torant.Doneither,butappealtothoseworld-oldelementsinyouraudiencethathavebeenrecognizedbyallgreatspeakersfromDemosthenestoSamSmall,andseetoitthatyouneverdebaseyourpowersbyarousingyourhearersunworthily.

Itisashardtokindleenthusiasminascatteredaudienceastobuildafirewithscattered sticks. An audience to be converted into a crowd must be made toappearasacrowd.Thiscannotbedonewhen theyarewidelyscatteredoveralargeseatingspaceorwhenmanyemptybenchesseparatethespeakerfromhishearers. Have your audience seated compactly. How many a preacher hasbemoaned the enormous edifice over which what would normally be a largecongregationhasscatteredinchilledandchillingsolitudeSundayafterSunday!BishopBrookshimselfcouldnothaveinspiredacongregationofonethousandsoulsseatedinthevastnessofSt.Peter'satRome.Inthatcolossalsanctuaryitis

onlyongreatoccasionswhichbringoutthemultitudesthattheserviceisbeforethehighaltar—atothertimesthesmallerside-chapelsareused.

Universal ideas surcharged with feeling help to create the crowd-atmosphere.Examples:liberty,character,righteousness,courage,fraternity,altruism,country,and national heroes. George Cohan was making psychology practical andprofitablewhenheintroducedtheflagandflag-songsintohismusicalcomedies.Cromwell's regiments prayed before the battle andwent into the fight singinghymns.TheFrenchcorps,singingtheMarseillaisein1914,chargedtheGermansasoneman.Suchunifyingdevicesarouse the feelings,makesoldiers fanaticalmobs—and,alas,moreefficientmurderers.

FOOTNOTES:

[28]SesameandLilies.

CHAPTERXXVI

RIDINGTHEWINGEDHORSE

To think, and to feel, constitute the twogranddivisionsofmenofgenius—themenofreasoningandthemenofimagination.

—ISAACDISRAELI,LiteraryCharacterofMenofGenius.

AndasimaginationbodiesforthTheformsofthingsunknown,thepoet'spenTurnsthemtoshapesandgivestoairynothingAlocalhabitationandaname.

—SHAKESPEARE,Midsummer-Night'sDream.

Itiscommon,amongthosewhodealchieflywithlife'spracticalities,tothinkofimaginationashavinglittlevalueincomparisonwithdirectthinking.Theysmilewith tolerancewhenEmersonsays that"Sciencedoesnotknowitsdebt to theimagination,"forthesearethewordsofaspeculativeessayist,aphilosopher,a

poet. But when Napoleon—the indomitable welder of empires—declares that"The human race is governed by its imagination," the authoritative wordcommandstheirrespect.

Beitremembered,thefacultyofformingmentalimagesisasefficientacogasmaybefoundinthewholemind-machine.True,itmustfitintothatothervitalcog,purethought,butwhenitdoessoitmaybequestionedwhichisthemoreproductive of important results for the happiness andwell-being ofman.Thisshouldbecomemoreapparentaswegoon.

I.WHATISIMAGINATION?

Letusnotseekforadefinition,forascoreofvaryingonesmaybefound,butletusgraspthisfact:Byimaginationwemeaneither thefacultyor theprocessofformingmentalimages.

Thesubject-matterofimaginationmaybereallyexistentinnature,ornotatallreal, or a combination of both; it may be physical or spiritual, or both—thementalimageisatoncethemostlawlessandthemostlaw-abidingchildthathaseverbeenbornofthemind.

Firstofall,asitsnamesuggests,theprocessofimagination—forwearethinkingofitnowasaprocessratherthanasafaculty—ismemoryatwork.Thereforewemustconsideritprimarilyas

1.ReproductiveImagination

Weseeorhearorfeelortasteorsmellsomethingandthesensationpassesaway.Yetweareconsciousofagreaterorlesserabilitytoreproducesuchfeelingsatwill.Twoconsiderations,ingeneral,willgovernthevividnessoftheimagethusevoked—thestrengthoftheoriginalimpression,andthereproductivepowerofonemind as comparedwith another. Yet every normal personwill be able toevokeimageswithsomedegreeofclearness.

The fact thatnot allmindspossess this imaging faculty in anything likeequalmeasure will have an important bearing on the public speaker's study of thisquestion.Nomanwhodoesnot feel at least somepoetic impulses is likely toaspireseriouslytobeapoet,yetmanywhoseimagingfacultiesaresodormantastoseemactuallydeaddoaspiretobepublicspeakers.Toallsuchwesaymostearnestly:Awakenyour image-makinggift, foreven in themostcoldly logical

discourseitissuretoproveofgreatservice.Itisimportantthatyoufindoutatoncejusthowfullandhowtrustworthyisyourimagination,foritiscapableofcultivation—aswellasofabuse.

FrancisGalton[29]says:"TheFrenchappeartopossessthevisualizingfacultyinahighdegree.Thepeculiarabilitytheyshowinpre-arrangingceremonialsandfêtesofallkindsand theirundoubtedgenius for tacticsandstrategyshowthatthey are able to foresee effects with unusual clearness. Their ingenuity in alltechnicalcontrivancesisanadditionaltestimonyinthesamedirection,andsoistheir singular clearness of expression. Their phrase figurez-vous, or picture toyourself,seemstoexpresstheirdominantmodeofperception.Ourequivalent,of'image,'isambiguous."

Butindividualsdifferinthisrespectjustasmarkedlyas,forinstance,theDutchdofromtheFrench.Andthisistruenotonlyofthosewhoareclassifiedbytheirfriendsasbeingrespectively imaginativeorunimaginative,butof thosewhosegiftsorhabitsarenotwellknown.

Let us take for experiment six of the best-known types of imaging and see inpractisehowtheyariseinourownminds.

Byalloddsthemostcommontypeis,(a)thevisualimage.Childrenwhomorereadily recall things seen than things heard are called by psychologists "eye-minded,"andmostofusarebentinthisdirection.Closeyoureyesnowandre-call—the word thus hyphenated is more suggestive—the scene around thismorning'sbreakfasttable.Possiblytherewasnothingstrikinginthesituationandtheimageisthereforenotstriking.Thenimageanynotabletablesceneinyourexperience—how vividly it stands forth, because at the time you felt theimpressionstrongly.Justthenyoumaynothavebeenconsciousofhowstronglythescenewaslayingholduponyou,foroftenwearesointentuponwhatweseethat we give no particular thought to the fact that it is impressing us. It maysurpriseyoutolearnhowaccuratelyyouareabletoimageascenewhenalongtimehaselapsedbetweentheconsciousfocussingofyourattentionontheimageandthetimewhenyousawtheoriginal.

(b) The auditory image is probably the next most vivid of our recalledexperiences.Hereassociationispotenttosuggestsimilarities.Closeoutall theworld beside and listen to the peculiarwood-against-wood sound of the sharpthunderamongrockymountains—thecrashofballagainstten-pinsmaysuggestit.Or image (theword is imperfect, for it seems to suggest only the eye) the

soundoftearingropeswhensomepreciousweighthangsindanger.Orrecallthebayof a hound almost uponyou inpursuit—chooseyourown sound, and seehowpleasantlyorterriblyrealitbecomeswhenimagedinyourbrain.

(c)Themotor image is a close competitorwith the auditory for secondplace.Have you ever awakened in the night, everymuscle taut and striving, to feelyourselfstrainingagainsttheopposingfootballlinethatheldlikeastone-wall—orasfirmlyastheheadboardofyourbed?Orvoluntarilyrecallthemovementoftheboatwhenyoucriedinwardly,"It'sallupwithme!"Theperilouslurchofatrain,thesuddensinkingofanelevator,ortheunexpectedtopplingofarocking-chairmayserveasfurtherexperiments.

(d)Thegustatory image is commonenough, as the ideaof eating lemonswilltestify.Sometimesthepleasurablerecollectionofadelightfuldinnerwillcausethe mouth to water years afterward, or the "image" of particularly atrociousmedicinewillwrinklethenoselongafteritmadeonedayinboyhoodwretched.

(e)Theolfactoryimageisevenmoredelicate.Sometherearewhoareaffectedto illness by the memory of certain odors, while others experience the mostdelectablesensationsbytheriseofpleasingolfactoryimages.

(f)Thetactileimage,tonamenoothers,iswellnighaspotent.Doyoushudderat the thought of velvet rubbed by short-nailed finger tips?Orwere you ever"burned"bytouchinganice-coldstove?Or,happiermemory,canyoustillfeelthetouchofawell-lovedabsenthand?

Be it remembered that fewof these imagesarepresent inourmindsexcept incombination—thesightandsoundofthecrashingavalancheareone;soaretheflashandreportofthehuntman'sgunthatcamesonear"doingforus."

Thus, imaging—especiallyconsciousreproductive imagination—willbecomeavaluablepartofourmentalprocessesinproportionaswedirectandcontrolit.

2.ProductiveImagination

Alloftheforegoingexamples,anddoubtlessalsomanyoftheexperimentsyouyourselfmayoriginate,aremerelyreproductive.Pleasurableorhorrificasthesemaybe, they are far less important than the images evoked by the productiveimagination—thoughthatdoesnotinferaseparatefaculty.

Recall, again for experiment, some scene whose beginning you once sawenactedonastreetcornerbutpassedbybeforethedénouementwasreadytobe

disclosed.Recall itall—thatfar the imageis reproductive.Butwhatfollowed?Let your fantasy roam at pleasure—the succeeding scenes are productive, foryouhavemoreorlessconsciouslyinventedtheunrealonthebasisofthereal.

Andjustherethefictionist,thepoet,andthepublicspeakerwillseethevalueofproductiveimagery.True,thefeetoftheidolyoubuildareontheground,butitsheadpiercestheclouds,itisasonofbothearthandheaven.

One fact it is important to note here: Imagery is a valuable mental asset inproportionasitiscontrolledbythehigherintellectualpowerofpurereason.Theuntutoredchildofnaturethinkslargelyinimagesandthereforeattachestothemundueimportance.Hereadilyconfusestherealwiththeunreal—tohimtheyareoflikevalue.Butthemanoftrainingreadilydistinguishestheonefromtheotherandevaluateseachwithsome,ifnotwithperfect,justice.

Soweseethatunrestrainedimagingmayproducearudderlesssteamer,whilethetrainedfacultyisthegracefulsloop,skimmingtheseasatherskipper'swill,hercoursesteadiedby thehelmof reasonandher lightsomewingscatchingeveryairofheaven.

Thegameof chess, thewar-lord's tactical plan, the evolutionof ageometricaltheorem,thedevisingofagreatbusinesscampaign,theeliminationofwasteinafactory, thedénouementof apowerfuldrama, theovercomingof an economicobstacle, the scheme for a sublime poem, and the convincing siege of anaudiencemay—nay,indeedmust—eachbeconceivedinanimageandwroughttorealityaccordingtotheplansandspecificationslaiduponthetrestleboardbysomemodern imaginativeHiram. The farmerwhowould be content with theseedhepossesseswouldhavenoharvest.Donotrestsatisfiedwiththeabilitytorecall images,but cultivateyourcreative imaginationbybuilding "whatmightbe"uponthefoundationof"whatis."

II.THEUSESOFIMAGINGINPUBLICSPEAKING

Bythistimeyouwillhavealreadymadesomegeneralapplicationoftheseideastotheartoftheplatform,buttoseveralspecificuseswemustnowrefer.

1.ImaginginSpeech-Preparation

(a) Set the image of your audience before you while you prepare.Disappointment may lurk here, and you cannot be forearmed for every

emergency,butinthemainyoumustmeetyouraudiencebeforeyouactuallydo—imageitsprobablemoodandattitudetowardtheoccasion,thetheme,andthespeaker.

(b)Conceiveyourspeechasawholewhileyouarepreparingitsparts,elsecanyounotsee—image—howitspartsshallbefitlyframedtogether.

(c)Imagethelanguageyouwilluse,sofaraswrittenorextemporaneousspeechmay dictate. The habit of imaging will give you choice of varied figures ofspeech,forrememberthatanaddresswithoutfreshcomparisonsislikeagardenwithout blooms.Donot be contentwith the first hackneyed figure that comesflowingtoyourpen-point,butdreamonuntil thestriking, theunusual,yet thevividlyrealcomparisonpointsyourthoughtlikesteeldoesthearrow-tip.

Note the freshness and effectiveness of the following description from theopeningofO.Henry'sstory,"TheHarbinger."

Longbeforethespringtideisfeltinthedullbosomoftheyokeldoesthecitymanknowthatthegrass-greengoddessisuponherthrone.Hesitsathisbreakfasteggsandtoast,begirtbystonewalls,openshismorningpaperandseesjournalismleavevernalismatthepost.

ForwhereasSpring's courierswere once the evidence of our finersenses,nowtheAssociatedPressdoesthetrick.

ThewarbleofthefirstrobininHackensack,thestirringofthemaplesapinBennington,thebuddingofthepussywillowsalongthemainstreetinSyracuse,thefirstchirpofthebluebird,theswansongofthe blue point, the annual tornado in St. Louis, the plaint of thepeach pessimist from Pompton, N.J., the regular visit of the tamewildgoosewithabrokenlegtothepondnearBilgewaterJunction,the base attempt of the Drug Trust to boost the price of quininefoiledintheHousebyCongressmanJinks,thefirsttallpoplarstruckby lightning and the usual stunned picknickers who had takenrefuge, the first crack of the ice jamb in theAlleghenyRiver, thefindingofaviolet in itsmossybedby thecorrespondentatRoundCorners—thesearetheadvancedsignsoftheburgeoningseasonthatarewiredintothewisecity,whilethefarmerseesnothingbutwinteruponhisdrearyfields.

But thesebemereexternals.The trueharbinger is theheart.When

StrephonseekshisChloeandMikehisMaggie,thenonlyisSpringarrived and the newspaper report of the five foot rattler killed inSquirePettregrew'spastureconfirmed.

Ahackneyedwriterwouldprobablyhave said that thenewspaper told thecitymanaboutspringbeforethefarmercouldseeanyevidenceofit,butthattherealharbingerofspringwasloveandthat"IntheSpringayoungman'sfancylightlyturnstothoughtsoflove."

2.ImaginginSpeech-Delivery

Whenoncethepassionofspeechisonyouandyouare"warmedup"—perhapsbystrikingtilltheironishotsothatyoumaynotfailtostrikewhenitishot—yourmoodwillbeoneofvision.

Then(a)Re-imagepastemotion—ofwhichmoreelsewhere.Theactor re-callstheoldfeelingseverytimeherendershistellinglines.

(b)Reconstructinimagethescenesyouaretodescribe.

(c)Imagetheobjects innaturewhosetoneyouaredelineating,sothatbearingand voice and movement (gesture) will picture forth the whole convincingly.Instead of merely stating the fact that whiskey ruins homes, the temperancespeakerpaintsadrunkardcominghometoabusehiswifeandstrikehischildren.It ismuchmoreeffective than telling the truth inabstract terms.Todepict thecruelness of war, do not assert the fact abstractly—"War is cruel." Show thesoldier,anarmsweptawaybyaburstingshell,lyingonthebattlefieldpleadingforwater;showthechildrenwithtear-stainedfacespressedagainstthewindowpane praying for their dead father to return.Avoid general and prosaic terms.Paintpictures.Evolveimagesfortheimaginationofyouraudiencetoconstructintopicturesoftheirown.

III.HOWTOACQUIRETHEIMAGINGHABIT

YouremembertheAmericanstatesmanwhoassertedthat"thewaytoresumeistoresume"?Theapplicationisobvious.Beginningwiththefirstsimpleanalysesofthischapter,testyourownqualitiesofimage-making.Onebyonepractisetheseveral kinds of images; then add—even invent—others in combination, formanyimagescometousincomplexform,likethecombinednoiseandshovingandhotodorofacheeringcrowd.

Afterpractisingonreproductiveimaging,turntotheproductive,beginningwiththe reproductive and adding productive features for the sake of cultivatinginvention.

Frequently, allow your originating gifts full swing by weaving completeimaginaryfabrics—sights,sounds,scenes;allthefineworldoffantasyliesopentothejourneyingsofyourwingedsteed.

In likemanner train yourself in the use of figurative language. Learn first todistinguishand then touse itsvariedforms.Whenusedwith restraint,nothingcanbemoreeffectivethanthetrope;butonceletextravagancecreep inby thewindow,andpowerwillfleebythedoor.

Allinall,masteryourimages—letnotthemmasteryou.


1.Giveoriginalexamplesofeachkindofreproductiveimagination.

2. Build two of these into imaginary incidents for platform use, using yourproductive,orcreative,imagination.

3. Define (a) phantasy; (b) vision; (c) fantastic; (d) phantasmagoria; (e)transmogrify;(f)recollection.

4.Whatisa"figureofspeech"?

5.Defineandgivetwoexamplesofeachofthefollowingfiguresofspeech[30].Atleastoneoftheexamplesundereachtypewouldbetterbeoriginal.(a)simile;(b) metaphor; (c) metonymy; (d) synecdoche; (e) apostrophe; (f) vision; (g)personification;(h)hyperbole;(i)irony.

6. (a) What is an allegory? (b) Name one example. (c) How could a shortallegorybeusedaspartofapublicaddress?

7.Write a short fable[31] for use in a speech. Follow either the ancient form(Æsop)orthemodern(GeorgeAde,JosephineDodgeDaskam).

8.Whatdoyouunderstandby"thehistoricalpresent?"Illustratehowitmaybeused(ONLYoccasionally)inapublicaddress.

9.Recall some disturbance on the street, (a)Describe it as youwould on the

platform;(b)imaginewhatprecededthedisturbance;(c)imaginewhatfollowedit; (d) connect the whole in a terse, dramatic narration for the platform anddeliver it with careful attention to all that you have learned of the publicspeaker'sart.

10.Dothesamewithotherincidentsyouhaveseenorheardof,orreadofinthenewspapers.

NOTE:Itishopedthatthisexercisewillbevariedandexpandeduntilthepupilhas gained considerable mastery of imaginative narration. (See chapter on"Narration.")

11.Experimentshaveproved that themajorityofpeople thinkmostvividly intermsofvisualimages.However,somethinkmorereadilyintermsofauditoryandmotorimages.Itisagoodplantomixallkindsofimagesinthecourseofyour address for you will doubtless have all kinds of hearers. This plan willserve to give variety and strengthen your effects by appealing to the severalsenses of each hearer, as well as interesting many different auditors. Forexercise, (a) give several original examples of compound images, and (b)constructbriefdescriptionsofthescenesimagined.Forexample,thefallingofabridgeinprocessofbuilding.

12.Readthefollowingobservantly:

ThestrikerssufferedbitterpovertylastwinterinNewYork.

Lastwinterawomanvisiting theEastSideofNewYorkCitysawanotherwomancomingoutofatenementhousewringingherhands.Uponinquirythevisitorfoundthatachildhadfaintedinoneoftheapartments.Sheentered,andsawthechildillandinrags,whilethefather,astriker,wastoopoortoprovidemedicalhelp.Aphysicianwascalledandsaidthechildhadfaintedfromlackoffood.Theonlyfoodinthehomewasdriedfish.Thevisitorprovidedgroceriesforthefamilyandorderedthemilkmantoleavemilkforthemdaily.Amonthlatershereturned.Thefatherofthefamilykneltdownbeforeher,andcallingheranangelsaidthatshehadsavedtheirlives,forthemilkshehadprovidedwasallthefoodtheyhadhad.

Inthetwoprecedingparagraphswehavesubstantiallythesamestory,toldtwice.Inthefirstparagraphwehaveafactstatedingeneral terms.Inthesecond,wehaveanoutlinepictureofaspecifichappening.Nowexpandthisoutlineintoa

dramaticrecital,drawingfreelyuponyourimagination.

FOOTNOTES:

[29]InquiriesintoHumanFaculty.

[30]Consultanygoodrhetoric.Anunabridgeddictionarywillalsobeofhelp.

[31] For a full discussion of the form see, The Art of Story-Writing, by J. BergEsenweinandMaryD.Chambers.

CHAPTERXXVII

GROWINGAVOCABULARY

Boysflyingkiteshaulintheirwhitewingedbirds;Youcan'tdothatwaywhenyou'reflyingwords."Carefulwithfire,"isgoodadviceweknow,"Carefulwithwords,"istentimesdoublyso.Thoughtsunexpressedmanysometimesfallbackdead;ButGodHimselfcan'tkillthemwhenthey'resaid.

—WILLCARLETON,TheFirstSettler'sStory.

The term "vocabulary" has a special as well as a general meaning. True, allvocabulariesaregroundedintheeverydaywordsofthelanguage,outofwhichgrow the special vocabularies, but each such specialized group possesses anumberofwordsofpeculiarvalueforitsownobjects.Thesewordsmaybeusedinothervocabulariesalso,butthefactthattheyaresuitedtoauniqueorderofexpressionmarksthemasofspecialvaluetoaparticularcraftorcalling.

Inthisrespectthepublicspeakerdiffersnotatallfromthepoet,thenovelist,thescientist,thetraveler.Hemustaddtohiseverydaystock,wordsofvalueforthepublic presentation of thought. "A study of the discourses of effective oratorsdiscloses the fact that they have a fondness for words signifying power,largeness, speed, action, color, light, and all their opposites. They frequently

employwordsexpressiveofthevariousemotions.Descriptivewords,adjectivesusedinfreshrelationswithnouns,andaptepithets,arefreelyemployed.Indeed,thenatureofpublicspeechpermitstheuseofmildlyexaggeratedwordswhich,by the time they have reached the hearer's judgment, will leave only a justimpression."[32]

FormtheBook-NoteHabit

To possess a word involves three things: To know its special and broadermeanings,toknowitsrelationtootherwords,andtobeabletouseit.Whenyouseeorhearafamiliarwordusedinanunfamiliarsense,jotitdown,lookitup,andmasterit.Wehaveinmindaspeakerofsuperiorattainmentswhoacquiredhisvocabularybynotingallnewwordsheheardorread.Thesehemasteredandput intouse. Soonhis vocabulary became large, varied, and exact.Use a newword accurately five times and it is yours. ProfessorAlbert E.Hancock says:"An author's vocabulary is of two kinds, latent and dynamic: latent—thosewordsheunderstands;dynamic—thosehecanreadilyuse.Everyintelligentmanknows all thewords he needs, but hemay not have them all ready for activeservice. The problem of literary diction consists in turning the latent into thedynamic."Yourdynamicvocabularyistheoneyoumustespeciallycultivate.

Inhisessayon"ACollegeMagazine" in thevolume,MemoriesandPortraits,Stevensonshowshowherosefromimitationtooriginalityintheuseofwords.Hehadparticularreferencetotheformationofhis literarystyle,butwordsarethe raw materials of style, and his excellent example may well be followedjudiciously by the public speaker. Words in their relations are vastly moreimportantthanwordsconsideredsingly.

WheneverIreadabookorapassagethatparticularlypleasedme,inwhichathingwassaidoraneffectrenderedwithpropriety,inwhichtherewaseithersomeconspicuousforceorsomehappydistinctionin the style, I must sit down at once and set myself to ape thatquality.Iwasunsuccessful,andIknewit;andtriedagain,andwasagain unsuccessful, and always unsuccessful; but at least in thesevain bouts I got some practice in rhythm, in harmony, inconstructionandcoördinationofparts.

I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, toWordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to Hawthorne, toMontaigne.

That, like it or not, is the way to learn to write; whether I haveprofitedor not, that is theway. Itwas thewayKeats learned, andthereneverwasafinertemperamentforliteraturethanKeats'.

Itisthegreatpointoftheseimitationsthattherestillshinesbeyondthestudent'sreach,hisinimitablemodel.Lethimtryasheplease,heis still sure of failure; and it is an old and very true saying thatfailureistheonlyhighroadtosuccess.

FormtheReference-BookHabit

Do not be contentwith your general knowledge of aword—press your studyuntil you have mastered its individual shades of meaning and usage. Merefluency is sure to become despicable, but accuracy never. The dictionarycontains the crystallized usage of intellectual giants.Noonewhowouldwriteeffectivelydaredespiseitsdefinitionsanddiscriminations.Think,forexample,ofthedifferentmeaningsofmantle,ormodel,orquantity.Anylateeditionofanunabridgeddictionaryisgood,andisworthmakingsacrificestoown.

Books of synonyms and antonyms—used cautiously, for there are fewperfectsynonymsinanylanguage—willbefoundofgreathelp.Considertheshadesofmeanings among such word-groups as thief, peculator, defaulter, embezzler,burglar, yeggman, robber, bandit, marauder, pirate, and many more; or thedistinctionsamongHebrew,Jew,Israelite,andSemite.Rememberthatnobookofsynonyms is trustworthyunlessusedwithadictionary. "AThesaurusof theEnglish Language," by Dr. Francis A. March, is expensive, but full andauthoritative.Ofsmallerbooksofsynonymsandantonymsthereareplenty.[33]

StudytheconnectivesofEnglishspeech.Fernald'sbookonthistitleisamineofgems.Unsuspectedpitfallslieinthelooseuseofand,or,for,while,andascoreoftrickylittleconnectives.

Word derivations are rich in suggestiveness. Our English owes so much toforeign tongues and has changed so much with the centuries that wholeaddressesmaygrowoutofasingleroot-ideahiddenawayinanancientword-origin.Translation,also,isexcellentexerciseinword-masteryandconsortswellwiththestudyofderivations.

Phrasebooksthatshowtheoriginsoffamiliarexpressionswillsurprisemostofusbyshowinghowcarelesslyeverydayspeechisused.Brewer's"ADictionaryof Phrase, and Fable," Edwards' "Words, Facts, and Phrases," and Thornton's

"An American Glossary," are all good—the last, an expensive work in threevolumes.

Aprefixorasuffixmayessentiallychangetheforceofthestem,asinmaster-fulandmaster-ly,contempt-ibleandcontempt-uous,envi-ousandenvi-able.Thustostudywordsingroups,accordingtotheirstems,prefixes,andsuffixesistogainamasteryovertheirshadesofmeaning,andintroduceustootherrelatedwords.

DonotFavoroneSetorKindofWordsmorethanAnother

"Sixty years and more ago, Lord Brougham, addressing the students of theUniversityofGlasgow,laiddowntherulethatthenative(Anglo-Saxon)partofour vocabularywas to be favored at the expense of that other partwhich hascome from the Latin and Greek. The rule was an impossible one, and LordBroughamhimselfnevertriedseriouslytoobserveit;nor,intruth,hasanygreatwriter made the attempt. Not only is our language highly composite, but thecomponentwordshave,inDeQuincey'sphrase,'happilycoalesced.'Itiseasytojest atwords in -osityand -ation, as 'dictionary'words, and the like.But evenLordBroughamwould have found it difficult to dispensewithpomposity andimagination."[34]

The short, vigorous Anglo-Saxon will always be preferred for passages ofspecialthrustandforce,justastheLatinwillcontinuetofurnishuswithflowingandsmoothexpressions;tomingleallsorts,however,willgivevariety—andthatismosttobedesired.

DiscussWordsWithThoseWhoKnowThem

Since the language of the platform follows closely the diction of everydayspeech, many useful words may be acquired in conversation with cultivatedmen,andwhensuchdiscussiontakestheformofdisputationastothemeaningsandusagesofwords, itwillprovedoublyvaluable.Thedevelopmentofword-powermarcheswiththegrowthofindividuality.

SearchFaithfullyfortheRightWord

Books of reference are tripled in value when their owner has a passion forgettingthekernelsoutoftheirshells.Tenminutesadaywilldowondersforthenut-cracker."Iamgrowingsopeevishaboutmywriting,"saysFlaubert."Iamlike amanwhose ear is true, butwho plays falsely on the violin: his fingersrefuse to reproduce precisely those sounds ofwhich he has the inward sense.

Thenthetearscomerollingdownfromthepoorscraper'seyesandthebowfallsfromhishand."

The same brilliant Frenchman sent this sound advice to his pupil, Guy deMaupassant:"Whatevermaybethethingwhichonewishestosay,thereisbutoneword for expressing it, only one verb to animate it, only one adjective toqualifyit.Itisessentialtosearchforthisword,forthisverb,forthisadjective,untiltheyarediscovered,andtobesatisfiedwithnothingelse."

Walter Savage Landor once wrote: "I hate false words, and seek with care,difficulty,andmorosenessthosethatfitthething."SodidSentimentalTommy,asrelatedbyJamesM.Barrieinhisnovelbearinghishero'snameasatitle.NowonderT.Sandysbecameanauthorandalion!

Tommy, with another lad, is writing an essay on "A Day in Church," incompetition for a university scholarship.He gets on finely until he pauses forlack of a word. For nearly an hour he searches for this elusive thing, untilsuddenlyheistoldthattheallottedtimeisup,andhehaslost!Barriemaytelltherest:

Essay!Itwasnomoreanessaythana twigisa tree, for thegowkhad stuck in themiddleofhis secondpage.Yes, stuck is the rightexpression,ashischagrinedteacherhadtoadmitwhentheboywascross-examined.Hehadnotbeen"uptosomeofhistricks;"hehadstuck, andhis explanations, as youwill admit,merely emphasizedhisincapacity.

He had brought himself to public scorn for lack of aword.Whatword? they asked testily; but even now he could not tell. He hadwantedaScotchwordthatwouldsignifyhowmanypeoplewereinchurch, and it was on the tip of his tongue, but would come nofarther. Pucklewas nearly theword, but it did notmean somanypeopleashemeant.Thehourhadgonebyjustlikewinking;hehadforgottenallabouttimewhilesearchinghismindfortheword.

Theotherfive[examiners]werefurious...."Youlittletattiedoolie,"Cathro roared, "were there not a dozenwords towile from if youhadanill-willtopuckle?Whatailedyouatmanzy,or—"

"Ithoughtofmanzy,"repliedTommy,woefully,forhewasashamedof himself, "but—but amanzy's a swarm. It wouldmean that thefolk in thekirkwerebuzzing thegither likebees, insteadof sittingstill."

"Evenifitdoesmeanthat,"saidMr.Duthie,withimpatience,"whatwastheneedofbeingsoparticular?Surelytheartofessay-writingconsistsinusingthefirstwordthatcomesandhurryingon."

"That'showIdid,"saidtheproudMcLauchlan[Tommy'ssuccessfulcompetitor]....

"I see," interposed Mr. Gloag, "that McLauchlan speaks of therebeingamaskofpeopleinthechurch.MaskisafineScotchword."

"Ithoughtofmask,"whimperedTommy,"butthatwouldmeanthekirkwascrammed,andIjustmeantittobemiddlingfull."

"Flowwouldhavedone,"suggestedMr.Lonimer.

"Flow'sbutahandful,"saidTommy.

"Curran,then,youjackanapes!"

"Curran'snoenough."

Mr.Lorrimerflunguphishandsindespair.

"I wanted something between curran and mask," said Tommy,doggedly,yetalmostatthecrying.

Mr. Ogilvy, who had been hiding his admiration with difficulty,spread a net for him. "You said you wanted a word that meantmiddling full. Well, why did you not say middling full—or fellmask?"

"Yes,why not?" demanded theministers, unconsciously caught inthenet.

"Iwantedoneword,"repliedTommy,unconsciouslyavoidingit.

"Youjewel!"mutteredMr.Ogilvyunderhisbreath,butMr.Cathrowouldhavebangedtheboy'sheadhadnottheministersinterfered.

"Itissoeasy,too,tofindtherightword,"saidMr.Gloag.

"It'sno;it'sdifficultastohitasquirrel,"criedTommy,andagainMr.Ogilvynoddedapproval.

And thenanodd thinghappened.As theywerepreparing to leavetheschool[CathrohavingpreviouslyrunTommyoutbytheneck],thedooropenedalittleandthereappearedintheaperturethefaceofTommy,tear-stainedbutexcited."Ikenthewordnow,"hecried,"itcametomea'atonce;itishantle!"

Mr.Ogilvy...saidinanecstasytohimself,"Hehadtothinkofittillhegotit—andhegotit.Theladdieisagenius!"


1.Whatisthederivationofthewordvocabulary?

2.Brieflydiscussanycompletespeechgiven in thisvolume,withreference to(a)exactness,(b)variety,and(c)charm,intheuseofwords.

3.Giveoriginalexamplesofthekindsofword-studiesreferredtoonpages337and338.

4.Deliverashorttalkonanysubject,usingatleastfivewordswhichhavenotbeenpreviouslyinyour"dynamic"vocabulary.

5.Makealistoftheunfamiliarwordsfoundinanyaddressyoumayselect.

6.Deliverashortextemporaneousspeechgivingyouropinionsonthemeritsanddemeritsoftheuseofunusualwordsinpublicspeaking.

7.Trytofindanexampleoftheover-useofunusualwordsinaspeech.

8.Haveyouusedreferencebooksinwordstudies?Ifso,statewithwhatresult.

9.Findasmanysynonymsandantonymsaspossibleforeachofthefollowingwords:Excess,Rare,Severe,Beautiful,Clear,Happy,Difference,Care,Skillful,Involve, Enmity, Profit, Absurd, Evident, Faint, Friendly, Harmony, Hatred,Honest,Inherent.

FOOTNOTES:


[33]Abookofsynonymsandantonymsisinpreparationforthisseries,"TheWriter'sLibrary."

[34]CompositionandRhetoric,J.M.Hart.

CHAPTERXXVIII

MEMORYTRAINING

Lulledinthecountlesschambersofthebrain,

Ourthoughtsarelinkedbymanyahiddenchain;Awakebutone,andlo!whatmyriadsrise!Eachstampsitsimageastheotherflies!

Hail,memory,hail!inthyexhaustlessmineFromagetoageunnumber'dtreasuresshine!Thoughtandhershadowybroodthycallobey,AndPlaceandTimearesubjecttothysway!

—SAMUELROGERS,PleasuresofMemory.

Manyanorator,likeThackeray,hasmadethebestpartofhisspeechtohimself—on theway home from the lecture hall. Presence ofmind—it remained forMarkTwaintoobserve—isgreatlypromotedbyabsenceofbody.Aholeinthememoryisnolessacommoncomplaintthanadistressingone.

HenryWardBeecherwasabletodeliveroneoftheworld'sgreatestaddressesatLiverpool because of his excellent memory. In speaking of the occasion Mr.Beechersaidthatalltheevents,argumentsandappealsthathehadeverheardorread or written seemed to pass before his mind as oratorical weapons, andstandingtherehehadbuttoreachforthhishandand"seizetheweaponsastheywent smoking by." Ben Jonson could repeat all he had written. Scaligermemorized the Iliad in threeweeks. Locke says: "Withoutmemory,man is aperpetualinfant."QuintilianandAristotleregardeditasameasureofgenius.

Nowallthisisverygood.Weallagreethatareliablememoryisaninvaluablepossession for the speaker. We never dissent for a moment when we aresolemnlytoldthathismemoryshouldbeastorehousefromwhichatpleasurehecandrawfacts,fancies,andillustrations.Butcanthememorybetrainedtoactasthe warder for all the truths that we have gained from thinking, reading, andexperience?Andifso,how?Letussee.

Twenty years ago a poor immigrant boy, employed as a dish washer in NewYork, wandered into the Cooper Union and began to read a copy of HenryGeorge's"ProgressandPoverty."Hispassionforknowledgewasawakened,andhe became a habitual reader. But he found that hewas not able to rememberwhatheread,sohebegantotrainhisnaturallypoormemoryuntilhebecametheworld's greatest memory expert. This man was the late Mr. Felix Berol. Mr.

Berol could tell the population of any town in the world, of more than fivethousandinhabitants.Hecouldrecallthenamesoffortystrangerswhohadjustbeen introduced to him and was able to tell which had been presented third,eighth,seventeenth,orinanyorder.Heknewthedateofeveryimportanteventinhistory,andcouldnotonlyrecallanendlessarrayoffactsbutcouldcorrelatethemperfectly.

Towhat extentMr.Berol's remarkablememorywas natural and requiredonlyattention,foritsdevelopment,seemsimpossibletodeterminewithexactness,buttheevidenceclearly indicates that,howeveruselessweremanyofhismemoryfeats, a highly retentive memory was developed where before only "a goodforgettery"existed.

The freak memory is not worth striving for, but a good working memorydecidedly is.Yourpowerasaspeakerwilldepend toa largeextentuponyourability to retain impressions and call them forthwhen occasion demands, andthatsortofmemoryislikemuscle—itrespondstotraining.

WhatNottoDo

Itissheermisdirectedefforttobegintomemorizebylearningwordsbyrote,forthat is beginning to build a pyramid at the apex. For years our schools werecursedbythisvicioussystem—viciousnotonlybecauseitisinefficientbutforthemoreimportantreasonthatithurtsthemind.True,somemindsarenativelyendowedwithawonderful facility in rememberingstringsofwords, facts,andfigures, but such are rarely good reasoning minds; the normal person mustbelaborandforcethememorytoacquireinthisartificialway.

Again,itishurtfultoforcethememoryinhoursofphysicalweaknessormentalweariness. Health is the basis of the best mental action and the operation ofmemoryisnoexception.

Finally,donotbecomeaslavetoasystem.Knowledgeofafewsimplefactsofmind andmemorywill set you towork at the right end of the operation.Usetheseprinciples,whetherincludedinasystemornot,butdonotbindyourselftoa method that tends to lay more stress on theway to remember than on thedevelopmentofmemoryitself.Itisnothingshortofridiculoustomemorizetenwordsinordertorememberonefact.

TheNaturalLawsofMemory

Concentratedattentionat thetimewhenyouwishtostorethemindis thefirststepinmemorizing—andthemostimportantonebyfar.Youforgotthefourthofthe list of articles your wife asked you to bring home chiefly because youallowed your attention to waver for an instant when she was telling you.Attentionmaynotbeconcentratedattention.Whenasiphonischargedwithgasitissufficientlyfilledwiththecarbonicacidvaportomakeitsinfluencefelt;amindchargedwithanideaischargedtoadegreesufficienttoholdit.Toomuchcharging will make the siphon burst; too much attention to trifles leads toinsanity.Adequateattention,then,isthefundamentalsecretofremembering.

Generally we do not give a fact adequate attention when it does not seemimportant.Almosteveryonehasseenhowtheseeds inanapplepoint,andhasmemorizedthedateofWashington'sdeath.Mostofushave—perhapswisely—forgottenboth.Thelittlenickinthebarkofatreeishealedoverandobliteratedinaseason,butthegashesinthetreesaroundGettysburgarestillapparentafterfiftyyears.Impressionsthataregatheredlightlyaresoonobliterated.Onlydeepimpressionscanberecalledatwill.HenryWardBeechersaid:"Oneintensehourwilldomorethandreamyyears."Tomemorizeideasandwords,concentrateonthem until they are fixed firmly and deeply in yourmind and accord to themtheirtrueimportance.LISTENwiththemindandyouwillremember.

Howshallyouconcentrate?Howwouldyouincreasethefighting-effectivenessofaman-of-war?Onevitalwaywouldbetoincreasethesizeandnumberofitsguns. To strengthen yourmemory, increase both the number and the force ofyour mental impressions by attending to them intensely. Loose, skimmingreading,anddriftinghabitsofreadingdestroymemorypower.However,asmostbooksandnewspapersdonotwarrantanyotherkindofattention,itwillnotdoaltogethertocondemnthismethodofreading;butavoiditwhenyouaretryingtomemorize.

Environmenthasastronginfluenceuponconcentration,untilyouhavelearnedto be alone in a crowd and undisturbed by clamor. When you set out tomemorizeafactoraspeech,youmayfindthetaskeasierawayfromallsoundsandmovingobjects.Allimpressionsforeigntotheoneyoudesiretofixinyourmindmustbeeliminated.

The next great step inmemorizing is topick out the essentials of the subject,arrange them in order, and dwell upon them intently. Think clearly of eachessential,oneaftertheother.Thinkingathing—notallowingthemindtowandertonon-essentials—isreallymemorizing.

Associationofideas isuniversallyrecognizedasanessential inmemorywork;indeed,wholesystemsofmemorytraininghavebeenfoundedonthisprinciple.

Many speakers memorize only the outlines of their addresses, filling in thewordsat themomentofspeaking.Somehavefoundithelpful torememberanoutlinebyassociatingthedifferentpointswithobjectsintheroom.Speakingon"Peace,"youmaywishtodwellonthecost thecruelty,andthefailureofwar,andsoleadtothejusticeofarbitration.Beforegoingontheplatformifyouwillassociate four divisions of your outline with four objects in the room, thisassociationmayhelpyoutorecallthem.Youmaybepronetoforgetyourthirdpoint,butyou remember thatoncewhenyouwere speaking theelectric lightsfailed,soarbitrarilytheelectriclightglobewillhelpyoutoremember"failure."Such associations, being unique, tend to stick in the mind. While recentlyspeakingonthesixkindsofimaginationthepresentwriterformedthemintoanacrostic—visual,auditory,motor,gustatory,olfactory,andtactile,furnishedthenonsensewordvamgot,butthesixpointswereeasilyremembered.

In the sameway that children are taught to remember the spelling of teasingwords—separate comes from separ—and as an automobile driver remembersthattwoC'sandthentwoH'sleadhimintoCastorRoad,CottmanStreet,HaynesStreet andHenry Street, so important points in your addressmay be fixed inmindbyarbitrarysymbolsinventedbyyourself.Theveryworkofdevisingthescheme is amemory action. The psychological process is simple: it is one ofnotingintentlythestepsbywhichafact,oratruth,orevenaword,hascometoyou.Takeadvantageofthistendencyofthemindtorememberbyassociation.

Repetition is a powerful aid to memory. Thurlow Weed, the journalist andpoliticalleader,wastroubledbecausehesoeasilyforgotthenamesofpersonshemet from day to day. He corrected the weakness, relates Professor WilliamJames,byformingthehabitofattendingcarefullytonameshehadheardduringthedayandthenrepeatingthemtohiswifeeveryevening.DoubtlessMrs.Weedwasheroicallylongsuffering,butthedeviceworkedadmirably.

Afterreadingapassageyouwouldremember,closethebook,reflect,andrepeatthecontents—aloud,ifpossible.

Reading thoughtfully aloud has been found bymany to be a helpful memorypractise.

Writewhatyouwishtoremember.Thisissimplyonemorewayofincreasingthenumber and the strength of your mental impressions by utilizing all your

avenuesofimpression.Itwillhelptofixaspeechinyourmindifyouspeakitaloud,listentoit,writeitout,andlookatitintently.Youhavethenimpresseditonyourmindbymeansofvocal,auditory,muscularandvisualimpressions.

Some folk have peculiarly distinct auditorymemories; they are able to recallthingsheardmuchbetterthanthingsseen.Othershavethevisualmemory;theyarebestable to recall sight-impressions.Asyou recallawalkyouhave taken,areyouabletorememberbetterthesightsorthesounds?Findoutwhatkindsofimpressionsyourmemoryretainsbest,andusethemthemost.Tofixanideainmind,useeverypossiblekindofimpression.

Daily habit is a great memory cultivator. Learn a lesson from the Marathonrunner. Regular exercise, though never so little daily, will strengthen yourmemory ina surprisingmeasure.Try todescribe indetail thedress, looksandmannerofthepeopleyoupassonthestreet.Observetheroomyouarein,closeyoureyes,anddescribeitscontents.Viewcloselythelandscape,andwriteoutadetaileddescriptionof it.Howmuchdidyoumiss?Notice thecontentsof theshow windows on the street; how many features are you able to recall?ContinualpractiseinthisfeatmaydevelopinyouasremarkableproficiencyasitdidinRobertHoudinandhisson.

The daily memorizing of a beautiful passage in literature will not only lendstrength to thememory, butwill store themindwith gems for quotation. Butwhetherbylittleormuchadddailytoyourmemorypowerbypractise.

Memorize out of doors. The buoyancy of the wood, the shore, or the stormynightondesertedstreetsmayfreshenyourmindasitdoesthemindsofcountlessothers.

Lastly,castout fear.Tellyourself thatyoucanandwillanddo remember.Bypure exercise of selfism assert your mastery. Be obsessed with the fear offorgetting and you cannot remember. Practise the reverse. Throw aside yourmanuscriptcrutches—youmaytumbleonceortwice,butwhatmattersthat,foryouaregoingtolearntowalkandleapandrun.

MemorizingaSpeech

Now letus try toput intopractise the foregoing suggestions.First, reread thischapter,notingtheninewaysbywhichmemorizingmaybehelped.

Thenreadover thefollowingselectionfromBeecher,applyingsomanyof the

suggestionsasarepracticable.Getthespiritoftheselectionfirmlyinyourmind.Makementalnoteof—writedown, ifyoumust—thesuccessionof ideas.Nowmemorize the thought. Then memorize the outline, the order in which thedifferentideasareexpressed.Finally,memorizetheexactwording.

No,whenyouhavedoneall this,with themostfaithfulattentiontodirections,you will not find memorizing easy, unless you have previously trained yourmemory, or it is naturally retentive. Only by constant practise will memorybecome strongandonlybycontinuallyobserving these sameprincipleswill itremainstrong.Youwill,however,havemadeabeginning,andthatisnomeanmatter.

THEREIGNOFTHECOMMONPEOPLE

Idonotsupposethatifyouweretogoandlookupontheexperimentofself-governmentinAmericayouwouldhaveaveryhighopinionofit.Ihavenoteither,ifIjustlookuponthesurfaceofthings.Why,menwill say: "It stands to reason that60,000,000 ignorantof law,ignorant of constitutional history, ignorant of jurisprudence, offinance, and taxes and tariffs and forms of currency—60,000,000people that never studied these things—are not fit to rule." Yourdiplomacyisascomplicatedasours,anditisthemostcomplicatedonearth,forallthingsgrowincomplexityastheydeveloptowardahighercondition.Whatfitnessisthereinthesepeople?Well,itisnotdemocracymerely; it isarepresentativedemocracy.Ourpeopledonotvoteinmassforanything;theypickoutcaptainsofthought,theypickoutthementhatdoknow,andtheysendthemtotheLegislatureto think for them, and then thepeople afterward ratifyordisallowthem.

ButwhenyoucometotheLegislatureIamboundtoconfessthatthething does not look verymuchmore cheering on the outside. Dotheyreallyselectthebestmen?Yes;intimesofdangertheydoverygenerally,but inordinary time, "kissinggoesby favor."YouknowwhatthedutyofaregularRepublican-Democraticlegislatoris.Itistogetbackagainnextwinter.Hisseconddutyiswhat?Hisseconddutyistoputhimselfunderthatextraordinaryprovidencethattakescareof legislators' salaries.Theoldmiracleof theprophetand themealand theoil isoutdone immeasurably inourdays, for theygothere poor oneyear, andgohome rich; in four years theybecome

moneylenders, all by a trust in that gracious providence that takescareoflegislators'salaries.Theirnextdutyafterthatistoservethepartythatsentthemup,andthen,ifthereisanythingleftofthem,itbelongstothecommonwealth.Someonehassaidverywisely,thatifamantravelingwishestorelishhisdinnerhehadbetternotgointothekitchentoseewhereitiscooked;ifamanwishestorespectandobey the law,hehadbetter not go to theLegislature to seewherethatiscooked.

—HENRYWARDBEECHER.

FromalecturedeliveredinExeterHall,London,1886,whenmakinghislasttourofGreatBritain.

InCaseofTrouble

Butwhat are you to do if, notwithstanding all your efforts, you should forgetyourpoints,andyourmind,fortheminute,becomesblank?Thisisadeplorablecondition thatsometimesarisesandmustbedealtwith.Obviously,youcansitdownandadmitdefeat.Suchaconsummationisdevoutlytobeshunned.

Walkingslowlyacrosstheplatformmaygiveyoutimetogripyourself,composeyour thoughts, and stave off disaster. Perhaps the surest and most practicalmethod is to begin a new sentencewith your last importantword.This is notadvocatedasamethodofcomposingaspeech—itismerelyanextrememeasurewhichmay saveyou in tight circumstances. It is like the firedepartment—thelessyoumustuseitthebetter.Ifthismethodisfollowedverylongyouarelikelyto find yourself talking about plum pudding or Chinese Gordon in the mostunexpected manner, so of course you will get back to your lines the earliestmomentthatyourfeethavehittheplatform.

Letusseehowthisplanworks—obviously,yourextemporizedwordswilllacksomewhatofpolish,butinsuchapasscrudityisbetterthanfailure.

Nowyouhavecometoadeadwallaftersaying:"JoanofArcfoughtforliberty."Bythismethodyoumightgetsomethinglikethis:

"Liberty is a sacred privilege for which mankind always had to fight. Thesestruggles [Platitude—butpushon] fill thepagesofhistory.Historyrecords thegradualtriumphoftheserfoverthelord,theslaveoverthemaster.Themasterhascontinuallytriedtousurpunlimitedpowers.Powerduringthemedievalages

accruedtotheownerofthelandwithaspearandastrongcastle;butthestrongcastle and spear were of little avail after the discovery of gunpowder.Gunpowderwasthegreatestboonthatlibertyhadeverknown."

Thus far you have linked one ideawith another rather obviously, but you aregettingyour secondwindnowandmayventure to relaxyourgripon the too-evidentchain;andsoyousay:

"Withgunpowderthehumblestserfinallthelandcouldputanendtothelifeofthe tyrannical baron behind the castle walls. The struggle for liberty, withgunpowderasitsaid,wreckedempires,andbuiltupaneweraforallmankind."

Inamomentmoreyouhavegottenbacktoyouroutlineandthedayissaved.

Practisingexercisesliketheabovewillnotonlyfortifyyouagainstthedeathofyourspeechwhenyourmemorymissesfire,butitwillalsoprovideanexcellenttrainingforfluencyinspeaking.Stockupwithideas.


1. Pick out and state briefly the nine helps to memorizing suggested in thischapter.

2. Report on whatever success you may have had with any of the plans formemory culture suggested in this chapter.Have any been less successful thanothers?

3.Freelycriticiseanyofthesuggestedmethods.

4.Giveanoriginalexampleofmemorybyassociationofideas.

5.Listinorderthechiefideasofanyspeechinthisvolume.

6.Repeatthemfrommemory.

7.Expandthemintoaspeech,usingyourownwords.

8. Illustrate practically what would you do, if in the midst of a speech onProgress,yourmemory failedyouandyou stopped suddenlyon the followingsentence:"Thelastcenturysawmarvelousprogressinvariedlinesofactivity."

9.Howmanyquotations that fitwell in thespeaker's toolchestcanyourecallfrommemory?

10.Memorizethepoemonpage42.Howmuchtimedoesitrequire?

CHAPTERXXIX

RIGHTTHINKINGANDPERSONALITY

Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, bywhatever name itmaybecalled.—JOHNSTUARTMILL,OnLiberty.

Right thinking fits for complete livingbydeveloping thepower toappreciatethebeautifulinnatureandart,powertothinkthetrueandto will the good, power to live the life of thought, and faith, andhope,andlove.

—N.C.SCHAEFFER,ThinkingandLearningtoThink.

The speaker's most valuable possession is personality—that indefinable,imponderable somethingwhich sums upwhatwe are, andmakes us differentfrom others; that distinctive force of selfwhich operates appreciably on thosewhose lives we touch. It is personality alone that makes us long for higherthings.Robusofoursenseofindividuallife,withitsgainsandlosses,itsdutiesandjoys,andwegrovel."Fewhumancreatures,"saysJohnStuartMill,"wouldconsenttobechangedintoanyoftheloweranimalsforapromiseofthefullestallowanceofabeast'spleasures;nointelligenthumanbeingwouldconsenttobea fool, no instructed personwould be an ignoramus, no person of feeling andconsciencewouldbeselfishandbase,eventhoughheshouldbepersuadedthatthefool,orthedunce,ortherascalisbettersatisfiedwithhislotthantheywiththeirs....Itisbettertobeahumanbeingdissatisfiedthanapigsatisfied,bettertobeaSocratesdissatisfiedthanafoolsatisfied.Andifthefoolorthepigisofadifferent opinion, it is only because they know only their own side of thequestion.Theotherpartytothecomparisonknowsbothsides."

NowitispreciselybecausetheSocratestypeofpersonlivesontheplanofrightthinkingandrestrainedfeelingandwillingthatheprefershisstatetothatoftheanimal.All that aman is, all his happiness, his sorrow, his achievements, hisfailures,hismagnetism,hisweakness,allareinanamazinglylargemeasurethedirect results of his thinking. Thought and heart combine to produce right

thinking:"Asamanthinkethinhisheartsoishe."Ashedoesnotthinkinhisheartsohecanneverbecome.

Sincethisistrue,personalitycanbedevelopedanditslatentpowersbroughtoutbycarefulcultivation.Wehavelongsinceceasedtobelievethatwearelivinginarealmofchance.Soclearandexactarenature'slawsthatweforecast,scoresofyearsinadvance,theappearanceofacertaincometandforetelltotheminuteaneclipse of the Sun.Andwe understand this law of cause and effect in all ourmaterialrealms.Wedonotplantpotatoesandexpecttopluckhyacinths.Thelawisuniversal:itappliestoourmentalpowers,tomorality,topersonality,quiteasmuchastotheheavenlybodiesandthegrainofthefields."Whatsoeveramansoweththatshallhealsoreap,"andnothingelse.

Characterhasalwaysbeenregardedasoneofthechieffactorsofthespeaker'spower.Catodefinedtheoratorasvirbonusdicendiperitus—agoodmanskilledinspeaking.PhillipsBrookssays:"Nobodycantrulystandasauttererbeforetheworld,unlesshebeprofoundlylivingandearnestlythinking.""Character,"saysEmerson,"isanaturalpower,likelightandheat,andallnaturecooperateswithit.The reasonwhywe feeloneman'spresence,anddonot feelanother's isassimpleasgravity.Truthisthesummitofbeing:justiceistheapplicationofittoaffairs. All individual natures stand in a scale, according to the purity of thiselementinthem.Thewillofthepurerunsdownintoothernatures,aswaterrunsdown from a higher into a lower vessel. This natural force is no more to bewithstood than any other natural force.... Character is nature in the highestform."

It is absolutely impossible for impure, bestial and selfish thoughts to blossominto loving and altruistic habits. Thistle seeds bring forth only the thistle.Contrariwise, it is entirely impossible for continual altruistic, sympathetic, andservicefulthoughtstobringforthalowandviciouscharacter.Eitherthoughtsorfeelings precede and determine all our actions. Actions develop into habits,habitsconstitutecharacter,andcharacterdeterminesdestiny.Thereforetoguardourthoughtsandcontrolourfeelingsistoshapeourdestinies.Thesyllogismiscomplete,andoldasitisitisstilltrue.

Since "character is nature in the highest form," the development of charactermustproceedonnaturallines.Thegardenlefttoitselfwillbringforthweedsandscrawny plants, but the flower-beds nurtured carefully will blossom intofragranceandbeauty.

Asthestudententeringcollegelargelydetermineshisvocationbychoosingfromthe different courses of the curriculum, so do we choose our characters bychoosing our thoughts.We are steadily going up toward that which we mostwish for, or steadily sinking to the level of our lowdesires.Whatwe secretlycherishinourheartsisasymbolofwhatweshallreceive.Ourtrainsofthoughtsarehurryingusontoourdestiny.WhenyouseetheflagflutteringtotheSouth,you know the wind is coming from the North.When you see the straws andpapersbeingcarriedtotheNorthwardyourealizethewindisblowingoutoftheSouth.Itisjustaseasytoascertainaman'sthoughtsbyobservingthetendencyofhischaracter.

Let itnotbesuspectedforonemomentthatall this ismerelyapreachmentonthequestionofmorals.Itisthat,butmuchmore,forittouchesthewholeman—his imaginative nature, his ability to control his feelings, the mastery of histhinkingfaculties,and—perhapsmostlargely—hispowertowillandtocarryhisvolitionsintoeffectiveaction.

Right thinking constantly assumes that the will sits enthroned to execute thedictates of mind, conscience and heart. Never tolerate for an instant thesuggestionthatyourwillisnotabsolutelyefficient.Thewaytowillistowill—andtheveryfirst timeyouare tempted tobreakaworthyresolution—andyouwillbe,youmaybecertainofthat—makeyourfightthenandthere.Youcannotaffordtolosethatfight.Youmustwinit—don'tswerveforaninstant,butkeepthat resolution if itkillsyou. Itwillnot,butyoumust fight justas though lifedepended on the victory; and indeed your personality may actually lie in thebalances!

Your success or failure as a speaker will be determined very largely by yourthoughts andyourmental attitude.Thepresentwriter had a student of limitededucation enter one of his classes in public speaking.He proved to be a verypoor speaker; and the instructor could conscientiously do little but point outfaults.However,theyoungmanwaswarnednottobediscouraged.Withsorrowinhisvoiceandtheessenceofearnestnessbeamingfromhiseyes,hereplied:"Iwillnotbediscouraged!Iwantsobadlytoknowhowtospeak!"Itwaswarm,human,andfromtheveryheart.Andhedidkeepontrying—anddevelopedintoacreditablespeaker.

There isnopowerunder the stars that candefeat amanwith that attitude.Hewhodown in thedeepsofhisheart earnestly longs toget facility in speaking,andiswillingtomakethesacrificesnecessary,willreachhisgoal."Askandye

shallreceive;seekandyeshallfind;knockanditshallbeopeneduntoyou,"isindeedapplicabletothosewhowouldacquirespeech-power.Youwillnotrealizetheprizethatyouwishforlanguidly,butthegoalthatyoustartouttoattainwiththespiritoftheoldguardthatdiesbutneversurrenders,youwillsurelyreach.

Yourbeliefinyourabilityandyourwillingnesstomakesacrificesforthatbelief,are the double index to your future achievements.Lincoln had a dreamof hispossibilitiesasaspeaker.He transmuted thatdreaminto lifesolelybecausehewalkedmanymilestoborrowbookswhichhereadbythelog-fireglowatnight.He sacrificed much to realize his vision. Livingstone had a great faith in hisabilitytoservethebenightedracesofAfrica.Toactualizethatfaithhegaveupall.LeavingEnglandfor the interiorof theDarkContinenthestruck thedeathblow to Europe's profits from the slave trade. Joan of Arc had great self-confidence,glorifiedbyaninfinitecapacityforsacrifice.ShedrovetheEnglishbeyondtheLoire,andstoodbesideCharleswhilehewascrowned.

These all realized their strongest desires. The law is universal.Desire greatly,andyoushallachieve;sacrificemuch,andyoushallobtain.

Stanton Davis Kirkham has beautifully expressed this thought: "You may bekeepingaccounts, andpresentlyyoushallwalkoutof thedoor thathas for solongseemedtoyouthebarrierofyourideals,andshallfindyourselfbeforeanaudience—thepenstillbehindyourear,theinkstainsonyourfingers—andthenand there shall pour out the torrent of your inspiration. You may be drivingsheep, and you shall wander to the city—bucolic and open-mouthed; shallwanderundertheintrepidguidanceofthespiritintothestudioofthemaster,andafteratimeheshallsay,'Ihavenothingmoretoteachyou.'Andnowyouhavebecome the master, who did so recently dream of great things while drivingsheep. You shall lay down the saw and the plane to take upon yourself theregenerationoftheworld."


1.What,inyourownwords,ispersonality?

2.Howdoespersonalityinaspeakeraffectyouasalistener?

3.Inwhatwaysdoespersonalityshowitselfinaspeaker?

4.Deliverashortspeechon"ThePowerofWillinthePublicSpeaker."

5.Deliverashortaddressbasedonanysentenceyouchoosefromthischapter.

CHAPTERXXX

AFTER-DINNERANDOTHEROCCASIONALSPEAKING

Theperceptionoftheludicrousisapledgeofsanity.

—RALPHWALDOEMERSON,Essays.

Andlethimbesuretoleaveothermentheirturnstospeak.

—FRANCISBACON,EssayonCivilandMoralDiscourse.

Perhapsthemostbrilliant,andcertainlythemostentertaining,ofallspeechesarethosedeliveredonafter-dinnerandotherspecialoccasions.Theairofwell-fedcontent intheformer,andofexpectancywellprimedinthelatter,furnishesanaudience which, though not readily won, is prepared for the best, while thespeakerhimselfisprettysuretohavebeenchosenforhisgiftsoforatory.

Thefirstessentialofgoodoccasionalspeakingistostudytheoccasion.Preciselywhat is the object of the meeting? How important is the occasion to theaudience?Howlargewill theaudiencebe?Whatsortofpeoplearethey?Howlargeistheauditorium?Whoselectsthespeakers'themes?Whoelseistospeak?Whatare they tospeakabout?PreciselyhowlongamI tospeak?WhospeaksbeforeIdoandwhofollows?

If you want to hit the nail on the head ask such questions as these.[35] Nooccasional address can succeed unless it fits the occasion to a T. Manyprominentmenhavelostprestigebecausetheyweretoocarelessortoobusyortooself-confidenttorespecttheoccasionandtheaudiencebylearningtheexactconditionsunderwhichtheyweretospeak.Leavingtoomuchtothemomentistakingalongchanceandgenerallymeansalesseffectivespeech,ifnotafailure.

Suitabilityisthebigthinginanoccasionalspeech.WhenMarkTwainaddressedtheArmyoftheTennesseeinreunionatChicago,in1877,herespondedtothetoast, "TheBabies."Two things in thatafter-dinnerspeechare remarkable: thebright introduction, by which he subtly claimed the interest of all, and the

humoroususeofmilitarytermsthroughout:

Mr.ChairmanandGentlemen:"TheBabies."Now,that'ssomethinglike.Wehaven'tallhadthegoodfortunetobeladies;wehavenotallbeen generals, or poets, or statesmen; but when the toast worksdown to the babies, we stand on common ground—for we've allbeen babies. It is a shame that for a thousand years the world'sbanquets have utterly ignored the baby, as if he didn't amount toanything! If you, gentlemen,will stop and think aminute—if youwillgobackfiftyorahundredyears,toyourearlymarriedlife,andrecontemplateyourfirstbaby—youwillrememberthatheamountedtoagooddeal—andevensomethingover.

"As a vessel is known by the sound, whether it be cracked or not," saidDemosthenes, "somen are proved by their speecheswhether they bewise orfoolish." Surely the occasional address furnishes a severe test of a speaker'swisdom.Tobe trivialona seriousoccasion, tobe funerealatabanquet, tobelong-winded ever—these are the marks of non-sense. Some imprudent soulsseemtoselectthemostfriendlyofafter-dinneroccasionsfortheexplosionofabomb-shellofdispute.Aroundthedinnertableitisthecustomofevenpoliticalenemiestoburytheirhatchetsanywhereratherthaninsomeconvenientskull.Itistheheightofbadtastetoraisequestionsthatinhoursconsecratedtogood-willcanonlyirritate.

Occasionalspeechesoffergoodchancesforhumor,particularlythefunnystory,forhumorwithagenuinepoint isnot trivial.Butdonotspinawholeskeinofhumorous yarnswith nomore connection than the inane and threadbare "Andthatremindsme."Ananecdotewithoutbearingmaybefunnybutonelessfunnythat fits theme and occasion is far preferable. There is noway, short of sheerpower of speech, that so surely leads to the heart of an audience as rich,appropriate humor. The scattered diners in a great banqueting hall, the after-dinnerlethargy,theanxietyoverapproachinglast-traintime,theover-fulllistofover-fullspeakers—allthrowoutachallengetothespeakertodohisbesttowinaninterestedhearing.Andwhensuccessdoescomeitisusuallyduetoahappymixtureof seriousnessandhumor, forhumoralone rarelyscores soheavilyasthetwocombined,whiletheutterlygravespeechneverdoesonsuchoccasions.

If there is one place more than another where second-hand opinions andplatitudesareunwelcomeitisintheafter-dinnerspeech.Whetheryouaretoast-master or the last speaker to try to hold thewaning crowd atmidnight, be as

originalasyoucan.Howisitpossibletosummarizethequalitiesthatgotomakeup the good after-dinner speech, when we remember the inimitable serious-drolleryofMarkTwain, thesweetsoutherneloquenceofHenryW.Grady, thefunereal gravity of the humorousCharlesBattell Loomis, the charmofHenryVanDyke,thegenialityofF.HopkinsonSmith,andtheall-rounddelightfulnessofChaunceyM.Depew?America is literally rich in such gladsome speakers,whopunctuaterealsensewithnonsense,andsomakebotheffective.

Commemorativeoccasions, unveilings, commencements, dedications, eulogies,and all the train of special public gatherings, offer rare opportunities for thedisplayoftactandgoodsenseinhandlingoccasion,theme,andaudience.Whentobedignified andwhencolloquial,when to soar andwhen to ramble arm inarmwithyourhearers,whentoflameandwhentosoothe,whentoinstructandwhen to amuse—in a word, the whole matter of APPROPRIATENESS mustconstantlybeinmindlestyouwriteyourspeechonwater.

Finally,rememberthebeatitude:Blessedisthemanthatmakethshortspeeches,forheshallbeinvitedtospeakagain.

SELECTIONSFORSTUDY

LASTDAYSOFTHECONFEDERACY

(Extract)

The Rapidan suggests another scene to which allusion has oftenbeenmadesincethewar,butwhich,asillustrativealsoofthespiritofbotharmies,Imaybepermittedtorecallinthisconnection.Inthemellow twilightofanAprilday the twoarmieswereholding theirdressparadesontheoppositehillsborderingtheriver.Atthecloseof the parade amagnificent brass band of theUnion army playedwith great spirit the patriotic airs, "Hail Columbia," and "YankeeDoodle."Whereupon theFederal troops respondedwith apatrioticshout. The same band then played the soul-stirring strains of"Dixie," to which a mighty response came from ten thousandSoutherntroops.Afewmomentslater,whenthestarshadcomeoutaswitnessesandwhenallnaturewasinharmony,therecamefromthesamebandtheoldmelody,"Home,SweetHome."Asitsfamiliarand pathetic notes rolled over the water and thrilled through thespirits of the soldiers, the hills reverberated with a thunderingresponsefromtheunitedvoicesofbotharmies.Whatwas there in

thisold,oldmusic,tosotouchthechordsofsympathy,sothrillthespiritsandcausetheframesofbravementotremblewithemotion?It was the thought of home. To thousands, doubtless, it was thethoughtofthatEternalHometowhichthenextbattlemightbethegateway. To thousands of others it was the thought of their dearearthlyhomes,wherelovedonesatthattwilighthourwerebowingroundthefamilyaltar,andaskingGod'scareovertheabsentsoldierboy.

—GENERALJ.B.GORDON,C.S.A.

WELCOMETOKOSSUTH

(Extract)

Let me ask you to imagine that the contest, in which the UnitedStates asserted their independence of Great Britain, had beenunsuccessful;thatourarmies,throughtreasonoraleagueoftyrantsagainstus, hadbeenbrokenand scattered; that thegreatmenwholed them, and who swayed our councils—our Washington, ourFranklin, and thevenerable president of theAmericanCongress—hadbeendriven forthas exiles. If therehadexistedat thatday, inany part of the civilized world, a powerful Republic, withinstitutionsrestingonthesamefoundationsoflibertywhichourowncountrymen sought to establish, would there have been in thatRepublic any hospitality too cordial, any sympathy too deep, anyzealfortheirgloriousbutunfortunatecause,tooferventortooactivetobeshowntowardtheseillustriousfugitives?Gentlemen,thecaseIhave supposed is before you. TheWashingtons, the Franklins, theHancocksofHungary,drivenoutbya farworse tyranny thanwasever endured here, are wanderers in foreign lands. Some of themhavesoughtarefugeinourcountry—onesitswiththiscompanyourguestto-night—andwemustmeasurethedutyweowethembythesame standard which we would have had history apply, if ourancestorshadmetwithafateliketheirs.

—WILLIAMCULLENBRYANT.

THEINFLUENCEOFUNIVERSITIES

(Extract)

Whentheexcitementofpartywarfarepressesdangerouslynearournationalsafeguards,Iwouldhavetheintelligentconservatismofouruniversities and colleges warn the contestants in impressive tonesagainsttheperilsofabreachimpossibletorepair.

Whenpopulardiscontent andpassionare stimulatedby the artsofdesigning partisans to a pitch perilously near to class hatred orsectionalanger,Iwouldhaveouruniversitiesandcollegessoundthealarm in the name of American brotherhood and fraternaldependence.

When theattempt ismade todelude thepeople into thebelief thattheir suffrages can change the operation of national laws, Iwouldhave our universities and colleges proclaim that those laws areinexorableandfarremovedfrompoliticalcontrol.

When selfish interest seeks undue private benefits throughgovernmentalaid,andpublicplacesareclaimedasrewardsofpartyservice, I would have our universities and colleges persuade thepeopletoarelinquishmentofthedemandforpartyspoilsandexhortthemtoadisinterestedandpatrioticloveoftheirgovernment,whoseunpervertedoperation secures toeverycitizenhis just shareof thesafetyandprosperityitholdsinstoreforall.

I would have the influence of these institutions on the side ofreligionandmorality. Iwouldhave those theysendoutamong thepeople not ashamed to acknowledge God, and to proclaim Hisinterpositionintheaffairsofmen,enjoiningsuchobediencetoHislaws as makes manifest the path of national perpetuity andprosperity

—GROVERCLEVELAND,deliveredatthePrincetonSesqui-Centennial,1896.

EULOGYOFGARFIELD

(Extract)

Greatinlife,hewassurpassinglygreatindeath.Fornocause,inthevery frenzy of wantonness and wickedness, by the red hand ofmurder,hewasthrustfromthefulltideofthisworld'sinterest,from

its hopes, its aspirations, its victories, into the visible presence ofdeath—andhedidnotquail.Notalonefortheoneshortmomentinwhich,stunnedanddazed,hecouldgiveuplife,hardlyawareofitsrelinquishment,but throughdaysofdeadly languor, throughweeksofagony,thatwasnotlessagonybecausesilentlyborne,withclearsightandcalmcourage,helookedintohisopengrave.Whatblightand ruin met his anguished eyes, whose lips may tell—whatbrilliant,brokenplans,whatbaffled,highambitions,whatsunderingofstrong,warm,manhood'sfriendships,whatbitterrendingofsweethouseholdties!Behindhimaproud,expectantnation,agreathostofsustaining friends, a cherished and happymother,wearing the fullrichhonorsofherearlytoilandtears;thewifeofhisyouth,whosewholelifelayinhis;thelittleboysnotyetemergedfromchildhood'sdayoffrolic;thefairyoungdaughter;thesturdysonsjustspringinginto closest companionship, claiming every day and every dayrewarding a father's love and care; and in his heart the eager,rejoicing power to meet all demand. Before him, desolation andgreatdarkness!Andhissoulwasnotshaken.Hiscountrymenwerethrilledwithinstant,profoundanduniversalsympathy.Masterfulinhis mortal weakness, he became the centre of a nation's love,enshrined in the prayers of a world. But all the love and all thesympathycouldnotsharewithhimhissuffering.Hetrod thewinepress alone.With unfaltering front he faced death.With unfailingtenderness he took leave of life. Above the demoniac hiss of theassassin'sbulletheheardthevoiceofGod.WithsimpleresignationhebowedtotheDivinedecree.

—JAMES G. BLAINE, delivered at thememorial service held by theU.S.SenateandHouseofRepresentatives.

EULOGYOFLEE

(Extract)

At the bottom of all true heroism is unselfishness. Its crowningexpression is sacrifice.Theworld is suspicious of vauntedheroes.Butwhen the trueherohas come, andweknow that here he is inverity, ah! how the hearts of men leap forth to greet him! howworshipfullywewelcomeGod's noblestwork—the strong, honest,fearless,uprightman.InRobertLeewassuchaherovouchsafedto

usandtomankind,andwhetherwebeholdhimdecliningcommandofthefederalarmytofightthebattlesandsharethemiseriesofhisownpeople;proclaimingon theheights in frontofGettysburg thatthefaultofthedisasterwashisown;leadingchargesinthecrisisofcombat;walkingunder theyokeof conquestwithout amurmurofcomplaint; or refusing fortune to comehere and train theyouthofhiscountryinthepathsofduty,—heiseverthesamemeek,grand,self-sacrificingspirit.Hereheexhibitedqualitiesnotlessworthyandheroic than those displayed on the broad and open theater ofconflict,whentheeyesofnationswatchedhiseveryaction.Hereinthe calm repose of civil and domestic duties, and in the tryingroutine of incessant tasks, he lived a life as high aswhen, day byday,hemarshalledand ledhis thinandwasting lines,andsleptbynightuponthefieldthatwastobedrenchedagaininblooduponthemorrow.Andnowhehasvanishedfromusforever.And is thisallthat is left ofhim—thishandfulofdustbeneath themarble stone?No!theagesanswerastheyrisefromthegulfsoftime,whereliethewrecksofkingdomsandestates,holdingup in theirhandsas theironlytrophies,thenamesofthosewhohavewroughtformanintheloveandfearofGod,andin love—unfearingfor their fellow-men.No! the present answers, bending by his tomb. No! the futureanswersas thebreathof themorning fans its radiantbrow,and itssoul drinks in sweet inspirations from the lovely life of Lee. No!methinkstheveryheavensecho,asmeltintotheirdepthsthewordsofreverentlovethatvoicetheheartsofmentothetinglingstars.

Come we then to-day in loyal love to sanctify our memories, topurifyourhopes,tomakestrongallgoodintentbycommunionwiththespiritofhimwho,beingdeadyetspeaketh.Come,child,inthyspotlessinnocence;come,woman,inthypurity;come,youth,inthyprime; come, manhood, in thy strength; come, age, in thy ripewisdom; come, citizen; come, soldier; let us strew the roses andliliesofJunearoundhistomb,forhe,likethem,exhaledinhislifeNature's beneficence, and the grave has consecrated that life andgivenittousall;letuscrownhistombwiththeoak,theemblemofhis strength, and with the laurel the emblem of his glory, and lettheseguns,whosevoicesheknewofold,awake theechoesof themountains, that nature herself may join in his solemn requiem.Come,forhereherests,and

Onthisgreenbank,bythisfairstream,Wesetto-dayavotivestone,Thatmemorymayhisdeedsredeem?When,likeoursires,oursonsaregone.

—JOHNWARWICKDANIEL,ontheunveilingofLee'sstatueatWashingtonandLeeUniversity,Lexington,Virginia,1883.


1.Whyshouldhumorfindaplaceinafter-dinnerspeaking?

2. Briefly give your impressions of any notable after-dinner address that youhaveheard.

3. Briefly outline an imaginary occasion of any sort and give three subjectsappropriateforaddresses.

4.Deliveronesuchaddress,nottoexceedtenminutesinlength.

5.Whatproportionofemotional ideasdoyoufindin theextractsgivenin thischapter?

6.Humorwasusedinsomeoftheforegoingaddresses—inwhichotherswouldithavebeeninappropriate?

7. Prepare and deliver an after-dinner speech suited to one of the followingoccasions,andbesuretousehumor:

Alodgebanquet.Apoliticalpartydinner.Achurchmen'sclubdinner.Acivicassociationbanquet.Abanquetinhonorofacelebrity.Awoman'sclubannualdinner.Abusinessmen'sassociationdinner.Amanufacturers'clubdinner.Analumnibanquet.

Anoldhomeweekbarbecue.

FOOTNOTES:

[35]Seealsopage205.

CHAPTERXXXI

MAKINGCONVERSATIONEFFECTIVE

Inconversationavoidtheextremesofforwardnessandreserve.

—CATO.

Conversationisthelaboratoryandworkshopofthestudent.

—EMERSON,Essays:Circles.

ThefatherofW.E.Gladstoneconsideredconversationtobebothanartandanaccomplishment. Around the dinner table in his home some topic of local ornational interest,or somedebatedquestion,wasconstantlybeingdiscussed. Inthis way a friendly rivalry for supremacy in conversation arose among thefamily, and an incident observed in the street, an ideagleaned fromabook, adeduction from personal experience, was carefully stored as material for thefamily exchange. Thus his early years of practise in elegant conversationpreparedtheyoungerGladstoneforhiscareerasaleaderandspeaker.

There is a sense inwhich the ability to converse effectively is efficientpublicspeaking, for our conversation is often heard by many, and occasionallydecisionsofgreatmomenthingeupon the tone andqualityofwhatwe say inprivate.

Indeed, conversation in the aggregate probablywieldsmore power than pressand platform combined. Socrates taught his great truths, not from publicrostrums, but in personal converse.Menmade pilgrimages toGoethe's libraryand Coleridge's home to be charmed and instructed by their speech, and theculture of many nations was immeasurably influenced by the thoughts thatstreamedoutfromthoserichwell-springs.

Most of the world-moving speeches are made in the course of conversation.Conferences of diplomats, business-getting arguments, decisions by boards ofdirectors,considerationsofcorporatepolicy,allofwhichinfluencethepolitical,mercantile and economicmaps of theworld, are usually the results of carefulthoughinformalconversation,andthemanwhoseopinionsweighinsuchcrisesis he who has first carefully pondered the words of both antagonist andprotagonist.

However important itmaybe to attain self-control in light social converse, orabout the family table, it is undeniably vital to have oneself perfectly in handwhiletakingpartinamomentousconference.Thenthehintsthatwehavegivenon poise, alertness, precision of word, clearness of statement, and force ofutterance,withrespecttopublicspeech,areequallyapplicabletoconversation.

Theformofnervousegotism—foritisboth—thatsuddenlyendsinflustersjustwhen the vital words need to be uttered, is the sign of coming defeat, for aconversation isoftena contest. Ifyou feel this tendencyembarrassingyou,besuretolistentoHolmes'sadvice:

Andwhenyoustickonconversationalburs,Don'tstrewyourpathwaywiththosedreadfulurs.

Herebringyourwillintoaction,foryourtroubleisawanderingattention.Youmust force your mind to persist along the chosen line of conversation andresolutely refuse to be diverted by any subject or happening that mayunexpectedlypopuptodistractyou.Tofailhereistoloseeffectivenessutterly.

Concentration is the keynote of conversational charm and efficiency. Thehaphazardhabitofexpressionthatusesbird-shotwhenabulletisneededinsuresmissingthegame,fordiplomacyofallsortsrestsuponthepreciseapplicationofprecisewords, particularly—if onemay paraphrase Tallyrand—in those criseswhenlanguageisnolongerusedtoconcealthought.

We may frequently gain new light on old subjects by looking at word-derivations. Conversation signifies in the original a turn-about exchange ofideas,yetmostpeopleseemtoregarditasamonologue.BronsonAlcottusedtosay thatmany could argue, but few converse. The first thing to remember inconversation, then, is that listening—respectful,sympathetic,alert listening—isnotonlyduetoourfellowconverserbutduetoourselves.Manyareplylosesitspointbecausethespeakerissomuchinterestedinwhatheisabouttosaythatit

isreallynoreplyatallbutmerelyanirritatingandhumiliatingirrelevancy.

Self-expression is exhilarating. This explains the eternal impulse to decoratetotempolesandpaintpictures,writepoetryandexpoundphilosophy.Oneofthechiefdelightsofconversationistheopportunityitaffordsforself-expression.Agood conversationalist whomonopolizes all the conversation, will be voted abore because he denies others the enjoyment of self-expression, while amediocre talker who listens interestedly may be considered a goodconversationalist because he permits his companions to please themselvesthrough self-expression. They are praised who please: they please who listenwell.

The first step in remedying habits of confusion in manner, awkward bearing,vagueness in thought, and lack of precision in utterance, is to recognize yourfaults.Ifyouareserenelyunconsciousofthem,noone—leastofallyourself—canhelpyou.Butoncediagnoseyourownweaknesses,andyoucanovercomethembydoingfourthings:

1.WILLtoovercomethem,andkeeponwilling.

2.Holdyourselfinhandbyassuringyourselfthatyouknowpreciselywhatyououghttosay.Ifyoucannotdothat,bequietuntilyouareclearonthisvitalpoint.

3.Having thusassuredyourself,castout thefearof thosewho listen toyou—theyareonlyhumanandwillrespectyourwordsifyoureallyhavesomethingtosayandsayitbriefly,simply,andclearly.

4.HavethecouragetostudytheEnglishlanguageuntilyouaremasterofatleastitssimplerforms.

ConversationalHints

Choosesomesubjectthatwillproveofgeneralinteresttothewholegroup.Donotexplainthemechanismofagasengineatanafternoonteaorthecultureofhollyhocksatastagparty.

Itisnotconsideredgoodtasteforamantobarehisarminpublicandshowscarsor deformities. It is equally bad form for him to flaunt his ownwoes, or thedeformity of some one else's character. The public demands plays and storiesthat end happily. All the world is seeking happiness. They cannot long beinterested in your ills and troubles.GeorgeCohanmade himself amillionairebefore he was thirty by writing cheerful plays. One of his rules is generally

applicable to conversation: "Always leave them laughing when you say goodbye."

Dynamite the "I" out of your conversation.Not oneman in nine hundred andsevencan talkabouthimselfwithoutbeingabore.Themanwhocanperformthatfeatcanachievemarvelswithouttalkingabouthimself,sotheeternal"I"isnotpermissibleeveninhistalk.

Ifyouhabituallybuildyourconversationaroundyourowninterestsitmayproveverytiresometoyourlistener.Hemaybethinkingofbirddogsordryflyfishingwhile you are discussing the fourth dimension, or the merits of a cucumberlotion. The charming conversationalist is prepared to talk in terms of hislistener's interest. If his listener spends his spare time investigating Guernseycattleoragitatingsocialreforms,thediscriminatingconversationalistshapeshisremarksaccordingly.RichardWashburnChildsaysheknowsamanofmediocreabilitywhocancharmmenmuchablerthanhimselfwhenhediscusseselectriclighting.Thissamemanprobablywouldbore,andbebored,ifhewereforcedtoconverseaboutmusicorMadagascar.

Avoidplatitudesandhackneyedphrases. IfyoumeetafriendfromKeokukonStateStreet or onPike'sPeak, it is not necessary to observe: "How small thisworldisafterall!"ThisobservationwasdoubtlessmadepriortotheformationofPike'sPeak."Thisoldworldisgettingbettereveryday.""Fanner'swivesdonothavetoworkashardasformerly.""Itisnotsomuchthehighcostoflivingasthecostofhighliving."Suchobservationsastheseexciteaboutthesamedegreeofadmirationasisdrawnoutbytheappearanceofa1903-modeltouringcar.Ifyouhavenothingfreshorinterestingyoucanalwaysremainsilent.Howwouldyou like to readanewspaper that flashedout inboldheadlines"NiceWeatherWeAreHaving,"ordailygavecolumnstothesameoldmaterialyouhadbeenreadingweekafterweek?


1.Giveashortspeechdescribingtheconversationalbore.

2.Inafewwordsgiveyourideaofacharmingconverser.

3.Whatqualitiesoftheoratorshouldnotbeusedinconversation.

4.Giveashorthumorousdelineationoftheconversational"oracle."

5.Giveanaccountofyourfirstdayatobservingconversationaroundyou.

6.Giveanaccountofoneday'sefforttoimproveyourownconversation.

7.Givealistofsubjectsyouhearddiscussedduringanyrecentperiodyoumayselect.

8.Whatismeantby"elastictouch"inconversation?

9. Make a list of "Bromides," as Gellett Burgess calls those threadbareexpressionswhich"boreustoextinction"—itselfaBromide.

10.Whatcausesaphrasetobecomehackneyed?

11. Define the words, (a) trite; (b) solecism; (c) colloquialism; (d) slang; (e)vulgarism;(f)neologism.

12.Whatconstitutespretentioustalk?

APPENDICES

APPENDIXA

FIFTYQUESTIONSFORDEBATE

1.HasLaborUnionismjustifieditsexistence?

2.ShouldallchurchprintingbebroughtoutundertheUnionLabel?

3.IstheOpenShopabenefittothecommunity?

4.Shouldarbitrationofindustrialdisputesbemadecompulsory?

5.IsProfit-Sharingasolutionofthewageproblem?

6.Isaminimumwagelawdesirable?

7.Shouldtheeight-hourdaybemadeuniversalinAmerica?

8. Should the state compensate those who sustain irreparable business lossbecause of the enactment of laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale ofintoxicatingdrinks?

9.Shouldpublicutilitiesbeownedbythemunicipality?

10.Shouldmarginaltradinginstocksbeprohibited?

11. Should the national government establish a compulsory system of old-ageinsurancebytaxingtheincomesofthosetobebenefited?

12. Would the triumph of socialistic principles result in deadening personalambition?

13.IsthePresidentialSystemabetterformofgovernmentfortheUnitedStatesthantheParliamentalSystem?

14. Should our legislation be shaped toward the gradual abandonment of theprotectivetariff?

15.Shouldthegovernmentofthelargercitiesbevestedsolelyinacommissionofnotmorethanninemenelectedbythevotersatlarge?

16.Shouldnationalbanksbepermittedtoissue,subjecttotaxandgovernmentsupervision,notesbasedontheirgeneralassets?

17.Shouldwomanbegiventheballotonthepresentbasisofsuffrageformen?

18.Shouldthepresentbasisofsuffrageberestricted?

19.Isthehopeofpermanentworld-peaceadelusion?

20.ShouldtheUnitedStatessendadiplomaticrepresentativetotheVatican?

21.ShouldthePowersoftheworldsubstituteaninternationalpolicefornationalstandingarmies?

22.ShouldtheUnitedStatesmaintaintheMonroeDoctrine?

23.ShouldtheRecallofJudgesbeadopted?

24.ShouldtheInitiativeandReferendumbeadoptedasanationalprinciple?

25. Is it desirable that the national government should own all railroadsoperatingininterstateterritory?

26. Is itdesirable that thenationalgovernmentshouldowninterstate telegraphandtelephonesystems?

27.Isthenationalprohibitionoftheliquortrafficaneconomicnecessity?

28.ShouldtheUnitedStatesarmyandnavybegreatlystrengthened?

29.Shouldthesamestandardsofaltruismobtainintherelationsofnationsasinthoseofindividuals?

30.Shouldourgovernmentbemorehighlycentralized?

31.ShouldtheUnitedStatescontinueitspolicyofopposingthecombinationofrailroads?

32. In case of personal injury to a workman arising out of his employment,shouldhisemployerbeliableforadequatecompensationandbeforbiddentosetupasadefenceapleaofcontributorynegligenceonthepartoftheworkman,orthenegligenceofafellowworkman?

33.ShouldallcorporationsdoinganinterstatebusinessberequiredtotakeoutaFederallicense?

34. Should the amount of property that can be transferred by inheritance belimitedbylaw?

35. Should equal compensation for equal labor, between women and men,universallyprevail?

36.Doesequalsuffragetendtolessentheinterestofwomaninherhome?

37. Should theUnited States take advantage of the commercial and industrialweaknessofforeignnations,broughtaboutbythewar,bytryingtowrestfromthemtheirmarketsinCentralandSouthAmerica?

38. Should teachers of small children in the public schools be selected fromamongmothers?

39.Shouldfootballberestrictedtocolleges,forthesakeofphysicalsafety?

40. Should college students who receive compensation for playing summerbaseballbedebarredfromamateurstanding?

41.Shoulddailyschool-hoursandschoolvacationsbothbeshortened?

42. Should home-study for pupils in grade schools be abolished and longerschool-hourssubstituted?

43.Shouldthehonorsysteminexaminationsbeadoptedinpublichigh-schools?

44.Shouldallcollegesadopttheself-governmentsystemforitsstudents?

45.Shouldcollegesbeclassifiedbynational lawandsupervision,anduniformentranceandgraduationrequirementsmaintainedbyeachcollegeinaparticularclass?

46. Should ministers be required to spend a term of years in some trade,business,orprofession,beforebecomingpastors?

47.IstheY.M.C.A.losingitsspiritualpower?

48.Isthechurchlosingitsholdonthinkingpeople?

49.ArethepeopleoftheUnitedStatesmoredevotedtoreligionthanever?

50.Doesthereadingofmagazinescontributetointellectualshallowness?

APPENDIXB

THIRTYTHEMESFORSPEECHES

WithSourceReferencesforMaterial.

1.KINSHIP,AFOUNDATIONSTONEOFCIVILIZATION."TheState,"WoodrowWilson.

2.INITIATIVEANDREFERENDUM."ThePopularInitiativeandReferendum,"O.M.Barnes.

3.RECIPROCITYWITHCANADA.ArticleinIndependent,53:2874;articleinNorthAmericanReview,178:205.

4.ISMANKINDPROGRESSING?Bookofsametitle,M.M.Ballou.

5.MOSESTHEPEERLESSLEADER.LecturebyJohnLord,in"BeaconLightsofHistory."NOTE:Thissetofbookscontainsavaststoreofmaterialforspeeches.

6.THESPOILSSYSTEM.SermonbytheRev.Dr.HenryvanDyke,reportedintheNewYorkTribune,February25,1895.

7.THENEGROINBUSINESS.PartIII,AnnualReportoftheSecretaryofInternalAffairs,Pennsylvania,1912.

8.IMMIGRATIONANDDEGRADATION."AmericansorAliens?"HowardB.Grose.

9.WHATISTHETHEATREDOINGFORAMERICA?"TheDramaToday,"CharltonAndrews.

10.SUPERSTITION."CuriositiesofPopularCustom,"WilliamS.Walsh.

11.THEPROBLEMOFOLDAGE."OldAgeDeferred,"ArnoldLorand.

12.WHOISTHETRAMP?

ArticleinCentury,28:41.13.TWOMENINSIDE.

"Dr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,"R.L.Stevenson.14.THEOVERTHROWOFPOVERTY.

"ThePanaceaforPoverty,"MadisonPeters.15.MORALSANDMANNERS.

"AChristian'sHabits,"RobertE.Speer.16.JEWANDCHRISTIAN.

"JesustheJew,"HaroldWeinstock.17.EDUCATIONANDTHEMOVINGPICTURE.

ArticlebyJ.BergEsenweinin"TheTheatreofScience,"RobertGrau.

18.BOOKSASFOOD."BooksandReading,"R.C.GageandAlfredHarcourt.

19.WHATISANOVEL?"TheTechniqueoftheNovel,"CharlesF.Home.

20.MODERNFICTIONANDMODERNLIFE.ArticleinLippincott's,October,1907.

21.OURPROBLEMINMEXICO."TheRealMexico,"HamiltonFyfe.

22.THEJOYOFRECEIVING.ArticleinWoman'sHomeCompanion,December,1914.

23.PHYSICALTRAININGVS.COLLEGEATHLETICS.ArticleinLiteraryDigest,November28,1914.

24.CHEERUP."TheScienceofHappiness,"JeanFinot.

25.THESQUAREPEGINTHEROUNDHOLE."TheJob,theMan,andtheBoss,"KatherineBlackfordandArthurNewcomb.

26.THEDECAYOFACTING.ArticleinCurrentOpinion,November,1914.

27.THEYOUNGMANANDTHECHURCH."AYoungman'sReligion,"N.McGeeWaters.

28.INHERITINGSUCCESS.ArticleinCurrentOpinion,November,1914.

29.THEINDIANINOKLAHOMA.ArticleinLiteraryDigest,November28,1914.

30.HATEANDTHENATION.

ArticleinLiteraryDigest,November14,1914.

APPENDIXC

SUGGESTIVESUBJECTSFORSPEECHES[36]

WithOccasionalHintsonTreatment

1.MOVIESANDMORALS.

2.THETRUTHABOUTLYING.Theessenceoftruth-tellingandlying.Liesthatarenotsoconsidered.Thesubtletiesofdistinctionsrequired.Examplesofimpliedandactedlies.

3.BENEFITSTHATFOLLOWDISASTERS.Benefitsthathavearisenoutoffloods,fires,earthquakes,wars,etc.

4.HASTEFORLEISURE.Howthespeedmaniaisbornofavaindesiretoenjoyaleisurethatnevercomesor,onthecontrary,howtheseeminghasteoftheworldhasgivenmenshorterhoursofflaborandmoretimeforrest,study,andpleasure.

5.ST.PAUL'SMESSAGETONEWYORK.TruthsfromtheEpistlespertinenttothegreatcitiesoftoday.

6.EDUCATIONANDCRIME.

7.LOSSISTHEMOTHEROFGAIN.Howmanymenhavebeencontentuntil,losingall,theyexertedtheirbesteffortstoregainsuccess,andsucceededmorelargelythanbefore.

8.EGOISMVS.EGOTISM.

9.BLUNDERSOFYOUNGFOGYISM.

10.THEWASTEOFMIDDLE-MENINCHARITYSYSTEMS.Thecostofcollectingfundsfor,andadministeringhelpto,the

needy.Theweaknessoforganizedphilanthropyascomparedwiththegivingthatgivesitself.

11.THEECONOMYOFORGANIZEDCHARITY.Theothersideofthepicture.

12.FREEDOMOFTHEPRESS.Thetrueforcesthathurtfullycontroltoomanynewspapersarenotthoseofarbitrarygovernmentsbutthecorruptinginfluencesofmoneyedandpoliticalinterests,fearoftheliquorpower,andthedesiretopleasesensation-lovingreaders.

13.HELENKELLER:OPTIMIST.

14.BACKTOTHEFARM.Astudyofthereasonsunderlyingthemovement.

15.ITWASEVERTHUS.Inridiculeofthepessimistwhoisneversurprisedatseeingfailure.

16.THEVOCATIONALHIGHSCHOOL.Valueofdirecttrainingcomparedwiththepolicyoflayingbroaderfoundationsforlaterbuilding.Howthetwotheoriesworkoutinpractise.Eachplancanbeespeciallyappliedincasesthatseemtoneedspecialtreatment.

17.ALLKINDSOFTURNINGDONEHERE.Ahumorous,yetserious,discussionoftheflopping,wind-millcharacter.

18.THEEGOISTICALTRUIST.HerbertSpencer'stheoryasdiscussedin"TheDataofEthics."

19.HOWTHECITYMENACESTHENATION.Economicperilsinmassedpopulation.Showalsotheotherside.Signsoftheproblem'sbeingsolved.

20.THEROBUSTNOTEINMODERNPOETRY.AcomparisonoftheworkofGalsworthy,MasefieldandKiplingwiththatofsomeearlierpoets.

21.THEIDEALSOFSOCIALISM.

22.THEFUTUREOFTHESMALLCITY.Howmenarecomingtoseetheeconomicadvantagesofsmallermunicipalities.

23.CENSORSHIPFORTHETHEATRE.Itsrelationtomoralsandart.Itsdifficultiesanditsbenefits.

24.FORSUCHATIMEASTHIS.Mordecai'sexpressionanditsapplicationtoopportunitiesinmodernwoman'slife.

25.ISTHEPRESSVENAL?

26.SAFETYFIRST.

27.MENESANDEXTREMES.

28.RUBICONSANDPONTOONS.Howgreatmennotonlymademomentousdecisionsbutcreatedmeanstocarrythemout.Aspeechfullofhistoricalexamples.

29.ECONOMYAREVENUE.

30.THEPATRIOTISMOFPROTESTAGAINSTPOPULARIDOLS.

31.SAVONAROLA,THEDIVINEOUTCAST.

32.THETRUEPOLITICIAN.Reverttotheoriginalmeaningoftheword.Buildthespeecharoundonemanasthechiefexample.

33.COLONELSANDSHELLS.Leadershipand"cannonfodder"—aprotestagainstwarinitseffectonthecommonpeople.

34.WHYISAMILITANT?AdispassionateexaminationoftheclaimsoftheBritishmilitantsuffragette.

35.ARTANDMORALS.Thedifferencebetweenthenudeandthenakedinart.

36.CANMYCOUNTRYBEWRONG?Falsepatriotismandtrue,withexamplesofpopularly-hatedpatriots.

37.GOVERNMENTBYPARTY.Ananalysisofourpresentpoliticalsystemandthemovementtowardreform.

38.THEEFFECTSOFFICTIONONHISTORY.

39.THEEFFECTSOFHISTORYONFICTION.

40.THEINFLUENCEOFWARONLITERATURE.

41.CHINESEGORDON.Aeulogy.

42.TAXESANDHIGHEREDUCATION.Shouldallmenbecompelledtocontributetothesupportofuniversitiesandprofessionalschools?

43.PRIZECATTLEVS.PRIZEBABIES.IsEugenicsascience?Andisitpracticable?

44.BENEVOLENTAUTOCRACY.Isastronglypaternalgovernmentbetterforthemassesthanamuchlargerfreedomfortheindividual?

45.SECOND-HANDOPINIONS.Thetendencytoswallowreviewsinsteadofformingone'sownviews.

46.PARENTAGEORPOWER?Astudyofwhichformofaristocracymusteventuallyprevail,thatofbloodorthatoftalent.

47.THEBLESSINGOFDISCONTENT.Basedonmanyexamplesofwhathasbeenaccomplishedbythosewhohavenot"letwell-enoughalone."

48."CORRUPTANDCONTENTED."Astudyoftherelationoftheapatheticvotertoviciousgovernment.

49.THEMOLOCHOFCHILD-LABOR.

50.EVERYMANHASARIGHTTOWORK.

51.CHARITYTHATFOSTERSPAUPERISM.

52."NOTINOURSTARSBUTINOURSELVES."Destinyvs.choice.

53.ENVIRONMENTVS.HEREDITY.

54.THEBRAVERYOFDOUBT.Doubtnotmereunbelief.Truegroundsfordoubt.Whatdoubthasledto.Examples.Theweaknessofmeredoubt.Theattitudeofthewholesomedoubterversusthatofthewholesaledoubter.

55.THESPIRITOFMONTICELLO.AmessagefromthelifeofThomasJefferson.

56.NARROWNESSINSPECIALISM.Thedangersofspecializingwithoutfirstpossessingbroadknowledge.Theeyetooclosetooneobject.Balanceisavitalprerequisiteforspecialization.

57.RESPONSIBILITYOFLABORUNIONSTOTHELAW.

58.THEFUTUREOFSOUTHERNLITERATURE.Whatconditionsinthehistory,temperamentandenvironmentofourSouthernpeopleindicateabrightliteraryfuture.

59.WOMANTHEHOPEOFIDEALISMINAMERICA.

60.THEVALUEOFDEBATINGCLUBS.

61.ANARMYOFTHIRTYMILLIONS.InpraiseoftheSunday-school.

62.THEBABY.Howtheever-newbabyholdsmankindinunselfishcoursesandsavesusallfromgoinglastinglywrong.

63.LO,THEPOORCAPITALIST.Histrialsandproblems.

64.HONEYANDSTING.Alessonfromthebee.

65.UNGRATEFULREPUBLICS.Examplesfromhistory.

66."EVERYMANHASHISPRICE."HoraceWalpole'scynicalremarkisnottruenow,norwasittrueeveninhisowncorruptera.Ofwhatsortarethemenwhocannotbebought?Examples.

67.THESCHOLARINDIPLOMACY.ExamplesinAmericanlife.

68.LOCKSANDKEYS.Thereisakeyforeverylock.Nodifficultysogreat,notruthsoobscure,noproblemsoinvolved,butthatthereisakeytofitthelock.Thesearchfortherightkey,thestruggletoadjustit,thevigilancetoretainit—thesearesomeoftheproblemsofsuccess.

69.RIGHTMAKESMIGHT.

70.ROOMINGWITHAGHOST.Influenceofthewomangraduateoffiftyyearsbeforeonthecollegegirlwholivesintheroomonceoccupiedbythedistinguished"oldgrad."

71.NOFACTISASINGLEFACT.Theimportanceofweighingfactsrelatively.

72.ISCLASSICALEDUCATIONDEADTORISENOMORE?

73.INVECTIVEAGAINSTNIETSCHE'SPHILOSOPHY.

74.WHYHAVEWEBOSSES?Afair-mindedexaminationoftheusesandabusesofthepolitical"leader."

75.APLEAFORSETTLEMENTWORK.

76.CREDULITYVS.FAITH.

77.WHATISHUMOR?

78.USEANDABUSEOFTHECARTOON.

79.THEPULPITINPOLITICS.

80.ARECOLLEGESGROWINGTOOLARGE?

81.THEDOOMOFABSOLUTISM.

82.SHALLWOMANHELPKEEPHOUSEFORTOWN,CITY,STATE,ANDNATION?

83.THEEDUCATIONALTESTFORSUFFRAGE.

84.THEPROPERTYTESTFORSUFFRAGE.

85.THEMENACEOFTHEPLUTOCRAT.

86.THECOSTOFHIGHLIVING.

87.THECOSTOFCONVENIENCES.

88.WASTEINAMERICANLIFE.

89.THEEFFECTOFTHEPHOTOPLAYONTHE"LEGITIMATE"THEATRE.

90.ROOMFORTHEKICKER.

100.THENEEDFORTRAINEDDIPLOMATS.

101.THESHADOWOFTHEIRONCHANCELLOR.

102.THETYRANNYOFTHECROWD.

103.ISOURTRIALBYJURYSATISFACTORY?

104.THEHIGHCOSTOFSECURINGJUSTICE.

105.THENEEDFORSPEEDIERCOURTTRIALS.

106.TRIUMPHSOFTHEAMERICANENGINEER.

107.GOETHALSANDGORGAS.

108.PUBLICEDUCATIONMAKESSERVICETOTHEPUBLICADUTY.

109.MANOWESHISLIFETOTHECOMMONGOOD.

FOOTNOTES:

[36]Itmustberememberedthatthephrasingofthesubjectwillnotnecessarilyserveforthetitle.

APPENDIXD

SPEECHESFORSTUDYANDPRACTISE

NEWELLDWIGHTHILLIS

BRAVELITTLEBELGIUM

Delivered inPlymouthChurch,Brooklyn,N.Y.,October18,1914.Usedbypermission.

LongagoPlatomadeadistinctionbetweentheoccasionsofwarandthecausesofwar.Theoccasionsofwarlieuponthesurface,andareknownandreadofallmen,whilethecausesofwarareembeddedinracial antagonisms, in political and economic controversies.Narrative historians portray the occasions of war; philosophichistorians, thesecretandhiddencauses.Thusthesparkoffire thatfallsistheoccasionofanexplosion,butthecauseofthehavocistherelation between charcoal, niter and saltpeter. The occasion of theCivil War was the firing upon Fort Sumter. The cause was thecollision between the ideals of the Union presented by DanielWebster and the secession taughtbyCalhoun.Theoccasionof theAmerican Revolution was the Stamp Tax; the cause was theconvictiononthepartofourforefathersthatmenwhohadfreedomin worship carried also the capacity for self-government. Theoccasionof theFrenchRevolutionwas thepurchaseof adiamondnecklace for QueenMarie Antoinette at a time when the treasurywas exhausted; the cause of the revolution was feudalism. Nototherwise,theoccasionofthegreatconflictthatisnowshakingourearthwastheassassinationofanAustrianboyandgirl,butthecauseisembeddedinracialantagonismsandeconomiccompetition.

As for Russia, the cause of the war was her desire to obtain theBosphorus—andanopenseaport,whichistheprizeofferedforherattackuponGermany.AsforAustria,thecauseofthewarisherfearof the growing power of the Balkan States, and the progressiveslicingawayofherterritory.AsforFrance,thecauseofthewaristheinstinctofself-preservation,thatresistsaninvadinghost.AsforGermany,thecauseisherdeep-seatedconvictionthateverycountryhas a moral right to the mouth of its greatest river; unable tocompetewithEngland,byroundaboutsearoutesandaKielCanal,she wants to use the route that nature digged for her through themouthof theRhine.As forEngland, themotherland is fighting torecover her sense of security. During the Napoleonic wars thesecond William Pitt explained the quadrupling of the taxes, theincrease of the navy, and the sending of an English army againstFrance,bythestatementthatjustificationofthisproposedwaristhe

"PreservationofEngland'ssenseofsecurity."TenyearsagoEnglandlosthersenseofsecurity.Todaysheisnotseekingtopreserve,buttorecover, the lost sense of security. She proposes to do this bydestroyingGermany'sironclads,demobilizingherarmy,wipingouther forts, and the partition of her provinces. The occasions of thewar vary, with the color of the paper—"white" and "gray" and"blue"—but the causes of this war are embedded in racialantagonismsandeconomicandpoliticaldifferences.

WHYLITTLEBELGIUMHASTHECENTEROFTHESTAGE

TonightourstudyconcernslittleBelgium,herpeople,andtheirpartinthisconflict.Bethereasonswhattheymay,thislittlelandstandsinthecenterofthestageandholdsthelimelight.OncemoreDavid,armed with a sling, has gone up against ten Goliaths. It is anamazing spectacle, this, one of the smallest of the States, battlingwith the largest of the giants! Belgium has a standing army of42,000men,andGermany,withthreereserves,perhaps7,000,000or8,000,000.Without waiting for any assistance, this little Belgiumbandwentupagainst2,000,000.Itisasifahoneybeehaddecidedtoattackaneaglecometolootitshoneycomb.Itisasifanantelopehad turned against a lion.Belgiumhas but 11,000 squaremiles ofland, less than the States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island andConnecticut.Herpopulationis7,500,000,lessthanthesingleStateof New York. You could put twenty-two Belgiums in our singleStateofTexas.Muchofhersoilisthin;herhandicapsareheavy,butthe industryofherpeoplehas turned thewhole land intoonevastflowerandvegetablegarden.ThesoilofMinnesotaandtheDakotasisnewsoil,andyetourfarmersthereaveragebutfifteenbushelsofwheattotheacre.Belgium'ssoilhasbeenusedforcenturies,butitaverages thirty-seven bushels of wheat to the acre. If we growtwenty-fourbushelsofbarleyonanacreofground,Belgiumgrowsfifty;sheproduces300bushelsofpotatoes,wheretheMainefarmerharvests 90bushels.Belgium's averagepopulationper squaremilehasrisento645people.IfAmericanspractisedintensivefarming;ifthe population of Texas were as dense as it is in Belgium—100,000,000 of the United States, Canada and Central AmericacouldallmovetoTexas,whileifourentirecountrywasasdenselypopulated as Belgium's, everybody in the world could live

comfortablywithinthelimitsofourcountry.

THELIFEOFTHEPEOPLE

And yet, little Belgium has no gold or silver mines, and all thetreasures of copper and zinc and lead and anthracite and oil havebeendeniedher.Thegoldisintheheartofherpeople.Nootherlandholdsaracemoreprudent,industriousandthrifty!Itisalandwhereeverybodyworks.Inthewinterwhenthesundoesnotriseuntilhalfpastseven,theBelgiancottageshavelightsintheirwindowsatfive,and the people are ready for an eleven-hour day. As a rule allchildrenworkafter12yearsofage.Theexquisitepointedlacethathas made Belgium famous, is wrought by women who fulfill thetasks of the household fulfilled by American women, and thenbeginstheir taskupontheexquisitelacesthathavesenttheirnameand fame throughout the world. Their wages are low, their workhard,but their life issopeacefulandprosperous that fewBelgiansever emigrate to foreign countries. Of late they have made theireducationcompulsory,theirschoolsfree.Itisdoubtfulwhetheranyother country has made a greater success of their system oftransportation.Youwill pay 50 cents to journey some twenty oddmilesout toRoslyn,onourLongIslandrailroad,but inBelgiumacommuter journeys twentymiles in to the factory and back againeverynightandmakesthesixdoubledailyjourneysatanentirecostof37-1/2centsperweek,lessthantheamountthatyoupayforthejourneyonewayfora likedistancein thiscountry.Outof thishascomeBelgium's prosperity. She has themoney to buy goods fromothercountries,andshehasthepropertytoexporttoforeignlands.Last year the United States, with its hundred millions of people,importedlessthan$2,000,000,000,andexported$2,500,000,000.IfourpeoplehadbeenasprosperouspercapitaasBelgium,wewouldhave purchased from other countries $12,000,000,000 worth ofgoodsandexported$10,000,000,000.

SolargelyhavewebeendependentuponBelgiumthatmanyoftheenginesusedindiggingthePanamaCanalcamefromtheCockerillworks that produce two thousands of these engines every year inLiege. It is often said that the Belgians have the best courts inexistence.TheSupremeCourtofLittleBelgiumhasbutoneJustice.Withoutwaiting for anappeal, just as soonas adecisionhasbeen

reachedbya lowerCourt,while themattersare still fresh inmindand all the witnesses and facts readily obtainable, this SupremeJusticereviewsalltheobjectionsraisedoneithersideandwithoutamotionfromanyonepassesonthedecisionoftheinferiorcourt.Ontheotherhand,thelowercourtsareopentoanimmediatesettlementofdisputesbetweenthewageearners,andnewsboysandfishermenarealmostdailyseengoing to the judgeforadecisionregardingadisputeoverfiveortencents.Whenthejudgehascross-questionedboth sides, without the presence of attorneys, or the necessity ofserving a process, or raising a dollar and a quarter, as here, thepoorestofthepoorhavetheirwrongsrighted.Itissaidthatnotonedecision out of one hundred is appealed, thus calling for theexistenceofanattorney.

Toallotherinstitutionsorganizedintheinterestofthewageearnerhasbeenaddedthenationalsavingsbanksystem,thatmakesloanstomenofsmallmeans,thatenablesthefarmerandtheworkingmanto buy a little garden and build a house, while at the same timeinsuringtheworkingmanagainstaccidentandsickness.Belgiumisapoorman'scountry,ithasbeensaid,becauseinstitutionshavebeenadministeredintheinterestofthemenofsmallaffairs.

THEGREATBELGIUMPLAININHISTORY

But the institutionsofBelgiumand the industrialprosperityofherpeoplealonearenotequaltotheexplanationofheruniqueheroism.Long ago, in his Commentaries, Julius Cæsar said that Gaul wasinhabited by three tribes, the Belgæ, the Aquitani, the Celts, "ofwhomtheBelgæwerethebravest."HistorywillshowthatBelgianshave courage as their native right, for only the brave could havesurvived.ThesoutheasternpartofBelgiumisaseriesofrockplains,and if these plains have been her good fortune in times of peace,they have furnished the battlefields of Western Europe for twothousand years.NorthernFrance andWesternGermany are rough,jagged andwooded, but theBelgian plainswere ideal battlefields.ForthisreasonthegeneralsofGermanyandofFrancehaveusuallymetandstruggledforthemasteryonthesewideBelgianplains.Onone of these grounds Julius Cæsar won the first battle that isrecorded. Then came King Clovis and the French, with theircampaigns; toward these plains also the Saracens were hurrying

whenassaultedbyCharlesMartel.OntheBelgianplainstheDutchburghers and the Spanish armies, led by BloodyAlva, fought outtheir battle. Hither, too, came Napoleon, and the great mound ofWaterloo is themonument to the Duke ofWellington's victory. ItwastotheBelgianplains,also,thattheGermangeneral,lastAugust,rushed his troops. Every college and every city searches for somelevelspotoflandwherethecontestbetweenopposingteamsmaybeheld, and formore than two thousand years theBelgian plain hasbeen the scene of the great battles between thewarring nations ofWesternEurope.

Now,outofallthesecollisionstherehascomeahardyrace,inuredto peril, rich in fortitude, loyalty, patience, thrift, self-reliance andpersevering faith. For five hundred years theBelgian children andyouth have been brought up upon the deeds of noble renown,achieved by their ancestors. If Julius Cæsar were here today hewould wear Belgium's bravery like a bright sword, girded to histhigh. Andwhen this brave little people, with a standing army offorty-two thousand men, single-handed defied two millions ofGermans,ittellsusthatAjaxhascomebackoncemoretodefythegodoflightnings.

ATHRILLINGCHAPTERFROMBELGIUM'SHISTORY

PerhapsoneortwochapterstornfromthepagesofBelgiumhistorywill enable us to understand her present-day heroism, just as onegoldenboughpluckedfromtheforestwillexplaintherichnessoftheautumn.YourememberthatVenicewasoncethefinancialcenterofthe world. Then when the bankers lost confidence in the navy ofVenice theyput their jewels andgold into saddle bags andmovedthe financial center of the world to Nuremburg, because its wallsweresevenfeetthickandtwentyfeethigh.Later,about1500A.D.,thediscoveryoftheNewWorldturnedallthepeoplesintoracesofsea-going folk, and the English and Dutch captains vied with thesailors of Spain and Portugal. No captains were more prosperousthan the mariners of Antwerp. In 1568 there were 500 marblemansionsinthiscityontheMeuse.Belgiumbecameacasketfilledwithjewels.ThenitwasthatSpainturnedcovetouseyesnorthward.Sated with his pleasures, broken by indulgence and passion, theEmperorCharles theFifth resignedhisgoldand throne tohis son,

King Philip. Finding his coffers depleted, Philip sent theDuke ofAlva, with 10,000 Spanish soldiers, out on a looting expedition.TheirapproachfilledAntwerpwithconsternation,forhermerchantswerebusywithcommerceandnotwithwar.ThesackofAntwerpbythe Spaniards makes up a revolting page in history. Within threedays 8,000 men, women and children were massacred, and theSpanishsoldiers,drunkwithwineandblood,hacked,drownedandburnedlikefiendsthattheywere.TheBelgianhistoriantellsusthat500 marble residences were reduced to blackened ruins. Oneincident will make the event stand out. When the Spaniardsapproachedthecityawealthyburgherhastenedthedayofhisson'smarriage.Duringtheceremonythesoldiersbrokedownthegateofthe city and crossed the threshold of the richman's house.Whenthey had stripped the guests of their purses and gems, unsatisfied,theykilledthebridegroom,slewthemen,andcarriedthebrideoutinto thenight.Thenextmorning ayoungwoman, crazed andhalfclad,wasfound in thestreet, searchingamong thedeadbodies.Atlastshefoundayouth,whoseheadshelifteduponherknees,overwhichshecroonedhersongs,asayoungmothersoothesherbabe.ASpanish officer passing by, humiliated by the spectacle, ordered asoldiertousehisdaggerandputthegirloutofhermisery.

THEHORRORSOFTHEINQUISITION

HavinglootedAntwerp,thetreasurechestofBelgium,theSpaniardssetuptheInquisitionasanorganizedmeansofsecuringproperty.Itis a strange fact that the Spaniard has excelled in cruelty as othernationshaveexcelledinartorscienceor invention.Spain'scrueltytotheMoorsandtherichJewsformsoneoftheblackestchaptersinhistory. Inquisitors became fiends. Moors were starved, tortured,burned, flung in wells, Jewish bankers had their tongues thrustthroughlittleironrings;thentheendofthetonguewassearedthatitmightswell,andthebankerwasledbyastringintheringthroughthestreetsofthecity.ThewomenandthechildrenwereputonraftsthatwerepushedoutintotheMediterraneanSea.Whentheswollencorpses drifted ashore, the plague broke out, andwhen that blackplague spread over Spain it seemed like the justice of outragednature.Theexpulsionof theMoorswasoneof thedeadliestblowsever struck at science, commerce, art and literature. The historian

tracks Spain across the continents by a trail of blood. WhereverSpain's hand has fallen it has paralyzed. From the days ofCortez,whereverhercaptainshavegivenapledge,thetonguethatspakehasbeenmildewedwithliesandtreachery.Thewildestbeastsarenotinthejungle;manisthelionthatrends,manistheleopardthattears,man's hate is the serpent that poisons, and the Spaniard enteredBelgiumtoturnagardenintoawilderness.Withinoneyear,1568,Antwerp, that began with 125,000 people, ended it with 50,000.Many multitudes were put to death by the sword and stake, butmany,manythousandsfledtoEngland,tobeginanewtheirlivesasmanufacturersandmariners;andforyearsBelgiumwasonequakingperil, an inferno, whose torturers were Spaniards. The visitor inAntwerp is still shown the rack upon which they stretched themerchants that theymight yield up their hidden gold.ThePaintedLadymaybeseen.Openingherarms,sheembracesthevictim.TheSpaniard, with his spear, forced the merchant into the deadlyembrace.Astheironarmsconcealedinvelvetfoldedtogether,onespikepassedthrougheacheye,another throughthemouth,anotherthroughtheheart.ThePaintedLady's lipswerepoisoned,sothatakiss was fatal. The dungeonwhose sides were forced together byscrews, so that each day the victim saw his cell growing less andless,andknewthatsoonhewouldbecrushedtodeath,wasanotherinstrument of torture. Literally thousands of innocent men andwomenwereburnedaliveinthemarketplace.

There is no more piteous tragedy in history than the story of thedecline and ruin of this superbly prosperous, literary and artisticcountry,andyetoutoftheashescamenewcourage.Burned,broken,the Belgians and the Dutch were not beaten. Pushed at last intoHolland,where theyunited their fortuneswith theDutch, they cutthedykesofHolland,andletintheocean,andclingingtothedykeswith their finger tips, fought their way back to the land; but nosoonerhadthelastoftheSpaniardsgonethanoutoftheirragsandpovertytheyfoundedauniversityasamonumenttotheprovidenceofGodindeliveringthemoutofthehandsoftheirenemies.For,theSixteenth Century, in the form of a brave knight, wears littleBelgiumandHollandlikearedroseuponhisheart.

THEDEATHOFEGMONT

But some of youwill say that theBelgian peoplemust have beenrebels and guilty of some excess, and that had they remainedquiescent, and not fomented treason, that no such fate could haveovertakenthematthehandsofSpain.Verywell.Iwilltakeayouthwho,atthebeginning,believedinCharlestheFifth,amanwhowasastruetohisidealsastheneedletothepole.Onedaythe"BloodyCouncil" decreed the death of Egmont and Horn. Immediatelyafterward, theDukeofAlvasentaninvitationtoEgmonttobetheguest of honor at a banquet in his own house.A servant from thepalacethatnightdeliveredtotheCountaslipofpaper,containingawarning to take the fleetest horse and flee the city, and from thatmoment not to eat or sleepwithout pistols at his hand.To all thisEgmont responded that nomonster ever livedwho could,with aninvitationofhospitality,trickapatriot.Likeabraveman,theCountwenttotheDuke'spalace.Hefoundtheguestsassembled,butwhenhehadhandedhishatandcloaktotheservant,Alvagaveasign,andfrombehindthecurtainscameSpanishmusqueteers,whodemandedhis sword.For insteadofabanquethall, theCountwas taken toacellar,fittedupasadungeon.AlreadyEgmonthadallbutdiedforhiscountry.Hehadusedhis ships,his trade,hisgold, for rightingthepeople'swrongs.Hewas amanof a large family—awife andelevenchildren—andpeoplelovedhimastoidolatry.ButAlvawasinexorable. He had made up his mind that the merchants andburghers had stillmuch hidden gold, and if he killed their bravestandbest,terrorwouldfalluponallalike,andthatthegoldheneededwouldbeforthcoming.Thatallthepeoplemightwitnessthescene,hetookhisprisonerstoBrusselsanddecidedtobeheadtheminthepublic square. In the evening Egmont received the notice that hisheadwouldbechoppedoff thenextday.Ascaffoldwaserectedinthepublicsquare.Thateveninghewrotealetterthatisamarvelofrestraint.

"Sire—Ihavelearnedthiseveningthesentencewhichyourmajestyhasbeenpleasedtopronounceuponme.AlthoughIhaveneverhada thought, and believe myself never to have done a deed, whichwould tend to theprejudiceofyour service,or to thedetrimentoftrue religion,nevertheless I takepatience tobear thatwhich it haspleased thegoodGod topermit.Therefore, Iprayyourmajesty tohave compassion onmy poorwife,my children andmy servants,

having regard tomy past service. Inwhich hope I now commendmyselftothemercyofGod.FromBrussels,readytodie,this5thofJune,1568.

"LAMORALD'EGMONT."

Thus died a man who did as much probably for Holland as JohnEliotforEngland,orLafayetteforFrance,orSamuelAdamsforthisyoungrepublic.

THEWOEOFBELGIUM

And now out of all this glorious past comes thewoe ofBelgium.Desolation has come like the whirlwind, and destruction like atornado.But ninety days ago andBelgiumwas a hive of industry,andin thefieldswereheard theharvestsongs.Suddenly,GermanystruckBelgium.Thewholeworldhasbutonevoice,"Belgiumhasinnocenthands."Shewasledlikealambtotheslaughter.Whenthelover of Germany is asked to explain Germany's breaking of hersolemn treaty upon the neutrality of Belgium, the German standsdumb and speechless. Merchants honor their written obligations.True citizens consider theirword as good as their bond;Germanygave treaty, and in the presence of God and the civilized world,entered into a solemncovenantwithBelgium.To the endof time,the German must expect this taunt, "as worthless as a Germantreaty." Scarcely less black the two or three known examples ofcruelty wrought upon nonresisting Belgians. In Brooklyn lives aBelgianwoman.Sheplanned to returnhome in late July tovisit afatherwhohadsufferedparalysis,anagedmotherandasisterwhonursed both. When the Germans decided to burn that village inEastern Belgium, they did not wish to burn alive this old andhelplessman,sotheybayonettedtodeaththeoldmanandwoman,andthedaughterthatnursedthem.

Letusjudgenot,thatwebenotjudged.ThisistheoneexampleofatrocitythatyouandImightbeablepersonallytoprove.ButeveryloyalGermaninthecountrycanmakeanswer:"Thesesoldiersweredrunkwithwineandblood.SuchanatrocitymisrepresentsGermanyand her soldiers. The breaking of Germany's treaty with Belgiumrepresents the dishonor of a military ring, and not the perfidy of

68,000,000ofpeople.Weask that judgmentbepostponeduntilallthefactsarein."But,meanwhile,themanwholoveshisfellows,atmidnight inhisdreamswalksacross the fieldsofbrokenBelgium.AllthroughthenightairtherecomesthesobofRachel,weepingforherchildren,becausetheyarenot.Inmoodsofbitterness,ofdoubtanddespairtheheartcriesout,"HowcouldajustGodpermitsuchcruelty upon innocent Belgium?" No man knows. "Clouds anddarkness are round about God's throne." The spirit of evil causedthiswar,buttheSpiritofGodmaybringgoodoutofit,justasthesummercanrepairtheravagesofwinter.MeanwhiletheheartbleedsforBelgium.ForBrussels, the thirdmostbeautifulcity inEurope!For Louvain, once rich with its libraries, cathedrals, statues,paintings, missals, manuscripts—now a ruin. Alas! for the ruinedharvestsandthesmokingvillages!Alas, for theCathedral that isaheap,andthelibrarythatisaruin.WheretheangelofhappinesswastherestalkFamineandDeath.Gone,theLandofGrotius!Perishedthe paintings of Rubens! Ruined is Louvain. Where the wheatwaved,nowthehillsidesarebillowywithgraves.ButletusbelievethatGod reigns. PerchanceBelgium is slain like the Saviour, thatmilitarismmaydie likeSatan.Withoutsheddingof innocentbloodthereisnoremissionofsinsthroughtyrannyandgreed.Thereisnowinewithout thecrushingof thegrapesfromthetreeof life.SoonLiberty,God'sdearchild,willstandwithinthesceneandcomfortthedesolate.Fallinguponthegreatworld'saltarstairs,inthishourwhenwisdom is ignorance, and the strongest man clutches at dust andstraw,letusbelievewithfaithvictoriousovertears,thatsometimeGod will gather broken-hearted little Belgium into His arms andcomfortherasaFathercomfortethhiswell-belovedchild.

HENRYWATTERSON

THENEWAMERICANISM

(Abridged)

Eight years ago tonight, there stood where I am standing now ayoung Georgian, who, not without reason, recognized the"significance"ofhispresencehere,and,inwordswhoseeloquenceIcannothopetorecall,appealedfromtheNewSouthtoNewEngland

foraunitedcountry.

Heisgonenow.But,shortashislifewas,itsheaven-bornmissionwas fulfilled; the dreamof his childhoodwas realized; for he hadbeenappointedbyGodtocarryamessageofpeaceonearth,goodwill tomen, and, this done, he vanished from the sight ofmortaleyes,evenasthedovefromtheark.

Gradytoldus,andtoldustruly,ofthattypicalAmericanwho,inDr.Talmage'smind'seye,wascoming,butwho, inAbrahamLincoln'sactuality,hadalreadycome.Insomerecentstudiesintothecareerofthatman, I have encounteredmany startling confirmations of thisjudgment;andfromthatruggedtrunk,drawingitssustenancefromgnarledroots,interlockedwithCavalierspraysandPuritanbranchesdeep beneath the soil, shall spring, is springing, a shapely tree—symmetric in all its parts—under whose sheltering boughs thisnationshallhavethenewbirthoffreedomLincolnpromisedit,andmankindtherefugewhichwassoughtbytheforefatherswhentheyfledfromoppression.ThankGod, theax, thegibbet,and thestakehavehad theirday.Theyhavegone, letushope, tokeepcompanywiththelostarts.Ithasbeendemonstratedthatgreatwrongsmayberedressedandgreatreformsbeachievedwithoutthesheddingofonedropofhumanblood;thatvengeancedoesnotpurify,butbrutalizes;andthattolerance,whichinprivatetransactionsisreckonedavirtue,becomes in public affairs a dogma of the most far-seeingstatesmanship.

SoIappealfromthemeninsilkenhosewhodancedtomusicmadeby slaves—and called it freedom—from the men in bell-crownedhats,wholedHesterPrynnetohershame—andcalleditreligion—to that Americanismwhich reaches forth its arms to smite wrongwithreasonandtruth,secureinthepowerofboth.Iappealfromthepatriarchs of New England to the poets of New England; fromEndicott toLowell; fromWinthrop toLongfellow; fromNorton toHolmes;andIappealinthenameandbytherightsofthatcommoncitizenship—of that commonorigin—backof both thePuritan andtheCavalier—towhichallofusoweourbeing.Let thedeadpast,consecratedbythebloodofitsmartyrs,notbyitssavagehatreds—darkenedalikebykingcraft andpriestcraft—let thedeadpastburyits dead. Let the present and the future ring with the song of the

singers. Blessed be the lessons they teach, the laws they make.Blessedbetheeyetosee,thelighttoreveal.BlessedbeTolerance,sittingeveron therighthandofGod toguide thewaywith lovingword,asblessedbeallthatbringsusnearerthegoaloftruereligion,trueRepublicanism,andtruepatriotism,distrustofwatchwordsandlabels,shamsandheroes,beliefinourcountryandourselves.ItwasnotCottonMather,butJohnGreenleafWhittier,whocried:—

"DearGodandFatherofusall,Forgiveourfaithincruellies,Forgivetheblindnessthatdenies.

"Castdownouridols—overturnOurbloodyaltars—makeusseeThyselfinThyhumanity!"

JOHNMORLEY

FOUNDER'SDAYADDRESS

(Abridged)

CarnegieInstitute,Pittsburgh,Pa.,November3,1904.

Whatissohardasajustestimateoftheeventsofourowntime?Itisonlynow,a centuryandahalf later, thatwe reallyperceive that awriterhassomethingtosayforhimselfwhenhecallsWolfe'sexploitatQuebectheturningpointinmodernhistory.Andto-dayitishardtoimagineanyrationalstandardthatwouldnotmaketheAmericanRevolution—an insurrection of thirteen little colonies, with apopulation of 3,000,000 scattered in a distant wilderness amongsavages—amightierevent inmanyof itsaspects than thevolcanicconvulsion inFrance.Again, theupbuildingofyourgreatWestonthis continent is reckoned by some the most important worldmovementof the lasthundredyears.But is itmore important thantheamazing,imposingandperhapsdisquietingapparitionofJapan?Oneauthority insists thatwhenRussiadescended into theFarEastand pushed her frontier on the Pacific to the forty-third degree oflatitude that was one of the most far-reaching facts of modern

history, tho it almost escaped the eyes of Europe—all herperceptions then monopolized by affairs in the Levant. Who cansay?Manycoursesof the sunwereneededbeforemencould takethe full historicmeasures ofLuther,Calvin,Knox; themeasureofLoyola, theCouncil ofTrent, and all the counter-reformation.Thecenter of gravity is forever shifting, thepolitical axis of theworldperpetuallychanging.Butwearenowfarenoughofftodiscernhowstupendous a thingwas donewhen, after two cycles of bitterwar,oneforeign,theothercivilandintestine,PittandWashington,withinaspanof less thanascoreofyears,planted thefoundationsof theAmericanRepublic.

WhatForbes'sstockadeatFortPitthasgrowntobeyouknowbetterthanI.ThehugetriumphsofPittsburginmaterialproduction—iron,steel,coke,glass,andalltherestofit—canonlybetoldincolossalfiguresthatarealmostashardtorealizeinourmindsasthefiguresofastronomicaldistanceorgeologictime.Itisnotquiteclearthatallthe founders of the Commonwealth would have surveyed thewonderful scene with the same exultation as their descendants.Some of them would have denied that these great centers ofindustrialdemocracyeitherintheOldWorldorintheNewalwaysstandforprogress.Jeffersonsaid,"Iviewgreatcitiesaspestilentialto the morals, the health, and the liberties of man. I consider theclass of artificers," he went on, "as the panders of vice, and theinstrument by which the liberties of a country are generallyoverthrown."InEnglandtheyreckon70percent.ofourpopulationasdwellersintowns.Withyou,Ireadthatonly25percent.ofthepopulationliveingroupssolargeas4,000persons.IfJeffersonwasrightouroutlookwouldbedark.Letushopethathewaswrong,andinfacttowardtheendofhistimequalifiedhisearlyview.Franklin,atanyrate,would,Ifeelsure,havereveledinitall.

That great man—a name in the forefront among the practicalintelligences of human history—once told a friend that when hedweltupontherapidprogressthatmankindwasmakinginpolitics,morals,andtheartsofliving,andwhenheconsideredthateachoneimprovement alwaysbegets another, he felt assured that the futureprogressoftheracewaslikelytobequickerthanithadeverbeen.Hewasneverweariedofforetellinginventionsyettocome,andhe

wishedhecouldrevisittheearthattheendofacenturytoseehowmankindwasgettingon.WithallmyheartIsharehiswish.OfallthemenwhohavebuiltupgreatStates,Idobelievethereisnotonewhose alacrity of sound sense and single-eyed beneficence of aimcould bemore safely trusted than Franklin to draw light from thecloudsandpiercetheeconomicandpoliticalconfusionsofourtime.We can imagine the amazement and complacency of that shrewdbenignantmindifhecouldwatchallthegiantmarvelsofyourmillsand furnaces, and all the apparatus devised by the wondrousinventive faculties of man; if he could have foreseen that hisexperimentswiththekiteinhisgardenatPhiladelphia,histubes,hisLeyden jars would end in the electric appliances of to-day—thelargestelectricplantinalltheworldonthesiteofFortDuquesne;ifhe could have heard of 5,000,000,000of passengers carried in theUnited States by electricmotor power in a year; if he could haverealizedalltherestofthemagician'staleofourtime.

Stillmorewouldhehavebeenastoundedandelatedcouldhehaveforeseen,beyondalladvancesinmaterialproduction, theunbrokenstrengthofthatpoliticalstructurewhichhehadsograndashareinrearing. Into this very region where we are this afternoon, sweptwaveafterwaveofimmigration;EnglishfromVirginiaflowedovertheborder,bringingEnglishtraits, literature,habitsofmind;Scots,or Scots-Irish, originally from Ulster, flowed in from CentralPennsylvania; Catholics from Southern Ireland; new hosts fromSouthernandEastCentralEurope.ThisisnottheFourthofJuly.Butpeople of every school would agree that it is no exuberance ofrhetoric,itisonlysobertruthtosaythattheperseveringabsorptionand incorporation of all this ceaseless torrent of heterogenouselementsintooneunited,stable,industrious,andpacificStateisanachievementthatneithertheRomanEmpirenortheRomanChurch,neither Byzantine Empire nor Russian, not Charles the Great norCharlestheFifthnorNapoleoneverrivaledorapproached.

Weare usually apt to excuse the slower rate of liberal progress inourOldWorldbycontrasting theobstructivebarriersofprejudice,survival, solecism, anachronism, convention, institution, all soobstinatelyrooted,evenwhenthebranchesseembareandbroken,inanoldworld,withtheopenanddisengagedgroundofthenew.Yet

in fact yourdifficultieswere at least as formidable as thoseof theolder civilizations into whose fruitful heritage you have entered.Uniquewasthenecessityof thisgigantic taskof incorporation, theassimilationofpeopleofdiversfaithsandrace.Aseconddifficultywasmore formidable still—how toerect andworkapowerful andwealthyStateonsuchasystemastocombinethecentralizedconcertofafederalsystemwithlocalindependence,andtounitecollectiveenergywiththeencouragementofindividualfreedom.

This last difficulty that you have so successfully up to nowsurmounted, at the present hour confronts themother country anddeeplyperplexesherstatesmen.Libertyandunionhavebeencalledthe twin ideas ofAmerica. So, too, they are the twin ideals of allresponsible men in Great Britain; altho responsible men differamongthemselvesastothesafestpathonwhichtotraveltowardthecommon goal, and tho the dividing ocean, in otherways somuchourfriend,interposes,forourcaseofanislandState,orratherforagroupofislandStates,obstaclesfromwhichacontinentalStatelikeyoursishappilyaltogetherfree.

Nobody believes that no difficulties remain. Some of them areobvious. But the common-sense, the mixture of patience anddetermination that has conquered risks and mischiefs in the past,maybetrustedwiththefuture.

Strange and devious are the paths of history. Broad and shiningchannelsgetmysteriouslysiltedup.Howmanyatimewhatseemedaglorioushighroadprovesnomorethanamuletrackormerecul-de-sac.ThinkofCanning's flashingboast,whenhe insistedon therecognitionoftheSpanishrepublicsinSouthAmerica—thathehadcalledanewworldintoexistencetoredressthebalanceoftheold.This is one of the sayings—ofwhich sortmany anothermight befound—thatmakethefortuneofarhetorician,yetstandillthewearand tear of time and circumstance. The new world that Canningcalled into existence has so far turned out a scene of singulardisenchantment.

Thonotwithoutglimpsesonoccasionof thatheroismandcourageandevenwisdomthataretheattributesofmanalmostattheworst,the tale has been too much a tale of anarchy and disaster, still

leaving a host of perplexities for statesmen both in America andEurope.Ithasleftalsotostudentsofaphilosophicturnofmindoneofthemostinterestingofalltheproblemstobefoundinthewholefieldofsocial,ecclesiastical,religious,andracialmovement.Whyisit thatwe do not find in the south aswe find in the north of thishemisphere a powerful federation—a great Spanish-AmericanpeoplestretchingfromtheRioGrandetoCapeHorn?ToanswerthatquestionwouldbetoshedafloodoflightuponmanydeephistoricforcesintheOldWorld,ofwhich,afterall,thesemovementsoftheNewarebutaprolongationandmoremanifestextension.

Whatmore imposing phenomenon does history present to us thantheriseofSpanishpower to thepinnacleofgreatnessandglory inthesixteenthcentury?TheMohammedans,aftercenturiesof fierceandstubbornwar,drivenback;thewholepeninsulabroughtunderasingle rule with a single creed; enormous acquisitions from theNetherlands of Naples, Sicily, the Canaries; France humbled,Englandmenaced,settlementsmadeinAsiaandNorthernAfrica—SpaininAmericabecomepossessedofavastcontinentandofmorethanonearchipelagoof splendid islands.Yetbeforeacenturywasover the sovereignmajestyofSpainunderwent ahugedeclension,theterritoryunderherswaywascontracted, thefabulouswealthofthe mines of the New World had been wasted, agriculture andindustry were ruined, her commerce passed into the hands of herrivals.

Letmedigressonefurthermoment.Wehaveaverysensiblehabitinthe islandwhence I come,whenourcountrymisses fire, to sayaslittleaswecan,andsinkthe thinginpatrioticoblivion.It isratherstartling torecall that less thanacenturyagoEnglandtwicesentamilitary force to seize what is now Argentina. Pride of race andhostilecreedvehementlyresisting,provedtoomuchforus.Thetwoexpeditionsendedinfailure,andnothingremainsforthehistorianofto-day but towonderwhat a difference itmight havemade to thetemperate regionofSouthAmerica if the fortuneofwarhadgonetheotherway, if the regionof thePlatahadbecomeBritish,andalargeBritish immigrationhad followed.Donot thinkmeguilty ofthe heinous crime of forgetting the Monroe Doctrine. Thatmomentousdeclarationwasnotmade for agoodmanyyears after

ourGen.WhitelockewasrepulsedatBuenosAyres,thoMr.Sumnerandotherpeoplehavealwaysheld that itwasCanningwho reallyfirststartedtheMonroeDoctrine,whenheinvitedtheUnitedStatestojoinhimagainstEuropeaninterventioninSouthAmericanaffairs.

Thedayisathand,wearetold,whenfour-fifthsofthehumanracewill tracetheirpedigreetoEnglishforefathers,asfour-fifthsof thewhitepeopleintheUnitedStatestracetheirpedigreeto-day.Bytheendof thiscentury, theysay,suchnationsasFranceandGermany,assuming that theystandapart fromfreshconsolidations,willonlybeabletoclaimthesamerelativepositioninthepoliticalworldasHollandandSwitzerland.Thesemusingsofthemoondonottakeusfar.Theimportantthing,asweallknow,isnottheexactfractionofthehumanracethatwillspeakEnglish.TheimportantthingisthatthosewhospeakEnglish,whetherinoldlandsornew,shallstriveinlofty, generous and never-ceasing emulationwith peoples of othertongues and other stock for the political, social, and intellectualprimacyamongmankind. In thisnoblestrife for theserviceofourraceweneedneverfearthatclaimantsfortheprizewillbetoolargeamultitude.

Asanable scholarofyourownhas said, Jeffersonwashereusingthe old vernacular of English aspirations after a free, manly, andwell-orderedpoliticallife—avernacularrichinstatelytraditionandnoblephrase,tobefoundinascoreofathousandofchampionsinmanycamps—inBuchanan,Milton,Hooker,Locke,JeremyTaylor,RogerWilliams, andmany another humbler but not less strenuouspioneerandconfessoroffreedom.Ah,donotfail tocountup,andcount up often,what a differentworld itwould have been but forthat island in the distant northern sea! These were the tributaryfountains,that,astimewenton,swelledintothebroadconfluenceofmodern time. What was new in 1776 was the transformation ofthoughtintoactualpolity.

Whatisprogress?Itisbesttobeslowinthecomplexartsofpoliticsin their widest sense, and not to hurry to define. If you want aplatitude,thereisnothingforsupplyingitlikeadefinition.Orshallwe say thatmost definitions hang between platitude and paradox?Therearesaid,thoIhavenevercounted,tobe10,000definitionsofreligion.Theremustbeaboutasmanyofpoetry.Therecanhardly

befewerofliberty,orevenofhappiness.

Iamnotboldenoughtotryadefinition.Iwillnottrytogaugehowfartheadvanceofmoralforceshaskeptpacewiththatextensionofmaterial forces in the world of which this continent, conspicuousbeforeallothers,bearssuchastoundingevidence.This,ofcourse,isthequestionofquestions,becauseasanillustriousEnglishwriter—towhom,bytheway,Iowemyfriendshipwithyourfoundermanylong years ago—as Matthew Arnold said in America here, it ismoralideasthatatbottomdecidethestandingorfallingofstatesandnations.Withoutopening thisvastdiscussionat large,manyasignofprogress is beyondmistake.Thepractiseof associated action—one of the master keys of progress—is a new force in a hundredfields, and with immeasurable diversity of forms. There is lessacquiescence in triumphantwrong. Toleration in religion has beencalledthebestfruitof the lastfourcenturies,andinspiteofafewbigoted survivals, even in our United Kingdom, and some savageoutbreaks of hatred, half religious, half racial, on theContinent ofEurope, this glorious gain of time may now be taken as secured.Perhaps of all the contributions of America to human civilizationthisisgreatest.Thereignofforceisnotyetover,andatintervalsithas its triumphant hours, but reason, justice, humanity fight withsuccesstheirlongandsteadybattleforawidersway.

Ofallthepointsofsocialadvance,inmycountryatleast,duringthelastgenerationnoneismoremarkedthanthechangeinthepositionofwomen,inrespectofrightsofproperty,ofeducation,ofaccesstonewcallings.Asfortheimprovementofmaterialwell-being,anditsdiffusionamongthosewhoselaborisaprimefactorinitscreation,wemightgrowsatedwiththejubilantmonotonyofitsfigures,ifwedid not take good care to remember, in the excellentwords of thePresidentofHarvard, that thosegains, like theprosperousworkingofyour institutionsand theprinciplesbywhich theyaresustained,are in essence moral contributions, "being principles of reason,enterprise, courage, faith, and justice, over passion, selfishness,inertness,timidity,anddistrust."Itisthemoralimpulsesthatmatter.Wheretheyaresafe,allissafe.

When thisand the like is said,nobodysupposes that the lastwordhasbeenspokenastotheconditionofthepeopleeitherinAmerica

or Europe. Republicanism is not itself a panacea for economicdifficulties.Of self it can neither stifle nor appease the accents ofsocial discontent. So long as it has no root in surveyed envy, thisdiscontentitselfisatokenofprogress.

What,criestheskeptic,whathasbecomeofallthehopesofthetimewhenFrancestooduponthetopofgoldenhours?Donotletusfearthechallenge.Muchhascomeofthem.Andovertheoldhopestimehasbroughtastratumofnew.

Liberalismissometimessuspectedofbeingcoldtothesenewhopes,andyoumayoftenhearitsaidthatLiberalismisalreadysupersededbySocialism.ThatachangeispassingoverpartynamesinEuropeisplain,butyoumaybesurethatnochangeinnamewillextinguishtheseprinciplesofsocietywhicharerootedinthenatureofthings,and are accredited by their success. Twice America has savedliberalism in Great Britain. The War for Independence in theeighteenth century was the defeat of usurping power no less inEngland than here. The War for Union in the nineteenth centurygavethedecisiveimpulsetoacriticalextensionofsuffrage,andanera of popular reform in the mother country. Any miscarriage ofdemocracyherereactsagainstprogressinGreatBritain.

If you seek the real meaning of most modern disparagement ofpopularorparliamentarygovernment,itisnomorethanthis,thatnopolitics will suffice of themselves to make a nation's soul. Whatcouldbemoretrue?Whosaysitwill?Butwemaydependuponitthat the soulwill be best kept alive in a nationwhere there is thehighestproportionof thosewho, in thephraseofanoldworthyoftheseventeenthcentury,thinkitapartofaman'sreligiontoseetoitthathiscountrybewellgoverned.

Democracy, they tellus, is afflictedbymediocrityandby sterility.But has not democracy in my country, as in yours, shown beforenow that itwell knowshow to choose rulers neithermediocrenorsterile;menmore than the equals in unselfishness, in rectitude, inclearsight, in force,ofanyabsolutist statesman, thatever in timespastborethescepter?IfIliveafewmonths,oritmaybeevenafewweekslonger,Ihopetohaveseensomethingofthreeelections—oneinCanada,oneintheUnitedKingdom,andtheotherhere.Withus,

inrespectofleadership,andapartfromheightofsocialprestige,thepersonagecorrespondingtothepresidentis,asyouknow,theprimeminister.Ourgeneralelectionthistime,owingtopersonalaccidentof thepassinghour,maynotdeterminequite exactlywho shall bethe primeminister, but itwill determine the party fromwhich theprimeministershallbetaken.Onnormaloccasionsourelectionofaprimeministerisasdirectandpersonalasyours,andinchoosingamember of Parliament people were really for a whole generationchoosingwhetherDisraeliorGladstoneorSalisburyshouldbeheadofthegovernment.

TheonecentraldifferencebetweenyoursystemandoursisthattheAmericanpresidentisinforafixedtime,whereastheBritishprimeministerdependsuponthesupportoftheHouseofCommons.Ifhelosesthat,hispowermaynotendureatwelvemonth;ifontheotherhand,hekeeps it,hemayholdoffice foradozenyears.Therearenot many more interesting or important questions in politicaldiscussionthanthequestionwhetherourcabinetgovernmentoryourpresidentialsystemofgovernmentisthebetter.Thisisnottheplacetoargueit.

Between1868andnow—aperiodofthirty-sixyears—wehavehadeightministries.Thiswouldgiveanaveragelifeoffourandahalfyears. Of these eight governments five lasted over five years.Broadly speaking, then, our executive governments have lastedaboutthelengthofyourfixedterm.Asforministerssweptawaybyagustofpassion,IcanonlyrecalltheoverthrowofLordPalmerstonin 1858 for being thought too subservient to France. Formy ownpart, I have always thought that by its free play, its comparativefluidity, its rapid flexibility of adaptation, our cabinet system hasmosttosayforitself.

Whetherdemocracywillmakeforpeace,weallhaveyettosee.Sofar democracy has done little in Europe to protect us against theturbidwhirlpools of amilitary age.When the evils of rival states,antagonistic races, territorial claims, and all the other formulas ofinternationalconflictarefelttobeunbearableandthecursebecomestoogreat tobeany longerborne,aschoolof teacherswillperhapsarisetopickupagainthethreadofthebestwritersandwisestrulerson the eve of the revolution. Movement in this region of human

thingshasnotallbeenprogressive.IfwesurveytheEuropeancourtsfrom the end of the Seven Years' War down to the FrenchRevolution,wenotethemarkedgrowthofadistinctlyinternationaland pacific spirit.At no era in theworld's history canwe find somanyEuropeanstatesmenafterpeaceand thegoodgovernmentofwhich peace is the best ally. That sentiment came to violent endwhenNapoleonarosetoscourgetheworld.

ROBERTTOOMBS

ONRESIGNINGFROMTHESENATE,1861

(Abridged)

ThesuccessoftheAbolitionistsandtheirallies,underthenameoftheRepublicanparty,hasproducedits logicalresultsalready.Theyhaveforlongyearsbeensowingdragons'teethandhavefinallygota crop of armed men. The Union, sir, is dissolved. That is anaccomplished fact in the path of this discussion that men may aswell heed. One of your confederates has already wisely, bravely,boldlyconfrontedpublicdanger,andshe isonlyaheadofmanyofher sisters because of her greater facility for speedy action. Thegreater majority of those sister States, under like circumstances,considerhercauseastheircause;andIchargeyouintheirnameto-day:"TouchnotSaguntum."[37]Itisnotonlytheircause,butitisacausewhich receives the sympathyandwill receive the supportoftens and hundreds of honest patriot men in the nonslaveholdingStates,whohavehithertomaintainedconstitutionalrights,andwhorespecttheiroaths,abidebycompacts,andlovejustice.

And while this Congress, this Senate, and this House ofRepresentatives are debating the constitutionality and theexpediency of seceding from the Union, and while the perfidiousauthorsof thismischief are showeringdowndenunciationsuponalargeportionof thepatrioticmenof this country, thosebravemenare coolly and calmly voting what you call revolution—aye, sir,doing better than that: arming to defend it. They appealed to theConstitution, they appealed to justice, they appealed to fraternity,untiltheConstitution,justice,andfraternitywerenolongerlistened

tointhelegislativehallsoftheircountry,andthen,sir,theypreparedfor the arbitrament of the sword; and now you see the glitteringbayonet,andyouhearthetrampofarmedmenfromyourcapitoltotheRioGrande. It is a sight thatgladdens the eyes andcheers thehearts of othermillions ready to second them. Inasmuch, sir, as Ihave laboredearnestly,honestly, sincerely,with thesemen toavertthis necessity so long as I deemed it possible, and inasmuch as Iheartily approve their present conduct of resistance, I deem itmyduty to state their case to the Senate, to the country, and to thecivilizedworld.

Senators,mycountrymenhavedemandednonewgovernment;theyhavedemandednonewConstitution.Looktotheirrecordsathomeand here from the beginning of this national strife until itsconsummation in the disruption of the empire, and they have notdemanded a single thing except that you shall abide by theConstitutionof theUnitedStates; thatconstitutional rightsshallberespected, and that justice shall be done. Sirs, they have stood byyourConstitution;theyhavestoodbyallitsrequirements,theyhaveperformedall itsdutiesunselfishly,uncalculatingly,disinterestedly,untilapartysprangupinthiscountrywhichendangeredtheirsocialsystem—apartywhich theyarraign,andwhich theychargebeforethe American people and all mankind with having madeproclamation of outlawry against four thousand millions of theirpropertyintheTerritoriesoftheUnitedStates;withhavingputthemunder the ban of the empire in all the States in which theirinstitutionsexistoutsidetheprotectionoffederallaws;withhavingaided and abetted insurrection from within and invasion fromwithout with the view of subverting those institutions, anddesolatingtheirhomesandtheirfiresides.Forthesecausestheyhavetakenuparms.

I have stated that the discontented States of this Union havedemanded nothing but clear, distinct, unequivocal, well-acknowledged constitutional rights—rights affirmed by the highestjudicialtribunalsoftheircountry;rightsolderthantheConstitution;rights which are planted upon the immutable principles of naturaljustice;rightswhichhavebeenaffirmedbythegoodandthewiseofallcountries,andofallcenturies.Wedemandnopowertoinjureany

man. We demand no right to injure our confederate States. Wedemandnorighttointerferewiththeirinstitutions,eitherbywordordeed.Wehavenorighttodisturbtheirpeace,theirtranquillity,theirsecurity.Wehavedemandedofthemsimply,solely—nothingelse—to give us equality, security and tranquillity. Give us these, andpeacerestoresitself.Refusethem,andtakewhatyoucanget.

What do the rebels demand? First, "that the people of the UnitedStatesshallhaveanequalrighttoemigrateandsettleinthepresentoranyfutureacquiredTerritories,withwhateverpropertytheymaypossess(includingslaves),andbesecurelyprotectedinitspeaceableenjoymentuntil suchTerritorymaybeadmittedasaState into theUnion,withorwithoutslavery,asshemaydetermine,onanequalitywith all existing States." That is our Territorial demand.We havefoughtforthisTerritorywhenbloodwasitsprice.Wehavepaidforitwhengoldwasitsprice.Wehavenotproposedtoexcludeyou,thoyouhavecontributedverylittleofbloodormoney.IreferespeciallytoNewEngland.WedemandonlytogointothoseTerritoriesupontermsof equalitywithyou, as equals in this greatConfederacy, toenjoy the common property of the whole Union, and receive theprotectionofthecommongovernment,untiltheTerritoryiscapableofcoming into theUnionasasovereignState,when itmayfix itsowninstitutionstosuititself.

Thesecondproposition is,"thatproperty inslavesshallbeentitledtothesameprotectionfromthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,inall of its departments, everywhere,which theConstitution confersthepoweruponittoextendtoanyotherproperty,providednothinghereincontainedshallbeconstruedtolimitorrestraintherightnowbelongingtoeveryStatetoprohibit,abolish,orestablishandprotectslaverywithinitslimits."Wedemandofthecommongovernmenttouseitsgrantedpowerstoprotectourpropertyaswellasyours.Forthis protection we pay as much as you do. This very property issubject to taxation. It has been taxed by you and sold by you fortaxes.

The title to thousands and tens of thousands of slaves is derivedfrom the United States. We claim that the government, while theConstitution recognizes our property for the purposes of taxation,shallgiveitthesameprotectionthatitgivesyours.

Ought it not to be so? You say no. Every one of you upon thecommittee said no. Your senators say no. Your House ofRepresentativessaysno.ThroughoutthelengthandbreadthofyourconspiracyagainsttheConstitutionthereisbutoneshoutofno!Thisrecognitionof this right is thepriceofmyallegiance.Withhold it,and you do not get my obedience. This is the philosophy of thearmedmenwhohavesprungup in thiscountry.Doyouaskmetosupport a government that will taxmy property: that will plunderme; thatwill demandmyblood, andwill not protectme? IwouldratherseethepopulationofmynativeStatelaidsixfeetbeneathhersod than they should support for one hour such a government.Protectionisthepriceofobedienceeverywhere,inallcountries.Itistheonlythingthatmakesgovernmentrespectable.Denyitandyoucannothavefreesubjectsorcitizens;youmayhaveslaves.

We demand, in the next place, "that persons committing crimesagainstslaveproperty inoneState,andfleeing toanother,shallbedelivered up in the same manner as persons committing crimesagainst other property, and that the laws of the State from whichsuchpersonsfleeshallbethetestofcriminality."Thatisanotheroneofthedemandsofanextremistandarebel.

But the nonslaveholding States, treacherous to their oaths andcompacts, have steadily refused, if the criminal only stole a negroandthatnegrowasaslave, todeliverhimup.ItwasrefusedtwiceontherequisitionofmyownStateaslongastwenty-twoyearsago.Itwas refused byKent and by Fairfield, governors ofMaine, andrepresenting,Ibelieve,eachofthethenfederalparties.Weappealedthentofraternity,butwesubmitted;andthisconstitutionalrighthasbeen practically a dead letter from that day to this. The next casecameupbetweenus and theStateofNewYork,when thepresentseniorsenator[Mr.Seward]was thegovernorof thatState;andherefusedit.Why?HesaiditwasnotagainstthelawsofNewYorktostealanegro,andthereforehewouldnotcomplywiththedemand.HemadeasimilarrefusaltoVirginia.Yettheseareourconfederates;theseareoursisterStates!Thereisthebargain;thereisthecompact.Youhavesworntoit.Boththesegovernorssworetoit.ThesenatorfromNewYorksworetoit.ThegovernorofOhiosworetoitwhenhewasinaugurated.Youcannotbindthembyoaths.Yettheytalkto

usoftreason;andIsupposetheyexpecttowhipfreemenintolovingsuchbrethren!Theywillhaveagoodtimeindoingit!

ItisnaturalweshouldwantthisprovisionoftheConstitutioncarriedout.TheConstitution says slaves are property; the SupremeCourtsaysso;theConstitutionsaysso.Thetheftofslavesisacrime;theyareasubject-matteroffeloniousasportation.BythetextandletteroftheConstitutionyouagreedtogivethemup.Youhavesworntodoit,andyouhavebrokenyouroaths.Ofcourse,thosewhohavedonesolookoutforpretexts.Nobodyexpectedthemtodootherwise.IdonotthinkIeversawaperjurer,howeverbaldandnaked,whocouldnotinventsomepretexttopalliatehiscrime,orwhocouldnot,forfifteenshillings,hireanOldBaileylawyertoinventsomeforhim.Yet this requirement of the Constitution is another one of theextremedemandsofanextremistandarebel.

Thenextstipulationisthatfugitiveslavesshallbesurrenderedunderthe provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, without beingentitled either to awrit of habeas corpus, or trial by jury, or othersimilarobstructionsoflegislation,intheStatetowhichhemayflee.HereistheConstitution:

"NopersonheldtoserviceorlaborinoneState,underthelawsthereof,escapingintoanother,shall,inconsequenceofanylaworregulationtherein,bedischargedfromsuchserviceorlabor,butshallbedelivereduponclaimofthepartytowhomsuchserviceorlabormaybedue."

This language isplain, andeverybodyunderstood it the samewayfor the first forty years of your government. In 1793, inWashington'stime,anactwaspassedtocarryoutthisprovision.Itwas adopted unanimously in the Senate of the United States, andnearly so in the House of Representatives. Nobody then hadinventedpretextstoshowthattheConstitutiondidnotmeananegroslave.Itwasclear;itwasplain.Notonlythefederalcourts,butallthe local courts in all the States, decided that this was aconstitutionalobligation.Howisitnow?TheNorthsoughttoevadeit;followingtheinstinctsoftheirnaturalcharacter,theycommencedwith the fraudulent fiction that fugitives were entitled to habeascorpus,entitledtotrialbyjuryintheStatetowhichtheyfled.Theypretended to believe that our fugitive slaveswere entitled tomorerightsthantheirwhitecitizens;perhapstheywereright, theyknowone another better than I do. You may charge a white man withtreason,orfelony,orothercrime,andyoudonotrequireanytrialbyjurybeforeheisgivenup;thereisnothingtodeterminebutthatheislegallychargedwithacrimeandthathefled,andthenheistobedeliveredupupondemand.Whitepeoplearedeliveredupeverydayinthisway;butnotslaves.Slaves,blackpeople,yousay,areentitledto trial by jury; and in this way schemes have been invented todefeatyourplainconstitutionalobligations.

Senators, the Constitution is a compact. It contains all ourobligations and theduties of the federal government. I amcontentandhaveeverbeencontenttosustainit.WhileIdoubtitsperfection,whileIdonotbelieveitwasagoodcompact,andwhileIneversawthedaythatIwouldhavevotedforitasapropositiondenovo,yetIamboundtoitbyoathandbythatcommonprudencewhichwouldinducemen to abide by established forms rather than to rush intounknown dangers. I have given to it, and intend to give to it,unfalteringsupportandallegiance,butIchoosetoputthatallegianceon the trueground,noton the false idea thatanybody'sbloodwas

shedforit.IsaythattheConstitutionisthewholecompact.Alltheobligations, all the chains that fetter the limbs of my people, arenominated in the bond, and they wisely excluded any conclusionagainst them, by declaring that "the powers not granted by theConstitution to theUnited States, or forbidden by it to the States,belongedtotheStatesrespectivelyorthepeople."

NowIwill try itby thatstandard; Iwillsubject it to that test.Thelawofnature,thelawofjustice,wouldsay—anditissoexpoundedbythepublicists—thatequalrightsinthecommonpropertyshallbeenjoyed.Eveninamonarchythekingcannotprevent thesubjectsfrom enjoying equality in the disposition of the public property.Even in a despotic government this principle is recognized. Itwasthe blood and the money of the whole people (says the learnedGrotius, and say all the publicists) which acquired the publicproperty,and therefore it isnot thepropertyof thesovereign.Thisrightofequalitybeing,then,accordingtojusticeandnaturalequity,a right belonging to all States, when did we give it up? You sayCongress has a right to pass rules and regulations concerning theTerritory and other property of theUnitedStates.Verywell.Doesthat exclude those whose blood and money paid for it? Does"dispose of" mean to rob the rightful owners? You must show abettertitlethanthat,orabetterswordthanwehave.

What, then, will you take? You will take nothing but your ownjudgment; that is, youwill notonly judge foryourselves,notonlydiscardthecourt,discardourconstruction,discardthepractiseofthegovernment,butyouwilldriveusout, simplybecauseyouwill it.Come and do it!You have sapped the foundations of society; youhavedestroyedalmostallhopeofpeace.Inacompactwherethereisnocommonarbiter,wherethepartiesfinallydecideforthemselves,the sword alone at last becomes the real, if not the constitutional,arbiter. Your party says that youwill not take the decision of theSupremeCourt.YousaidsoatChicago;yousaidsoincommittee;everymanofyouinbothHousessaysso.Whatareyougoingtodo?Yousayweshallsubmittoyourconstruction.Weshalldoit,ifyoucan make us; but not otherwise, or in any other manner. That issettled.Youmaycallitsecession,oryoumaycallitrevolution;butthere is a big fact standingbefore you, ready to opposeyou—that

factis,freemenwitharmsintheirhands.

THEODOREROOSEVELT

INAUGURALADDRESS

(1905)

MYFELLOWCITIZENS:—Nopeopleonearthhavemorecausetobe thankful than ours, and this is said reverently, in no spirit ofboastfulnessinourownstrength,butwithgratitudetotheGiverofGood,Whohasblesseduswiththeconditionswhichhaveenabledustoachievesolargeameasureofwell-beingandhappiness.

Tousasapeople ithasbeengranted to lay thefoundationsofournationallifeinanewcontinent.Wearetheheirsoftheages,andyetwehavehadtopayfewofthepenaltieswhichinoldcountriesareexactedbythedeadhandofabygonecivilization.Wehavenotbeenobligedtofightforourexistenceagainstanyalienrace;andyetourlifehascalledforthevigorandeffortwithoutwhichthemanlierandhardiervirtueswitheraway.

Undersuchconditionsitwouldbeourownfaultifwefailed,andthesuccess which we have had in the past, the success which weconfidently believe the future will bring, should cause in us nofeelingofvainglory,butratheradeepandabidingrealizationofallthatlifehasofferedus;afullacknowledgmentoftheresponsibilitywhich isours;anda fixeddetermination to show thatundera freegovernment a mighty people can thrive best, alike as regard thethingsofthebodyandthethingsofthesoul.

Much has been given to us, andmuchwill rightfully be expectedfromus.Wehavedutiestoothersanddutiestoourselves—andwecanshirkneither.Wehavebecomeagreatnation,forcedbythefactofitsgreatnessintorelationtotheothernationsoftheearth,andwemustbehaveasbeseemsapeoplewithsuchresponsibilities.

Towardallothernations,largeandsmall,ourattitudemustbeoneofcordialandsincerefriendship.Wemustshownotonlyinourwordsbutinourdeedsthatweareearnestlydesirousofsecuringtheirgood

will by acting toward them in a spirit of just and generousrecognitionofalltheirrights.

But justice and generosity in a nation, as in an individual, countmostwhen shown not by theweak but by the strong.While evercarefultorefrainfromwrongingothers,wemustbenolessinsistentthatwearenotwrongedourselves.Wewishpeace;butwewishthepeaceofjustice,thepeaceofrighteousness.Wewishitbecausewethinkitisright,andnotbecauseweareafraid.Noweaknationthatactsrightlyandjustlyshouldeverhavecausetofear,andnostrongpowershouldeverbeabletosingleusoutasasubjectforinsolentaggression.

Ourrelationswiththeotherpowersoftheworldareimportant;butstillmoreimportantareourrelationsamongourselves.Suchgrowthinwealth,inpopulation,andinpower,asanationhasseenduringacenturyandaquarterofitsnationallife, isinevitablyaccompaniedbyalikegrowthintheproblemswhichareeverbeforeeverynationthat rises to greatness. Power invariablymeans both responsibilityand danger. Our forefathers faced certain perils which we haveoutgrown.Wenow faceotherperils theveryexistenceofwhich itwasimpossiblethattheyshouldforesee.

Modern life is both complex and intense, and the tremendouschangeswroughtbytheextraordinaryindustrialdevelopmentofthehalfcenturyarefeltineveryfiberofoursocialandpoliticalbeing.Neverbeforehavementriedsovastandformidableanexperimentasthatofadministeringtheaffairsofacontinentundertheformsofa democratic republic. The conditions which have told for ourmarvelousmaterialwell-being,whichhavedevelopedtoaveryhighdegreeourenergy,self-reliance,andindividualinitiative,alsohavebrought thecareandanxiety inseparable from theaccumulationofgreatwealthinindustrialcenters.

Upon the success of our experiment much depends—not only asregardsourownwelfare,butasregards thewelfareofmankind. Ifwefail,thecauseoffreeself-governmentthroughouttheworldwillrocktoitsfoundations,andthereforeourresponsibilityisheavy,toourselves, to the world as it is to-day, and to the generations yetunborn.

Thereisnogoodreasonwhyweshouldfearthefuture,butthereisevery reasonwhywe should face it seriously, neither hiding fromourselves the gravity of the problems before us, nor fearing toapproachtheseproblemswiththeunbending,unflinchingpurposetosolvethemaright.

Yet after all, tho theproblemsarenew, tho the tasks set beforeusdiffer from the tasks set before our fathers, who founded andpreserved this Republic, the spirit in which these tasks must beundertakenandtheseproblemsfaced,ifourdutyistobewelldone,remains essentially unchanged. We know that self-government isdifficult.Weknowthatnopeopleneedssuchhightraitsofcharacteras that peoplewhich seeks to govern its affairs aright through thefreelyexpressedwillofthefreemenwhocomposeit.

Butwehavefaith thatweshallnotprovefalse tomemoriesof themen of the mighty past. They did their work; they left us thesplendid heritage we now enjoy.We in our turn have an assuredconfidencethatweshallbeabletoleavethisheritageunwastedandenlargedtoourchildren'schildren.

To do so, we must show, not merely in great crises, but in theeveryday affairs of life, the qualities of practical intelligence, ofcourage,ofhardihood,andendurance,and,aboveall, thepowerofdevotion to a lofty ideal,whichmade great themenwho foundedthisRepublicinthedaysofWashington;whichmadegreatthemenwhopreservedthisRepublicinthedaysofAbrahamLincoln.

ONAMERICANMOTHERHOOD[38]

(1905)

In our modern industrial civilization there are many and gravedangerstocounterbalancethesplendorsandthetriumphs.Itisnotagoodthingtoseecitiesgrowatdisproportionatespeedrelativelytothecountry;forthesmalllandowners,themenwhoowntheirlittlehomes,andthereforetoaverylargeextentthemenwhotillfarms,the men of the soil, have hitherto made the foundation of lastingnationallifeineveryState;and,ifthefoundationbecomeseithertooweakortoonarrow,thesuperstructure,nomatterhowattractive,is

inimminentdangeroffalling.

But farmore important than the questionof the occupationof ourcitizens is the question of how their family life is conducted. Nomatterwhatthatoccupationmaybe,aslongasthereisarealhomeandas longas thosewhomakeup thathomedo theirduty tooneanother, to their neighbors and to the State, it is of minorconsequencewhethertheman'stradeispliedinthecountryorinthecity,whetheritcallsfortheworkofthehandsorfortheworkofthehead.

Nopiled-upwealth,nosplendorofmaterialgrowth,nobrillianceofartistic development, will permanently avail any people unless itshome life is healthy, unless the average man possesses honesty,courage,commonsense,anddecency,unlessheworkshardand iswilling at need to fight hard; and unless the average woman is agoodwife,agoodmother,ableandwillingtoperformthefirstandgreatestdutyofwomanhood,ableandwillingtobear,andtobringup as they should be brought up, healthy children, sound in body,mind, and character, and numerous enough so that the race shallincreaseandnotdecrease.

Therearecertainoldtruthswhichwillbetrueaslongasthisworldendures,andwhichnoamountofprogresscanalter.Oneoftheseisthe truth that the primary duty of the husband is to be the home-maker, the breadwinner for his wife and children, and that theprimarydutyofthewomanistobethehelpmate,thehousewife,andmother.Thewomanshouldhaveampleeducationaladvantages;butsaveinexceptionalcasesthemanmustbe,andsheneednotbe,andgenerallyoughtnottobe,trainedforalifelongcareerasthefamilybreadwinner;and,therefore,afteracertainpoint,thetrainingofthetwomust normally be different because the duties of the two arenormallydifferent.Thisdoesnotmeaninequalityoffunction,butitdoesmeanthatnormallytheremustbedissimilarityoffunction.Onthewhole, I think the duty of thewoman themore important, themore difficult, and themore honorable of the two; on thewhole IrespectthewomanwhodoesherdutyevenmorethanIrespectthemanwhodoeshis.

Noordinaryworkdonebyamaniseitherashardorasresponsible

as the work of a woman who is bringing up a family of smallchildren;foruponhertimeandstrengthdemandsaremadenotonlyevery hour of the day but often every hour of the night. Shemayhavetogetupnightafternighttotakecareofasickchild,andyetmustbydaycontinuetodoallherhouseholddutiesaswell;andifthe family means are scant she must usually enjoy even her rareholidays taking her whole brood of children with her. The birthpangs make all men the debtors of all women. Above all oursympathy and regard are due to the strugglingwives among thosewhomAbrahamLincoln called the plain people, andwhom he solovedandtrusted;forthelivesofthesewomenareoftenledonthelonelyheightsofquiet,self-sacrificingheroism.

Just as the happiest andmost honorable andmost useful task thatcanbesetanymanistoearnenoughforthesupportofhiswifeandfamily,forthebringingupandstartinginlifeofhischildren,sothemostimportant,themosthonorableanddesirabletaskwhichcanbesetanywomanistobeagoodandwisemotherinahomemarkedbyself-respectandmutualforbearance,bywillingnesstoperformduty,and by refusal to sink into self-indulgence or avoid that whichentailseffortandself-sacrifice.Ofcoursethereareexceptionalmenandexceptionalwomenwhocandoandoughttodomuchmorethanthis, who can lead and ought to lead great careers of outsideusefulnessinadditionto—notassubstitutesfor—theirhomework;but Iamnotspeakingofexceptions; Iamspeakingof theprimaryduties, Iamspeakingof theaveragecitizens, theaveragemenandwomenwhomakeupthenation.

InasmuchasIamspeakingtoanassemblageofmothers,Ishallhavenothingwhatevertosayinpraiseofaneasylife.Yoursistheworkwhichisneverended.Nomotherhasaneasytime,themostmothershave very hard times; and yet what true mother would barter herexperience of joy and sorrow in exchange for a life of coldselfishness, which insists upon perpetual amusement and theavoidance of care, and which often finds its fit dwelling place insomeflatdesignedtofurnishwiththeleastpossibleexpenditureofeffortthemaximumofcomfortandofluxury,butinwhichthereisliterallynoplaceforchildren?

Thewomanwho is a goodwife, a goodmother, is entitled to our

respectasisnooneelse;butsheisentitledtoitonlybecause,andsolongas,she isworthyof it.Effortandself-sacrificeare the lawofworthylifeforthemanasforthewoman;thoneithertheeffortnortheself-sacrificemaybethesamefortheoneasfortheother.IdonotintheleastbelieveinthepatientGriseldatypeofwoman,inthewomanwhosubmits togrossandlongcontinuedill treatment,anymore than I believe in a man who tamely submits to wrongfulaggression. No wrong-doing is so abhorrent as wrong-doing by aman toward the wife and the children who should arouse everytender feeling in his nature. Selfishness toward them, lack oftenderness toward them, lack of consideration for them, above all,brutalityinanyformtowardthem,shouldarousetheheartiestscornandindignationineveryuprightsoul.

Ibelievein thewomankeepingherself-respect justasIbelieveinthemandoingso.IbelieveinherrightsjustasmuchasIbelieveinthe man's, and indeed a little more; and I regard marriage as apartnership,inwhicheachpartnerisinhonorboundtothinkoftherightsoftheotheraswellasofhisorherown.ButIthinkthatthedutiesareevenmoreimportantthantherights;andinthelongrunIthinkthattherewardisamplerandgreaterfordutywelldone,thanfor the insistence upon individual rights, necessary tho this, too,must often be. Your duty is hard, your responsibility great; butgreatestofallisyourreward.Idonotpityyouintheleast.Onthecontrary,Ifeelrespectandadmirationforyou.

Into the woman's keeping is committed the destiny of thegenerations to come after us. In bringing up your children youmothersmust remember thatwhile it is essential to be loving andtender it is no less essential to bewise and firm. Foolishness andaffectionmustnotbe treatedas interchangeable terms;andbesidestrainingyoursonsanddaughtersinthesofterandmildervirtues,youmustseektogivethemthosesternandhardyqualitieswhichinafterlife theywill surelyneed.Somechildrenwillgowrong inspiteofthe best training; and some will go right even when theirsurroundingsaremostunfortunate;neverthelessanimmenseamountdependsuponthefamilytraining.Ifyoumothersthroughweaknessbringupyoursonstobeselfishandtothinkonlyofthemselves,youwillberesponsibleformuchsadnessamongthewomenwhoareto

betheirwivesinthefuture.Ifyouletyourdaughtersgrowupidle,perhapsunderthemistakenimpressionthatasyouyourselveshavehadtoworkhardtheyshallknowonlyenjoyment,youarepreparingthemtobeuselesstoothersandburdenstothemselves.Teachboysand girls alike that they are not to look forward to lives spent inavoiding difficulties, but to lives spent in overcoming difficulties.Teach them that work, for themselves and also for others, is notcursebutablessing;seektomakethemhappy,tomakethemenjoylife, but seek also to make them face life with the steadfastresolutiontowrestsuccessfromlaborandadversity,andtodotheirwholedutybeforeGodand toman.Surely shewhocan thus trainhersonsandherdaughtersisthricefortunateamongwomen.

Therearemanygoodpeoplewhoaredeniedthesupremeblessingofchildren,andforthesewehavetherespectandsympathyalwaysduetothosewho,fromnofaultoftheirown,aredeniedanyoftheothergreat blessings of life. But the man or woman who deliberatelyforegoes these blessings, whether from viciousness, coldness,shallow-heartedness, self-indulgence, or mere failure to appreciatearightthedifferencebetweentheall-importantandtheunimportant,—why, such a creature merits contempt as hearty as any visitedupon the soldier who runs away in battle, or upon the man whorefuses towork for the support of those dependent upon him, andwhothoable-bodiedisyetcontenttoeatinidlenessthebreadwhichothersprovide.

The existence of women of this type forms one of the mostunpleasantandunwholesomefeaturesofmodern life. Ifanyone issodimofvisionastofailtoseewhatathoroughlyunlovelycreaturesuchawomanisIwishtheywouldreadJudgeRobertGrant'snovel"UnleavenedBread," ponder seriously the character of Selma, andthink of the fate that would surely overcome any nation whichdeveloped its average and typical woman along such lines.UnfortunatelyitwouldbeuntruetosaythatthistypeexistsonlyinAmerican novels. That it also exists in American life is madeunpleasantlyevidentbythestatisticsastothedwindlingfamiliesinsomelocalities.Itismadeevidentinequallysinisterfashionbythecensus statistics as to divorce,which are fairly appalling; for easydivorceisnowasiteverhasbeen,abanetoanynation,acurseto

society,amenacetothehome,anincitementtomarriedunhappinessandtoimmorality,anevilthingformenandastillmorehideousevilfor women. These unpleasant tendencies in our American life aremadeevidentbyarticlessuchasthosewhichIactuallyreadnotlongago in a certain paper, where a clergymanwas quoted, seeminglywithapproval,asexpressingthegeneralAmericanattitudewhenhesaidthattheambitionofanysaveaveryrichmanshouldbetoreartwochildrenonly,soastogivehischildrenanopportunity"totasteafewofthegoodthingsoflife."

This man, whose profession and calling should have made him amoral teacher, actually set before others the ideal, not of trainingchildrentodotheirduty,notofsendingthemforthwithstoutheartsandreadyminds towin triumphsfor themselvesand theircountry,notofallowingthemtheopportunity,andgivingthemtheprivilegeofmakingtheirownplaceintheworld,but,forsooth,ofkeepingthenumber of children so limited that they might "taste a few goodthings!"Thewaytogiveachildafairchanceinlifeisnottobringitupinluxury,buttoseethatithasthekindoftrainingthatwillgiveitstrengthofcharacter.Evenapartfromthevitalquestionofnationallife, and regarding only the individual interest of the childrenthemselves,happinessinthetruesenseisahundredfoldmoreapttocome to anygivenmemberof a healthy familyof healthy-mindedchildren,wellbroughtup,welleducated,but taught that theymustshift for themselves, must win their own way, and by their ownexertionsmake their own positions of usefulness, than it is apt tocome to those whose parents themselves have acted on and havetrainedtheirchildrentoacton,theselfishandsordidtheorythatthewholeendoflifeisto"tasteafewgoodthings."

Theintelligenceoftheremarkisonaparwithitsmorality;forthemostrudimentarymentalprocesswouldhaveshownthespeakerthatiftheaveragefamilyinwhichtherearechildrencontainedbuttwochildren the nation as a whole would decrease in population sorapidlythatintwoorthreegenerationsitwouldverydeservedlybeonthepointofextinction,sothatthepeoplewhohadactedonthisbaseandselfishdoctrinewouldbegivingplacetootherswithbraverand more robust ideals. Nor would such a result be in any wayregrettable; for a race that practised such doctrine—that is, a race

thatpractisedracesuicide—wouldtherebyconclusivelyshowthatitwasunfittoexist,andthatithadbettergiveplacetopeoplewhohadnotforgottentheprimarylawsoftheirbeing.

Tosumup,then,thewholematterissimpleenough.Ifeitheraraceoranindividualprefersthepleasureofmoreeffortlessease,ofself-indulgence, to the infinitely deeper, the infinitely higher pleasuresthatcometothosewhoknowthetoilandtheweariness,butalsothejoy,ofharddutywelldone,why, that raceor that individualmustinevitablyintheendpaythepenaltyofleadingalifebothvapidandignoble.Nomanandnowomanreallyworthyofthenamecancarefor the life spent solely or chiefly in the avoidance of risk andtroubleandlabor.Saveinexceptionalcasestheprizesworthhavingin lifemustbepaid for,and the lifeworth livingmustbea lifeofworkforaworthyend,andordinarilyofworkmoreforothersthanforone'sself.

Thewoman'staskisnoteasy—notaskworthdoingiseasy—butindoing it, and when she has done it, there shall come to her thehighestandholiest joyknowntomankind;andhavingdone it,sheshallhave therewardprophesied inScripture; forherhusbandandherchildren,yes,andallpeoplewhorealizethatherworkliesatthefoundationofallnationalhappinessandgreatness,shallriseupandcallherblessed.

ALTONB.PARKER

THECALLTODEMOCRATS

FromaspeechopeningtheNationalDemocraticConventionatBaltimore,Md.,June,1912.

ItisnotthewildandcruelmethodsofrevolutionandviolencethatareneededtocorrecttheabusesincidenttoourGovernmentastoallthingshuman.Neithermaterialnormoralprogressliesthatway.Wehave made our Government and our complicated institutions byappeals to reason, seeking to educate all ourpeople that, dayafterday,yearafteryear,centuryaftercentury,theymayseemoreclearly,actmorejustly,becomemoreandmoreattachedtothefundamental

ideas that underlie our society. Ifwe are to preserveundiminishedthe heritage bequeathed us, and add to it those accretionswithoutwhich societywould perish,we shall need all the powers that theschool,thechurch,thecourt,thedeliberativeassembly,andthequietthoughtofourpeoplecanbringtobear.

Wearecalledupon todobattleagainst theunfaithfulguardiansofourConstitutionandlibertiesandthehordesofignorancewhicharepushing forward only to the ruin of our social and governmentalfabric.

Too long has the country endured the offenses of the leaders of apartywhichonceknewgreatness.Too longhavewebeenblind tothebacchanalofcorruption.Toolonghavewelistlesslywatchedtheassemblingoftheforcesthatthreatenourcountryandourfiresides.

The timehascomewhen thesalvationof thecountrydemands therestorationtoplaceandpowerofmenofhighidealswhowillwageunceasingwar against corruption in politics,whowill enforce thelawagainstbothrichandpoor,andwhowilltreatguiltaspersonalandpunishitaccordingly.

What is our duty? To think alike as to men and measures?Impossible! Even for our great party! There is not a reactionaryamong us. All Democrats are Progressives. But it is inevitablyhumanthatweshallnotallagreethatinasinglehighwayisfoundthe only road to progress, or eachmake the sameman of all ourworthycandidateshisfirstchoice.

It is impossible, however, and it is our duty to put aside allselfishness, to consent cheerfully that themajority shall speak foreachofus,andtomarchoutofthisconventionshouldertoshoulder,intoningthepraisesofourchosenleader—andthatwillbehisdue,whicheverofthehonorableandablemennowclaimingourattentionshallbechosen.

JOHNW.WESCOTT

NOMINATINGWOODROWWILSON

AttheNationalDemocraticConvention,Baltimore,Maryland,June,1912.

TheNewJerseydelegation is commissioned to represent thegreatcauseofDemocracyandtoofferyouasitsmilitantandtriumphantleader a scholar, not a charlatan; a statesman, not a doctrinaire; aprofoundlawyer,notasplitterof legalhairs;apoliticaleconomist,not an egotistical theorist; a practical politician, who constructs,modifies,restrains,withoutdisturbanceanddestruction;aresistlessdebaterandconsummatemasterofstatement,notameresophist;ahumanitarian, not a defamer of characters and lives; amanwhosemind is at once cosmopolitan and composite of America; agentlemanofunpretentioushabits,withthefearofGodinhisheartandtheloveofmankindexhibitedineveryactofhislife;aboveallapublicservantwhohasbeentriedtotheuttermostandneverfoundwanting—matchless, unconquerable, the ultimate Democrat,WoodrowWilson.

NewJerseyhasreasonsforhercourse.Letusnotbedeceivedinourpremises. Campaigns of vilification, corruption and false pretencehave lost their usefulness. The evolution of national energy istowards a more intelligent morality in politics and in all otherrelations.The situation admits of no compromise.The temper andpurpose of the American public will tolerate no other view. TheindifferenceoftheAmericanpeopletopoliticshasdisappeared.Anyplatform and any candidate not conforming to this vast social andcommercialbehestwillgodowntoignominiousdefeatatthepolls.

Menareknownbywhattheysayanddo.Theyareknownbythosewhohateandopposethem.ManyyearsagoWoodrowWilsonsaid,"Noman isgreatwho thinkshimself so, andnoman isgoodwhodoesnottrytosecurethehappinessandcomfortofothers."Thisisthesecretofhis life.Thedeedsof thismoralandintellectualgiantare known to allmen. They accord, notwith the shams and falsepretencesofpolitics,butmakenationalharmonywiththemillionsofpatriots determined to correct the wrongs of plutocracy andreestablish the maxims of American liberty in all their regnantbeauty and practical effectiveness. New Jersey loves WoodrowWilsonnotfortheenemieshehasmade.NewJerseyloveshimforwhat he is. New Jersey argues that WoodrowWilson is the only

candidatewho can not onlymakeDemocratic success a certainty,butsecuretheelectoralvoteofalmosteveryStateintheUnion.

NewJerseywillindorsehisnominationbyamajorityof100,000ofher liberated citizens. We are not building for a day, or even ageneration, but for all time. New Jersey believes that there is anomniscience in national instinct. That instinct centers inWoodrowWilson.Hehasbeeninpoliticallifelessthantwoyears.Hehashadnoorganization;onlyapracticalideal—thereestablishmentofequalopportunity.Nothisdeedsalone,nothisimmortalwordsalone,nothis personality alone, not his matchless powers alone, but allcombinedcompelnationalfaithandconfidenceinhim.Everycrisisevolves itsmaster.TimeandcircumstancehaveevolvedWoodrowWilson.TheNorth, theSouth, theEast,and theWestunite inhim.NewJerseyappeals tothisconventiontogivethenationWoodrowWilson, that he may open the gates of opportunity to every man,woman,andchildunderourflag,byreformingabuses,andtherebyteaching them, in his matchless words, "to release their energiesintelligently, that peace, justice and prosperity may reign." NewJersey rejoices, through her freely chosen representatives, to namefor thepresidencyof theUnitedStates thePrincetonschoolmaster,WoodrowWilson.

HENRYW.GRADY

THERACEPROBLEM

DeliveredattheannualbanquetoftheBostonMerchants'Association,atBoston,Mass.,December12,1889.

MR. PRESIDENT:—Bidden by your invitation to a discussion oftheraceproblem—forbiddenbyoccasiontomakeapoliticalspeech—I appreciate, in trying to reconcile orders with propriety, theperplexityofthelittlemaid,who,biddentolearntoswim,wasyetadjured,"Now,go,mydarling;hangyourclothesonahickorylimb,anddon'tgonearthewater."

Thestoutestapostleof theChurch, theysay, is themissionary,andthemissionary,whereverheunfurlshisflag,willneverfindhimself

indeeperneedofunctionandaddressthanI,biddento-nighttoplantthestandardofaSouthernDemocratinBoston'sbanquethall,andtodiscuss the problem of the races in the home of Phillips and ofSumner. But, Mr. President, if a purpose to speak in perfectfranknessandsincerity;ifearnestunderstandingofthevastinterestsinvolved;ifaconsecratingsenseofwhatdisastermayfollowfurthermisunderstandingandestrangement; if thesemaybecounteduponto steadyundisciplined speech and to strengthen an untried arm—then,sir,Ishallfindthecouragetoproceed.

Happy am I that thismission has broughtmy feet at last to pressNewEngland's historic soil andmy eyes to the knowledge of herbeauty and her thrift. Here within touch of Plymouth Rock andBunker Hill—where Webster thundered and Longfellow sang,Emerson thought and Channing preached—here, in the cradle ofAmerican letters andalmostofAmerican liberty, I hasten tomaketheobeisancethateveryAmericanowesNewEnglandwhenfirsthestands uncovered in hermighty presence. Strange apparition!Thissternanduniquefigure—carvedfromtheoceanandthewilderness—itsmajestykindlingandgrowingamidthestormsofwinterandofwars—untilatlastthegloomwasbroken,itsbeautydisclosedinthesunshine, and the heroicworkers rested at its base—while startledkingsandemperorsgazedandmarveledthatfromtherudetouchofthishandfulcastonableakandunknownshoreshouldhavecometheembodiedgeniusofhumangovernmentandtheperfectedmodelofhumanliberty!Godblessthememoryofthoseimmortalworkers,and prosper the fortunes of their living sons—and perpetuate theinspirationoftheirhandiwork.

Twoyearsago,sir,IspokesomewordsinNewYorkthatcaughttheattentionof theNorth.As I standhere to reiterate, as I havedoneeverywhere, every word I then uttered—to declare that thesentimentsIthenavowedwereuniversallyapprovedintheSouth—Irealize that the confidence begotten by that speech is largelyresponsibleformypresencehereto-night.Ishoulddishonormyselfif Ibetrayed that confidencebyutteringone insincereword,orbywithholdingoneessentialelementofthetruth.Aproposofthislast,letmeconfess,Mr.President,beforethepraiseofNewEnglandhasdiedonmylips,thatIbelievethebestproductofherpresentlifeis

the procession of seventeen thousandVermontDemocrats that fortwenty-two years, undiminished by death, unrecruited by birth orconversion, have marched over their rugged hills, cast theirDemocratic ballots and gone back home to pray for theirunregenerateneighbors,andawaketoreadtherecordoftwenty-sixthousandRepublicanmajority.MaytheGodofthehelplessandtheheroichelpthem,andmaytheirsturdytribeincrease.

FartotheSouth,Mr.President,separatedfromthissectionbyaline—oncedefinedinirrepressibledifference,oncetracedinfratricidalblood,andnow,thankGod,butavanishingshadow—liesthefairestand richest domain of this earth. It is the home of a brave andhospitable people. There is centered all that can please or prosperhumankind. A perfect climate above a fertile soil yields to thehusbandman every product of the temperate zone. There, by nightthecottonwhitensbeneaththestars,andbydaythewheatlocksthesunshineinitsbeardedsheaf.Inthesamefieldthecloverstealsthefragranceof thewind, and tobaccocatches thequickaromaof therains.Therearemountainsstoredwithexhaustlesstreasures;forests—vast and primeval; and rivers that, tumbling or loitering, runwanton to the sea. Of the three essential items of all industries—cotton, iron and wood—that region has easy control. In cotton, afixedmonopoly—iniron,provensupremacy—intimber,thereservesupplyoftheRepublic.Fromthisassuredandpermanentadvantage,againstwhichartificial conditions cannotmuch longerprevail, hasgrownanamazing systemof industries.Notmaintainedbyhumancontrivanceoftarifforcapital,afarofffromthefullestandcheapestsource of supply, but resting in divine assurance, within touch offield andmine and forest—not set amid costly farms fromwhichcompetition has driven the farmer in despair, but amid cheap andsunny lands, richwithagriculture, towhichneitherseasonnorsoilhassetalimit—thissystemofindustriesismountingtoasplendorthatshalldazzleandilluminetheworld.That,sir,isthepictureandthepromiseofmyhome—alandbetterand fairer than Ihave toldyou,andyetbutfitsettinginitsmaterialexcellencefortheloyalandgentle quality of its citizenship. Against that, sir, we have NewEngland,recruitingtheRepublicfromitssturdyloins,shakingfromits overcrowded hives new swarms of workers, and touching thislandalloverwithitsenergyanditscourage.Andyet—whileinthe

Eldoradoofwhich Ihave toldyoubut fifteenpercentof its landsarecultivated,itsminesscarcelytouched,anditspopulationsoscantthat,wereitsetequidistant,thesoundofthehumanvoicecouldnotbeheard fromVirginia toTexas—whileon the thresholdofnearlyevery house inNewEngland stands a son, seeking, with troubledeyes, some new land inwhich to carry hismodest patrimony, thestrangefactremainsthatin1880theSouthhadfewernorthern-borncitizensthanshehadin1870—fewerin'70thanin'60.Whyisthis?Why is it, sir, though the section line be now but a mist that thebreathmaydispel, fewermenof theNorthhavecrossed itover tothe South, than when it was crimson with the best blood of theRepublic,orevenwhentheslaveholderstoodguardeveryinchofitsway?

Therecanbebutoneanswer.It istheveryproblemwearenowtoconsider.ThekeythatopensthatproblemwillunlocktotheworldthefairesthalfofthisRepublic,andfreethehaltedfeetofthousandswhoseeyesarealreadykindlingwithitsbeauty.Better thanthis, itwillopentheheartsofbrothersforthirtyyearsestranged,andclaspin lasting comradeship a million hands now withheld in doubt.Nothing,sir,butthisproblemandthesuspicionsitbreeds,hindersaclear understanding and a perfect union. Nothing else standsbetween us and such love as boundGeorgia andMassachusetts atValleyForgeandYorktown,chastenedbythesacrificesofManassasandGettysburg,andilluminedwiththecomingofbetterworkandanobler destiny thanwas everwroughtwith the swordor sought atthecannon'smouth.

Ifthisdoesnotinviteyourpatienthearingto-night—hearonethingmore.Mypeople,yourbrothersintheSouth—brothersinblood,indestiny, inall that isbest inourpastandfuture—aresobesetwiththisproblemthat theirveryexistencedependsonits rightsolution.Noraretheywhollytoblameforitspresence.Theslave-shipsoftheRepublicsailedfromyourports,theslavesworkedinourfields.Youwillnotdefendthetraffic,norItheinstitution.ButIdoheredeclarethat in its wise and humane administration in lifting the slave toheightsofwhichhehadnotdreamedinhissavagehome,andgivinghim a happiness he has not yet found in freedom, our fathers lefttheir sonsa savingandexcellentheritage. In thestormofwar this

institutionwas lost. I thankGod as heartily as youdo that humanslavery is gone forever from American soil. But the freedmanremains.Withhim,aproblemwithoutprecedentorparallel.Noteitsappallingconditions.Twoutterlydissimilarracesonthesamesoil—withequalpolitical andcivil rights—almost equal innumbers,butterribly unequal in intelligence and responsibility—each pledgedagainstfusion—oneforacenturyinservitudetotheother,andfreedat last by a desolating war, the experiment sought by neither butapproached by both with doubt—these are the conditions. Underthese, adverse at every point, we are required to carry these tworacesinpeaceandhonortotheend.

Never,sir,hassuchataskbeengiventomortalstewardship.NeverbeforeinthisRepublichasthewhiteracedividedontherightsofanalien race. The red man was cut down as a weed because hehinderedthewayoftheAmericancitizen.TheyellowmanwasshutoutofthisRepublicbecauseheisanalien,andinferior.Theredmanwas owner of the land—the yellowmanwas highly civilized andassimilable—buttheyhinderedbothsectionsandaregone!Buttheblackman,affectingbutonesection,isclothedwitheveryprivilegeofgovernmentandpinnedtothesoil,andmypeoplecommandedtomakegoodatanyhazard,andatanycost,hisfullandequalheirshipofAmericanprivilegeandprosperity.Itmattersnotthateveryotherracehasbeenroutedorexcludedwithoutrhymeorreason.Itmattersnotthatwhereverthewhitesandtheblackshavetouched,inanyeraorinanyclime,therehasbeenanirreconcilableviolence.Itmattersnotthatnotworaces,howeversimilar,havelivedanywhere,atanytime,on thesamesoilwithequal rights inpeace! Inspiteof thesethingswe are commanded tomake good this change ofAmericanpolicywhichhasnotperhapschangedAmericanprejudice—tomakecertainherewhathaselsewherebeenimpossiblebetweenwhitesandblacks—and to reverse, under the very worst conditions, theuniversal verdict of racial history. And driven, sir, to thissuperhuman taskwithan impatience thatbrooksnodelay—arigorthatacceptsnoexcuse—andasuspicionthatdiscouragesfranknessand sincerity.Wedonot shrink from this trial. It is so interwovenwithourindustrialfabricthatwecannotdisentangleitifwewould—so bound up in our honorable obligation to the world, that wewouldnotifwecould.Canwesolveit?TheGodwhogaveit into

ourhands,Healonecanknow.Butthistheweakestandwisestofusdoknow:wecannotsolveitwithlessthanyourtolerantandpatientsympathy—withlessthantheknowledgethatthebloodthatrunsinyour veins is our blood—and that, when we have done our best,whether the issue be lost or won, we shall feel your strong armsaboutusandhearthebeatingofyourapprovinghearts!

The resolute, clear-headed, broad-minded men of the South—themen whose genius made glorious every page of the first seventyyearsofAmericanhistory—whosecourageandfortitudeyoutestedin five years of the fiercest war—whose energy has made brickswithout straw and spread splendor amid the ashes of their war-wasted homes—these men wear this problem in their hearts andbrains,bydayandbynight.Theyrealize,asyoucannot,what thisproblemmeans—whattheyowetothiskindlyanddependentrace—the measure of their debt to the world in whose despite theydefendedandmaintainedslavery.Andthoughtheirfeetarehinderedinitsundergrowth,andtheirmarchcumberedwithitsburdens,theyhave lostneither thepatiencefromwhichcomesclearness,nor thefaith from which comes courage. Nor, sir, when in passionatemomentsisdisclosedtothemthatvagueandawfulshadow,withitsluridabyssesanditscrimsonstains,intowhichIprayGodtheymaynevergo,aretheystruckwithmoreofapprehensionthanisneededtocompletetheirconsecration!

Suchisthetemperofmypeople.Butwhatoftheproblemitself?Mr.President,weneednotgoonestepfurtherunlessyouconcederightherethatthepeopleIspeakforareashonest,assensibleandasjustasyourpeople,seekingasearnestlyasyouwould in theirplace torightly solve theproblem that touches themat everyvitalpoint. Ifyouinsist thattheyareruffians,blindlystrivingwithbludgeonandshotguntoplunderandoppressarace,thenIshallsacrificemyself-respectandtaxyourpatienceinvain.Butadmitthattheyaremenofcommon sense and common honesty, wisely modifying anenvironmenttheycannotwhollydisregard—guidingandcontrollingas best they can the vicious and irresponsible of either race—compensatingerrorwith frankness,and retrieving inpatiencewhatthey lost inpassion—andconsciousall the time thatwrongmeansruin—admitthis,andwemayreachanunderstandingto-night.

ThePresidentoftheUnitedStates,inhislatemessagetoCongress,discussing the plea that the South should be left to solve thisproblem, asks: "Are they at work upon it?What solution do theyoffer?When will the blackman cast a free ballot?When will hehavethecivil rights thatarehis?"Ishallnothereprotestagainstapartisanrythat,forthefirsttimeinourhistory,intimeofpeace,hasstampedwith the great seal of our government a stigma upon thepeople of a great and loyal section; though I gratefully rememberthatthegreatdeadsoldier,whoheldthehelmofStatefortheeightstormiestyearsofreconstruction,neverfoundneedforsuchastep;and though there is no personal sacrifice I would not make toremove this cruel and unjust imputation on my people from thearchivesofmycountry!But,sir,backedbyarecord,oneverypageof which is progress, I venture to make earnest and respectfulanswertothequestionsthatareasked.Wegivetotheworldthisyeara crop of 7,500,000 bales of cotton, worth $450,000,000, and itscashequivalentingrain,grassesandfruit.Thisenormouscropcouldnot have come from the hands of sullen anddiscontented labor. Itcomesfrompeacefulfields,inwhichlaughterandgossipriseabovethehumofindustry,andcontentmentrunswiththesingingplough.It is claimed that this ignorant labor isdefraudedof its just hire, IpresentthetaxbooksofGeorgia,whichshowthatthenegrotwenty-fiveyearsagoaslave,hasinGeorgiaalone$10,000,000ofassessedproperty,worthtwicethatmuch.Doesnotthatrecordhonorhimandvindicatehisneighbors?

Whatpeople,penniless,illiterate,hasdonesowell?ForeveryAfro-American agitator, stirring the strife inwhich alone he prospers, Ican show you a thousand negroes, happy in their cabin homes,tilling their own land by day, and at night taking from the lips oftheir children the helpfulmessage their State sends them from theschoolhouse door. And the schoolhouse itself bears testimony. InGeorgiaweadded lastyear$250,000 to theschool fund,makingatotalofmorethan$1,000,000—andthisinthefaceofprejudicenotyet conquered—of the fact that the whites are assessed for$368,000,000, the blacks for $10,000,000, and yet forty-nine percentofthebeneficiariesareblackchildren;andinthedoubtofmanywisemen ifeducationhelps,orcanhelp,ourproblem.Charleston,with her taxable values cut half in two since 1860, pays more in

proportion for public schools thanBoston.Although it is easier togivemuchoutofmuchthanlittleoutoflittle,theSouth,withone-seventhofthetaxablepropertyofthecountry,withrelativelylargerdebt,havingreceivedonlyone-twelfthasmuchofpubliclands,andhavingbackofitstaxbooksnoneofthe$500,000,000ofbondsthatenrichtheNorth—andthoughitpaysannually$26,000,000toyoursectionaspensions—yetgivesnearlyone-sixthtothepublicschoolfund. The South since 1865 has spent $122,000,000 in education,and this year is pledged to $32,000,000 more for State and cityschools, although the blacks, paying one-thirtieth of the taxes, getnearly one-half of the fund.Go intoour fields and seewhites andblacksworkingsidebyside.Onourbuildingsinthesamesquad.Inourshopsatthesameforge.Oftentheblackscrowdthewhitesfromwork,orlowerwagesbytheirgreaterneedandsimplerhabits,andyetarepermitted,becausewewant tobar themfromnoavenue inwhich their feetarefitted to tread.Theycouldnot therebeelectedorators of white universities, as they have been here, but they doenterthereahundredusefultradesthatareclosedagainstthemhere.Weholditbetterandwisertotendtheweedsinthegardenthantowatertheexoticinthewindow.

In the South there are negro lawyers, teachers, editors, dentists,doctors, preachers, multiplying with the increasing ability of theirracetosupportthem.Invillagesandtownstheyhavetheirmilitarycompanies equipped from thearmoriesof theState, their churchesandsocietiesbuiltandsupportedlargelybytheirneighbors.Whatisthe testimony of the courts? In penal legislation we have steadilyreduced felonies to misdemeanors, and have led the world inmitigating punishment for crime, that we might save, as far aspossible, this dependent race from its own weakness. In ourpenitentiaryrecordsixtypercentoftheprosecutorsarenegroes,andineverycourtthenegrocriminalstrikesthecoloredjuror,thatwhitemenmayjudgehiscase.

In theNorth,onenegro inevery185 is in jail—in theSouth,onlyone in 446. In the North the percentage of negro prisoners is sixtimesasgreatasthatofnativewhites;intheSouth,onlyfourtimesas great. If prejudice wrongs him in Southern courts, the recordshowsittobedeeperinNortherncourts.Iasserthere,andabaras

intelligent and upright as the bar of Massachusetts will solemnlyindorsemy assertion, that in the Southern courts, from highest tolowest, pleading for life, liberty or property, thenegrohas distinctadvantagebecauseheisanegro,apttobeoverreached,oppressed—andthatthisadvantagereachesfromthejurorinmakinghisverdicttothejudgeinmeasuringhissentence.

Now, Mr. President, can it be seriously maintained that we areterrorizing thepeople fromwhosewillinghandscomeseveryyear$1,000,000,000 of farm crops? Or have robbed a people who,twenty-five years from unrewarded slavery, have amassed in oneState $20,000,000 of property? Or that we intend to oppress thepeople we are arming every day? Or deceive them, when we areeducating themto theutmost limitofourability?Oroutlaw them,whenwework side by sidewith them?Or re-enslave them underlegal forms, when for their benefit we have even imprudentlynarrowedthelimitoffeloniesandmitigatedtheseverityoflaw?Myfellow-countrymen, as you yourselves may sometimes have toappealatthebarofhumanjudgmentforjusticeandforright,givetomy people to-night the fair and unanswerable conclusion of theseincontestablefacts.

But it is claimed that under this fair seeming there is disorder andviolence. This I admit. And there will be until there is one idealcommunityonearthafterwhichwemaypattern.Buthowwidelyisitmisjudged!Itishardtomeasurewithexactnesswhatevertouchesthenegro.Hishelplessness,hisisolation,hiscenturyofservitude,—these dispose us to emphasize and magnify his wrongs. Thisdisposition,inflamedbyprejudiceandpartisanry,hasledtoinjusticeanddelusion.Lawlessmenmay ravage a county in Iowa and it isacceptedasanincident—intheSouth,adrunkenrowisdeclaredtobe the fixed habit of the community. Regulators may whipvagabondsinIndianabyplatoonsanditscarcelyarrestsattention—achance collision in theSouth among relatively the same classes isgravely accepted as evidence that one race is destroying theother.WemightaswellclaimthattheUnionwasungratefultothecoloredsoldier who followed its flag because a Grand Army post inConnecticut closed its doors to a negro veteran as for you to giveracial significance to every incident in the South, or to accept

exceptionalgroundsastheruleofoursociety.Iamnotoneofthosewho becloud American honor with the parade of the outrages ofeithersection,andbelieAmericancharacterbydeclaringthemtobesignificant and representative. I prefer to maintain that they areneither, and stand for nothing but the passion and sin of our poorfallenhumanity.Ifsociety,likeamachine,werenostrongerthanitsweakest part, I should despair of both sections.But, knowing thatsociety,sentientandresponsibleineveryfiber,canmendandrepairuntil the whole has the strength of the best, I despair of neither.Thesegentlemenwhocomewithmehere,knit intoGeorgia'sbusylifeastheyare,neversaw,Idareassert,anoutragecommittedonanegro!Andiftheydid,nooneofyouwouldbeswiftertopreventorpunish.Itisthroughthem,andthemenandwomenwhothinkwiththem—making nine-tenths of every Southern community—thatthesetworaceshavebeencarriedthusfarwithlessofviolencethanwould have been possible anywhere else on earth. And in theirfairness and courage and steadfastness—more than in all the lawsthatcanbepassed,orallthebayonetsthatcanbemustered—isthehopeofourfuture.

Whenwilltheblackscastafreeballot?Whenignoranceanywhereisnot dominated by the will of the intelligent; when the laboreranywherecastsavoteunhinderedbyhisboss;whenthevoteofthepooranywhereisnotinfluencedbythepoweroftherich;whenthestrong and the steadfast do not everywhere control the suffrage oftheweakandshiftless—then,andnottillthen,willtheballotofthenegro be free. The white people of the South are banded, Mr.President, not in prejudice against the blacks—not in sectionalestrangement—notinthehopeofpoliticaldominion—butinadeepand abiding necessity. Here is this vast ignorant and purchasablevote—clannish, credulous, impulsive, and passionate—temptingevery art of the demagogue, but insensible to the appeal of thestateman.Wronglystarted,inthatitwasledintoalienationfromitsneighborandtaughttorelyontheprotectionofanoutsideforce,itcannot bemerged and lost in the twogreat parties through logicalcurrents, for it lackspolitical convictionandeven that informationonwhichconvictionmustbebased.Itmustremainafaction—strongenough in every community to control on the slightest division ofthewhites.Under thatdivision itbecomes thepreyof thecunning

andunscrupulousofbothparties. Itscredulity is imposedupon, itspatience inflamed, its cupidity tempted, its impulsesmisdirected—and even its superstition made to play its part in a campaign inwhicheveryinterestofsocietyisjeopardizedandeveryapproachtotheballot-boxdebauched.Itisagainstsuchcampaignsasthis—thefolly and the bitterness and the danger of which every Southerncommunityhasdrunkdeeply—thatthewhitepeopleoftheSoutharebanded together. Just as you inMassachusettswould be banded if300,000men,notoneinahundredabletoreadhisballot—bandedin race instinct, holding against you the memory of a century ofslavery, taughtbyyour lateconquerors todistrustandopposeyou,had already travestied legislation from your State House, and inevery species of folly or villainy had wasted your substance andexhaustedyourcredit.

Butadmittingtherightofthewhitestouniteagainstthistremendousmenace,wearechallengedwiththesmallnessofourvote.Thishaslong been flippantly charged to be evidence and has now beensolemnly and officially declared to be proof of political turpitudeand baseness on our part.Let us see.Virginia—a state nowunderfierceassault for thisallegedcrime—cast in1888seventy-fivepercentofhervote;Massachusetts,theStateinwhichIspeak,sixtypercentofhervote.WasitsuppressioninVirginiaandnaturalcausesinMassachusetts?LastmonthVirginiacast sixty-ninepercentofhervote; andMassachusetts, fighting in everydistrict, castonly forty-nine per cent of hers. IfVirginia is condemned because thirty-onepercentofhervotewassilent,howshallthisStateescape,inwhichfifty-one per centwas dumb?Let us enlarge this comparison.ThesixteenSouthernStatesin'88castsixty-sevenpercentoftheirtotalvote—thesixNewEnglandStatesbutsixty-threepercentoftheirs.Bywhatfairruleshallthestigmabeputupononesectionwhiletheotherescapes?AcongressionalelectioninNewYorklastweek,withthe polling place in touch of every voter, brought out only 6,000votes of 28,000—and the lack of opposition is assigned as thenatural cause. In a district in my State, in which an oppositionspeech has not been heard in ten years and the polling places aremiles apart—under the unfair reasoning of which my section hasbeen a constant victim—the small vote is charged to be proof offorcible suppression. In Virginia an average majority of 12,000,

unless hopeless division of the minority, was raised to 42,000; inIowa,inthesameelection,amajorityof32,000waswipedoutandan opposition majority of 8,000 was established. The change of40,000votesinIowaisacceptedaspoliticalrevolution—inVirginiaan increaseof30,000onasafemajority isdeclared tobeproofofpoliticalfraud.

It isdeplorable,sir, that inbothsectionsa largerpercentageof thevoteisnotregularlycast,butmoreinexplicablethat thisshouldbesoinNewEnglandthanintheSouth.Whatinvitesthenegrototheballot-box?Heknowsthatofallmenithaspromisedhimmostandyielded him least. His first appeal to suffrage was the promise of"forty acres and a mule;" his second, the threat that Democraticsuccessmeant his re-enslavement.Both have been proved false inhis experience.He looked for a home, and he got the Freedman'sBank. He fought under promise of the loaf, and in victory wasdeniedthecrumbs.Discouragedanddeceived,hehasrealizedatlastthathisbestfriendsarehisneighborswithwhomhislotiscast,andwhoseprosperityisboundupinhis—andthathehasgainednothinginpoliticstocompensatethelossoftheirconfidenceandsympathy,thatisatlasthisbestandenduringhope.Andso,withoutleadersororganization—andlackingtheresoluteheroismofmypartyfriendsinVermontthatmaketheirhopelessmarchoverthehillsahighandinspiringpilgrimage—heshrewdlymeasurestheoccasionalagitator,balances his little account with politics, touches up his mule, andjogsdownthefurrow,lettingthemadworldwagasitwill!

ThenegrovotercannevercontrolintheSouth,anditwouldbewellifpartisansattheNorthwouldunderstandthis.Ihaveseenthewhitepeople of a State set about by black hosts until their fate seemedsealed.But,sir,somebravemen,bandingthemtogether,wouldriseasElisharoseinbeleagueredSamaria,and,touchingtheireyeswithfaith, bid them look abroad to see the very air "filled with thechariotsofIsraelandthehorsementhereof."If there isanyhumanforce that cannot be withstood, it is the power of the bandedintelligence and responsibility of a free community. Against it,numbersandcorruptioncannotprevail.Itcannotbeforbiddeninthelaw, or divorced in force. It is the inalienable right of every freecommunity—thejustandrighteoussafeguardagainstanignorantor

corruptsuffrage.Itisonthis,sir,thatwerelyintheSouth.Notthecowardlymenace ofmask or shotgun, but the peacefulmajesty ofintelligenceandresponsibility,massedandunifiedfortheprotectionof its homes and the preservation of its liberty. That, sir, is ourrelianceandourhope,andagainstitallthepowersofearthshallnotprevail. It is just as certain that Virginia would come back to theunchallenged control of herwhite race—that before themoral andmaterialpowerofherpeopleoncemoreunified,oppositionwouldcrumbleuntilitslastdesperateleaderwasleftalone,vainlystrivingto rally his disordered hosts—as that night should fade in thekindlinggloryofthesun.Youmaypassforcebills,buttheywillnotavail.Youmaysurrenderyourownlibertiestofederalelectionlaw;youmaysubmit, in fearofanecessity thatdoesnotexist, that thevery form of this government may be changed; you may invitefederal interferencewith theNewEngland townmeeting, that hasbeen for a hundred years the guarantee of local government inAmerica;thisoldState—whichholdsinitschartertheboastthatit"isafreeandindependentcommonwealth"—maydeliveritselectionmachineryintothehandsofthegovernmentithelpedtocreate—butnever, sir, will a single State of this Union, North or South, bedelivered again to the control of an ignorant and inferior race.Wewrested our state governments from negro supremacy when theFederal drumbeat rolled closer to the ballot-box, and Federalbayonetshedgeditdeeperaboutthanwilleveragainbepermittedinthis free government.But, sir, though the cannon of thisRepublicthunderedineveryvotingdistrictintheSouth,westillshouldfindinthe mercy of God the means and the courage to prevent itsreestablishment.

I regret, sir, thatmysection,hinderedwith thisproblem, stands inseemingestrangementtotheNorth.If,sir,anymanwillpointouttomeapathdownwhichthewhitepeopleoftheSouth,divided,maywalkinpeaceandhonor,Iwilltakethatpath,thoughItakeitalone—for at its end, and nowhere else, I fear, is to be found the fullprosperityofmysectionandthefullrestorationofthisUnion.But,sir, if the negro had not been enfranchised the South would havebeendividedandtheRepublicunited.Hisenfranchisement—againstwhichIenternoprotest—holdstheSouthunitedandcompact.Whatsolution, then, can we offer for the problem? Time alone can

discloseittous.Wesimplyreportprogress,andaskyourpatience.Ifthe problem be solved at all—and I firmly believe it will, thoughnowhere else has it been—it will be solved by the people mostdeeply bound in interest, most deeply pledged in honor to itssolution.IhadratherseemypeoplerenderbackthisquestionrightlysolvedthantoseethemgatherallthespoilsoverwhichfactionhascontendedsinceCatalineconspiredandCæsarfought.Meantimewetreat the negro fairly, measuring to him justice in the fulness thestrong should give to the weak, and leading him in the steadfastways of citizenship, that he may no longer be the prey of theunscrupulousandthesportofthethoughtless.Weopentohimeverypursuitinwhichhecanprosper,andseektobroadenhistrainingandcapacity.Weseektoholdhisconfidenceandfriendship—andtopinhimtothesoilwithownership, thathemaycatchinthefireofhisownhearthstone that senseof responsibility theshiftlesscanneverknow. And we gather him into that alliance of intelligence andresponsibility that, though it now runs close to racial lines,welcomestheresponsibleandintelligentofanyrace.Bythiscourse,confirmed in our judgment, and justified in the progress alreadymade,wehopetoprogressslowlybutsurelytotheend.

Thelovewefeelforthatrace,youcannotmeasurenorcomprehend.AsIattestithere,thespiritofmyoldblackmammy,fromherhomeup there, looksdowntobless,and through the tumultof thisnightstealsthesweetmusicofhercrooningsasthirtyyearsagosheheldme in her black arms and led me smiling to sleep. This scenevanishes as I speak, and I catch avisionof anoldSouthernhomewith its loftypillars and itswhitepigeons flutteringdown throughthe golden air. I see women with strained and anxious faces, andchildrenalertyethelpless. I seenightcomedownwith itsdangersanditsapprehensions,andinabighomelyroomIfeelonmytiredheadthetouchoflovinghands—nowwornandwrinkled,butfairertomeyetthanthehandsofmortalwoman,andstrongeryettoleadme than thehandsofmortalman—as they layamother'sblessingthere,whileatherknees—thetruestaltarIyethavefound—IthankGodthatsheissafeinhersanctuary,becauseherslaves,sentinelinthe silent cabin, or guard at her chamber door, put a blackman'sloyaltybetweenheranddanger.

I catch another vision. The crisis of battle—a soldier, struck,staggering,fallen.Iseeaslave,scuffingthroughthesmoke,windinghis black arms about the fallen form, reckless of hurtling death—bending his trusty face to catch the words that tremble on thestricken lips, sowrestlingmeantimewith agony that hewould laydownhislifeinhismaster'sstead.Iseehimbythewearybedside,ministering with uncomplaining patience, praying with all hishumbleheart thatGodwill lifthismasterup,untildeathcomes inmercyandinhonortostillthesoldier'sagonyandsealthesoldier'slife. I see him by the open grave—mute, motionless, uncovered,sufferingforthedeathofhimwhoinlifefoughtagainsthisfreedom.Iseehim,whenthemoldisheapedandthegreatdramaofhislifeisclosed, turn away andwith downcast eyes and uncertain step startoutintonewandstrangefields,faltering,struggling,butmovingon,until his shambling figure is lost in the light of this better andbrighter day. And from the grave comes a voice, saying, "Followhim!putyourarmsabouthiminhisneed,evenasheputhisaboutme.Behisfriendashewasmine."Andout into thisnewworld—strangetomeastohim,dazzling,bewilderingboth—Ifollow!AndmayGodforgetmypeople—whentheyforgetthese!

Whateverthefuturemayholdforthem,whethertheyplodalonginthe servitude from which they have never been lifted since theCyrenianwas laid hold upon by theRoman soldiers, andmade tobearthecrossofthefaintingChrist—whethertheyfindhomesagaininAfrica, and thus hasten the prophecyof the psalmist,who said,"And suddenly Ethiopia shall hold out her hands unto God"—whetherforeverdislocatedandseparate,theyremainaweakpeople,besetbystronger,andexist, as theTurk,who lives in the jealousyrather than in the conscience of Europe—or whether in thismiraculous Republic they break through the caste of twentycenturies and, belying universal history, reach the full stature ofcitizenship,andinpeacemaintainit—weshallgivethemuttermostjusticeandabiding friendship.Andwhateverwedo, intowhateverseeming estrangementwemaybedriven, nothing shall disturb thelove we bear this Republic, or mitigate our consecration to itsservice.Istandhere,Mr.President,toprofessnonewloyalty.WhenGeneralLee,whoseheartwas the templeofourhopes,andwhosearmwas clothedwith our strength, renewed his allegiance to this

GovernmentatAppomattox,he spoke fromaheart toogreat tobefalse,andhespokeforeveryhonestmanfromMaryland toTexas.From that day to this Hamilcar has nowhere in the South swornyoungHannibaltohatredandvengeance,buteverywheretoloyaltyand to love. Witness the veteran standing at the base of aConfederatemonument,abovethegravesofhiscomrades,hisemptysleevetossingintheAprilwind,adjuringtheyoungmenabouthimtoserveasearnestandloyalcitizenstheGovernmentagainstwhichtheir fathers fought. This message, delivered from that sacredpresence, has gone home to the hearts of my fellows! And, sir, Ideclare here, if physical courage be always equal to humanaspiration, that they would die, sir, if need be, to restore thisRepublictheirfathersfoughttodissolve.

Such,Mr.President,isthisproblemasweseeit,suchisthetemperinwhichweapproachit,suchtheprogressmade.Whatdoweaskofyou? First, patience; out of this alone can come perfect work.Second, confidence; in this alone can you judge fairly. Third,sympathy;inthisyoucanhelpusbest.Fourth,giveusyoursonsashostages.Whenyouplant your capital inmillions, sendyour sonsthat theymayknowhowtrueareourheartsandmayhelptoswellthe Caucasian current until it can carry without danger this blackinfusion.Fifth,loyaltytotheRepublic—forthereissectionalisminloyaltyas inestrangement.Thishour littleneedstheloyaltythat isloyal to one section and yet holds the other in enduring suspicionandestrangement.Giveus thebroadandperfect loyalty that lovesandtrustsGeorgiaalikewithMassachusetts—thatknowsnoSouth,noNorth,noEast,noWest,butendearswithequalandpatrioticloveeveryfootofoursoil,everyStateofourUnion.

Amightyduty,sir,andamightyinspirationimpelseveryoneofusto-night to lose in patriotic consecration whatever estranges,whateverdivides.We,sir,areAmericans—andwestandforhumanliberty! The uplifting force of the American idea is under everythroneonearth.France,Brazil—theseareourvictories.Toredeemthe earth fromkingcraft andoppression—this is ourmission!Andweshallnotfail.GodhassowninoursoiltheseedofHismillennialharvest,andHewillnotlaythesickletotheripeningcropuntilHisfullandperfectdayhascome.Ourhistory,sir,hasbeenaconstant

andexpandingmiracle,fromPlymouthRockandJamestown,alltheway—aye,evenfromthehourwhenfromthevoicelessandtracelessocean a newworld rose to the sight of the inspired sailor. Asweapproachthefourthcentennialofthatstupendousday—whentheoldworldwillcometomarvelandtolearnamidourgatheredtreasures—letusresolvetocrownthemiraclesofourpastwiththespectacleofaRepublic,compact,united,indissolubleinthebondsoflove—loving from the Lakes to the Gulf—the wounds of war healed ineveryheartasoneveryhill,sereneandresplendentatthesummitofhuman achievement and earthly glory, blazing out the path andmaking clear the way up which all the nations of the earth mustcomeinGod'sappointedtime!

WILLIAMMcKINLEY

LASTSPEECH

DeliveredattheWorld'sFair,Buffalo,N.Y.,onSeptember5,1901,thedaybeforehewasassassinated.

IamgladagaintobeinthecityofBuffaloandexchangegreetingswithherpeople, towhosegeneroushospitalityIamnotastranger,and with whose good will I have been repeatedly and signallyhonored.To-dayIhaveadditionalsatisfactioninmeetingandgivingwelcome to the foreign representatives assembled here, whosepresenceandparticipationinthisExpositionhavecontributedinsomarkedadegreetoitsinterestandsuccess.Tothecommissionersofthe Dominion of Canada and the British Colonies, the FrenchColonies, the Republics of Mexico and of Central and SouthAmerica,andthecommissionersofCubaandPortoRico,whosharewith us in this undertaking, we give the hand of fellowship andfelicitatewiththemuponthetriumphsofart,science,educationandmanufacturewhichtheoldhasbequeathedtothenewcentury.

Expositionsarethetimekeepersofprogress.Theyrecordtheworld'sadvancement.Theystimulate theenergy,enterpriseand intellectofthepeople,andquickenhumangenius.Theygointothehome.Theybroadenandbrightenthedailylifeofthepeople.Theyopenmightystorehousesofinformationtothestudent.Everyexposition,greator

small,hashelpedtosomeonwardstep.

Comparisonofideasisalwayseducationaland,assuch,instructsthebrainandhandofman.Friendlyrivalryfollows,whichisthespurtoindustrial improvement, the inspiration to useful invention and tohighendeavorinalldepartmentsofhumanactivity.Itexactsastudyof the wants, comforts, and even the whims of the people, andrecognizes the efficacyofhighquality and lowprices towin theirfavor. The quest for trade is an incentive to men of business todevise, invent, improve and economize in the cost of production.Business life, whether among ourselves, or with other peoples, isever a sharp struggle for success. It will be none the less in thefuture.

Without competition we would be clinging to the clumsy andantiquatedprocessoffarmingandmanufactureandthemethodsofbusiness of long ago, and the twentieth would be no furtheradvanced than the eighteenth century. But tho commercialcompetitorsweare,commercialenemieswemustnotbe.ThePan-AmericanExpositionhasdoneitsworkthoroughly,presentinginitsexhibitsevidencesofthehighestskillandillustratingtheprogressofthe human family in theWesternHemisphere. This portion of theearthhasnocauseforhumiliationforthepartithasperformedinthemarchofcivilization. Ithasnotaccomplishedeverything; far fromit. It has simply done its best, andwithout vanity or boastfulness,and recognizing themanifold achievements of others it invites thefriendlyrivalryofallthepowersinthepeacefulpursuitsoftradeandcommerce,andwillcooperatewithallinadvancingthehighestandbestinterestsofhumanity.Thewisdomandenergyofallthenationsarenone toogreat for theworldwork.Thesuccessofart, science,industryandinventionisaninternationalassetandacommonglory.

After all, how near one to the other is every part of the world.Moderninventionshavebroughtintocloserelationwidelyseparatedpeoplesandmakethembetteracquainted.Geographicandpoliticaldivisions will continue to exist, but distances have been effaced.Swiftshipsandfasttrainsarebecomingcosmopolitan.Theyinvadefields which a few years ago were impenetrable. The world'sproducts are exchanged as never before and with increasingtransportationfacilitiescomeincreasingknowledgeandlargertrade.

Pricesarefixedwithmathematicalprecisionbysupplyanddemand.Theworld'ssellingpricesareregulatedbymarketandcropreports.Wetravelgreaterdistancesinashorterspaceoftimeandwithmoreeasethanwaseverdreamedofbythefathers.Isolationisnolongerpossible or desirable. The same important news is read, tho indifferentlanguages,thesamedayinallChristendom.

Thetelegraphkeepsusadvisedofwhatisoccurringeverywhere,andthe Press foreshadows, with more or less accuracy, the plans andpurposesofthenations.Marketpricesofproductsandofsecuritiesarehourlyknownineverycommercialmart,andtheinvestmentsofthe people extend beyond their own national boundaries into theremotest parts of the earth. Vast transactions are conducted andinternational exchanges are made by the tick of the cable. Everyeventofinterestisimmediatelybulletined.Thequickgatheringandtransmissionofnews,likerapidtransit,areofrecentorigin,andareonlymadepossiblebythegeniusoftheinventorandthecourageofthe investor. It took a special messenger of the government, witheveryfacilityknownatthetimeforrapidtravel,nineteendaystogofrom the City of Washington to New Orleans with a message toGeneralJacksonthatthewarwithEnglandhadceasedandatreatyofpeacehadbeensigned.Howdifferentnow!WereachedGeneralMiles,inPortoRico,andhewasablethroughthemilitarytelegraphtostophisarmyonthefiringlinewiththemessagethattheUnitedStates and Spain had signed a protocol suspending hostilities.Weknew almost instanter of the first shots fired at Santiago, and thesubsequent surrender of the Spanish forces was known atWashingtonwithinlessthananhourofitsconsummation.ThefirstshipofCervera'sfleethadhardlyemergedfromthathistoricharborwhen thefactwasflashed toourCapitol,and theswiftdestructionthat followed was announced immediately through the wonderfulmediumoftelegraphy.

Soaccustomedarewetosafeandeasycommunicationwithdistantlandsthatitstemporaryinterruption,eveninordinarytimes,resultsinlossandinconvenience.Weshallneverforgetthedaysofanxiouswaitingandsuspensewhennoinformationwaspermittedtobesentfrom Pekin, and the diplomatic representatives of the nations inChina, cut off from all communication, inside and outside of the

walledcapital,weresurroundedbyanangryandmisguidedmobthatthreatened their lives; nor the joy that thrilled the world when asinglemessage from the government of theUnited States broughtthrough our minister the first news of the safety of the besiegeddiplomats.

At thebeginningof thenineteenthcentury therewasnotamileofsteamrailroadontheglobe;nowthereareenoughmilestomakeitscircuitmanytimes.Thentherewasnota lineofelectric telegraph;nowwehaveavastmileagetraversingalllandsandseas.Godandman have linked the nations together. No nation can longer beindifferent to any other.And aswe are broughtmore andmore intouch with each other, the less occasion is there formisunderstandings,and thestronger thedisposition,whenwehavedifferences, to adjust them in the court of arbitration,which is thenoblestforumforthesettlementofinternationaldisputes.

Myfellowcitizens, tradestatistics indicate that thiscountry is inastate of unexampled prosperity. The figures are almost appalling.Theyshowthatweareutilizingourfieldsandforestsandmines,andthat we are furnishing profitable employment to the millions ofworkingmen throughout the United States, bringing comfort andhappiness to theirhomes,andmaking itpossible to laybysavingsforoldageanddisability.ThatallthepeopleareparticipatinginthisgreatprosperityisseenineveryAmericancommunityandshownbytheenormousandunprecedenteddepositsinoursavingsbanks.Ourduty in the care and security of these deposits and their safeinvestment demands the highest integrity and the best businesscapacity of those in charge of these depositories of the people'searnings.

Wehaveavastandintricatebusiness,builtupthroughyearsoftoilandstruggleinwhicheverypartofthecountryhasitsstake,whichwillnotpermitofeitherneglectorofundueselfishness.Nonarrow,sordidpolicywillsubserveit.Thegreatestskillandwisdomonthepart of manufacturers and producers will be required to hold andincrease it. Our industrial enterprises, which have grown to suchgreat proportions, affect the homes and occupations of the peopleand the welfare of the country. Our capacity to produce hasdevelopedsoenormouslyandourproductshavesomultiplied thatthe problem of more markets requires our urgent and immediateattention.Only a broad and enlightened policywill keepwhatwehave. No other policy will get more. In these times of marvelousbusiness energy and gain we ought to be looking to the future,strengthening the weak places in our industrial and commercialsystems,thatwemaybereadyforanystormorstrain.

By sensible trade arrangementswhichwill not interrupt our homeproductionweshallextendtheoutletsforourincreasingsurplus.Asystem which provides a mutual exchange of commodities ismanifestly essential to the continued and healthful growth of ourexporttrade.Wemustnotreposeinthefanciedsecuritythatwecanforeverselleverythingandbuylittleornothing.Ifsuchathingwerepossibleitwouldnotbebestforusorforthosewithwhomwedeal.Weshouldtakefromourcustomerssuchoftheirproductsaswecanuse without harm to our industries and labor. Reciprocity is thenaturaloutgrowthofourwonderfulindustrialdevelopmentunderthedomesticpolicynowfirmlyestablished.

What we produce beyond our domestic consumptionmust have avent abroad.Theexcessmustbe relieved througha foreignoutlet,andweshouldselleverywherewecanandbuywhereverthebuyingwill enlargeour salesandproductions,and therebymakeagreaterdemandforhomelabor.

Theperiodofexclusivenessispast.Theexpansionofourtradeandcommerce is the pressing problem. Commercial wars areunprofitable.Apolicyofgoodwillandfriendlytraderelationswillpreventreprisals.Reciprocitytreatiesareinharmonywiththespiritofthetimes;measuresofretaliationarenot.If,perchance,someof

our tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage andprotectourindustriesathome,whyshouldtheynotbeemployedtoextend and promote our markets abroad? Then, too, we haveinadequatesteamshipservice.Newlinesofsteamshipshavealreadybeen put in commission between the Pacific coast ports of theUnitedStatesandthoseonthewesterncoastsofMexicoandCentraland South America. These should be followed up with directsteamshiplinesbetweenthewesterncoastoftheUnitedStatesandSouth American ports. One of the needs of the times is directcommerciallinesfromourvastfieldsofproductiontothefieldsofconsumptionthatwehavebutbarelytouched.Nextinadvantagetohavingthethingtosell is tohavetheconveyancetocarryit tothebuyer.Wemustencourageourmerchantmarine.Wemusthavemoreships.TheymustbeundertheAmericanflag;builtandmannedandowned by Americans. These will not only be profitable in acommercial sense; they will be messengers of peace and amitywherevertheygo.

Wemustbuild theIsthmiancanal,whichwillunite thetwooceansand give a straight line of water communicationwith the westerncoastsofCentralandSouthAmericaandMexico.TheconstructionofaPacificcablecannotbelongerpostponed.Inthefurtheranceoftheseobjectsofnationalinterestandconcernyouareperforminganimportantpart.ThisExpositionwouldhavetouchedtheheartofthatAmerican statesman whose mind was ever alert and thought everconstantforalargercommerceandatruerfraternityoftherepublicsoftheNewWorld.HisbroadAmericanspiritisfeltandmanifestedhere. He needs no identification to an assemblage of Americansanywhere,forthenameofBlaineisinseparablyassociatedwiththePan-Americanmovementwhichfindsherepracticalandsubstantialexpression, andwhichweall hopewill be firmlyadvancedby thePan-AmericanCongressthatassemblesthisautumninthecapitalofMexico. The goodworkwill go on. It can not be stopped. Thosebuildingswilldisappear;thiscreationofartandbeautyandindustrywill perish from sight, but their influencewill remain to "make itlivebeyonditstooshortlivingwithpraisesandthanksgiving."Whocan tell the new thoughts that have been awakened, the ambitionsfired and the high achievements thatwill bewrought through thisExposition?

Gentlemen,letuseverrememberthatourinterestisinconcord,notconflict; and thatour real eminence rests in thevictoriesofpeace,notthoseofwar.Wehopethatallwhoarerepresentedheremaybemoved to higher and nobler efforts for their own and the world'sgood,andthatoutofthiscitymaycomenotonlygreatercommerceand trade for us all, but, more essential than these, relations ofmutual respect, confidence and friendship which will deepen andendure. Our earnest prayer is that God will graciously vouchsafeprosperity, happiness and peace to all our neighbors, and likeblessingstoallthepeoplesandpowersofearth.

JOHNHAY

TRIBUTETOMCKINLEY

FromhismemorialaddressatajointsessionoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesonFebruary27,1903.

ForthethirdtimetheCongressoftheUnitedStatesareassembledtocommemoratethelifeandthedeathofapresidentslainbythehandofanassassin.Theattentionofthefuturehistorianwillbeattractedtothefeatureswhichreappearwithstartlingsamenessinallthreeoftheseawfulcrimes:theuselessness,theutterlackofconsequenceofthe act; the obscurity, the insignificance of the criminal; theblamelessness—sofarasinoursphereofexistencethebestofmenmay be held blameless—of the victim. Not one of our murderedpresidents had an enemy in the world; they were all of suchpreeminentpurityoflifethatnopretextcouldbegivenfortheattackofpassionalcrime; theywereallmenofdemocratic instincts,whocould never have offended the most jealous advocates of equity;they were of kindly and generous nature, to whom wrong orinjusticewasimpossible;ofmoderatefortune,whoseslendermeansnobody could envy. They were men of austere virtue, of tenderheart,ofeminentabilities,whichtheyhaddevotedwithsinglemindstothegoodoftheRepublic.IfevermenwalkedbeforeGodandmanwithout blame, it was these three rulers of our people. The onlytemptationtoattacktheirlivesofferedwastheirgentleradiance—toeyeshatingthelight,thatwasoffenseenough.

Thestupiduselessnessofsuchaninfamyaffrontsthecommonsenseof the world. One can conceive how the death of a dictator maychangethepoliticalconditionsofanempire;howtheextinctionofanarrowinglineofkingsmaybringinanaliendynasty.Butinawell-orderedRepubliclikeourstherulermayfall,buttheStatefeelsnotremor. Our beloved and revered leader is gone—but the naturalprocessofourlawsprovidesusasuccessor,identicalinpurposeandideals, nourished by the same teachings, inspired by the sameprinciples,pledgedbytenderaffectionaswellasbyhighloyaltytocarrytocompletiontheimmensetaskcommittedtohishands,andtosmitewith iron severity everymanifestation of that hideous crimewhich his mild predecessor, with his dying breath, forgave. Thesayingsofcelestialwisdomhavenodate; thewords that reachus,overtwothousandyears,outofthedarkesthourofgloomtheworldhaseverknown,are true to life to-day:"Theyknownotwhat theydo."Theblowstruckatourdear friendandrulerwasasdeadlyasblindhatecouldmakeit;buttheblowstruckatanarchywasdeadlierstill.

Howmanycountriescanjoinwithusinthecommunityofakindredsorrow!Iwillnotspeakofthosedistantregionswhereassassinationenters into the daily life of government. But among the nationsboundtousbythetiesoffamiliarintercourse—whocanforgetthatwise and mild autocrat who had earned the proud title of theliberator? that enlightened andmagnanimous citizenwhomFrancestillmourns?thatbraveandchivalrouskingofItalywhoonlylivedfor his people? and, saddest of all, that lovely and sorrowingempress, whose harmless life could hardly have excited theanimosityofademon?Againstthatdevilishspiritnothingavails,—neithervirtuenorpatriotism,noragenoryouth,norconsciencenorpity.We can not even say that education is a sufficient safeguardagainst this baleful evil,—for most of the wretches whose crimeshavesoshockedhumanityinrecentyearsweremennotunlettered,who have gone from the common schools, throughmurder to thescaffold.

The life of William McKinley was, from his birth to his death,typically American. There is no environment, I should say,anywhere else in the world which could produce just such a

character. He was born into that way of life which elsewhere iscalled the middle class, but which in this country is so nearlyuniversalas tomakeofotherclassesanalmostnegligiblequantity.Hewasneitherrichnorpoor,neitherproudnorhumble;heknewnohungerhewasnotsureofsatisfying,noluxurywhichcouldenervatemind or body. His parents were sober, God-fearing people;intelligentandupright,withoutpretensionandwithouthumility.Hegrewup in the companyof boys like himself,wholesome, honest,self-respecting. They looked down on nobody; they never felt itpossible they could be looked down upon. Their houses were thehomes of probity, piety, patriotism. They learned in the admirableschoolreadersoffiftyyearsagothelessonsofheroicandsplendidlifewhichhavecomedownfromthepast.Theyreadintheirweeklynewspapers the story of the world's progress, in which they wereeager to take part, and of the sins andwrongs of civilizationwithwhichtheyburnedtodobattle.Itwasaseriousandthoughtfultime.The boys of that day felt dimly, but deeply, that days of sharpstruggleandhighachievementwerebeforethem.Theylookedatlifewiththewonderingyetresoluteeyesofayoungesquireinhisvigilof arms. They felt a time was coming when to them should beaddressedthesternadmonitionoftheApostle,"Quityoulikemen;bestrong."

Themenwhoarelivingto-dayandwereyoungin1860willneverforget thegloryandglamourthatfilledtheearthandtheskywhenthelongtwilightofdoubtanduncertaintywasendingandthetimeforactionhadcome.AspeechbyAbrahamLincolnwasaneventnotonlyofhighmoralsignificance,butoffar-reachingimportance;thedrilling of a militia company by Ellsworth attracted nationalattention; theflutteringof theflagin theclearskydrewtearsfromthe eyes of young men. Patriotism, which had been a rhetoricalexpression, became a passionate emotion, in which instinct, logicandfeelingwere fused.Thecountrywasworthsaving; itcouldbesavedonlybyfire;nosacrificewastoogreat;theyoungmenofthecountry were ready for the sacrifice; come weal, come woe, theywereready.

AtseventeenyearsofageWilliamMcKinleyheardthissummonsofhis country. He was the sort of youth to whom a military life in

ordinary times would possess no attractions. His nature was fardifferent from thatof theordinarysoldier.Hehadotherdreamsoflife,itsprizesandpleasures,thanthatofmarchesandbattles.Buttohismindtherewasnochoiceorquestion.Thebannerfloatinginthemorning breeze was the beckoning gesture of his country. Thethrillingnotesofthetrumpetcalledhim—himandnoneother—intotheranks.Hisportraitinhisfirstuniformisfamiliartoyouall—theshort,stockyfigure;thequiet,thoughtfulface;thedeep,darkeyes.Itisthefaceofaladwhocouldnotstayathomewhenhethoughthewasneededinthefield.Hewasofthestuffofwhichgoodsoldiersaremade.Hadhebeentenyearsolderhewouldhaveenteredattheheadofacompanyandcomeoutat theheadofadivision.Buthedidwhathecould.Heenlistedasaprivate;helearnedtoobey.Hisserious,sensibleways,hisprompt,alertefficiencysoonattractedtheattentionofhissuperiors.Hewassofaithfulinlittlethingsthattheygavehimmoreandmoretodo.Hewasuntiringincampandonthemarch;swift,coolandfearlessinfight.Heleft thearmywithfieldrank when the war ended, brevetted by President Lincoln forgallantryinbattle.

IncomingyearswhenmenseektodrawthemoralofourgreatCivilWar,nothingwillseemtothemsoadmirableinallthehistoryofourtwomagnificentarmiesasthewayinwhichthewarcametoaclose.When the Confederate army saw the time had come, theyacknowledgedthepitiless logicoffactsandceasedfighting.Whenthe army of the Union saw it was no longer needed, without amurmurorquestion,makingnoterms,askingnoreturn,intheflushof victory and fulness ofmight, it laid down its arms andmeltedbackintothemassofpeacefulcitizens.Thereisnoeventsincethenation was born which has so proved its solid capacity for self-government. Both sections share equally in that crown of glory.Theyhadheldadebateofincomparableimportanceandhadfoughtitoutwithequalenergy.Aconclusionhadbeenreached—anditistothe everlasting honor of both sides that they each knewwhen thewarwasover and thehourof a lastingpeacehad struck.Wemayadmire the desperate daring of others who prefer annihilation tocompromise, but the palm of common sense, and, I will say, ofenlightenedpatriotism,belongstothemenlikeGrantandLee,whoknewwhentheyhadfoughtenoughforhonorandforcountry.

Soitcamenaturallyaboutthatin1876—thebeginningofthesecondcenturyoftheRepublic—hebegan,byanelectiontoCongress,hispolitical career.Thereafter for fourteenyears this chamberwashishome.Iusethewordadvisedly.Nowhereintheworldwashesoinharmonywithhis environment ashere;nowhere elsedidhismindworkwithsuch fullconsciousnessof itspowers.Theairofdebatewasnativetohim;herehedrankdelightofbattlewithhispeers.Inafter days, when he drove by this stately pile, or when on rareoccasionshis duty calledhimhere, hegreetedhis oldhauntswiththeaffectionatezestofachildof thehouse;duringall the last tenyearsofhislife,filledastheywerewithactivityandglory,heneverceasedtobehomesickforthishall.Whenhecametothepresidency,therewasnotadaywhenhiscongressionalservicewasnotofusetohim.Probablynootherpresidenthasbeen in such full andcordialcommunion with Congress, if we may except Lincoln alone.McKinleyknewthelegislativebodythoroughly,itscomposition,itsmethods,itshabitofthought.Hehadtheprofoundestrespectforitsauthority and an inflexible belief in the ultimate rectitude of itspurposes.Ourhistoryshowshowsurelyanexecutivecourtsdisasterand ruin by assuming an attitude of hostility or distrust to theLegislature; and, on the other hand,McKinley's frank and sinceretrust andconfidence inCongresswere repaidbyprompt and loyalsupportandcoöperation.Duringhisentiretermofofficethismutualtrust and regard—so essential to the public welfare—was nevershadowedbyasinglecloud.

When he came to the presidency he confronted a situation of theutmost difficulty, which might well have appalled a man of lessserene and tranquil self-confidence. There had been a state ofprofound commercial and industrial depression from which hisfriendshadsaidhiselectionwouldrelievethecountry.Ourrelationswiththeoutsideworldleftmuchtobedesired.ThefeelingbetweentheNorthernandSouthernsectionsoftheUnionwaslackinginthecordialitywhichwasnecessary to thewelfareofboth.Hawaii hadasked for annexation and had been rejected by the precedingadministration.Therewasastateof things in theCaribbeanwhichcouldnotpermanentlyendure.Ourneighbor'shousewasonfire,andthereweregravedoubtsastoourrightsanddutiesinthepremises.Amaneitherweakorrash,eitherirresoluteorheadstrong,mighthave

broughtruinonhimselfandincalculableharmtothecountry.

Theleastdesirableformofglorytoamanofhishabitualmoodandtemper—that of successful war—was nevertheless conferred uponhimbyuncontrollableevents.Hefeltitmustcome;hedeploreditsnecessity; he strained almost to breaking his relations with hisfriends,inorder,firsttopreventandthentopostponeittothelatestpossiblemoment. Butwhen the diewas cast, he laboredwith theutmostenergyandardor,andwithanintelligenceinmilitarymatterswhichshowedhowmuchofthesoldierstillsurvivedinthematurestatesman,topushforwardthewartoadecisiveclose.Warwasananguishtohim;hewanteditshortandconclusive.Hismercifulzealcommunicated itself to his subordinates, and the war, so longdreaded, whose consequences were so momentous, ended in ahundreddays.

Mr.McKinley was reelected by an overwhelmingmajority. Therehadbeenlittledoubtoftheresultamongwell-informedpeople,butwhenitwasknown,aprofoundfeelingofreliefandrenewaloftrustwereevidentamongtheleadersofcapitalandindustry,notonlyinthis country, but everywhere. They felt that the immediate futurewassecure,andthattradeandcommercemightsafelypushforwardineveryfieldofeffortandenterprise.

Hefeltthattheharvesttimewascome,togarnerinthefruitsofsomuchplantingandculture, andhewasdetermined thatnothinghemight do or say should be liable to the reproach of a personalinterest. Let us say frankly he was a party man; he believed thepoliciesadvocatedbyhimandhis friendscounted formuch in thecountry's progress and prosperity.He hoped in his second term toaccomplishsubstantialresultsinthedevelopmentandaffirmationofthosepolicies.IspentadaywithhimshortlybeforehestartedonhisfatefuljourneytoBuffalo.NeverhadIseenhimhigherinhopeandpatriotic confidence. He was gratified to the heart that we hadarrangedatreatywhichgaveusafreehandintheIsthmus.Infancyhesawthecanalalreadybuiltandtheargosiesoftheworldpassingthroughit inpeaceandamity.HesawintheimmenseevolutionofAmericantradethefulfilmentofallhisdreams,therewardofallhislabors.Hewas, Ineednot say,anardentprotectionist,nevermoresincere and devoted than during those last days of his life. He

regardedreciprocityasthebulwarkofprotection—notabreach,buta fulfilmentof the law.The treatieswhich for fouryearshadbeenpreparingunderhispersonalsupervisionheregardedasancillarytothe general scheme.Hewas opposed to any revolutionary plan ofchange in the existing legislation; hewas careful to point out thateverything he had done was in faithful compliance with the lawitself.

In that mood of high hope, of generous expectation, he went toBuffalo, and there, on the threshold of eternity, he delivered thatmemorable speech, worthy for its loftiness of tone, its blamelessmorality, itsbreadthofview,toberegardedashistestamenttothenation.Through all his pride of country and his joy of its successrunsthenoteofsolemnwarning,asinKipling'snoblehymn,"LestWeForget."

The next day sped the bolt of doom, and for aweek after—in anagonyofdread,brokenbyillusiveglimpsesofhopethatourprayersmight be answered—thenationwaited for the end.Nothing in theglorious life we saw gradually waning was more admirable andexemplarythanitsclose.Thegentlehumanityofhiswordswhenhesawhisassailantindangerofsummaryvengeance,"Donotletthemhurthim;"hischivalrouscarethatthenewsshouldbebrokengentlyto his wife; the fine courtesy with which he apologized for thedamagewhichhisdeathwouldbringtothegreatExhibition;andtheheroicresignationofhisfinalwords,"ItisGod'sway;Hiswill,notours, be done,"were all the instinctive expressions of a nature solofty and so pure that pride in its nobility at once softened andenhancedthenation'ssenseofloss.TheRepublicgrievedoversucha son,—but is proud foreverof havingproducedhim.After all, inspiteofitstragicending,hislifewasextraordinarilyhappy.Hehad,allhisdays, troopsoffriends, thecheeroffameandfruitful labor;andhebecameatlast,

"Onfortune'scrowningslope,Thepillarofapeople'shope,Thecenterofaworld'sdesire."

WILLIAMJENNINGSBRYAN

THEPRINCEOFPEACE[39]

(1894)

Ioffernoapologyforspeakinguponareligioustheme,foritisthemost universal of all themes. I am interested in the science ofgovernment, but I am interested more in religion than ingovernment.Ienjoymakingapoliticalspeech—Ihavemadeagoodmany and shallmakemore—but Iwould rather speak on religionthan on politics. I commenced speaking on the stumpwhen Iwasonly twenty, but I commenced speaking in the church six yearsearlier—andIshallbeinthechurchevenafterIamputofpolitics.Ifeel sure ofmy groundwhen Imake a political speech, but I feelevenmorecertainofmygroundwhenImakeareligiousspeech.IfIaddrestyouuponthesubjectoflawImightinterestthelawyers;ifIdiscust the science ofmedicine Imight interest the physicians; inlike manner merchants might be interested in comments oncommerce,and farmers inmatterspertaining toagriculture;butnooneofthesesubjectsappealstoall.Eventhescienceofgovernment,thobroaderthananyprofessionoroccupation,doesnotembracethewhole sum of life, and those who think upon it differ so amongthemselvesthatIcouldnotspeakuponthesubjectsoastopleaseapart of the audience without displeasing others. While to me thescience of government is intensely absorbing, I recognize that themostimportantthingsinlifelieoutsideoftherealmofgovernmentand thatmore depends uponwhat the individual does for himselfthanuponwhatthegovernmentdoesorcandoforhim.Mencanbemiserableunder thebestgovernmentand theycanbehappyundertheworstgovernment.

Government affects but a part of the life which we live here anddoesnotdealatallwiththelifebeyond,whilereligiontouchestheinfinite circle of existence as well as the small arc of that circlewhichwespendonearth.Nogreater theme, therefore,canengageourattention.IfIdiscussquestionsofgovernmentImustsecurethecoöperationofamajoritybeforeIcanputmyideasintopractise,butif,inspeakingonreligion,Icantouchonehumanheartforgood,Ihave not spoken in vain nomatter how large themajoritymaybeagainstme.

Man is a religious being; the heart instinctively seeks for a God.WhetherheworshipsonthebanksoftheGanges,prayswithhisfaceupturnedtothesun,kneelstowardMeccaor,regardingallspaceasatemple, communes with the Heavenly Father according to theChristiancreed,manisessentiallydevout.

Therearehonestdoubterswhosesinceritywerecognizeandrespect,butoccasionallyIfindyoungmenwhothinkitsmarttobeskeptical;they talkas if itwereanevidenceof larger intelligence to scoffatcreedsandtorefusetoconnectthemselveswithchurches.Theycallthemselves "Liberal," as if aChristianwerenarrowminded.Somegoso faras toassert that the"advanced thoughtof theworld"hasdiscardedtheideathatthereisaGod.TotheseyoungmenIdesiretoaddressmyself.

Evensomeolderpeopleprofesstoregardreligionasasuperstition,pardonableintheignorantbutunworthyoftheeducated.Thosewhoholdthisviewlookdownwithmildcontemptuponsuchasgivetoreligionadefiniteplaceintheirthoughtsandlives.Theyassumeanintellectual superiority and often take little pains to conceal theassumption.Tolstoyadministerstothe"culturedcrowd"(thewordsquotedarehis)asevererebukewhenhedeclares that thereligioussentimentrestsnotuponasuperstitiousfearoftheinvisibleforcesofnature, but upon man's consciousness of his finiteness amid aninfinite universe and of his sinfulness; and this consciousness, thegreat philosopher adds, man can never outgrow. Tolstoy is right;manrecognizeshowlimitedarehisownpowersandhowvastistheuniverse,andhe leansupon thearm that is stronger thanhis.ManfeelstheweightofhissinsandlooksforOnewhoissinless.

ReligionhasbeendefinedbyTolstoyastherelationwhichmanfixesbetween himself and his God, and morality as the outwardmanifestation of this inward relation. Every one, by the time hereachesmaturity, has fixt some relation between himself andGodand no material change in this relation can take place without arevolution in theman,for this relation is themostpotent influencethatactsuponahumanlife.

Religion is the foundation ofmorality in the individual and in thegroup of individuals. Materialists have attempted to build up a

systemofmoralityuponthebasisofenlightenedself-interest.Theywould have man figure out by mathematics that it pays him toabstain from wrong-doing; they would even inject an element ofselfishness into altruism, but the moral system elaborated by thematerialistshasseveraldefects.First, itsvirtuesareborrowedfrommoral systems based upon religion. All those who are intelligentenough to discuss a system of morality are so saturated with themoralsderivedfromsystemsrestinguponreligionthat theycannotframeasystemrestinguponreasonalone.Second,as it restsuponargumentratherthanuponauthority,theyoungarenotinapositiontoacceptorreject.Ourlawsdonotpermitayoungmantodisposeofrealestateuntilheistwenty-one.Whythisrestraint?Becausehisreasonisnotmature;andyetaman'slifeislargelymouldedbytheenvironmentofhisyouth.Third,oneneverknowsjusthowmuchofhisdecisionisduetoreasonandhowmuchisduetopassionortoselfishinterest.Passioncandethronethereason—werecognizethisinourcriminallaws.Wealsorecognizethebiasofself-interestwhenweexclude from the juryeveryman,nomatterhowreasonableoruprighthemaybe,whohasapecuniaryinterestintheresultofthetrial.And,fourth,onewhosemoralityrestsuponanicecalculationofbenefitstobesecuredspendstimefiguringthatheshouldspendin action. Those who keep a book account of their good deedsseldomdoenoughgoodtojustifykeepingbooks.Anoblelifecannotbe built upon an arithmetic; it must be rather like the spring thatpoursforthconstantlyofthatwhichrefreshesandinvigorates.

Morality is the power of endurance inman; and a religion whichteaches personal responsibility to God gives strength to morality.There is a powerful restraining influence in the belief that an all-seeing eye scrutinizes every thought and word and act of theindividual.

Thereiswidedifferencebetweenthemanwhoistryingtoconformhislifetoastandardofmoralityabouthimandthemanwhoseeksto make his life approximate to a divine standard. The formerattemptstoliveuptothestandard,ifitisabovehim,anddowntoit,if it is below him—and if he is doing right onlywhen others arelookinghe is sure to finda timewhenhe thinkshe isunobserved,andthenhetakesavacationandfalls.Oneneedstheinnerstrength

whichcomeswiththeconsciouspresenceofapersonalGod.Ifthosewhoare thus fortifiedsometimesyield to temptation,howhelplessandhopelessmustthosebewhorelyupontheirownstrengthalone!

There are difficulties to be encountered in religion, but there aredifficulties to be encountered everywhere. IfChristians sometimeshave doubts and fears, unbelievers have more doubts and greaterfears.IpassedthroughaperiodofskepticismwhenIwasincollegeand I have been glad ever since that I became a member of thechurchbeforeIlefthomeforcollege,forithelpedmeduringthosetryingdays.Andthecollegedayscoverthedangerousperiodintheyoungman's life; he is just coming into possessionof his powers,and feels stronger than he ever feels afterward—and he thinks heknowsmorethanheeverdoesknow.

ItwasatthisperiodthatIbecameconfusedbythedifferenttheoriesof creation. But I examined these theories and found that they allassumedsomethingtobeginwith.Youcantest thisforyourselves.Thenebularhypothesis,forinstance,assumesthatmatterandforceexisted—matter in particles infinitely fine and each particleseparated from every other particle by space infinitely great.Beginning with this assumption, force working on matter—accordingtothishypothesis—createdauniverse.Well,Ihavearighttoassume,andIprefertoassume,aDesignerbackofthedesign—aCreatorbackofthecreation;andnomatterhowlongyoudrawouttheprocessofcreation,solongasGodstandsbackofityoucannotshake my faith in Jehovah. In Genesis it is written that, in thebeginning,Godcreatedtheheavensandtheearth,andIcanstandonthatpropositionuntilIfindsometheoryofcreationthatgoesfartherback than "the beginning." We must begin with something—wemuststartsomewhere—andtheChristianbeginswithGod.

Idonotcarrythedoctrineofevolutionasfarassomedo;Iamnotyetconvincedthatmanisalinealdescendantoftheloweranimals.Idonotmeantofindfaultwithyouifyouwanttoacceptthetheory;allImeantosayisthatwhileyoumaytraceyourancestrybacktothemonkeyifyoufindpleasureorprideindoingso,youshallnotconnectmewith your family treewithoutmore evidence than hasyetbeenproduced.Iobjecttothetheoryforseveralreasons.First,itisadangeroustheory.Ifamanlinkshimselfingenerationswiththe

monkey,itthenbecomesanimportantquestionwhetherheisgoingtoward him or coming from him—and I have seen them going inbothdirections.Idonotknowofanyargumentthatcanbeusedtoprovethatmanisanimprovedmonkeythatmaynotbeusedjustaswell to prove that themonkey is a degenerateman, and the lattertheoryismoreplausiblethantheformer.

It is true thatman, in some physical characteristics resembles thebeast,butmanhasamindaswellasabody,andasoulaswellasamind.Themindisgreaterthanthebodyandthesoulisgreaterthanthemind,andIobjecttohavingman'spedigreetracedonone-thirdofhimonly—andthatthelowestthird.Fairbairn,inhis"PhilosophyofChristianity,"laysdownasoundpropositionwhenhesaysthatitisnotsufficienttoexplainmanasananimal;thatit isnecessarytoexplainmaninhistory—andtheDarwiniantheorydoesnotdothis.Theape,accordingtothistheory,isolderthanmanandyettheapeisstillanapewhilemanistheauthorofthemarvelouscivilizationwhichweseeaboutus.

One does not escape from mystery, however, by accepting thistheory,foritdoesnotexplaintheoriginoflife.WhenthefollowerofDarwinhastracedthegermoflifebacktothelowestforminwhichit appears—and to follow him one must exercise more faith thanreligion calls for—he finds that scientists differ. Thosewho rejecttheideaofcreationaredividedintotwoschools,somebelievingthatthe first germof life came fromanotherplanet andothers holdingthatitwastheresultofspontaneousgeneration.Eachschoolanswerstheargumentsadvancedbytheother,andastheycannotagreewitheachother,Iamnotcompelledtoagreewitheither.

IfIwerecompelledtoacceptoneofthesetheoriesIwouldpreferthefirst,forifwecanchasethegermoflifeoffthisplanetandgetitoutinto space we can guess the rest of the way and no one cancontradict us, but if we accept the doctrine of spontaneousgenerationwecannotexplainwhyspontaneousgenerationceasedtoactafterthefirstgermwascreated.

Gobackasfaraswemay,wecannotescapefromthecreativeact,anditisjustaseasyformetobelievethatGodcreatedmanasheisas tobelieve that,millionsofyearsago,Hecreatedagermof life

andendoweditwithpowertodevelopintoallthatweseeto-day.Iobject to the Darwinian theory, until more conclusive proof isproduced, because I fearwe shall lose the consciousness ofGod'spresenceinourdailylife,ifwemustacceptthetheorythatthroughalltheagesnospiritualforcehastouchedthelifeofmanorshapedthedestinyofnations.

Butthereisanotherobjection.TheDarwiniantheoryrepresentsmanasreachinghispresentperfectionbytheoperationofthelawofhate—themercilesslawbywhichthestrongcrowdoutandkilloff theweak.Ifthisisthelawofourdevelopmentthen,ifthereisanylogicthat canbind thehumanmind,we shall turnbackward toward thebeast in proportion as we substitute the law of love. I prefer tobelievethatloveratherthanhatredisthelawofdevelopment.Howcanhatredbethelawofdevelopmentwhennationshaveadvancedinproportionas theyhavedeparted from that lawandadopted thelawoflove?

But,Irepeat,whileIdonotaccepttheDarwiniantheoryIshallnotquarrelwithyouaboutit;Ionlyrefertoittoremindyouthatitdoesnotsolvethemysteryoflifeorexplainhumanprogress.Ifearthatsomehaveaccepteditinthehopeofescapingfromthemiracle,butwhyshouldthemiraclefrightenus?AndyetIaminclinedtothinkthatitisoneofthetestquestionswiththeChristian.

Christ cannot be separated from the miraculous; His birth, Hisministrations, andHis resurrection, all involve themiraculous, andthe change which His religion works in the human heart is acontinuing miracle. Eliminate the miracles and Christ becomesmerelyahumanbeingandHisgospelisstriptofdivineauthority.

The miracle raises two questions: "Can God perform a miracle?"and,"WouldHewant to?"The first iseasy toanswer.AGodwhocanmakeaworldcandoanythingHewantstodowithit.Thepowerto performmiracles is necessarily implied in the power to create.But would Godwant to perform a miracle?—this is the questionwhichhasgivenmostofthetrouble.ThemoreIhaveconsidereditthe less inclined I am to answer in the negative. To say that Godwould not perform a miracle is to assume a more intimateknowledgeofGod'splansandpurposesthanIcanclaimtohave.I

willnotdenythatGoddoesperformamiracleormayperformonemerelybecause IdonotknowhoworwhyHedoes it. I find it sodifficulttodecideeachdaywhatGodwantsdonenowthatIamnotpresumptuous enough to attempt to declare what Godmight havewantedtodothousandsofyearsago.ThefactthatweareconstantlylearningoftheexistenceofnewforcessuggeststhepossibilitythatGod may operate through forces yet unknown to us, and themysteries with which we deal every day warnme that faith is asnecessary as sight. Who would have credited a century ago thestoriesthatarenowtoldofthewonder-workingelectricity?Foragesmanhadknownthelightning,butonlytofearit;now,thisinvisiblecurrentisgeneratedbyaman-mademachine,imprisonedinaman-madewireandmadetodothebiddingofman.Weareevenabletodispensewiththewireandhurlwordsthroughspace,andtheX-rayhas enabled us to look through substances which were supposed,until recently, to exclude all light. The miracle is not moremysteriousthanmanyofthethingswithwhichmannowdeals—itissimply different. The miraculous birth of Christ is not moremysteriousthananyotherconception—itissimplyunlikeit;noristhe resurrection of Christ more mysterious than the myriadresurrectionswhichmarkeachannualseed-time.

It is sometimes said that God could not suspend one of His lawswithoutstopping theuniverse,butdowenotsuspendorovercomethelawofgravitationeveryday?Everytimewemoveafootorliftaweight we temporarily overcome one of the most universal ofnaturallawsandyettheworldisnotdisturbed.

Science has taught us so many things that we are tempted toconclude that we know everything, but there is really a greatunknownwhichisstillunexploredandthatwhichwehavelearnedoughttoincreaseourreverenceratherthanouregotism.Sciencehasdisclosedsomeofthemachineryoftheuniverse,butsciencehasnotyetrevealedtousthegreatsecret—thesecretoflife.Itistobefoundineverybladeofgrass, inevery insect, ineverybirdand ineveryanimal, aswell as inman. Six thousand years of recorded historyandyetweknownomoreaboutthesecretoflifethantheyknewinthebeginning.Welive,weplan;wehaveourhopes,ourfears;andyet in a moment a changemay come over anyone of us and this

bodywillbecomeamassoflifelessclay.Whatisitthat,having,welive, andhavingnot,we are as the clod?Theprogressof the raceandthecivilizationwhichwenowbeholdaretheworkofmenandwomenwhohavenotyetsolvedthemysteryoftheirownlives.

Andourfood,mustweunderstanditbeforeweeatit?Ifwerefusedtoeatanythinguntilwecouldunderstandthemysteryofitsgrowth,wewoulddieof starvation.Butmysterydoesnotbotherus in thedining-room;itisonlyinthechurchthatitisastumblingblock.

Iwaseatingapieceofwatermelonsomemonthsagoandwasstruckwithitsbeauty.Itooksomeoftheseedsanddriedthemandweighedthem,and found that itwould require some five thousandseeds toweighapound;andthenIappliedmathematicstothatforty-poundmelon.Oneoftheseseeds,putintotheground,whenwarmedbythesunandmoistenedbytherain,takesoffitscoatandgoestowork;itgathers from somewhere two hundred thousand times its ownweight,andforcingthisrawmaterialthroughatinystem,constructsa watermelon. It ornaments the outside with a covering of green;insidethegreenitputsalayerofwhite,andwithinthewhiteacoreofred,andallthroughthereditscattersseeds,eachonecapableofcontinuingtheworkofreproduction.Wheredoesthatlittleseedgetitstremendouspower?Wheredoesitfinditscoloringmatter?Howdoesitcollectitsflavoringextract?Howdoesitbuildawatermelon?Untilyoucanexplainawatermelon,donotbetoosurethatyoucansetlimitstothepoweroftheAlmightyandsayjustwhatHewoulddoorhowHewoulddoit.Icannotexplainthewatermelon,butIeatitandenjoyit.

The egg is themost universal of foods and its use dates from thebeginning,butwhatismoremysteriousthananegg?Whenaneggisfreshitisanimportantarticleofmerchandise;ahencandestroyitsmarketvalueinaweek'stime,butintwoweeksmoreshecanbringforth from it what man could not find in it.We eat eggs, but wecannotexplainanegg.

Waterhasbeenusedfromthebirthofman;welearnedafterithadbeenusedforagesthatit ismerelyamixtureofgases,butit isfarmoreimportantthatwehavewatertodrinkthanthatweknowthatitisnotwater.

Everything that grows tells a like story of infinite power. WhyshouldIdenythatadivinehandfedamultitudewithafewloavesandfisheswhenIseehundredsofmillionsfedeveryyearbyahandwhich converts the seeds scattered over the field into an abundantharvest?Weknowthatfoodcanbemultipliedinafewmonths'time;shallwedenythepowerof theCreator toeliminate theelementoftime,whenwehavegonesofarineliminatingtheelementofspace?WhoamIthatIshouldattempttomeasurethearmoftheAlmightywithmypunyarm,or tomeasure thebrainof theInfinitewithmyfinitemind?WhoamIthatIshouldattempttoputmetesandboundstothepoweroftheCreator?

But there is something evenmorewonderful still—themysteriouschangethattakesplaceinthehumanheartwhenthemanbeginstohate the things he loved and to love the things he hated—themarvelous transformation that takes place in themanwho, beforethechange,wouldhavesacrificedaworldforhisownadvancementbutwho, after the change, would give his life for a principle andesteem it a privilege to make sacrifice for his convictions! Whatgreatermiraclethanthis,thatconvertsaselfish,self-centeredhumanbeing into a center fromwhich good influences flow out in everydirection!Andyetthismiraclehasbeenwroughtintheheartofeachoneofus—ormaybewrought—andwehaveseenitwroughtintheheartsandlivesofthoseaboutus.No,livingalifethatisamystery,and living in themidst ofmystery andmiracles, I shall not alloweithertodeprivemeofthebenefitsoftheChristianreligion.Ifyouaskmeif Iunderstandeverything in theBible, Ianswer,no,but ifwewilltrytoliveuptowhatwedounderstand,wewillbekeptsobusy doing good that we will not have time to worry about thepassageswhichwedonotunderstand.

Someofthosewhoquestionthemiraclealsoquestionthetheoryofatonement; they assert that it does not accord with their idea ofjusticeforonetodieforall.Leteachonebearhisownsinsandthepunishments due for them, they say. The doctrine of vicarioussufferingisnotanewone;itisasoldastherace.Thatoneshouldsufferforothersisoneofthemostfamiliarofprinciplesandweseetheprinciple illustratedeverydayofour lives.Takethefamily,forinstance;fromthedaythemother'sfirstchildisborn,fortwentyor

thirtyyearsherchildrenarescarcelyoutofherwakingthoughts.Herlife trembles in the balance at each child's birth; she sacrifices forthem,shesurrendersherselftothem.Isitbecausesheexpectsthemtopayherback?Fortunatefortheparentandfortunateforthechildifthelatterhasanopportunitytorepayinpartthedebtitowes.Butnochildcancompensateaparentforaparent'scare.Inthecourseofnaturethedebtispaid,nottotheparent,buttothenextgeneration,and the next—each generation suffering, sacrificing for andsurrenderingitselftothegenerationthatfollows.Thisisthelawofourlives.

Noristhisconfinedtothefamily.Everystepincivilizationhasbeenmade possible by those who have been willing to sacrifice forposterity. Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom ofconscienceandfreegovernmenthaveallbeenwonfortheworldbythosewhowerewillingtolaborunselfishlyfortheirfellows.Sowellestablished is this doctrine that we do not regard anyone as greatunlessherecognizeshowunimportanthislifeisincomparisonwiththeproblemswithwhichhedeals.

I findproof thatmanwasmade in the imageofhisCreator in thefact that, throughout the centuries,man has beenwilling to die, ifnecessary, that blessings denied to him might be enjoyed by hischildren,hischildren'schildrenandtheworld.

The seeming paradox: "He that saveth his life shall lose it and hethatlosethhislifeformysakeshallfindit,"hasanapplicationwiderthanthatusuallygiventoit;itisanepitomeofhistory.Thosewholiveonlyforthemselveslivelittlelives,butthosewhostandreadytogive themselves for the advancement of things greater thanthemselves find a larger life than the one they would havesurrendered.WendellPhillipsgaveexpressiontothesameideawhenhesaid,"Whatimprudentmenthebenefactorsoftheracehavebeen.Howprudentlymostmensinkintonamelessgraves,whilenowandthenafewforgetthemselvesintoimmortality."Wewinimmortality,not by remembering ourselves, but by forgetting ourselves indevotiontothingslargerthanourselves.

Insteadofbeinganunnaturalplan,theplanofsalvationisinperfectharmony with human nature as we understand it. Sacrifice is the

languageoflove,andChrist,insufferingfortheworld,adoptedtheonlymeansofreachingtheheart.Thiscanbedemonstratednotonlybytheorybutbyexperience,forthestoryofHislife,Histeachings,HissufferingsandHisdeathhasbeentranslatedintoeverylanguageandeverywhereithastouchedtheheart.

ButifIweregoingtopresentanargumentinfavorofthedivinityofChrist,Iwouldnotbeginwithmiraclesormysteryorwiththetheoryofatonement.IwouldbeginasCarnegieSimpsondoesinhisbookentitled,"TheFactofChrist."CommencingwiththeundisputedfactthatChristlived,hepointsoutthatonecannotcontemplatethisfactwithoutfeelingthatinsomewayitisrelatedtothosenowliving.HesaysthatonecanreadofAlexander,ofCæsarorofNapoleon,andnot feel that it is amatter of personal concern; but thatwhen onereadsthatChristlived,andhowHelivedandhowHedied,hefeelsthatsomehowthereisacordthatstretchesfromthatlifetohis.Ashe studies the character ofChrist hebecomes consciousof certainvirtues which stand out in bold relief—His purity, His forgivingspirit, and His unfathomable love. The author is correct, Christpresents an example of purity in thought and life, and man,conscious of his own imperfections and grieved over hisshortcomings,findsinspirationinthefactthatHewastemptedinallpointslikeasweare,andyetwithoutsin.Iamnotsurebutthateachcan find just here a way of determining for himself whether hepossesses the true spirit of aChristian. If the sinlessness ofChristinspireswithinhimanearnestdesiretoconformhislifemorenearlytotheperfectexample,heisindeedafollower;if,ontheotherhand,heresentsthereproofwhichthepurityofChristoffers,andrefusestomendhisways,hehasyettobebornagain.

Themostdifficultofallthevirtuestocultivateistheforgivingspirit.Revengeseems tobenaturalwithman; it ishuman towant togeteven with an enemy. It has even been popular to boast ofvindictiveness; itwasonce inscribedonaman'smonument thathehadrepaidbothfriendsandenemiesmorethanhehadreceived.Thiswas not the spirit of Christ. He taught forgiveness and in thatincomparable prayerwhichHe left asmodel for our petitions,Hemadeourwillingnesstoforgivethemeasurebywhichwemayclaimforgiveness.HenotonlytaughtforgivenessbutHeexemplifiedHis

teachingsinHislife.WhenthosewhopersecutedHimbroughtHimto themostdisgracefulof all deaths,His spirit of forgiveness roseaboveHissufferingsandHeprayed,"Father,forgivethem,fortheyknownotwhattheydo!"

But love is the foundationofChrist'screed.Theworldhadknownlove before; parents had loved their children, and children theirparents;husbandshadlovedtheirwives,andwivestheirhusbands;andfriendhadlovedfriend;butJesusgaveanewdefinitionoflove.Hislovewasaswideasthesea;itslimitsweresofar-flungthatevenanenemycouldnottravelbeyonditsbounds.Otherteacherssoughtto regulate the lives of their followers by rule and formula, butChrist'splanwastopurifytheheartandthentoleavelovetodirectthefootsteps.

Whatconclusionistobedrawnfromthelife,theteachingsandthedeath of this historic figure? Reared in a carpenter shop; with noknowledgeofliterature,saveBibleliterature;withnoacquaintancewith philosophers living orwith thewritings of sages dead,whenonly about thirty years old He gathered disciples about Him,promulgatedahighercodeofmoralsthantheworldhadeverknownbefore, and proclaimed Himself the Messiah. He taught andperformedmiracles fora fewbriefmonthsand thenwascrucified;His disciples were scattered and many of them put to death; Hisclaims were disputed, His resurrection denied and His followerspersecuted; and yet from this beginning His religion spread untilhundredsofmillionshavetakenHisnamewithreverenceupontheirlipsandmillionshavebeenwillingtodierather thansurrender thefaithwhichHeputintotheirhearts.HowshallweaccountforHim?Here is the greatest fact of history; here is One who has withincreasing power, for nineteen hundred years,moulded the hearts,thethoughtsandthelivesofmen,andHeexertsmoreinfluenceto-day than ever before. "What think ye of Christ?" It is easier tobelieveHimdivine than to explain in anyotherwaywhat he saidanddidandwas.AndIhavegreaterfaith,eventhanbefore,sinceIhavevisited theOrientandwitnessed the successfulcontestwhichChristianity iswagingagainst thereligionsandphilosophiesof theEast.

I was thinking a few years ago of the Christmas which was then

approaching and of Him in whose honor the day is celebrated. Irecalledthemessage,"Peaceonearth,goodwill tomen,"andthenmy thoughts ranback to theprophecyutteredcenturiesbeforeHisbirth,inwhichHewasdescribedasthePrinceofPeace.Toreinforcemy memory I re-read the prophecy and I found immediatelyfollowingaversewhichIhadforgotten—aversewhichdeclaresthatoftheincreaseofHispeaceandgovernmentthereshallbenoend,And, Isaiah adds, that He shall judgeHis people with justice andwithjudgment.Ihadbeenreadingoftheriseandfallofnations,andoccasionally I had met a gloomy philosopher who preached thedoctrine thatnations, like individuals,mustofnecessityhave theirbirth,theirinfancy,theirmaturityandfinallytheirdecayanddeath.But here I read of a government that is to be perpetual—agovernment of increasing peace and blessedness—the governmentofthePrinceofPeace—anditistorestonjustice.Ihavethoughtofthis prophecy many times during the last few years, and I haveselected this themethat Imightpresentsomeof thereasonswhichleadmetobelievethatChristhasfullyearnedtherighttobecalledThePrinceofPeace—atitlethatwillintheyearstocomebemoreandmoreapplied toHim. Ifhecanbringpeace toeach individualheart,andifHiscreedwhenappliedwillbringpeacethroughouttheearth,whowilldenyHisrighttobecalledthePrinceofPeace?

All theworld is in search of peace; every heart that ever beat hassought for peace, and many have been the methods employed tosecure it. Some have thought to purchase it with riches and havelaboredtosecurewealth,hopingtofindpeacewhentheywereableto gowhere they pleased and buywhat they liked. Of thosewhohaveendeavored topurchasepeacewithmoney, the largemajorityhavefailedtosecurethemoney.Butwhathasbeentheexperienceofthosewhohavebeeneminentlysuccessfulinfinance?Theyall tellthesamestory,viz.,thattheyspentthefirsthalfoftheirlivestryingtogetmoneyfromothersandthelasthalftryingtokeepothersfromgettingtheirmoney,andthattheyfoundpeaceinneitherhalf.Somehave even reached the point where they find difficulty in gettingpeopletoaccepttheirmoney;andIknowofnobetterindicationoftheethicalawakeninginthiscountrythantheincreasingtendencytoscrutinize themethodsofmoney-making.Iamsanguineenoughtobelieve that the time will yet come when respectability will no

longerbesoldtogreatcriminalsbyhelpingthemtospendtheirill-gotten gains. A long step in advance will have been taken whenreligious, educational and charitable institutions refuse to condoneconscienceless methods in business and leave the possessor ofillegitimate accumulations to learn how lonely life is when oneprefersmoneytomorals.

Somehavesoughtpeaceinsocialdistinction,butwhethertheyhavebeenwithinthecharmedcircleandfearfullesttheymightfallout,oroutside, and hopeful that they might get in, they have not foundpeace. Some have thought, vain thought, to find peace in politicalprominence;butwhetherofficecomesbybirth,asinmonarchies,orbyelection,asinrepublics,itdoesnotbringpeace.Anofficeisnotconsidered a high one if all can occupy it. Only when few in agenerationcanhopetoenjoyanhonordowecallitagreathonor.Iam glad that our Heavenly Father did not make the peace of thehumanhearttodependuponourabilitytobuyitwithmoney,secureit insociety,orwin itat thepolls, for ineithercasebut fewcouldhave obtained it, but when He made peace the reward of aconsciencevoidofoffensetowardGodandman,Heputitwithinthereachofall.Thepoorcansecure itaseasilyas therich, thesocialoutcastsas freelyas the leaderofsociety,and thehumblestcitizenequallywiththosewhowieldpoliticalpower.

TothosewhohavegrowngrayintheChurch,Ineednotspeakofthepeace to be found in faith in God and trust in an overrulingProvidence.Christ taught thatour livesareprecious in thesightofGod, and poets have taken up the thought and woven it intoimmortalverse.Nouninspiredwriterhasexprestitmorebeautifullythan William Cullen Bryant in his Ode to a Waterfowl. Afterfollowingthewanderingsof thebirdofpassageas itseeksfirst itssouthernandthenitsnorthernhome,heconcludes:

Thouartgone;theabyssofheavenHathswallowedupthyform,butonmyheart

Deeplyhathsunkthelessonthouhastgiven,Andshallnotsoondepart.

Hewho,fromzonetozone,Guidesthroughtheboundlessskythycertainflight,

InthelongwaythatImusttreadalone,Willleadmystepsaright.

Christ promoted peace by giving us assurance that a line ofcommunicationcanbeestablishedbetweentheFatheraboveandthechildbelow.Andwhowillmeasuretheconsolationsofthehourofprayer?

And immortality!Whowill estimate thepeacewhich abelief in afuture lifehasbrought to thesorrowingheartsof thesonsofmen?Youmaytalktotheyoungaboutdeathendingall,forlifeisfullandhopeisstrong,butpreachnotthisdoctrinetothemotherwhostandsbythedeath-bedofherbabeortoonewhoiswithintheshadowofagreat affliction. When I was a young man I wrote to ColonelIngersollandaskedhimforhisviewsonGodandimmortality.Hissecretary answered that the great infidel was not at home, butenclosed a copyof a speechofCol. Ingersoll'swhich coveredmyquestion.Iscanneditwitheagernessandfoundthathehadexpresthimselfaboutasfollows:"IdonotsaythatthereisnoGod,IsimplysayIdonotknow.Idonotsaythatthereisnolifebeyondthegrave,IsimplysayIdonotknow."AndfromthatdaytothisIhaveaskedmyself thequestionandhavebeenunable to answer it tomyownsatisfaction,howcouldanyonefindpleasureintakingfromahumanheart a living faithand substituting therefor thecoldandcheerlessdoctrine,"Idonotknow."

Christgaveusproofofimmortalityanditwasawelcomeassurance,altho itwouldhardlyseemnecessary thatoneshouldrisefromthedeadtoconvinceus that thegraveisnot theend.ToeverycreatedthingGodhasgivenatonguethatproclaimsafuturelife.

If the Father deigns to touch with divine power the cold andpulselessheartoftheburiedacornandtomakeitburstforthfromitsprisonwalls,will he leave neglected in the earth the soul ofman,made in the imageofhisCreator? If he stoops togive to the rosebush,whosewithered blossoms float upon the autumn breeze, thesweetassuranceofanotherspringtime,willHerefusethewordsofhopetothesonsofmenwhenthefrostsofwintercome?Ifmatter,mute and inanimate, tho changed by the forces of nature into amultitude of forms, can never die, will the imperial spirit of mansufferannihilationwhenithaspaidabriefvisitlikearoyalguesttothis tenementofclay?No,IamsurethatHewho,notwithstandinghis apparent prodigality, created nothing without a purpose, andwastednotasingleatominallhiscreation,hasmadeprovisionforafuturelifeinwhichman'suniversallongingforimmortalitywillfinditsrealization.IamassurethatweliveagainasIamsurethatweliveto-day.

InCairoIsecuredafewgrainsofwheatthathadslumberedformorethanthirtycenturies inanEgyptiantomb.AsI lookedat themthisthoughtcameintomymind:Ifoneofthosegrainshadbeenplantedon the banks of the Nile the year after it grew, and all its linealdescendants had been planted and replanted from that time untilnow,itsprogenywouldto-daybesufficientlynumeroustofeedtheteemingmillionsof theworld.Anunbrokenchainof lifeconnectsthe earliest grains ofwheatwith the grains thatwe sow and reap.There is in the grain of wheat an invisible something which haspower to discard the body that we see, and from earth and airfashionanewbodysomuchliketheoldonethatwecannottelltheonefromtheother.Ifthisinvisiblegermoflifeinthegrainofwheatcan thus pass unimpaired through three thousand resurrections, Ishallnotdoubtthatmysoulhaspowertoclotheitselfwithabodysuitedtoitsnewexistencewhenthisearthlyframehascrumbledintodust.

Abeliefinimmortalitynotonlyconsolestheindividual,butitexertsapowerful influence inbringingpeacebetween individuals. Ifoneactually thinks thatman dies as the brute dies, hewill yieldmoreeasily to the temptation to do injustice to his neighbor when thecircumstancesaresuchastopromisesecurityfromdetection.Butif

one really expects to meet again, and live eternally with, thosewhomheknowsto-day,heisrestrainedfromevildeedsbythefearofendlessremorse.Wedonotknowwhatrewardsareinstoreforusorwhatpunishmentsmaybereserved,butiftherewerenootheritwould be some punishment for one who deliberately andconsciouslywrongsanother tohavetoliveforever inthecompanyof the personwronged and have his littleness and selfishness laidbare. I repeat, a belief in immortality must exert a powerfulinfluence in establishing justice between men and thus laying thefoundationforpeace.

Again,ChristdeservestobecalledThePrinceofPeacebecauseHehasgivenus ameasureof greatnesswhichpromotes peace.WhenHis disciples quarreled among themselves as to which should begreatestintheKingdomofHeaven,Herebukedthemandsaid:"Lethimwhowouldbechiefestamongyoubetheservantofall."Serviceisthemeasureofgreatness;italwayshasbeentrue;itistrueto-day,anditalwayswillbetrue, thatheisgreatestwhodoesthemostofgood. And how this old world will be transformed when thisstandardofgreatnessbecomesthestandardofeverylife!Nearlyallof our controversies and combats growout of the fact thatwe aretryingtogetsomethingfromeachother—therewillbepeacewhenour aim is to do something for each other. Our enmities andanimositiesariselargelyfromoureffortstogetasmuchaspossibleoutoftheworld—therewillbepeacewhenourendeavoristoputasmuchaspossibleintotheworld.Thehumanmeasureofahumanlifeisitsincome;thedivinemeasureofalifeisitsoutgo,itsoverflow—itscontributiontothewelfareofall.

Christ also led the way to peace by giving us a formula for thepropagationoftruth.NotallofthosewhohavereallydesiredtodogoodhaveemployedtheChristianmethod—notallChristianseven.In thehistoryof thehuman racebut twomethodshavebeenused.The first is the forcible method, and it has been employed mostfrequently.Amanhasanideawhichhethinksisgood;hetellshisneighborsaboutitandtheydonotlikeit.Thismakeshimangry;hethinksitwouldbesomuchbetterforthemiftheywouldlikeit,and,seizing a club, he attempts to make them like it. But one troubleaboutthisruleisthatitworksbothways;whenamanstartsoutto

compel his neighbors to think as he does, he generally finds themwilling to accept the challenge and they spend so much time intrying to coerce each other that they have no time left to do eachothergood.

TheotheristheBibleplan—"Benotovercomeofevilbutovercomeevilwithgood."Andthereisnootherwayofovercomingevil.Iamnot much of a farmer—I get more credit for my farming than Ideserve, and my little farm receives more advertising than it isentitledto.ButIamfarmerenoughtoknowthatifIcutdownweedstheywillspringupagain;andfarmerenoughtoknowthatifIplantsomethingtherewhichhasmorevitality than theweedsIshallnotonlygetridoftheconstantcutting,buthavethebenefitofthecropbesides.

Inorder that theremightbenomistake inHisplanofpropagatingthetruth,Christwentintodetailandlaidemphasisuponthevalueofexample—"So live that others seeing your good works may beconstrainedtoglorifyyourFatherwhichisinHeaven."Thereisnohumaninfluencesopotentforgoodasthatwhichgoesoutfromanuprightlife.Asermonmaybeanswered;theargumentspresentedinaspeechmaybedisputed,butnoonecanansweraChristianlife—itistheunanswerableargumentinfavorofourreligion.

Itmaybeaslowprocess—thisconversionoftheworldbythesilentinfluenceof anoble example—but it is theonly sureone, and thedoctrineapplies tonationsaswellas to individuals.TheGospelofthePrinceofPeacegivesustheonlyhopethattheworldhas—anditis an increasing hope—of the substitution of reason for thearbitramentofforceinthesettlementofinternationaldisputes.Andournationoughtnot towaitforothernations—itought to taketheleadandproveitsfaithintheomnipotenceoftruth.

But Christ has given us a platform so fundamental that it can beapplied successfully to all controversies. We are interested inplatforms; we attend conventions, sometimes traveling longdistances; we have wordy wars over the phraseology of variousplanks, and then we wage earnest campaigns to secure theendorsementof theseplatformsat thepolls.Theplatformgiven tothe world by The Prince of Peace is more far-reaching and more

comprehensivethananyplatformeverwrittenbytheconventionofany party in any country. When He condensed into onecommandmentthoseofthetenwhichrelatetoman'sdutytowardhisfellowsandenjoineduponustherule,"Thoushaltlovethyneighborasthyself,"Hepresentedaplanforthesolutionofalltheproblemsthat now vex society or may hereafter arise. Other remedies maypalliate or postpone the day of settlement, but this is all-sufficientandthereconciliationwhichiteffectsisapermanentone.

Myfaith in thefuture—andIhavefaith—andmyoptimism—forIamanoptimist—myfaithandmyoptimismrestuponthebeliefthatChrist's teachings are beingmore studied to-day than ever before,andthatwiththislargerstudywillcomealargerapplicationofthoseteachingstotheeverydaylifeoftheworld,andtothequestionswithwhichwedeal.InformertimeswhenmenreadthatChristcame"tobringlifeandimmortality to light," theyplacedtheemphasisuponimmortality; now they are studyingChrist's relation tohuman life.PeopleusedtoreadtheBibletofindoutwhatitsaidofHeaven;nowtheyreaditmoretofindwhatlightitthrowsuponthepathwayofto-day.Informeryearsmanythoughttopreparethemselvesforfutureblissbyalifeofseclusionhere;wearelearningthattofollowinthefootsteps of the Master we must go about doing good. Christdeclared that He came that we might have life and have it moreabundantly. The world is learning that Christ came not to narrowlife, but to enlarge it—not to rob it of its joy, but to fill it tooverflowingwithpurpose,earnestnessandhappiness.

ButthisPrinceofPeacepromisesnotonlypeacebutstrength.SomehavethoughtHis teachingsfitonlyfor theweakandthetimidandunsuited tomen of vigor, energy and ambition. Nothing could befarther from the truth. Only the man of faith can be courageous.Confident that he fights on the side of Jehovah, he doubts not thesuccessofhiscause.Whatmattersitwhetherhesharesintheshoutsoftriumph?Ifeverywordspokeninbehalfoftruthhasitsinfluenceandeverydeeddonefor therightweighs in thefinalaccount, it isimmaterial to the Christian whether his eyes behold victory orwhetherhediesinthemidstoftheconflict.

"Yea,thothoulieuponthedust,

Whentheywhohelpedtheefleeinfear,Diefullofhopeandmanlytrust,Likethosewhofellinbattlehere.

Anotherhandthyswordshallwield,Anotherhandthestandardwave,Tillfromthetrumpet'smouthispealed,Theblastoftriumpho'erthygrave."

Only thosewhobelieve attempt the seemingly impossible, and,byattempting,provethatone,withGod,canchaseathousandandthattwo can put ten thousand to flight. I can imagine that the earlyChristianswhowerecarried into thecoliseum tomakea spectaclefor those more savage than the beasts, were entreated by theirdoubting companions not to endanger their lives. But, kneeling inthe center of the arena, they prayed and sang until they weredevoured. How helpless they seemed, and, measured by everyhuman rule, how hopeless was their cause! And yet within a fewdecades the power which they invoked proved mightier than thelegions of the emperor and the faith in which they died wastriumphanto'eralltheland.Itissaidthatthosewhowenttomockattheirsufferingsreturnedaskingthemselves,"Whatisitthatcanenterinto the heart ofman andmakehimdie as these die?"Theyweregreaterconquerorsintheirdeaththantheycouldhavebeenhadtheypurchasedlifebyasurrenderoftheirfaith.

WhatwouldhavebeenthefateofthechurchiftheearlyChristianshadhadaslittlefaithasmanyofourChristiansofto-day?AndiftheChristiansofto-dayhadthefaithofthemartyrs,howlongwoulditbebeforethefulfilmentoftheprophecythat"everykneeshallbowandeverytongueconfess?"

IamgladthatHe,whoiscalledthePrinceofPeace—whocanbringpeace to every troubled heart andwhose teachings, exemplified inlife, will bring peace betweenman andman, between communityandcommunity,betweenStateandState,betweennationandnation

throughouttheworld—IamgladthatHebringscourageaswellaspeace so that those who follow Him may take up and each daybravelydothedutiesthattothatdayfall.

As the Christian grows older he appreciates more and more thecompletenesswithwhichChrist satisfies the longingsof theheart,and, grateful for the peace which he enjoys and for the strengthwhichhehasreceived,herepeatsthewordsofthegreatscholar,SirWilliamJones:

"Beforethymysticaltar,heavenlytruth,Ikneelinmanhood,asIkneltinyouth,

Thusletmekneel,tillthisdullformdecay,Andlife'slastshadebebrightenedbythyray."

RUFUSCHOATE

EULOGYOFWEBSTER

DeliveredatDartmouthCollege,July27,1853.

Websterpossessedtheelementofanimpressivecharacter,inspiringregard,trustandadmiration,notunmingledwithlove.Ithad,Ithink,intrinsically a charm such as belongs only to a good, noble, andbeautiful nature. In its combination with so much fame, so muchforce of will, and so much intellect, it filled and fascinated theimagination and heart. Itwas affectionate in childhood and youth,anditwasmorethaneversointhefewlastmonthsofhislonglife.It is the universal testimony that he gave to his parents, in largestmeasure, honor, love, obedience; that he eagerly appropriated thefirstmeanswhichhecouldcommandtorelievethefatherfromthedebtscontractedtoeducatehisbrotherandhimself;thatheselectedhis first place of professional practice that he might soothe thecomingonofhisoldage.

Equally beautiful was his love of all his kindred and of all hisfriends.When I hear him accused of selfishness, and a cold, bad

nature, I recall him lying sleepless all night, not without tears ofboyhood, conferring with Ezekiel how the darling desire of bothhearts should be compassed, and he, too, admitted to the preciousprivileges of education; courageously pleading the cause of bothbrothers in the morning; prevailing by the wise and discerningaffection of the mother; suspending his studies of the law, andregisteringdeedsandteachingschooltoearnthemeans,forboth,ofavailing themselves of the opportunity which the parental self-sacrifice had placed within their reach; loving him through life,mourninghimwhendead,withaloveandasorrowverywonderful,passingthesorrowofwoman;Irecallthehusband,thefatherofthelivingandof the earlydeparted, the friend, the counselorofmanyyears, andmyheart grows too full and liquid for the refutationofwords.

His affectionate nature, craving ever friendship, as well as thepresenceofkindredblood,diffuseditselfthroughallhisprivatelife,gavesinceritytoallhishospitalities,kindnesstohiseye,warmthtothe pressure of his hand, made his greatness and genius unbendthemselves to the playfulness of childhood, flowedout in gracefulmemories indulged of the past or the dead, of incidentswhen lifewasyoungandpromised tobehappy,—gavegenerous sketchesofhisrivals,—thehighcontentionnowhiddenbythehandfulofearth,—hours passed fifty years agowith great authors, recalled for thevernalemotionswhichthentheymadetoliveandrevelinthesoul.And from theseconversationsof friendship,noman—noman,oldor young—went away to remember oneword of profaneness, oneallusion of indelicacy, one impure thought, one unbelievingsuggestion,onedoubtcastontherealityofvirtue,ofpatriotism,ofenthusiasm, of the progress of man,—one doubt cast onrighteousness,ortemperance,orjudgmenttocome.

I have learnedby evidence themost direct and satisfactory that inthelastmonthsofhislife,thewholeaffectionatenessofhisnature—hisconsiderationofothers,hisgentleness,hisdesire tomakethemhappy and to see them happy—seemed to come out in more andmorebeautifulandhabitualexpressionsthaneverbefore.Thelongday'spublic taskswerefelt tobedone; thecares, theuncertainties,thementalconflictsofhighplace,wereended;andhecamehometo

recoverhimselfforthefewyearswhichhemightstillexpectwouldbehisbeforeheshouldgohencetobeherenomore.Andthere,Iamassured and duly believe, no unbecoming regrets pursued him; nodiscontent, as for injustice suffered or expectations unfulfilled; noself-reproachforanythingdoneoranythingomittedbyhimself;noirritation,nopeevishnessunworthyofhisnoblenature;butinstead,love and hope for his country, when she became the subject ofconversation, and for all around him, the dearest and mostindifferent, for all breathing things about him, the overflowof thekindest heart growing in gentleness and benevolence—paternal,patriarchalaffections, seeming tobecomemorenatural,warm,andcommunicativeeveryhour.Softerandyetbrightergrewthetintsonthe skyofpartingday;and the last lingering rays,moreeven thanthe glories of noon, announced how divine was the source fromwhich theyproceeded;how incapable tobequenched;howcertaintoriseonamorningwhichnonightshouldfollow.

Such a characterwasmade to be loved. Itwas loved. Thosewhoknewandsawitinitshourofcalm—thosewhocouldreposeonthatsoftgreen—lovedhim.Hisplainneighborslovedhim;andonesaid,whenhewas laid inhis grave, "How lonesome theworld seems!"Educated young men loved him. The ministers of the gospel, thegeneral intelligenceof the country, themasses afaroft, lovedhim.True,theyhadnotfoundinhisspeeches,readbymillions,somuchadulationofthepeople;somuchofthemusicwhichrobsthepublicreasonofitself;somanyphrasesofhumanityandphilanthropy;andsomehadtoldthemhewasloftyandcold—solitaryinhisgreatness;buteveryyeartheycamenearerandnearertohim,andastheycamenearer, they loved him better; they heard how tender the son hadbeen, thehusband, thebrother, thefather, thefriend,andneighbor;that hewas plain, simple, natural, generous, hospitable—the heartlarger than the brain; that he loved little children and reverencedGod, theScriptures, theSabbath-day, theConstitution,and the law—and theirhearts claveuntohim.More trulyofhim thanevenofthegreatnavaldarlingofEnglandmightitbesaidthat"hispresencewould set the churchbells ringing, andgive schoolboys aholiday,wouldbring children from school andoldmen from the chimney-corner, to gaze on him ere he died." The great and unavailinglamentationsfirstrevealedthedeepplacehehadintheheartsofhis

countrymen.

You are now to add to this his extraordinary power of influencingthe convictions of others by speech, and you have completed thesurvey of themeans of his greatness. And here, again I begin byadmiring an aggregate made up of excellences and triumphs,ordinarilydeemedincompatible.Hespokewithconsummateabilitytothebench,andyetexactlyas,accordingtoeverysoundcanonoftaste and ethics, the bench ought to be addressed. He spoke withconsummate ability to the jury, and yet exactly as, according toevery sound canon, that totally different tribunal ought to beaddressed.InthehallsofCongress,beforethepeopleassembledforpolitical discussion in masses, before audiences smaller andmoreselect,assembledforsomesolemncommemorationofthepastorofthe dead—in each of these, again, his speech, of the first form ofability, was exactly adapted, also, to the critical properties of theplace;eachachieved,whendelivered, themost instantandspecificsuccessofeloquence—someof them inasplendidand remarkabledegree;andyet,strangerstill,whenreducedtowriting,astheyfellfromhis lips, theycomposeabodyof reading inmanyvolumes—solid, clear, rich, and full of harmony—a classical and permanentpoliticalliterature.

Andyetallthesemodesofhiseloquence,exactlyadaptedeachtoitsstageanditsend,werestampedwithhis imageandsuperscription,identified by characteristics incapable to be counterfeited andimpossibletobemistaken.Thesamehighpowerofreason,intentineveryonetoexploreanddisplaysometruth;sometruthofjudicial,or historical, or biographical fact; some truth of law, deduced byconstruction,perhaps,orby illation;sometruthofpolicy, forwantwhereof a nation, generations, may be the worse—reason seekingand unfolding truth; the same tone, in all, of deep earnestness,expressiveofstrongdesirethatwhathefelttobeimportantshouldbe accepted as true, and springup to action; the same transparent,plain,forcible,anddirectspeech,conveyinghisexactthoughttothemind—notsomethinglessormore;thesamesovereigntyofform,ofbrow, and eye, and tone, andmanner—everywhere the intellectualking of men, standing before you—that same marvelousness ofqualities and results, residing, I know not where, in words, in

pictures,intheorderingofideas,infelicitiesindescribable,bymeanswhereof,comingfromhistongue,allthingsseemedmended—truthseemedmoretrue,probabilitymoreplausible,greatnessmoregrand,goodness more awful, every affection more tender than whencomingfromothertongues—theseare,inall,hiseloquence.

But sometimes it became individualized and discriminated evenfrom itself; sometimes place and circumstances, great interests atstake, a stage, an audience fitted for the highest historic action, acrisis, personal or national, upon him, stirred the depths of thatemotionalnature,astheangerofthegoddessstirstheseaonwhichthe great epic is beginning; strong passions themselves kindled tointensity, quickened every faculty to a new life; the stimulatedassociationsofideasbroughtalltreasuresofthoughtandknowledgewithin command; the spell, which often held his imagination fast,dissolved,andshearoseandgavehimtochooseofherurnofgold;earnestness becamevehemence, the simple, perspicuous,measuredand direct language became a headlong, full, and burning tide ofspeech; the discourse of reason, wisdom, gravity, and beautychanged to that superhuman, that rarest consummate eloquence—grand, rapid, pathetic, terrible; the aliquid immensum infinitumquethatCiceromighthaverecognized;themastertriumphofmanintherarestopportunityofhisnoblepower.

Such elevation above himself, in congressional debate, was mostuncommon. Some such there were in the great discussions ofexecutivepowerfollowingtheremovalof thedeposits,whichtheywho heard them will never forget, and some which rest in thetraditionof hearers only.But therewere other fields of oratoryonwhich, under the influence of more uncommon springs ofinspiration, he exemplified, in still other forms, an eloquence inwhich I do not know that he has had a superior among men.Addressing masses by tens of thousands in the open air, on theurgent political questions of the day, or designed to lead themeditationsofanhourdevotedtotheremembranceofsomenationalera, or of some incident marking the progress of the nation, andlifting him up to a view of what is, and what is past, and someindistinct revelationof theglory that lies in the future,orof somegreathistoricalname,justbornebythenationtohistomb—wehave

learned that then and there, at the base ofBunkerHill, before thecorner-stonewaslaid,andagainwhenfromthefinishedcolumnthecenturies lookedonhim; inFaneuilHall,mourning for thosewithwhose spoken or written eloquence of freedom its arches had sooften resounded; on theRock of Plymouth; before theCapitol, ofwhichthereshallnotbeonestoneleftonanotherbeforehismemoryshallhaveceasedtolive—insuchscenes,unfetteredbythelawsofforensic or parliamentary debate, multitudes uncounted lifting uptheireyes tohim; somegreathistorical scenesofAmericaaround;allsymbolsofhergloryandartandpowerandfortunethere;voicesof the past, not unheard; shapes beckoning from the future, notunseen—sometimesthatmighty intellect,borneupwardtoaheightandkindledtoanilluminationwhichweshallseenomore,wroughtout,asitwere,inaninstantapictureofvision,warning,prediction;theprogressofthenation;thecontrastsofitseras;theheroicdeaths;themotivestopatriotism;themaximsandartsimperialbywhichthegloryhasbeengatheredandmaybeheightened—wroughtout,inaninstant,apicturetofadeonlywhenallrecordofourmindshalldie.

In looking over the public remains of his oratory, it is striking toremarkhow,eveninthatmostsoberandmassiveunderstandingandnature,youseegatheredandexpressedthecharacteristicsentimentsandthepassingtimeofourAmerica.Itisthestrongoldoakwhichascends before you; yet our soil, our heaven, are attested in it asperfectlyas if itwereaflower thatcouldgrowinnootherclimateandinnootherhouroftheyearorday.Letmeinstanceinonethingonly. It is a peculiarity of some schools of eloquence that theyembodyandutter,notmerelytheindividualgeniusandcharacterofthespeaker,butanationalconsciousness—anationalera,amood,ahope,adread,adespair—inwhichyoulistentothespokenhistoryof the time. There is an eloquence of an expiring nation, such asseems to sadden the glorious speech of Demosthenes; such asbreathesgrandandgloomyfromvisionsof theprophetsof thelastdaysof IsraelandJudah; suchasgavea spell to theexpressionofGrattanandofKossuth—thesweetest,mostmournful,mostawfulofthe words which man may utter, or which man may hear—theeloquenceofaperishingnation.

Thereisanothereloquence,inwhichthenationalconsciousnessofa

youngorrenewedandvaststrength,oftrustinadazzlingcertainandlimitless future, an inward glorying in victories yet to be won,sounds out as by voice of clarion, challenging to contest for thehighestprizeofearth;suchasthatinwhichtheleaderofIsraelinitsfirstdaysholdsup to thenewnation theLandofPromise;suchasthatwhichinthewell-imaginedspeechesscatteredbyLivyoverthehistory of the "majestic series of victories" speaks the Romanconsciousnessofgrowingaggrandizementwhichshouldsubjecttheworld;suchasthatthroughwhich,atthetribunesofherrevolution,in thebulletins of her rising soldiers,France told to theworldherdreamofglory.

Andof this kind somewhat is ours—cheerful, hopeful, trusting, asbefitsyouthandspring;theeloquenceofastatebeginningtoascendto the first class of power, eminence, and consideration, andconsciousofitself.Itistonopurposethattheytellyouitisinbadtaste; that it partakes of arrogance and vanity; that a true nationalgoodbreedingwouldnotknow,orseemtoknow,whetherthenationisoldoryoung;whetherthetidesofbeingareintheirfloworebb;whetherthesecoursersofthesunaresinkingslowlytorest,weariedwithajourneyofathousandyears,orjustboundingfromtheOrientunbreathed. Higher laws than those of taste determine theconsciousnessofnations.Higherlawsthanthoseoftastedeterminethe general forms of the expression of that consciousness. Let thedownward age ofAmerica find its orators and poets and artists toerectitsspirit,orgraceandsootheitsdying;beitourstogoupwithWebster to the Rock, the Monument, the Capitol, and bid "thedistantgenerationshail!"

Until the seventh day ofMarch, 1850, I think itwould have beenaccorded tohimbyanalmostuniversalacclaim,asgeneralandasexpressiveofprofoundandintelligentconvictionandofenthusiasm,love,andtrust,aseversalutedconspicuousstatesmanship, triedbymanycrisesofaffairsinagreatnation,agitatedeverbyparties,andwhollyfree.

ALBERTJ.BEVERIDGE

PASSPROSPERITYAROUND

DeliveredasTemporaryChairmanofProgressiveNationalConvention,Chicago,Ill.,June,1911.

WestandforanoblerAmerica.WestandforanundividedNation.Westandforabroaderliberty,afullerjustice.Westandforasocialbrotherhood as against savage individualism. We stand for anintelligent coöperation instead of a reckless competition.We standformutualhelpfulnessinsteadofmutualhatred.Westandforequalrightsasafactoflifeinsteadofacatch-wordofpolitics.Westandfortheruleofthepeopleasapracticaltruthinsteadofameaninglesspretense.We stand for a representative government that representsthepeople.Webattlefortheactualrightsofman.

Tocarryoutourprincipleswehaveaplainprogramofconstructivereform.Wemeantoteardownonlythatwhichiswrongandoutofdate; andwherewe teardownwemean tobuildwhat is right andfittedtothetimes.Weharkentothecallofthepresent.Wemeantomake laws fit conditions as they are and meet the needs of thepeoplewho are on earth to-day. Thatwemay do thiswe found aparty throughwhichallwhobelievewithuscanworkwithus;or,rather, we declare our allegiance to the party which the peoplethemselveshavefounded.

Forthispartycomesfromthegrassroots.Ithasgrownfromthesoilof the people's hard necessities. It has the vitality of the people'sstrongconvictions.Thepeoplehaveworktobedoneandourpartyisheretodothatwork.Abusewillonlystrengthenit,ridiculeonlyhasten its growth, falsehood only speed its victory. For years thispartyhasbeenforming.Partiesexistfor thepeople;not thepeopleforparties.Yetforyearsthepoliticianshavemadethepeopledothework of the parties instead of the parties doing the work of thepeople—andthepoliticiansowntheparties.Thepeoplevoteforonepartyandfindtheirhopesturnedtoashesontheirlips;andthentopunishthatparty,theyvotefortheotherparty.Soitisthatpartisanvictories have come to be merely the people's vengeance; andalwaysthesecretpowershaveplayedtheirgame.

Like other free people, most of us Americans are progressive orreactionary, liberal or conservative.Theneutrals donot count.Yetto-day neither of the old parties is either wholly progressive or

whollyreactionary.Democraticpoliticiansandofficeseekerssaytoreactionary Democratic voters that the Democratic party isreactionary enough to express reactionary views; and they say toprogressive Democrats that the Democratic party is progressiveenoughtoexpressprogressiveviews.Atthesametime,Republicanpoliticians and office seekers say the same thing about theRepublicanpartytoprogressiveandreactionaryRepublicanvoters.

Sometimes in both Democratic and Republican States theprogressives get control of the party locally and then thereactionaries recapture the same party in the same State; or thisprocessisreversed.Sothereisnonation-wideunityofprincipleineitherparty,nostabilityofpurpose,noclear-cutandsincereprogramof one party at frank and openwar with an equally clear-cut andsincereprogramofanopposingparty.

This unintelligent tangle is seen in Congress. Republican andDemocraticSenatorsandRepresentatives,believingalikeonbroadmeasuresaffectingthewholeRepublic,findithardtovotetogetherbecauseofthenominaldifferenceoftheirpartymembership.When,sometimes, under resistless conviction, they do vote together, wehave this foolish spectacle: legislators calling themselvesRepublicansandDemocratssupportthesamepolicy,theDemocraticlegislatorsdeclaring that thatpolicy isDemocratic andRepublicanlegislatorsdeclaringthatitisRepublican;andattheverysametimeotherDemocraticandRepublicanlegislatorsopposethatverysamepolicy, each of them declaring that it is not Democratic or notRepublican.

Theconditionmakesitimpossiblemostofthetime,andhardatanytime, for the people's legislators who believe in the same broadpoliciestoenactthemintological,comprehensivelaws.Itconfusesthe public mind. It breeds suspicion and distrust. It enables suchspecialinterestsasseekunjustgainatthepublicexpensetogetwhatthey want. It creates and fosters the degrading boss system inAmericanpoliticsthroughwhichthesespecialinterestswork.

This boss system is unknownand impossible under anyother freegovernment in theworld. In its very nature it is hostile to generalwelfare.Yet it hasgrownuntil it now is a controlling influence in

Americanpublicaffairs.Atthepresentmomentnotoriousbossesarein the saddleofbotholdparties invarious importantStateswhichmustbecarriedtoelectaPresident.ThisBlackHorseCavalryisthemost important force in the practical work of theDemocratic andRepublican parties in the present campaign. Neither of the oldparties' nominees for President can escape obligation to these old-party bosses or shake their practical hold on many and powerfulmembersoftheNationalLegislature.

Under this boss system, no matter which party wins, the peopleseldomwin;butthebossesalmostalwayswin.Andtheyneverworkfor thepeople.Theydonotevenwork for theparty towhich theybelong. They work only for those anti-public interests whosepolitical employees they are. It is these interests that are the realvictorsintheend.

These special interests which suck the people's substance are bi-partisan.Theyusebothparties.They are the invisiblegovernmentbehindourvisiblegovernment.Democratic andRepublicanbossesalike are brother officers of this hidden power. No matter howfiercelytheypretendtofightoneanotherbeforeelection,theyworktogether after election. And, acting so, this political conspiracy isable to delay, mutilate or defeat sound and needed laws for thepeople'swelfare and theprosperityofhonest business andeven toenact bad laws, hurtful to the people's welfare and oppressive tohonestbusiness.

ItisthisinvisiblegovernmentwhichistherealdangertoAmericaninstitutions. Its crude work at Chicago in June, which the peoplewere able to see, was no more wicked than its skillful workeverywhereandalwayswhichthepeoplearenotabletosee.

But an even more serious condition results from the unnaturalalignment of the old parties. To-day we Americans are politicallyshatteredbysectionalism.Throughthetwooldpartiesthetragedyofour history is continued; and one great geographical part of theRepublicisseparatedfromotherpartsoftheRepublicbyanillogicalpartisansolidarity.

TheSouthhasmenandwomenasgenuinelyprogressiveandothers

asgenuinelyreactionaryasthoseinotherpartsofourcountry.Yet,for well-known reasons, these sincere and honest southernprogressivesandreactionariesvotetogetherinasingleparty,whichisneitherprogressivenorreactionary.Theyvoteadeadtraditionanda local fear,nota livingconvictionandanational faith.TheyvotenotfortheDemocraticparty,butagainsttheRepublicanparty.Theywanttobefreefromthiscondition;theycanbefreefromitthroughtheNationalProgressiveparty.

For the problems which America faces to-day are economic andnational.Theyhavetodowithamorejustdistributionofprosperity.Theyconcernthelivingofthepeople;andthereforethemoredirectgovernmentofthepeoplebythemselves.

TheyaffecttheSouthexactlyastheyaffecttheNorth,theEastortheWest. It is an artificial and dangerous condition that prevents thesouthernman andwoman from actingwith the northernman andwoman who believe the same thing. Yet just that is what the oldpartiesdoprevent.

Notonlydoesthisout-of-datepartisanshipcutourNationintotwogeographicalsections;italsorobstheNationofapricelessassetofthought in working out our national destiny. The South once wasfamousforbrilliantandconstructivethinkingonnationalproblems,and to-day the South hasminds as brilliant and constructive as ofold.But southern intellect cannot freely and fully aid, in terms ofpolitics,thesolvingoftheNation'sproblems.Thisissobecauseofapartisansectionalismwhichhasnothingtodowiththoseproblems.Yettheseproblemscanbesolvedonlyintermsofpolitics.

The root of the wrongs which hurt the people is the fact that thepeople'sgovernmenthasbeentakenawayfromthem—theinvisiblegovernmenthasusurpedthepeople'sgovernment.Theirgovernmentmust be given back to the people.And so the first purpose of theProgressivepartyistomakesuretheruleofthepeople.Theruleofthepeoplemeansthatthepeoplethemselvesshallnominate,aswellaselect,allcandidatesforoffice,includingSenatorsandPresidentsoftheUnitedStates.Whatprofitethitthepeopleiftheydoonlytheelectingwhiletheinvisiblegovernmentdoesthenominating?

Theruleofthepeoplemeansthatwhenthepeople'slegislatorsmakea lawwhichhurts thepeople, thepeople themselvesmay reject it.The rule of the people means that when the people's legislatorsrefuse topassa lawwhich thepeopleneed, thepeople themselvesmay pass it. The rule of the peoplemeans that when the people'semployeesdonotdothepeople'sworkwellandhonestly,thepeoplemaydischargethemexactlyasabusinessmandischargesemployeeswhodonotdo theirworkwellandhonestly.Thepeople'sofficialsarethepeople'sservants,notthepeople'smasters.

We progressives believe in this rule of the people that the peoplethemselves may deal with their own destiny. Who knows thepeople'sneedssowellasthepeoplethemselves?Whosopatientasthe people?Who so long suffering, who so just?Who sowise tosolvetheirownproblems?

Today these problems concern the living of the people.Yet in thepresent stageofAmericandevelopment theseproblems shouldnotexistinthiscountry.For,inalltheworldthereisnolandsorichasours. Our fields can feed hundreds of millions. We have moreminerals than the whole of Europe. Invention has made easy theturningofthisvastnaturalwealthintosuppliesforall theneedsofman. One worker today can produce more than twenty workerscouldproduceacenturyago.

The people living in this land of gold are the most daring andresourcefulon theglobe.Coming from thehardiest stockof everynationoftheoldworldtheirveryhistoryinthenewworldhasmadeAmericans a peculiar people in courage, initiative, love of justiceandalltheelementsofindependentcharacter.

And, compared with other peoples, we are very few in numbers.There are only ninety millions of us, scattered over a continent.Germany has sixty-five millions packed in a country very muchsmaller than Texas. The population of Great Britain and Irelandcould be set down in California and still have more than enoughroomfor thepopulationofHolland. If thiscountrywereas thicklypeopled as Belgium there would be more than twelve hundredmillioninsteadofonlyninetymillionpersonswithinourborders.

Sowehavemorethanenoughtosupplyeveryhumanbeingbeneaththeflag.ThereoughtnottobeinthisRepublicasingledayofbadbusiness, a single unemployed workingman, a single unfed child.Americanbusinessmenshouldneverknowanhourofuncertainty,discouragementor fear;Americanworkingmenneveradayof lowwages, idlenessorwant.Hunger shouldneverwalk in these thinlypeopledgardensofplenty.

Andyetinspiteofallthesefavorswhichprovidencehasshoweredupon us, the living of the people is the problem of the hour.Hundredsof thousandsofhard-workingAmericans find itdifficulttogetenoughtoliveon.TheaverageincomeofanAmericanlaborerislessthan$500ayear.Withthishemustfurnishfood,shelterandclothingforafamily.

Women,whosenourishingandprotectionshouldbethefirstcareoftheState,notonlyaredrivenintothemightyarmyofwage-earners,butare forced toworkunderunfairanddegradingconditions.Theright of a child togrow into a normalhumanbeing is sacred; andyet, while small and poor countries, packed with people, haveabolished child labor,Americanmills,mines, factories and sweat-shopsaredestroyinghundredsofthousandsofAmericanchildreninbody,mindandsoul.

Atthesametimemenhavegraspedfortunesinthiscountrysogreatthat the human mind cannot comprehend their magnitude. Thesemountains of wealth are far larger than even that lavish rewardwhichnoonewoulddenytobusinessriskorgenius.

On the other hand, American business is uncertain and unsteadycompared with the business of other nations. American businessmen are the best and bravest in the world, and yet our businessconditionshampertheirenergiesandchilltheircourage.Wehavenopermanency in business affairs, no sure outlookupon the businessfuture. This unsettled state of American business prevents it fromrealizing for thepeople thatgreatandcontinuousprosperitywhichourcountry'slocation,vastwealthandsmallpopulationjustifies.

Wemean to remedy these conditions.Wemean not only tomakeprosperitysteady,buttogivetothemanywhoearnitajustshareof

thatprosperityinsteadofhelpingthefewwhodonotearnittotakeanunjustshare.Theprogressivemottois"Passprosperityaround."Tomakehumanlivingeasier,tofreethehandsofhonestbusiness,tomaketradeandcommercesoundandsteady,toprotectwomanhood,save childhood and restore the dignity ofmanhood—these are thetaskswemustdo.

What, then, is the progressive answer to these questions?We areabletogiveitspecificallyandconcretely.Thefirstworkbeforeusisthe revival of honest business. For business is nothing but theindustrial and trade activities of all the people. Men grow theproductsofthefield,cutripetimberfromtheforest,digmetalfromthemine,fashionallforhumanuse,carrythemtothemarketplaceand exchange them according to their mutual needs—and this isbusiness.

Withourvastadvantages,contrastedwiththevastdisadvantagesofothernations,Americanbusinessallthetimeshouldbethebestandsteadiestintheworld.Butitisnot.Germany,withshallowsoil,nomines, only awindowon the seas and apopulationmore than tentimes as dense as ours, yet has a sounder business, a steadierprosperity,amorecontentedbecausebettercaredforpeople.

What,then,mustwedotomakeAmericanbusinessbetter?Wemustdo what poorer nations have done. We must end the abuses ofbusiness by striking down those abuses instead of striking downbusiness itself. We must try to make little business big and allbusinesshonestinsteadofstrivingtomakebigbusinesslittleandyetlettingitremaindishonest.

Present-daybusiness isasunlikeold-timebusinessas theold-timeox-cartisunlikethepresent-daylocomotive.Inventionhasmadethewhole world over again. The railroad, telegraph, telephone haveboundthepeopleofmodernnationsintofamilies.Todothebusinessofthesecloselyknitmillionsineverymoderncountrygreatbusinessconcernscameintobeing.Whatwecallbigbusinessisthechildofthe economic progress of mankind. So warfare to destroy bigbusinessisfoolishbecauseitcannotsucceedandwickedbecauseitoughtnottosucceed.Warfaretodestroybigbusinessdoesnothurtbigbusiness,whichalwayscomesoutontop,somuchasithurtsall

otherbusinesswhich,insuchawarfare,nevercomesoutontop.

Withthegrowthofbigbusinesscamebusinessevilsjustasgreat.Itistheseevilsofbigbusinessthathurtthepeopleandinjureallotherbusiness.Oneofthesewrongsisovercapitalizationwhichtaxesthepeople's very living. Another is the manipulation of prices to theunsettlement of all normal business and to the people's damage.Another is interference in themakingof thepeople's laws and therunning of the people's government in the unjust interest of evilbusiness. Getting laws that enable particular interests to rob thepeople, and even to gather criminal riches fromhumanhealth andlifeisstillanother.

An example of such laws is the infamous tobacco legislation of1902, which authorized the Tobacco Trust to continue to collectfrom the people the Spanish War tax, amounting to a score ofmillionsofdollars,buttokeepthattaxinsteadofturningitovertothe government, as it had been doing. Another example is theshamefulmeat legislation,bywhichtheBeefTrusthadthemeat itsent abroad inspected by the government so that foreign countrieswouldtakeitsproductandyetwaspermittedtoselldiseasedmeattoourownpeople.ItisincrediblethatlawslikethesecouldevergetontheNation'sstatutebooks.Theinvisiblegovernmentputthemthere;and only the universalwrath of an enraged people corrected themwhen,afteryears,thepeoplediscoveredtheoutrages.

Itistogetjustsuchlawsastheseandtopreventthepassageoflawstocorrectthem,aswellastokeepoffthestatutebooksgenerallawswhich will end the general abuses of big business that these fewcriminal interestscorruptourpolitics, invest inpublicofficialsandkeep in power in both parties that type of politicians and partymanagerswhodebaseAmericanpolitics.

Behind rotten laws and preventing sound laws, stands the corruptboss; behind the corrupt boss stands the robber interest; andcommandingthesepowersofpillagestandsbloatedhumangreed.Itis this conspiracy of evil wemust overthrow if wewould get thehonestlawsweneed.ItisthisinvisiblegovernmentwemustdestroyifwewouldsaveAmericaninstitutions.

Othernationshaveendedtheverysamebusinessevilsfromwhichwesufferbyclearlydefiningbusinesswrong-doingandthenmakingitacriminaloffense,punishablebyimprisonment.Yettheseforeignnationsencouragebigbusinessitselfandfosterallhonestbusiness.Buttheydonottoleratedishonestbusiness,littleorbig.

What, then, shall we Americans do? Common sense and theexperience of the world says that we ought to keep the good bigbusinessdoes forusandstop thewrongs thatbigbusinessdoes tous. Yet we have done just the other thing.We have struck at bigbusinessitselfandhavenotevenaimedtostrikeattheevilsofbigbusiness. Nearly twenty-five years ago Congress passed a law togovern American business in the present time which ParliamentpassedinthereignofKingJamestogovernEnglishbusinessinthattime.

For a quarter of a century the courts have tried to make this lawwork.Yet during this very time trusts grewgreater innumber andpowerthaninthewholehistoryoftheworldbefore;andtheirevilsflourishedunhinderedandunchecked.Thesegreatbusinessconcernsgrewbecausenaturallawsmadethemgrowandartificiallawatwarwith natural law could not stop their growth.But their evils grewfaster than the trusts themselves because avarice nourished thoseevilsandnolawofanykindstoppedavaricefromnourishingthem.

Nor is this the worst. Under the shifting interpretation of theSherman law, uncertainty and fear is chilling the energies of thegreatbodyofhonestAmericanbusinessmen.As theSherman lawnow stands, no two businessmen can arrange theirmutual affairsand be sure that they are not law-breakers. This is the mainhindrance to the immediate and permanent revival of Americanbusiness. If German or English business men, with all theirdisadvantagescomparedwithouradvantages,weremanacledbyourSherman law, as it stands, they soon would be bankrupt. Indeed,foreignbusinessmendeclarethat,iftheircountrieshadsuchalaw,soadministered,theycouldnotdobusinessatall.

Eventhisisnotall.Bythedecreesofourcourts,undertheShermanlaw,thetwomightiesttrustsonearthhaveactuallybeenlicensed,inthe practical outcome, to go on doing every wrong they ever

committed. Under the decrees of the courts the Oil and TobaccoTrustsstillcanraisepricesunjustlyandalreadyhavedoneso.Theystill can issuewatered stock and surelywill do so. They still canthrottle other businessmen and theUnitedCigar StoresCompanynowisdoingso.Theystillcancorruptourpoliticsandthismomentareindulginginthatpractice.

Thepeoplearetiredofthismockbattlewithcriminalcapital.Theydonotwanttohurtbusiness,buttheydowanttogetsomethingdoneaboutthetrustquestionthatamountstosomething.Whatgooddoesit do any man to read in his morning paper that the courts have"dissolved"theOilTrust,andthenreadinhiseveningpaperthathemustthereafterpayahigherpriceforhisoilthaneverbefore?Whatgooddoesitdothelaborerwhosmokeshispipetobetoldthatthecourtshave"dissolved"theTobaccoTrustandyetfindthathemustpaythesameorahigherpriceforthesameshort-weightpackageoftobacco?Yetallthisisthepracticalresultofthesuitsagainstthesetwogreatesttrustsintheworld.

Such business chaos and legal paradoxes as American businesssuffersfromcanbefoundnowhereelseintheworld.Rivalnationsdonotfastenlegalballandchainupontheirbusiness—no,theyputwingsonitsflyingfeet.Rivalnationsdonottelltheirbusinessmenthat if they go forward with legitimate enterprise the penitentiarymaybetheirgoal.No!Rivalnationstelltheirbusinessmenthatsolong as they do honest business their governmentswill not hinderbutwillhelpthem.

Buttheserivalnationsdotelltheirbusinessmenthatiftheydoanyevil that ourbusinessmendo, prisonbars await them.These rivalnationsdotelltheirbusinessmenthatiftheyissuewateredstockorcheatthepeopleinanyway,prisoncellswillbetheirhomes.

Just this is what all honest American business wants; just this iswhatdishonestAmericanbusinessdoesnotwant; just this iswhatthe American people propose to have; just this the nationalRepublicanplatformof1908pledgedthepeoplethatwewouldgivethem; and just this important pledge the administration, electedonthatplatform,repudiatedas it repudiated themore immediate tariffpledge.

Both these reforms, so vital to honest American business, theProgressivepartywillaccomplish.Neitherevilinterestsnorrecklessdemagoguescanswerveusfromourpurpose;forwearefreefrombothandfearneither.

WemeantoputnewbusinesslawsonourstatutebookswhichwilltellAmericanbusinessmenwhattheycandoandwhattheycannotdo.Wemeantomakeourbusinesslawsclearinsteadoffoggy—tomakethemplainlystate justwhat thingsarecriminalandwhatarelawful.Andwemean that the penalty for things criminal shall beprison sentences that actually punish the real offender, instead ofmoneyfinesthathurtnobodybutthepeople,whomustpaythemintheend.

And then we mean to send the message forth to hundreds ofthousands of brilliant minds and brave hearts engaged in honestbusiness,thattheyarenotcriminalsbuthonorablemenintheirworktomake good business in this Republic. Sure of victory, we evennow say, "Go forward, American business men, and know thatbehind you, supporting you, encouraging you, are the power andapprovalofthegreatestpeopleunderthesun.Goforward,Americanbusinessmen,andfeedfullthefiresbeneathAmericanfurnaces;andgiveemploymenttoeveryAmericanlaborerwhoasksforwork.Goforward, American business men, and capture the markets of theworld for American trade; and know that on the wings of yourcommerce you carry liberty throughout the world and to everyinhabitantthereof.Goforward,Americanbusinessmen,andrealizethat in the time tocome it shallbesaidofyou,as it is saidof thehandthatroundedPeter'sDome,'hebuildedbetterthanheknew.'"

The next great business reformwemust have to steadily increaseAmericanprosperityistochangethemethodofbuildingourtariffs.The tariff must be taken out of politics and treated as a businessquestioninsteadofasapoliticalquestion.Heretofore,wehavedonejust theother thing.That iswhyAmericanbusiness isupset everyfew years by unnecessary tariff upheavals and is weakened byuncertaintyintheperiodsbetween.Thegreatestneedofbusinessiscertainty;buttheonlythingcertainaboutourtariffisuncertainty.

What, then, shall we do to make our tariff changes strengthen

business instead of weakening business? Rival protective tariffnationshaveanswered thatquestion.Commonsensehasansweredit. Next to our need to make the Sherman law modern,understandable and just, our greatest fiscal need is a genuine,permanent,non-partisantariffcommission.

Fiveyearsago,when thefight for thisgreatbusinessmeasurewasbegun in theSenate thebosses of bothpartieswere against it. So,when the last revisionof the tariffwasonanda tariffcommissionmighthavebeenwrittenintothetarifflaw,theadministrationwouldnot aid this reform. When two years later the administrationsupporteditweakly,thebi-partisanbosssystemkilledit.Therehasnot been andwill not be any sincere and honest effort by the oldpartiestogetatariffcommission.Therehasnotbeenandwillnotbeanysincereandhonestpurposebythosepartiestotakethetariffoutofpolitics.

Forthetariffinpoliticsistheexcuseforthoseshampoliticalbattleswhichgivethespoilerstheiropportunity.Thetariffinpoliticsisoneof the invisiblegovernment'smethodsofwringing tribute fromthepeople. Through the tariff in politics the beneficiaries of tariffexcessesarecaredfor,nomatterwhichpartyis"revising."

WhohasforgottenthetariffscandalsthatmadePresidentClevelanddenounce theWilson-Gorman bill as "a perfidy and a dishonor?"Who ever can forget the brazen robberies forced into the Payne-Aldrich bill whichMr. Taft defended as "the best ever made?" Ifeveryoneelseforgetsthesethingstheintereststhatprofitedbythemneverwill forget them.Thebossesand lobbyists thatgrewrichbyputting them through never will forget them. That is why theinvisiblegovernmentanditsagentswanttokeeptheoldmethodoftariff building. For, though such tariff "revisions" may make leanyears for thepeople, theymake fatyears for thepowersofpillageandtheiragents.

Soneitheroftheoldpartiescanhonestlycarryoutanytariffpolicieswhich they pledge the people to carry out.But even if they couldandeveniftheyweresincere,theoldpartyplatformsareinerrorontariff policy. TheDemocratic platform declares for free trade; butfree trade iswrong and ruinous. TheRepublican platform permits

extortion; but tariff extortion is robbery by law. The Progressiveparty is for honest protection; and honest protection is right and aconditionofAmericanprosperity.

A tariff high enough to give American producers the Americanmarketwhentheymakehonestgoodsandsellthemathonestpricesbut low enough that when they sell dishonest goods at dishonestprices, foreign competition can correct both evils; a tariff highenough to enable American producers to pay our workingmenAmericanwagesandsoarrangedthattheworkingmenwillgetsuchwages; a business tariff whose changes will be so made as toreassurebusiness insteadofdisturbing it—this is the tariff and themethod of itsmaking inwhich the Progressive party believes, forwhichitdoesbattleandwhichitproposestowriteintothelawsoftheland.

The Payne-Aldrich tariff law must be revised immediately inaccordance to these principles. At the same time a genuine,permanent,non-partisantariffcommissionmustbefixedinthelawasfirmlyastheInterstateCommerceCommission.Neitheroftheoldparties can do thiswork. For neither of the old parties believes insuch a tariff; and, what is more serious, special privilege is toothoroughlywovenintothefiberofbotholdpartiestoallowthemtomake such a tariff. The Progressive party only is free from theseinfluences. The Progressive party only believes in the sincereenactmentof a sound tariff policy.TheProgressivepartyonly canchangethetariffasitmustbechanged.

These are samples of the reforms in the laws of business that weintend to put on the Nation's statute books. But there are otherquestions as important and pressing that we mean to answer bysoundandhumane laws.Child labor in factories,mills,minesandsweat-shopsmustbeendedthroughouttheRepublic.Suchlaborisacrime against childhood because it prevents the growth of normalmanhoodandwomanhood.ItisacrimeagainsttheNationbecauseitprevents thegrowthofahostof children into strong,patriotic andintelligentcitizens.

OnlytheNationcanstopthisindustrialvice.TheStatescannotstopit.TheStatesneverstoppedanynationalwrong—andchildlaboris

anationalwrong.ToleaveittotheStatealoneisunjusttobusiness;forifsomeStatesstopitandotherStatesdonot,businessmenoftheformer are at a disadvantage with the business men of the latter,becausetheymustsellinthesamemarketgoodsmadebymanhoodlabor at manhood wages in competition with goods made bychildhood labor at childhood wages. To leave it to the States isunjust to manhood labor; for childhood labor in any State lowersmanhood labor in every State, because the product of childhoodlabor in anyState competeswith theproduct ofmanhood labor ineveryState.ChildrenworkersattheloomsinSouthCarolinameansbayonetsatthebreastsofmenandwomenworkersinMassachusettswho strike for livingwages. Let the States dowhat they can, andmorepower to their arm;but let theNationdowhat it shouldandcleanseourflagfromthisstain.

Modern industrialism has changed the status of women. Womennowarewageearnersinfactories,storesandotherplacesoftoil.Inhoursoflaborandallthephysicalconditionsofindustrialefforttheymustcompetewithmen.And theymustdo it at lowerwages thanmenreceive—wageswhich,inmostcases,arenotenoughforthesewomenworkerstoliveon.

This is inhumanand indecent. It is unsocial anduneconomic. It isimmoral and unpatriotic. Toward women the Progressive partyproclaims the chivalry of the State.We propose to protectwomenwage-earnersbysuitablelaws,anexampleofwhichistheminimumwageforwomenworkers—awagewhichshallbehighenoughtoatleastbuyclothing,foodandshelterforthewomantoiler.

The care of the aged is one of the most perplexing problems ofmodern life. How is the workingman with less than five hundreddollars a year, and with earning power waning as his own yearsadvance,toprovideforagedparentsorotherrelativesinadditiontofurnishingfood,shelterandclothingforhiswifeandchildren?Whatis tobecomeof thefamilyof the laboringmanwhosestrengthhasbeen sapped by excessive toil andwho has been thrown upon theindustrialscrapheap?Itisquestionslikethesewemustanswerifweare to justify free institutions. They are questions to which themasses of people are chained as to a body of death.And they arequestionswhichotherandpoorernationsareanswering.

We progressives mean that America shall answer them. TheProgressive party is the helping hand to those whom a viciousindustrialismhasmaimedandcrippled.Wearefortheconservationofournaturalresources;butevenmorewearefortheconservationof human life.Our forests,water power andminerals are valuableandmustbesavedfromthespoilers;butmen,womenandchildrenaremorevaluableandthey,too,mustbesavedfromthespoilers.

Becausewomen, asmuch asmen, are a part of our economic andsociallife,women,asmuchasmen,shouldhavethevotingpowertosolvealleconomicandsocialproblems.Votesforwomenaretheirsasamatterofnaturalrightalone;votesforwomenshouldbetheirsasamatterofpoliticalwisdomalso.Aswage-earners, theyshouldhelptosolvethelaborproblem;aspropertyownerstheyshouldhelptosolvethetaxproblem;aswivesandmotherstheyshouldhelptosolve all the problems that concern the home.And thatmeans allnationalproblems;fortheNationabidesatthefireside.

IfitissaidthatwomencannothelpdefendtheNationintimeofwarand therefore that they should not help to determine the Nation'sdestiniesintimeofpeace,theansweristhatwomensufferandservein time of conflict as much as men who carry muskets. And thedeeper answer is that those who bear the Nation's soldiers are asmuchtheNation'sdefendersastheirsons.

Publicspokesmenfortheinvisiblegovernmentsaythatmanyofourreforms are unconstitutional.The samekindofmen said the samethingofeveryefforttheNationhasmadetoendnationalabuses.Butin every case, whether in the courts, at the ballot box, or on thebattlefield,thevitalityoftheConstitutionwasvindicated.

TheProgressivepartybelievesthattheConstitutionisalivingthing,growingwith the people's growth, strengtheningwith the people'sstrength,aiding thepeople in theirstruggle for life, libertyand thepursuitofhappiness,permittingthepeopletomeetalltheirneedsasconditionschange.TheoppositionbelievesthattheConstitutionisadeadform,holdingbackthepeople'sgrowth,shacklingthepeople'sstrengthbutgivingafreehandtomalignpowersthatpreyuponthepeople.ThefirstwordsoftheConstitutionare"Wethepeople,"andthey declare that the Constitution's purpose is "to form a perfect

Union and to promote the general welfare." To do just that is theveryheartoftheprogressivecause.

TheProgressivepartyassertsanew thevitalityof theConstitution.We believe in the true doctrine of states' rights,which forbids theNation from interfering with states' affairs, and also forbids thestates from interfering with national affairs. The combinedintelligenceandcompositeconscienceoftheAmericanpeopleisasirresistibleas it is righteous;and theConstitutiondoesnotpreventthatforcefromworkingoutthegeneralwelfare.

Fromcertainsourceswehearpreachmentsabout thedangerofourreformstoAmericaninstitutions.Whatis thepurposeofAmericaninstitutions?WhywasthisRepublicestablished?Whatdoestheflagstandfor?Whatdothesethingsmean?

Theymeanthatthepeopleshallbefreetocorrecthumanabuses.

Theymean thatmen,women and children shall not be denied theopportunitytogrowstrongerandnobler.

Theymean that thepeople shall have thepower tomakeour landeachdayabetterplacetolivein.

Theymeantherealitiesoflibertyandnottheacademicsoftheory.

Theymeantheactualprogressoftheraceintangibleitemsofdailylivingandnotthetheoreticsofbarrendisputation.

If they do not mean these things they are as sounding brass andtinklingcymbals.

ANationofstrong,uprightmenandwomen;aNationofwholesomehomes,realizing thebest ideals;aNationwhosepower isglorifiedby its justice and whose justice is the conscience of scores ofmillionsofGod-fearingpeople—that is theNationthepeopleneedandwant.AndthatistheNationtheyshallhave.

ForneverdoubtthatweAmericanswillmakegoodtherealmeaningofourinstitutions.Neverdoubtthatwewillsolve,inrighteousnessandwisdom,everyvexingproblem.Neverdoubtthatintheend,thehand from above that leads us upward will prevail over the hand

frombelowthatdragsusdownward.NeverdoubtthatweareindeedaNationwhoseGodistheLord.

And, so, never doubt that a braver, fairer, cleaner America surelywill come; that a better and brighter life for all beneath the flagsurelywillbeachieved.Thosewhonowscoffsoonwillpray.Thosewhonowdoubtsoonwillbelieve.

Soonthenightwillpass;andwhen,totheSentinelontherampartsof Liberty the anxious ask: "Watchman, what of the night?" hisanswerwillbe"Lo,themornappeareth."

Knowing the price wemust pay, the sacrifice wemust make, theburdenswemustcarry,theassaultswemustendure—knowingfullwellthecost—yetweenlist,andweenlistforthewar.Forweknowthejusticeofourcause,andweknow,too,itscertaintriumph.

Notreluctantlythen,buteagerly,notwithfaintheartsbutstrong,dowenowadvanceupon theenemiesof thepeople.For thecall thatcomestousisthecallthatcametoourfathers.Astheyrespondedsoshallwe.

"Hehathsoundedforthatrumpetthatshallnevercallretreat,HeissiftingouttheheartsofmenbeforeHisjudgmentseat.Oh,beswiftoursoulstoanswerHim,bejubilantourfeet,

OurGodismarchingon."

RUSSELLCONWELL

ACRESOFDIAMONDS[40]

Iamastonished that somanypeopleshouldcare tohear this storyoveragain.Indeed,thislecturehasbecomeastudyinpsychology;itoften breaks all rules of oratory, departs from the precepts ofrhetoric, and yet remains the most popular of any lecture I havedeliveredintheforty-fouryearsofmypubliclife.Ihavesometimesstudiedforayearuponalectureandmadecarefulresearch,andthenpresented the lecture just once—neverdelivered it again. I put toomuch work on it. But this had no work on it—thrown togetherperfectlyatrandom,spokenoffhandwithoutanyspecialpreparation,anditsucceedswhenthethingwestudy,workover,adjusttoaplan,isanentirefailure.

The"AcresofDiamonds"whichIhavementionedthroughsomanyyears are to be found in Philadelphia, and you are to find them.Many have found them. And what man has done, man can do. IcouldnotfindanythingbettertoillustratemythoughtthanastoryIhavetoldoverandoveragain,andwhichisnowfoundinbooksinnearlyeverylibrary.

In1870wewentdowntheTigrisRiver.WehiredaguideatBagdadto show us Persepolis, Nineveh and Babylon, and the ancientcountries of Assyria as far as the Arabian Gulf. He was wellacquaintedwiththeland,buthewasoneofthoseguideswholovetoentertain their patrons; he was like a barber that tells you manystories in order to keep your mind off the scratching and thescraping.HetoldmesomanystoriesthatIgrewtiredofhistelling

them and I refused to listen—looked away whenever hecommenced; that made the guide quite angry. I remember thattoward eveninghe tookhisTurkish capoff his headand swung itaroundintheair.ThegestureIdidnotunderstandandIdidnotdarelookathimforfearIshouldbecomethevictimofanotherstory.But,althoughIamnotawoman,Ididlook,andtheinstantIturnedmyeyesupon thatworthyguidehewasoffagain.Saidhe, "Iwill tellyouastorynowwhichreserveformyparticularfriends!"Sothen,counting myself a particular friend, I listened, and I have alwaysbeengladIdid.

He said there once lived not far from the River Indus an ancientPersianby the nameofAlHafed.He said thatAlHafedowned avery large farmwith orchards, grain fields and gardens.Hewas acontentedandwealthyman—contentedbecausehewaswealthy,andwealthy because he was contented. One day there visited this oldfarmeroneofthoseancientBuddhistpriests,andhesatdownbyAlHafed's fire and told that old farmer how this world of ours wasmade.Hesaidthatthisworldwasonceamerebankoffog,whichisscientifically true, and he said that the Almighty thrust his fingerinto the bank of fog and then began slowly to move his fingeraroundandgraduallytoincreasethespeedofhisfingeruntilatlasthe whirled that bank of fog into a solid ball of fire, and it wentrolling through theuniverse,burning itsway throughothercosmicbanks of fog, until it condensed the moisture without, and fell infloodsofrainupontheheatedsurfaceandcooledtheoutwardcrust.Then the internal flamesburst through thecoolingcrustand threwupthemountainsandmadethehillsofthevalleyofthiswonderfulworldofours.Ifthisinternalmeltedmassburstoutandcopiedveryquickly it became granite; that which cooled less quickly becamesilver;and lessquickly,gold;andaftergolddiamondsweremade.Saidtheoldpriest,"Adiamondisacongealeddropofsunlight."

This isascientific truthalso.Youallknowthatadiamond ispurecarbon, actually deposited sunlight—and he said another thing Iwouldnotforget:hedeclaredthatadiamondisthelastandhighestof God'smineral creations, as a woman is the last and highest ofGod's animal creations. I suppose that is the reason why the twohavesuchalikingforeachother.Andtheoldpriest toldAlHafed

that if he had a handful of diamonds he could purchase a wholecountry, andwith amine of diamonds he could place his childrenupon thrones through the influenceof theirgreatwealth.AlHafedheardallaboutdiamondsandhowmuchtheywereworth,andwenttohisbedthatnightapoorman—notthathehadlostanything,butpoor because he was discontented and discontented because hethoughthewaspoor.Hesaid:"Iwantamineofdiamonds!"Sohelayawakeallnight,andearlyinthemorningsoughtoutthepriest.NowIknowfromexperiencethatapriestwhenawakenedearlyinthemorningiscross.Heawokethatpriestoutofhisdreamsandsaidto him, "Will you tellmewhere I can find diamonds?"The priestsaid,"Diamonds?Whatdoyouwantwithdiamonds?""Iwanttobeimmensely rich," said Al Hafed, "but I don't knowwhere to go.""Well,"saidthepriest,"ifyouwillfindariverthatrunsoverwhitesand between highmountains, in those sands youwill always seediamonds." "Do you really believe that there is such a river?""Plentyof them,plentyof them; all youhave todo is just go andfind them, thenyouhave them."AlHafedsaid, "Iwillgo."Sohesold his farm, collected his money at interest, left his family inchargeofaneighbor,andawayhewentinsearchofdiamonds.Hebegan very properly, tomymind, at theMountains of theMoon.Afterwards he went around into Palestine, then wandered on intoEurope, and at lastwhen hismoneywas all spent, and hewas inrags,wretchednessandpoverty,hestoodontheshoreofthatbayinBarcelona,Spain,whenatidalwavecamerollingthroughthePillarsofHerculesandthepoorafflicted,sufferingmancouldnotresisttheawfultemptationtocasthimselfintothatincomingtide,andhesankbeneathitsfoamingcrest,nevertoriseinthislifeagain.

Whenthatoldguidehadtoldmethatverysadstory,hestoppedthecamelIwasridingandwentbacktofixthebaggageononeoftheother camels, and I remember thinking to myself, "Why did hereserve that for his particular friends?" There seemed to be nobeginning,middleor end—nothing to it.Thatwas the first story Iever heard told or read in which the hero was killed in the firstchapter. Ihadbutonechapterof thatstoryand theherowasdead.When the guide came back and took up the halter of my camelagain,hewentrightonwiththesamestory.HesaidthatAlHafed'ssuccessor led his camel out into the garden to drink, and as that

camelputitsnosedownintotheclearwaterofthegardenbrookAlHafed'ssuccessornoticedacuriousflashoflightfromthesandsofthe shallow stream, and reaching in he pulled out a black stonehavinganeyeoflightthatreflectedallthecolorsoftherainbow,andhetookthatcuriouspebbleintothehouseandleftitonthemantel,thenwentonhiswayandforgotallaboutit.Afewdaysafterthat,thissameoldpriestwho toldAlHafedhowdiamondsweremade,cameintovisithissuccessor,whenhesawthatflashoflightfromthemantel.He rushedup and said, "Here is adiamond—here is adiamond! Has Al Hafed returned?" "No, no; Al Hafed has notreturnedand that isnotadiamond; that isnothingbuta stone;wefounditrightouthereinourgarden.""ButIknowadiamondwhenIseeit,"saidhe;"thatisadiamond!"

Then together they rushed to the garden and stirred up the whitesands with their fingers and found others more beautiful, morevaluable diamonds than the first, and thus, said the guide to me,were discovered the diamond mines of Golconda, the mostmagnificentdiamondminesinallthehistoryofmankind,exceedingthe Kimberley in its value. The great Kohinoor diamond inEngland'scrown jewelsand the largestcrowndiamondonearth inRussia'scrownjewels,whichIhadoftenhopedshewouldhave tosell before they had peace with Japan, came from that mine, andwhen the old guide had called my attention to that wonderfuldiscoveryhe tookhisTurkishcapoffhisheadagainandswung itaround in the air to call my attention to the moral. Those Arabguideshaveamoraltoeachstory,thoughthestoriesarenotalwaysmoral.Hesaid,hadAlHafedremainedathomeandduginhisowncellar or in his own garden, instead of wretchedness, starvation,poverty and death in a strange land, hewould have had "acres ofdiamonds"—for every acre, yes, every shovelful of that old farmafterwardsrevealedthegemswhichsincehavedecoratedthecrownsofmonarchs.Whenhehadgiventhemoraltohisstory,Isawwhyhehadreservedthisstoryforhis"particularfriends."Ididn'ttellhimIcouldseeit;IwasnotgoingtotellthatoldArabthatIcouldseeit.ForitwasthatmeanoldArab'swayofgoingaroundathing,likealawyer,andsayingindirectlywhathedidnotdaresaydirectly,thattherewas a certain youngman that day traveling down the TigrisRiver thatmight better be at home inAmerica. I didn't tell him I

couldseeit.

Itoldhimhisstoryremindedmeofone,andItoldittohimquick.Itold him about thatmanout inCalifornia,who, in 1847, owned aranchoutthere.HereadthatgoldhadbeendiscoveredinSouthernCalifornia,andhesoldhisranchtoColonelSutterandstartedofftohunt forgold.ColonelSutterput amillon the little stream in thatfarm and one day his little girl brought some wet sand from theracewayof themill into the house and placed it before the fire todry, and as that sandwas falling through the little girl's fingers avisitor saw the first shining scales of real gold that were everdiscoveredinCalifornia;andthemanwhowantedthegoldhadsoldthis ranch and gone away, never to return. I delivered this lecturetwo years ago inCalifornia, in the city that stands near that farm,andtheytoldmethatthemineisnotexhaustedyet,andthataone-thirdownerof thatfarmhasbeengettingduringtheserecentyearstwentydollarsofgoldeveryfifteenminutesofhis life,sleepingorwaking.Why,youandIwouldenjoyanincomelikethat!

But thebest illustration that Ihavenowof this thoughtwas foundhereinPennsylvania.TherewasamanlivinginPennsylvaniawhoowneda farmhereandhedidwhat I shoulddo if Ihada farm inPennsylvania—he sold it. But before he sold it he concluded tosecure employment collecting coal oil for his cousin in Canada.Theyfirstdiscoveredcoaloil there.SothisfarmerinPennsylvaniadecided that he would apply for a position with his cousin inCanada.Now,yousee,thisfarmerwasnotaltogetherafoolishman.Hedidnotleavehisfarmuntilhehadsomethingelsetodo.Ofallthesimpletons thestarsshineon there isnonemore foolish thanamanwho leaves one job before he has obtained another.And thathas especial reference to gentlemen ofmy profession, and has noreferencetoamanseekingadivorce.SoIsaythisoldfarmerdidnotleaveonejobuntilhehadobtainedanother.HewrotetoCanada,buthiscousinrepliedthathecouldnotengagehimbecausehedidnotknowanythingabouttheoilbusiness."Well, then,"saidhe,"Iwillunderstand it."Sohesethimselfat thestudyof thewholesubject.Hebeganat the seconddayof the creation, he studied the subjectfromtheprimitivevegetationtothecoaloilstage,untilheknewallabout it.Thenhewrote tohiscousinandsaid, "NowIunderstand

the oil business." And his cousin replied to him, "All right, then,comeon."

That man, by the record of the county, sold his farm for eighthundred and thirty-three dollars—evenmoney, "no cents."He hadscarcelygonefromthatfarmbeforethemanwhopurchaseditwentout to arrange for the watering the cattle and he found that theprevious owner had arranged the matter very nicely. There is astreamrunningdownthehillsidethere,andthepreviousownerhadgoneoutandputaplankacross that streamatanangle,extendingacrossthebrookanddownedgewiseafewinchesunderthesurfaceof the water. The purpose of the plank across that brook was tothrowovertotheotherbankadreadful-lookingscumthroughwhichthe cattle would not put their noses to drink above the plank,althoughtheywoulddrinkthewaterononesidebelowit.Thusthatmanwhohadgone toCanadahadbeenhimselfdammingbackfortwenty-three years a flowof coal oilwhich theStateGeologist ofPennsylvaniadeclaredofficially,asearlyas1870,wasthenworthtoourState ahundredmillionsofdollars.ThecityofTitusvillenowstandson that farmand thosePleasantvillewells flowon,and thatfarmer who had studied all about the formation of oil since thesecond day ofGod's creation clear down to the present time, soldthatfarmfor$833,nocents—againIsay,"nosense."

But I need another illustration, and I found that inMassachusetts,andIamsorryIdid,becausethatismyoldState.ThisyoungmanImentionwentoutoftheStatetostudy—wentdowntoYaleCollegeandstudiedMinesandMining.Theypaidhimfifteendollarsaweekduring his last year for training students who were behind theirclasses inmineralogy, out of hours, of course, while pursuing hisownstudies.Butwhenhegraduatedtheyraisedhispayfromfifteendollarstoforty-fivedollarsandofferedhimaprofessorship.Thenhewentstraighthometohismotherandsaid,"Mother,Iwon'tworkforforty-fivedollarsaweek.Whatisforty-fivedollarsaweekforamanwithabrain likemine!Mother, let'sgoout toCaliforniaandstakeoutgoldclaimsandbeimmenselyrich.""Now,"saidhismother,"itisjustaswelltobehappyasitistoberich."

But as hewas the only son he had hisway—they always do; andthey sold out in Massachusetts and went toWisconsin, where he

wentintotheemployoftheSuperiorCopperMiningCompany,andhe was lost from sight in the employ of that company at fifteendollarsaweekagain.Hewasalsotohaveaninterest inanyminesthatheshoulddiscoverfor thatcompany.ButIdonotbelieve thathehaseverdiscoveredamine—Idonotknowanythingaboutit,butIdonotbelievehehas. Iknowhehadscarcelygonefromtheoldhomestead before the farmerwho had bought the homesteadwentouttodigpotatoes,andashewasbringingthemininalargebasketthroughthefrontgateway, theendsof thestonewallcamesoneartogetheratthegatethatthebaskethuggedverytight.Sohesetthebasketon thegroundandpulled, firstonone sideand thenon theotherside.OurfarmsinMassachusettsaremostlystonewalls,andthe farmershave tobe economicalwith their gateways inorder tohavesomeplacetoputthestones.Thatbaskethuggedsotighttherethatashewashaulingitthroughhenoticedintheupperstonenextthe gate a block of native silver, eight inches square; and thisprofessorofminesandminingandmineralogy,whowouldnotworkfor forty-five dollars a week, when he sold that homestead inMassachusetts, sat righton thatstone tomake thebargain.Hewasbroughtupthere;hehadgonebackandforthbythatpieceofsilver,rubbed itwith his sleeve, and it seemed to say, "Come now, now,now,hereisahundredthousanddollars.Whynottakeme?"Buthewould not take it. Therewas no silver inNewburyport; itwas allawayoff—well,Idon'tknowwhere;hedidn't,butsomewhereelse—andhewasaprofessorofmineralogy.

I do not know of anything I would enjoy better than to take thewhole time to-night telling of blunders like that I have heardprofessorsmake.YetIwishIknewwhatthatmanisdoingoutthereinWisconsin.Icanimaginehimoutthere,ashesitsbyhisfireside,andheissayingtohisfriends,"DoyouknowthatmanConwellthatlivesinPhiladelphia?""Oh,yes,Ihaveheardofhim.""AnddoyouknowthatmanJones that lives in thatcity?""Yes, Ihaveheardofhim."Andthenhebeginstolaughandlaughandsaystohisfriends,"TheyhavedonethesamethingIdid,precisely."Andthatspoilsthewholejoke,becauseyouandIhavedoneit.

Ninetyoutofeveryhundredpeopleherehavemadethatmistakethisveryday.Isayyououghttoberich;youhavenorighttobepoor.To

liveinPhiladelphiaandnotberichisamisfortune,anditisdoublyamisfortune,becauseyoucouldhavebeenrichjustaswellasbepoor.Philadelphiafurnishessomanyopportunities.Yououghttoberich.Butpersonswithcertainreligiousprejudicewillask,"Howcanyouspendyourtimeadvisingtherisinggenerationtogivetheirtimetogettingmoney—dollarsandcents—thecommercialspirit?"

YetImustsaythatyououghttospendtimegettingrich.YouandIknow there are some thingsmorevaluable thanmoney; of course,we do.Ah, yes! By a heartmade unspeakably sad by a grave onwhich the autumn leaves now fall, I know there are some thingshigher and grander and sublimer than money.Well does the manknow, who has suffered, that there are some things sweeter andholierandmoresacredthangold.Nevertheless,themanofcommonsensealsoknowsthatthereisnotanyoneofthosethingsthatisnotgreatlyenhancedbytheuseofmoney.Moneyispower.LoveisthegrandestthingonGod'searth,butfortunatetheloverwhohasplentyofmoney.Moneyispower;moneyhaspowers;andforamantosay,"Idonotwantmoney," is tosay,"Idonotwishtodoanygoodtomyfellowmen." It isabsurd thus to talk. It isabsurd todisconnectthem.Thisisawonderfullygreatlife,andyououghttospendyourtimegettingmoney,becauseofthepowerthereisinmoney.AndyetthisreligiousprejudiceissogreatthatsomepeoplethinkitisagreathonortobeoneofGod'spoor.Iamlookinginthefacesofpeoplewhothinkjustthatway.Iheardamanoncesayinaprayermeetingthat he was thankful that he was one of God's poor, and then Isilently wondered what his wife would say to that speech, as shetookinwashingtosupportthemanwhilehesatandsmokedontheveranda. I don'twant to see anymore of that land ofGod's poor.Now,whenamancouldhavebeenrichjustaswell,andheisnowweakbecauseheispoor,hehasdonesomegreatwrong;hehasbeenuntruthful to himself; he has been unkind to his fellowmen. WeoughttogetrichifwecanbyhonorableandChristianmethods,andthesearetheonlymethodsthatsweepusquicklytowardthegoalofriches.

I remember, notmany years ago a young theological studentwhocameintomyofficeandsaidtomethathethoughtitwashisdutytocomeinand"laborwithme."Iaskedhimwhathadhappened,and

hesaid:"Ifeelitismydutytocomeinandspeaktoyou,sir,andsaythattheHolyScripturesdeclarethatmoneyistherootofallevil."Iaskedhimwherehefoundthatsaying,andhesaidhefounditintheBible.IaskedhimwhetherhehadmadeanewBible,andhesaid,no, he had not gotten a new Bible, that it was in the old Bible."Well,"Isaid,"if it is inmyBible,Ineversawit.Willyoupleasegetthetext-bookandletmeseeit?"Helefttheroomandsooncamestalking in with his Bible open, with all the bigoted pride of thenarrowsectarian,whofoundshiscreedonsomemisinterpretationofScripture, and he put the Bible down on the table beforeme andfairly squealed into my ear, "There it is. You can read it foryourself."Isaidtohim,"Youngman,youwilllearn,whenyougetalittle older, that you cannot trust another denomination to read theBible foryou." I said, "Now,youbelong toanotherdenomination.Pleasereadit tome,andrememberthatyouaretaught inaschoolwhereemphasisisexegesis."SohetooktheBibleandreadit:"Theloveofmoneyistherootofallevil."Thenhehaditright.TheGreatBookhascomebackintotheesteemandloveofthepeople,andintotherespectofthegreatestmindsofearth,andnowyoucanquoteitandrestyourlifeandyourdeathonitwithoutmorefear.So,whenhequotedrightfromtheScriptureshequotedthetruth."Theloveofmoneyistherootofallevil."Oh,thatisit.Itistheworshipofthemeansinsteadoftheend,thoughyoucannotreachtheendwithoutthemeans.Whenamanmakesanidolofthemoneyinsteadofthepurposesforwhichitmaybeused,whenhesqueezesthedollaruntiltheeaglesqueals, thenit ismadetherootofallevil.Think, ifyouonlyhad themoney,whatyoucoulddo foryourwife, your child,andforyourhomeandyourcity.Thinkhowsoonyoucouldendowthe Temple College yonder if you only had the money and thedisposition to give it; and yet, my friend, people say you and Ishouldnotspendthetimegettingrich.Howinconsistentthewholethingis.Weoughttoberich,becausemoneyhaspower.Ithinkthebestthingformetodoistoillustratethis,forifIsayyououghttoget rich, I ought, at least, to suggest how it is done. We get aprejudice against rich men because of the lies that are told aboutthem. The lies that are told aboutMr.Rockefeller because he hastwohundredmilliondollars—somanybelieve them;yethowfalseistherepresentationofthatmantotheworld.Howlittlewecantellwhat is true nowadays when newspapers try to sell their papers

entirelyonsomesensation!Thewaytheylieabouttherichmenissomething terrible, and I do not know that there is anything toillustratethisbetterthanwhatthenewspapersnowsayaboutthecityofPhiladelphia.Ayoungmancametometheotherdayandsaid,"IfMr. Rockefeller, as you think, is a good man, why is it thateverybody says somuchagainsthim?" It isbecausehehasgottenaheadofus;thatisthewholeofit—justgottenaheadofus.Whyisit Mr. Carnegie is criticised so sharply by an envious world?Because he has gottenmore thanwe have. If aman knowsmorethanIknow,don'tIinclinetocriticisesomewhathislearning?Letamanstandinapulpitandpreachtothousands,andifIhavefifteenpeopleinmychurch,andthey'reallasleep,don'tIcriticisehim?Wealwaysdothattothemanwhogetsaheadofus.Why,themanyouare criticising has one hundredmillions, and you have fifty cents,and both of you have justwhat you areworth.One of the richestmeninthiscountrycameintomyhomeandsatdowninmyparlorandsaid:"Didyouseeallthoseliesaboutmyfamilyinthepaper?""CertainlyIdid;IknewtheywerelieswhenIsawthem.""Whydothey lieaboutme theway theydo?""Well," I said tohim,"ifyouwillgivemeyourcheckforonehundredmillions,Iwilltakeallthelies alongwith it." "Well," said he, "I don't see any sense in theirthustalkingaboutmyfamilyandmyself.Conwell, tellmefrankly,whatdoyouthinktheAmericanpeoplethinkofme?""Well,"saidI,"they think you are the blackest-hearted villain that ever trod thesoil!""ButwhatcanIdoaboutit?"Thereisnothinghecandoaboutit, andyethe isoneof the sweetestChristianmen I everknew. Ifyougetahundredmillionsyouwillhave the lies;youwillbe liedabout,andyoucanjudgeyoursuccessinanylinebytheliesthataretold aboutyou. I say that youought tobe rich.But there are evercomingtomeyoungmenwhosay,"Iwouldliketogointobusiness,butIcannot.""Whynot?""BecauseIhavenocapitaltobeginon."Capital, capital to begin on! What! young man! Living inPhiladelphia and looking at this wealthy generation, all of whombeganaspoorboys,andyouwantcapitaltobeginon?Itisfortunateforyou that youhaveno capital. I amgladyouhavenomoney. Ipityarichman'sson.Arichman'ssoninthesedaysofoursoccupiesa very difficult position. They are to be pitied. A rich man's soncannot know the very best things in human life. He cannot. ThestatisticsofMassachusettsshowusthatnotoneoutofseventeenrich

men's sons ever die rich. They are raised in luxury, they die inpoverty. Even if a rich man's son retains his father's money eventhenhecannotknowthebestthingsoflife.

Ayoungmaninourcollegeyonderaskedmetoformulateforhimwhat I thought was the happiest hour in a man's history, and Istudieditlongandcamebackconvincedthatthehappiesthourthatanymaneverseesinanyearthlymatteriswhenayoungmantakeshis bride over the threshold of the door, for the first time, of thehousehehimselfhasearnedandbuilt,whenheturnstohisbrideandwithaneloquencegreater thanany languageofmine,hesayeth tohiswife,"Mylovedone,Iearnedthishomemyself;Iearneditall.Itisallmine,andIdivideitwiththee."Thatisthegrandestmomentahumanheartmayeversee.Butarichman'ssoncannotknowthat.He goes into a finer mansion, it may be, but he is obliged to gothrough thehouseandsay,"Mothergaveme this,mothergavemethat,mymother gaveme that,mymother gaveme that," until hiswifewishesshehadmarriedhismother.Oh,Ipityarichman'sson.Ido.Untilhegetssofaralonginhisdudeismthathegetshisarmsup like that and can't get them down. Didn't you ever see any ofthemastrayatAtlanticCity?IsawoneofthesescarecrowsonceandInever tire thinkingabout it. IwasatNiagaraFalls lecturing, andafterthelectureIwenttothehotel,andwhenIwentuptothedeskthere stood there a millionaire's son from New York. He was anindescribablespecimenofanthropologicpotency.Hecarriedagold-headedcaneunderhisarm—moreinitsheadthanhehadinhis.IdonotbelieveIcoulddescribetheyoungmanifIshouldtry.ButstillImustsaythatheworeaneye-glasshecouldnotseethrough;patentleathershoeshecouldnotwalkin,andpantshecouldnotsitdownin—dressedlikeagrasshopper!Well,thishumancricketcameuptotheclerk'sdeskjustasIcamein.Headjustedhisunseeingeye-glassin this wise and lisped to the clerk, because it's "Hinglish, youknow,"tolisp:"Thir,thir,willyouhavethekindnesstofuhnishmewiththomepapahandthomeenvelopehs!"Theclerkmeasuredthatmanquick,andhepulledoutadrawerandtooksomeenvelopesandpaperandcastthemacrossthecounterandturnedawaytohisbooks.You should have seen that specimen of humanity when the paperandenvelopescameacrossthecounter—hewhosewantshadalwaysbeenanticipatedbyservants.Headjustedhisunseeingeye-glassand

he yelled after that clerk: "Come back here, thir, come right backhere. Now, thir, will you order a thervant to take that papah andthothe envelopes and carry them to yondah dethk." Oh, the poormiserable,contemptibleAmericanmonkey!Hecouldn'tcarrypaperand envelopes twenty feet. I suppose he could not get his armsdown.Ihavenopityforsuchtravestiesofhumannature.Ifyouhavenocapital,Iamgladofit.Youdon'tneedcapital;youneedcommonsense,notcoppercents.

A.T.Stewart, thegreatprincelymerchantofNewYork, therichestmaninAmericainhistime,wasapoorboy;hehadadollarandahalfandwentintothemercantilebusiness.Buthelosteighty-sevenandahalfcentsofhisfirstdollarandahalfbecauseheboughtsomeneedlesandthreadandbuttonstosell,whichpeopledidn'twant.

Areyoupoor?Itisbecauseyouarenotwantedandareleftonyourownhands.Therewasthegreatlesson.Applyitwhicheverwayyouwillitcomestoeverysingleperson'slife,youngorold.Hedidnotknowwhatpeopleneeded,andconsequentlyboughtsomethingtheydidn't want and had the goods left on his hands a dead loss.A.T.Stewartlearnedtherethegreatlessonofhismercantilelifeandsaid,"Iwillneverbuyanythingmoreuntil I first learnwhat thepeoplewant;thenI'llmakethepurchase."Hewentaroundtothedoorsandasked themwhat theydidwant, andwhenhe foundoutwhat theywanted, he invested his sixty-two and a half cents and began tosupply "a known demand." I care not what your profession oroccupation in lifemay be; I care notwhether you are a lawyer, adoctor, a housekeeper, teacher or whatever else, the principle isprecisely the same.Wemust knowwhat theworld needs first andthen invest ourselves to supply that need, and success is almostcertain. A.T. Stewart went on until he was worth forty millions."Well,"youwillsay,"amancandothatinNewYork,butcannotdoit here in Philadelphia." The statistics very carefully gathered inNewYork in 1889 showed one hundred and sevenmillionaires inthe city worth over ten millions apiece. It was remarkable andpeoplethinktheymustgotheretogetrich.OutofthatonehundredandsevenmillionairesonlysevenofthemmadetheirmoneyinNewYork, and theothersmoved toNewYorkafter their fortunesweremade, and sixty-seven out of the remaining hundred made their

fortunes in townsof less than six thousandpeople, and the richestmaninthecountryatthattimelivedinatownofthirty-fivehundredinhabitants,andalwayslivedthereandnevermovedaway.Itisnotsomuchwhereyouareaswhatyouare.Butatthesametimeifthelargenessofthecitycomesintotheproblem,thenrememberitisthesmallercitythatfurnishesthegreatopportunitytomakethemillionsofmoney.ThebestillustrationthatIcangiveisinreferencetoJohnJacobAstor,whowasapoorboyandwhomadeallthemoneyoftheAstor family.Hemademore thanhissuccessorshaveeverearned,andyetheonceheldamortgageonamillinerystoreinNewYork,and because the people could notmake enoughmoney to pay theinterestandtherent,heforeclosedthemortgageandtookpossessionofthestoreandwentintopartnershipwiththemanwhohadfailed.Hekept the samestock,didnotgive themadollarcapital, andheleftthemaloneandwentoutandsatdownuponabenchinthepark.Outthereonthatbenchintheparkhehadthemostimportant,andtomymind, thepleasantestpartof thatpartnershipbusiness.Hewaswatching the ladies as they went by; and where is the man thatwouldn'tgetrichatthatbusiness?ButwhenJohnJacobAstorsawaladypass,withhershouldersbackandherheadup,asifshedidnotcare if thewholeworld lookedon her, he studied her bonnet; andbeforethatbonnetwasoutofsightheknewtheshapeoftheframeand the color of the trimmings, the curl of the—something on abonnet.Sometimes I try todescribeawoman'sbonnet,but it isoflittleuse,foritwouldbeoutofstyleto-morrownight.SoJohnJacobAstorwenttothestoreandsaid:"Now,putintheshowwindowjustsuch a bonnet as I describe to you because," said he, "I have justseenaladywholikesjustsuchabonnet.DonotmakeupanymoretillIcomeback."Andhewentoutagainandsatonthatbenchinthepark, and another lady of a different form and complexion passedhimwith a bonnet of different shape and color, of course. "Now,"saidhe,"putsuchabonnetas that in theshowwindow."Hedidn'tfillhisshowwindowwithhatsandbonnetswhichdrivepeopleawayandthensitinthebackofthestoreandbawlbecausethepeoplegosomewhereelsetotrade.Hedidn'tputahatorbonnetinthatshowwindowthelikeofwhichhehadnotseenbeforeitwasmadeup.

In our city especially there are great opportunities formanufacturing,andthetimehascomewhenthelineisdrawnvery

sharplybetweenthestockholdersofthefactoryandtheiremployés.Now, friends, therehas also comeadiscouraginggloomupon thiscountry and the laboring men are beginning to feel that they arebeinghelddownbyacrustovertheirheadsthroughwhichtheyfindit impossible tobreak,andthearistocraticmoney-ownerhimself isso far above thathewillneverdescend to their assistance.That isthethoughtthatisinthemindsofourpeople.But,friends,neverinthehistoryofourcountrywasthereanopportunitysogreatforthepoormantogetrichasthereisnowinthecityofPhiladelphia.Thevery fact that they get discouraged is what prevents them fromgetting rich.That is all there is to it. The road is open, and let uskeep it open between the poor and the rich. I know that the laborunionshave twogreatproblems tocontendwith,and there isonlyone way to solve them. The labor unions are doing as much toprevent its solving as are the capitalists to-day, and there arepositively two sides to it.The laborunionhas twodifficulties; thefirstoneisthatitbegantomakealaborscaleforallclassesonapar,and theyscaledownaman thatcanearn fivedollarsaday to twoandahalfaday,inordertoleveluptohimanimbecilethatcannotearn fifty cents a day. That is one of the most dangerous anddiscouragingthingsfor theworkingman.Hecannotget theresultsofhisworkifhedobetterworkorhigherworkorworklonger;thatisadangerousthing,andinordertogeteverylaboringmanfreeandeveryAmericanequaltoeveryotherAmerican,letthelaboringmanaskwhat he isworth andget it—not let any capitalist say tohim:"Youshallworkformeforhalfofwhatyouareworth;"norletanylabor organization say: "You shall work for the capitalist for halfyourworth."Beaman,beindependent,andthenshallthelaboringman find the road ever open from poverty to wealth. The otherdifficultythatthelaborunionhastoconsider,andthisproblemtheyhavetosolvethemselves,isthekindoforatorswhocomeandtalktothemabouttheoppressiverich.IcaninmydreamsrecitetheorationIhaveheardagainandagainundersuchcircumstances.Mylifehasbeen with the laboring man. I am a laboring man myself. I haveoften,intheirassemblies,heardthespeechofthemanwhohasbeeninvited to address the labor union. The man gets up before theassembled company of honest laboring men and he begins bysaying: "Oh, ye honest, industrious laboring men, who havefurnishedallthecapitaloftheworld,whohavebuiltallthepalaces

and constructed all the railroads and covered the ocean with hersteamships.Oh,youlaboringmen!Youarenothingbutslaves;youaregrounddown in thedustby thecapitalistwho isgloatingoveryouasheenjoyshisbeautifulestatesandashehashisbanksfilledwithgold,andeverydollarheownsiscoinedoutofthehearts'bloodofthehonestlaboringman."Now,thatisalie,andyouknowitisalie; and yet that is the kind of speech that they are all the timehearing,representingthecapitalistsaswickedandthelaboringmensoenslaved.Why,howwrongitis!Letthemanwholoveshisflagand believes in American principles endeavor with all his soul tobring the capitalist and the laboringman together until they standside by side, and arm in arm, andwork for the common good ofhumanity.

Heisanenemytohiscountrywhosetscapitalagainstlabororlaboragainstcapital.

Suppose Iwere to go down through this audience and ask you tointroduceme to the great inventorswho live here in Philadelphia."TheinventorsofPhiladelphia,"youwouldsay,"Whywedon'thaveany inPhiladelphia. It is tooslow to inventanything."Butyoudohave just as great inventors, and they are here in this audience, asever invented a machine. But the probability is that the greatestinventor to benefit the world with his discovery is some person,perhaps some lady,who thinks she couldnot invent anything.Didyoueverstudythehistoryof inventionandseehowstrange itwasthat the man who made the greatest discovery did it without anypreviousideathathewasaninventor?Whoarethegreatinventors?They are persons with plain, straightforward common sense, whosaw a need in the world and immediately applied themselves tosupplythatneed.Ifyouwanttoinventanything,don'ttrytofinditinthewheelsinyourheadnorthewheelsinyourmachine,butfirstfindoutwhatthepeopleneed,andthenapplyyourselftothatneed,andthisleadstoinventiononthepartofthepeopleyouwouldnotdream of before. The great inventors are simply great men; thegreater theman themore simple theman; and themore simple amachine, themorevaluable it is.Didyoueverknowareallygreatman?Hiswaysaresosimple,socommon,soplain, thatyouthinkanyonecoulddowhathe isdoing.Soit iswith thegreatmenthe

worldover.Ifyouknowareallygreatman,aneighborofyours,youcangorightuptohimandsay,"Howareyou,Jim,goodmorning,Sam."Ofcourseyoucan,fortheyarealwayssosimple.

WhenIwrotethelifeofGeneralGarfield,oneofhisneighborstookme to his back door, and shouted, "Jim, Jim, Jim!" and very soon"Jim"cametothedoorandGeneralGarfieldletmein—oneofthegrandestmenofourcentury.Thegreatmenoftheworldareeverso.IwasdowninVirginiaandwentuptoaneducationalinstitutionandwasdirectedtoamanwhowassettingoutatree.Iapproachedhimandsaid,"DoyouthinkitwouldbepossibleformetoseeGeneralRobertE.Lee,thePresidentoftheUniversity?"Hesaid,"Sir,IamGeneralLee."Ofcourse,whenyoumeetsuchaman,sonobleamanasthat,youwillfindhimasimple,plainman.Greatnessisalwaysjustsomodestandgreatinventionsaresimple.

Iaskedaclass inschooloncewhowere thegreat inventors,andalittlegirlpoppedupandsaid,"Columbus."Well,now,shewasnotsofarwrong.ColumbusboughtafarmandhecarriedonthatfarmjustasIcarriedonmyfather'sfarm.Hetookahoeandwentoutandsat downon a rock.ButColumbus, as he sat upon that shore andlooked out upon the ocean, noticed that the ships, as they sailedaway,sankdeeperintotheseathefarthertheywent.Andsincethattime some other "Spanish ships" have sunk into the sea. But asColumbus noticed that the tops of themasts dropped downout ofsight,hesaid:"Thatisthewayitiswiththishoehandle;ifyougoaroundthishoehandle,thefartheroffyougothefartherdownyougo.IcansailaroundtotheEastIndies."Howplainitallwas.Howsimple themind—majestic like the simplicity of amountain in itsgreatness.Who are the great inventors? They are ever the simple,plain,everydaypeoplewhoseetheneedandsetabouttosupplyit.

IwasoncelecturinginNorthCarolina,andthecashierofthebanksatdirectlybehinda ladywhoworeavery largehat. I said to thataudience,"Yourwealthistooneartoyou;youarelookingrightoverit."Hewhisperedtohisfriend,"Well,then,mywealthisinthathat."A little later, as hewroteme, I said, "Wherever there is a humanneedthereisagreaterfortunethanaminecanfurnish."Hecaughtmythought,andhedrewuphisplanforabetterhatpinthanwasinthehatbeforehim,andthepinisnowbeingmanufactured.Hewas

offeredfifty-fivethousanddollarsforhispatent.Thatmanmadehisfortunebeforehegotoutofthathall.Thisisthewholequestion:Doyouseeaneed?

Irememberwellamanupinmynativehills,apoorman,whofortwentyyearswashelpedby the town inhispoverty,whoownedawide-spreadingmapletreethatcoveredthepoorman'scottagelikeabenedictionfromonhigh.Irememberthattree,forinthespring—thereweresomeroguishboysaroundthatneighborhoodwhenIwasyoung—inthespringoftheyearthemanwouldputabucketthereand the spouts to catch themaple sap, and I rememberwhere thatbucketwas;andwhenIwasyoungtheboyswere,oh,somean,thattheywent to that treebefore thatmanhadgottenoutofbed in themorning, and after hehadgone tobed at night, anddrankup thatsweetsap.Icouldsweartheydidit.Hedidn'tmakeagreatdealofmaplesugarfromthattree.Butonedayhemadethesugarsowhiteand crystalline that the visitor did not believe itwasmaple sugar;thoughtmaplesugarmustberedorblack.Hesaid to theoldman:"Whydon'tyoumakeitthatwayandsellitforconfectionery?"Theoldmancaughthis thought and invented the "rockmaplecrystal,"and before that patent expired he had ninety thousand dollars andhadbuiltabeautifulpalaceonthesiteofthattree.Afterfortyyearsowningthattreeheawoketofindithadfortunesofmoneyindeedinit.Andmanyofusarerightbythetreethathasafortuneforus,andweownit,possessit,dowhatwewillwithit,butwedonotlearnitsvalue because we do not see the human need, and in thesediscoveriesandinventionsthisisoneofthemostromanticthingsoflife.

IhavereceivedlettersfromalloverthecountryandfromEngland,whereIhavelectured,sayingthattheyhavediscoveredthisandthat,and oneman out inOhio tookme through his great factories lastspring,andsaidthattheycosthim$680,000,andsaidhe,"Iwasnotworth a cent in the world when I heard your lecture 'Acres ofDiamonds;'butImadeupmymindtostoprighthereandmakemyfortune here, and here it is." He showed me through hisunmortgagedpossessions.AndthisisacontinualexperiencenowasI travel through thecountry,after thesemanyyears. Imention thisincident,not toboast,but toshowyouthatyoucandothesameif

youwill.

Who are the great inventors? I remember a good illustration in aman who used to live in East Brookfield, Mass. He was ashoemaker, and hewas out ofwork, and he sat around the houseuntil hiswife told him to "go out doors."And he didwhat everyhusband is compelled by law to do—he obeyed his wife. And hewentoutandsatdownonanashbarrelinhisbackyard.Thinkofit!Strandedonanashbarrelandtheenemyinpossessionofthehouse!Ashe sat on that ashbarrel, he lookeddown into that little brookwhich ran through thatbackyard into themeadows, andhe sawalittletroutgoflashingupthestreamandhidingunderthebank.IdonotsupposehethoughtofTennyson'sbeautifulpoem:

"Chatter,chatter,asIflow,Tojointhebrimmingriver,

Menmaycome,andmenmaygo,ButIgoonforever."

Butasthismanlookedintothebrook,heleapedoffthatashbarreland managed to catch the trout with his fingers, and sent it toWorcester.Theywrotebackthat theywouldgivehimafivedollarbill foranothersuch troutas that,not that itwasworth thatmuch,but theywished to help the poorman. So this shoemaker and hiswife,nowperfectlyunited,thatfivedollarbillinprospect,wentouttogetanothertrout.Theywentupthestreamtoitssourceanddownto the brimming river, but not another trout could they find in thewholestream;andsotheycamehomedisconsolateandwenttotheminister.Theminister didn't knowhow trout grew, but he pointedtheway.Saidhe,"GetSethGreen'sbook,andthatwillgiveyoutheinformationyouwant."Theydidso,andfoundallaboutthecultureof trout.Theyfoundthata trout lays thirty-sixhundredeggseveryyearandeverytroutgainsaquarterofapoundeveryyear,sothatinfouryearsalittletroutwillfurnishfourtonsperannumtoselltothemarketatfiftycentsapound.Whentheyfoundthat,theysaidtheydidn'tbelieveanysuchstoryasthat,butiftheycouldgetfivedollarsapiecetheycouldmakesomething.Andrightinthatsamebackyardwiththecoalsifterupstreamandwindowscreendownthestream,they began the culture of trout. They afterwards moved to the

Hudson, and since thenhehasbecome the authority in theUnitedStatesupontheraisingoffish,andhehasbeennexttothehighestontheUnitedStatesFishCommissioninWashington.Mylessonisthatman'swealthwasoutthereinhisbackyardfortwentyyears,buthedidn'tseeituntilhiswifedrovehimoutwithamopstick.

I remember meeting personally a poor carpenter of Hingham,Massachusetts,whowasoutofworkand inpoverty.Hiswifealsodrove him out of doors.He sat down on the shore andwhittled asoakedshingleintoawoodenchain.Hischildrenquarreledoveritinthe evening, andwhile hewaswhittling a second one, a neighborcamealongandsaid,"Whydon'tyouwhittletoysifyoucancarvelikethat?"Hesaid,"Idon'tknowwhattomake!"Thereisthewholething. His neighbor said to him: "Why don't you ask your ownchildren?"Saidhe,"Whatistheuseofdoingthat?Mychildrenaredifferentfromotherpeople'schildren."IusedtoseepeoplelikethatwhenI taughtschool.Thenextmorningwhenhisboycamedownthestairway,hesaid,"Sam,whatdoyouwantforatoy?""Iwantawheelbarrow."When his little girl came down, he asked herwhatshewanted, and she said, "Iwant a little doll'swashstand, a littledoll'scarriage,alittledoll'sumbrella,"andwentonwithawholelotofthingsthatwouldhavetakenhislifetimetosupply.Heconsultedhisownchildrenright there inhisownhouseandbegantowhittleout toys to please them. He began with his jack-knife, and madethose unpaintedHingham toys.He is the richestman in the entireNewEnglandStates,ifMr.Lawsonistobetrustedinhisstatementconcerning such things, and yet that man's fortune was made byconsultinghisownchildreninhisownhouse.Youdon'tneedtogooutofyourownhousetofindoutwhattoinventorwhattomake.Ialwaystalktoolongonthissubject.

Iwouldliketomeetthegreatmenwhoarehereto-night.Thegreatmen!Wedon'thaveanygreatmeninPhiladelphia.Greatmen!YousaythattheyallcomefromLondon,orSanFrancisco,orRome,orManayunk, or anywhere else but here—anywhere else butPhiladelphia—and yet, in fact, there are just as great men inPhiladelphia as in any city of its size. There are great men andwomen in this audience. Great men, I have said, are very simplemen.Justasmanygreatmenhereasaretobefoundanywhere.The

greatesterrorinjudginggreatmenisthatwethinkthattheyalwaysholdanoffice.Theworldknowsnothingof itsgreatestmen.Whoarethegreatmenoftheworld?Theyoungmanandyoungwomanmaywellaskthequestion.Itisnotnecessarythattheyshouldholdanoffice,andyetthatisthepopularidea.Thatistheideaweteachnowinourhighschoolsandcommonschools,thatthegreatmenofthe world are those who hold some high office, and unless wechangethatverysoonanddoawaywiththatprejudice,wearegoingtochangetoanempire.Thereisnoquestionaboutit.Wemustteachthat men are great only on their intrinsic value, and not on thepositionthattheymayincidentallyhappentooccupy.Andyet,don'tblame theyoungmen saying that they are going to begreatwhentheygetintosomeofficialposition.Iaskthisaudienceagainwhoofyou are going to be great? Says a youngman: "I am going to begreat." "When are you going to be great?" "When I am elected tosomepoliticaloffice."Won'tyoulearnthelesson,youngman;thatitisprimafacieevidenceof littlenesstoholdpublicofficeunderourform of government? Think of it. This is a government of thepeople,andbythepeople,andforthepeople,andnotfortheoffice-holder,andif thepeopleinthiscountryruleastheyalwaysshouldrule,anoffice-holderisonlytheservantofthepeople,andtheBiblesaysthat"theservantcannotbegreaterthanhismaster."TheBiblesaysthat"hethatissentcannotbegreaterthanhimwhosenthim."Inthiscountrythepeoplearethemasters,andtheoffice-holderscanneverbegreaterthanthepeople; theyshouldbehonestservantsofthepeople,buttheyarenotourgreatestmen.Youngman,rememberthatyouneverheardofagreatmanholdinganypoliticaloffice inthiscountryunlesshetookthatofficeatanexpensetohimself.Itisalosstoeverygreatmantotakeapublicofficeinourcountry.Bearthis in mind, young man, that you cannot be made great by apoliticalelection.

Another young man says, "I am going to be a great man inPhiladelphia some time." "Is that so? When are you going to begreat?""Whentherecomesanotherwar!WhenwegetintodifficultywithMexico,orEngland,orRussia,or Japan,orwithSpainagainover Cuba, or with New Jersey, I will march up to the cannon'smouth,andamidtheglisteningbayonetsIwillteardowntheirflagfromitsstaff,andIwillcomehomewithstarsonmyshoulders,and

holdeveryofficeinthegiftofthegovernment,andIwillbegreat.""No,youwon't!No,youwon't;thatisnoevidenceoftruegreatness,youngman."Butdon'tblamethatyoungmanforthinkingthatway;that is the way he is taught in the high school. That is the wayhistoryistaughtincollege.Heistaughtthatthemenwhoheldtheofficedidallthefighting.

IrememberwehadaPeaceJubileehereinPhiladelphiasoonaftertheSpanishwar.Perhapssomeofthesevisitorsthinkweshouldnothave had it until now in Philadelphia, and as the great processionwasgoingupBroadstreetIwastoldthatthetally-hocoachstoppedrightinfrontofmyhouse,andonthecoachwasHobson,andallthepeople threw up their hats and swung their handkerchiefs, andshouted"HurrahforHobson!"Iwouldhaveyelledtoo,becausehedeservesmuchmoreofhis country thanhehasever received.ButsupposeIgointotheHighSchool to-morrowandask,"Boys,whosunk the Merrimac?" If they answer me "Hobson," they tell meseven-eighths of a lie—seven-eighths of a lie, because there wereeightmenwhosunktheMerrimac.Theothersevenmen,byvirtueoftheirposition,werecontinuallyexposedtotheSpanishfire,whileHobson,asanofficer,mightreasonablybebehindthesmoke-stack.Why,myfriends,inthisintelligentaudiencegatheredhereto-nightIdonotbelieveIcouldfindasinglepersonthatcannametheothersevenmenwhowerewithHobson.Whydoweteachhistoryinthatway?Weoughttoteachthathoweverhumblethestationamanmayoccupy, if he does his full duty in his place, he is just as muchentitledto theAmericanpeople'shonoras isakingupona throne.WedoteachitasamotherdidherlittleboyinNewYorkwhenhesaid,"Mamma,whatgreatbuildingisthat?""ThatisGeneralGrant'stomb.""WhowasGeneralGrant?""Hewasthemanwhoputdowntherebellion."Isthatthewaytoteachhistory?

DoyouthinkwewouldhavegainedavictoryifithaddependedonGeneral Grant alone? Oh, no. Then why is there a tomb on theHudson at all? Why, not simply because General Grant waspersonally a greatman himself, but that tomb is there because hewas a representative man and represented two hundred thousandmenwhowentdowntodeathfortheirnationandmanyofthemasgreatasGeneralGrant.Thatiswhythatbeautifultombstandsonthe

heightsovertheHudson.

I remember an incident thatwill illustrate this, theonlyone that Icangiveto-night.Iamashamedofit,butIdon'tdareleaveitout.Iclosemyeyesnow;Ilookbackthroughtheyearsto1863;Icanseemy native town in the Berkshire Hills, I can see that cattle-showground filledwithpeople; Icansee thechurch thereand the townhall crowded, and hear bands playing, and see flags flying andhandkerchiefsstreaming—welldo I recallat thismoment thatday.Thepeoplehadturnedouttoreceiveacompanyofsoldiers,andthatcompanycamemarchingupontheCommon.Theyhadservedoutone term in theCivilWarandhad reënlisted,and theywerebeingreceivedbytheirnativetownsmen.Iwasbutaboy,butIwascaptainofthatcompany,puffedoutwithprideonthatday—why,acambricneedle would have burst me all to pieces. As I marched on theCommon at the head of my company, there was not a manmoreproudthanI.WemarchedintothetownhallandthentheyseatedmysoldiersdowninthecenterofthehouseandItookmyplacedownonthefrontseat,andthenthetownofficersfiledthroughthegreatthrongofpeople,whostoodcloseandpackedinthatlittlehall.Theycame up on the platform, formed a half circle around it, and themayor of the town, the "chairman of the Selectmen" in NewEngland, tookhis seat in themiddleof thathalf circle.Hewasanoldman,hishairwasgray;heneverheldanofficebeforeinhislife.Hethoughtthatanofficewasallheneededtobeatrulygreatman,and when he came up he adjusted his powerful spectacles andglancedcalmlyaroundtheaudiencewithamazingdignity.Suddenlyhiseyesfelluponme,andthenthegoodoldmancamerightforwardand invited me to come up on the stand with the town officers.Invitedmeuponthestand!NotownofficerevertooknoticeofmebeforeIwent towar.Now,Ishouldnotsay that.One townofficerwas there who advised the teacher to "whale"me, but Imean no"honorablemention."SoIwasinviteduponthestandwiththetownofficers.Itookmyseatandletmyswordfallonthefloor,andfoldedmyarmsacrossmybreastandwaitedtobereceived.NapoleontheFifth!Pridegoethbeforedestructionanda fall.WhenIhadgottenmyseatandallbecamesilentthroughthehall, thechairmanoftheSelectmen arose and came forwardwith great dignity to the table,and we all supposed he would introduce the Congregational

minister,whowastheonlyoratorinthetown,andwhowouldgivetheoration to the returning soldiers.But, friends, you shouldhaveseen the surprise that ranover thataudiencewhen theydiscoveredthatthisoldfarmerwasgoingtodeliverthatorationhimself.Hehadnevermadeaspeechinhislifebefore,buthefellintothesameerrorthatothershavefalleninto,heseemedtothinkthattheofficewouldmakehimanorator.Sohehadwrittenoutaspeechandwalkedupanddownthepastureuntilhehadlearneditbyheartandfrightenedthe cattle, and he brought thatmanuscript with him, and taking itfrom his pocket, he spread it carefully upon the table. Then headjustedhisspectaclestobesurethathemightseeit,andwalkedfarback on the platform and then stepped forward like this.Hemusthave studied the subject much, for he assumed an elocutionaryattitude;he restedheavilyuponhis leftheel, slightlyadvanced theright foot, threwback his shoulders, opened the organs of speech,andadvancedhisrighthandatanangleofforty-five.Ashestoodinthatelocutionaryattitudethisisjustthewaythatspeechwent,thisisit precisely. Some of my friends have asked me if I do notexaggerate it,butIcouldnotexaggerate it. Impossible!This is thewayitwent;althoughIamnothereforthestorybutthelessonthatisbackofit:

"Fellowcitizens."Assoonasheheardhisvoice,hishandbegantoshake like that, his knees began to tremble, and then he shook allover.Hecoughedandchokedandfinallycamearoundtolookathismanuscript. Then he began again: "Fellow citizens:We—are—weare—weare—weare—Weareveryhappy—weareveryhappy—weareveryhappy—towelcomebacktotheirnativetownthesesoldierswho have fought and bled—and come back again to their nativetown.Weareespecially—weareespecially—weareespecially—weare especially pleased to see with us to-day this young hero (thatmeantme)—thisyoungherowhoinimagination(friends,remember,he said "imagination," for if he had not said that, I would not beegotistical enough to refer to it)—this young hero who, inimagination, we have seen leading his troops—leading—we haveseen leading—we have seen leading his troops on to the deadlybreach.Wehave seen his shining—his shining—wehave seen hisshining—wehaveseenhisshining—hisshiningsword—flashinginthesunlightasheshoutedtohistroops,'Comeon!'"

Oh,dear,dear,dear,dear!Howlittlethatgood,oldmanknewaboutwar.Ifhehadknownanythingaboutwar,heoughttohaveknownwhatanysoldier in thisaudienceknows is true, that it isnext toacrimeforanofficerofinfantryeverintimeofdangertogoaheadofhismen.I,withmyshiningswordflashinginthesunlight,shoutingtomytroops:"Comeon."Ineverdidit.DoyousupposeIwouldgoahead ofmymen to be shot in the front by the enemy and in thebackbymyownmen?Thatisnoplaceforanofficer.Theplacefortheofficerisbehindtheprivatesoldierinactualfighting.Howoften,asastaffofficer,IrodedownthelinewhentheRebelcryandyellwascomingoutof thewoods, sweepingalongover the fields,andshouted,"Officers to therear!Officers to therear!"andtheneveryofficer goes behind the line of battle, and the higher the officer'srank, the farther behind he goes. Not because he is any the lessbrave, but because the laws ofwar require that to be done. If thegeneral came up on the front line andwere killed youwould loseyourbattleanyhow,becausehehastheplanofthebattleinhisbrain,andmustbekept incomparativesafety. I,withmy"shiningswordflashinginthesunlight."Ah!Theresatinthehallthatdaymenwhohadgiventhatboytheirlasthard-tack,whohadcarriedhimontheirbacksthroughdeeprivers.Butsomewerenotthere;theyhadgonedown to death for their country.The speakermentioned them, buttheywerebutlittlenoticed,andyettheyhadgonedowntodeathfortheircountry,gonedownforacausetheybelievedwasrightandstillbelievewasright,thoughIgranttotheothersidethesamethatIaskformyself.Yet thesemenwhohad actually died for their countrywerelittlenoticed,andtheheroofthehourwasthisboy.Whywashethehero?Simplybecausethatmanfellintothatsamefoolishness.This boy was an officer, and those were only private soldiers. Ilearned a lesson that Iwill never forget.Greatness consists not inholding some office; greatness really consists in doing some greatdeedwithlittlemeans,intheaccomplishmentofvastpurposesfromtheprivateranksof life; that is truegreatness.Hewhocangive tothis people better streets, better homes, better schools, betterchurches,more religion,more of happiness,more ofGod, he thatcanbeablessingtothecommunityinwhichhelivesto-nightwillbegreatanywhere,buthewhocannotbeablessingwherehenowliveswillneverbegreatanywhereonthefaceofGod'searth."Weliveindeeds,notyears,infeeling,notinfiguresonadial;inthoughts,not

breaths;weshouldcounttimebyheartthrobs,inthecauseofright."Baileysays:"Hemostliveswhothinksmost."

If you forget everything I have said to you, do not forget this,because it containsmore in two lines than all I have said. Baileysays: "Hemost liveswho thinksmost,who feels the noblest, andwhoactsthebest."

VICTORHUGO

HONOREDEBALZAC

DeliveredattheFuneralofBalzac,August20,1850.

Gentlemen:Themanwhonowgoesdowninto this tombisoneofthosetowhompublicgriefpayshomage.

Inonedayall fictionshavevanished.Theeyeisfixednotonlyontheheadsthatreign,butonheadsthatthink,andthewholecountryis moved when one of those heads disappears. To-day we have apeopleinblackbecauseofthedeathofthemanoftalent;anationinmourningforamanofgenius.

Gentlemen, the name of Balzac will be mingled in the luminoustraceourepochwillleaveacrossthefuture.

Balzac was one of that powerful generation of writers of thenineteenth century who came after Napoleon, as the illustriousPleiadoftheseventeenthcenturycameafterRichelieu,—asifinthedevelopmentofcivilizationtherewerealawwhichgivesconquerorsbytheintellectassuccessorstoconquerorsbythesword.

Balzacwasoneof the first among thegreatest, oneof thehighestamongthebest.Thisisnottheplacetotellall thatconstitutedthissplendid and sovereign intelligence. All his books form but onebook,—abook living, luminous,profound,whereoneseescomingandgoingandmarchingandmoving,with Iknownotwhatof theformidable and terrible,mixedwith the real, all our contemporarycivilization;—amarvelousbookwhichthepoetentitled"acomedy"andwhichhecouldhavecalledhistory;which takesall formsand

all style, which surpasses Tacitus and Suetonius; which traversesBeaumarchais and reaches Rabelais;—a book which realizesobservation and imagination,which lavishes the true, the esoteric,the commonplace, the trivial, the material, and which at timesthroughallrealities,swiftlyandgrandlyrentaway,allowsusallatonce a glimpse of a most sombre and tragic ideal. Unknown tohimself,whetherhewished itornot,whetherheconsentedornot,theauthorofthisimmenseandstrangeworkisoneofthestrongraceofRevolutionistwriters.Balzacgoesstraighttothegoal.

Body to body he seizes modern society; from all he wrestssomething, from these an illusion, from those a hope; from one acatch-word, fromanother amask.He ransackedvice, he dissectedpassion. He searched out and sounded man, soul, heart, entrails,brain,—theabyssthateachonehaswithinhimself.Andbygraceofhis free and vigorous nature; by a privilege of the intellect of ourtime, which, having seen revolutions face to face, can see moreclearly thedestinyofhumanityandcomprehendProvidencebetter,—Balzac redeemed himself smiling and severe from thoseformidable studies which produced melancholy in Moliere andmisanthropyinRousseau.

Thisiswhathehasaccomplishedamongus,thisistheworkwhichhehasleftus,—aworkloftyandsolid,—amonumentrobustlypiledin layersofgranite, fromtheheightofwhichhereafterhis renownshall shine in splendor. Great men make their own pedestal, thefuturewillbeanswerableforthestatue.

HisdeathstupefiedParis!OnlyafewmonthsagohehadcomebacktoFrance.Feeling thathewasdying,hewished toseehiscountryagain,asonewhowouldembracehismotherontheeveofadistantvoyage.Hislifewasshort,butfull,morefilledwithdeedsthandays.

Alas! this powerful worker, never fatigued, this philosopher, thisthinker,thispoet,thisgenius,haslivedamongusthatlifeofstorm,ofstrife,ofquarrelsandcombats,commoninall times toallgreatmen.To-dayhe is at peace.He escapes contention andhatred.Onthesamedayheenters intogloryandthe tomb.Thereafterbeyondtheclouds,whichareaboveourheads,hewillshineamongthestarsofhiscountry.Allyouwhoarehere, areyounot tempted toenvy

him?

Whatevermaybeourgriefinpresenceofsuchaloss,letusacceptthesecatastropheswith resignation!Letusaccept in itwhatever isdistressingandsevere;itisgoodperhaps,itisnecessaryperhaps,inan epoch like ours, that from time to time the great dead shallcommunicate to spirits devoured with skepticism and doubt, areligious fervor. Providence knows what it does when it puts thepeople face to face with the supreme mystery and when it givesthemdeathtoreflecton,—deathwhichissupremeequality,asit isalsosupremeliberty.Providenceknowswhatitdoes,sinceitisthegreatestofallinstructors.

Therecanbebutaustereandserious thoughts inallheartswhenasublime spirit makes its majestic entrance into another life, whenoneof thosebeingswhohave longsoaredabove thecrowdon thevisiblewingsofgenius,spreadingallatonceotherwingswhichwedidnotsee,plungesswiftlyintotheunknown.

No,itisnottheunknown;no,IhavesaiditonanothersadoccasionandIshallrepeatitto-day,itisnotnight,itislight.Itisnottheend,itisthebeginning!Itisnotextinction,itiseternity!Isitnottrue,myhearers,suchtombsasthisdemonstrateimmortality?Inpresenceoftheillustriousdead,wefeelmoredistinctlythedivinedestinyofthatintelligencewhichtraversestheearthtosufferandtopurifyitself,—whichwecallman.

FOOTNOTES:

[37]SaguntumwasacityofIberia(Spain)inalliancewithRome.Hannibal,inspiteof Rome's warnings in 219 B.C., laid siege to and captured it. This became theimmediatecauseofthewarwhichRomedeclaredagainstCarthage.

[38]FromhisspeechinWashingtononMarch13,1905,beforetheNationalCongressof Mothers. Printed from a copy furnished by the president for this collection, inresponsetoarequest.

[39]Usedbypermission.

[40]ReportedbyA.RussellSmithandHarryE.Greager.Usedbypermission.

OnMay21, 1914,whenDr.Conwell delivered this lecture for the five thousandthtime,Mr. JohnWanamaker said that if theproceedshadbeenputout at compoundinterestthesumwouldaggregateeightmillionsofdollars.Dr.Conwellhasuniformlydevotedhislecturingincometoworksofbenevolence.

GENERALINDEX

Names of speakers and writers referred to are set in CAPITALS. Otherreferences are printed in "lower case," or "small," type. Because of the largenumberoffragmentaryquotationsmadefromspeechesandbooks,notitlesareindexed,butallsuchmaterialwillbefoundindexedunderthenameofitsauthor.

AAccentuation,150.ADDISON,JOSEPH,134.ADE,GEORGE,252.After-DinnerSpeaking,362-370.Analogy,223.Analysis,225.Anecdote,251-255;364.Anglo-Saxonwords,338.Antithesis,222.Applause,317.Argument,280-294.ARISTOTLE,344.

Articulation,148-149.Associationofideas,347,348.Attention,346,347.Auditoryimages,324,348,349.BBACON,FRANCIS,225,226,362.BAGEHOT,WALTER,249.BAKER,GEORGEP.,281.BALDWIN,C.S.,16,92.BARRIE,JAMESM.,339-341.BATES,ARLO,222-223.BEECHER,HENRYWARD,3,6,31,76-78;113,139,186,188,223,265,275,343,346,351-352.BERNHARDT,SARA,105.BEROL,FELIX,344.BEVERIDGE,ALBERT,J.,22,35,46,67,107,470-483BIRRELL,AUGUSTINE,97.BLAINE,JAMESG.,368.BONCI,SIGNOR,124.Books,191-197;207-210.Breathing,129-131.Briefs,177,210-214,290-294.BRISBANE,ARTHUR,19.BROOKS,PHILLIPS,356.BROUGHAM,LORD,338.BRYAN,WILLIAMJENNINGS,32,60,116,157,269,273-277,302,448-464.BRYANT,WILLIAMCULLEN,366-367.BURNS,ROBERT,39.BURROUGHS,JOHN,116.BYRON,LORD,64,87,145,188,189,199.CCAESAR,JULIUS,175.CAMPBELL,THOMAS,121.CARLETON,WILL,334.CARLYLE,THOMAS,42,57,105,109,194,218,249,277-278.CATO,356,372.

CHAMBERS,ROBERT,19.Changeofpace,39-49.Character,357-358.CHANNING,WILLIAMELLERY,177.Charm,134-144.CHILD,RICHARDWASHBURN,376.CHOATE,RUFUS,464-469.CHURCHILL,WINSTONSPENCER,89.CICERO,115.Classification,224.CLEVELAND,GROVER,367-368.COHAN,GEORGE,376.COLERIDGE,S.T.,373.COLLINS,WILKIE,60.COMFORT,W.L.,235.Comparison,19.Conceit,4.Concentration,3,57,80-84;346-347;374.Confidence,1-8;184,263-275;350,358-360.Contrast,19,222.Conversation,372-377.CONWELL,RUSSELL,200,483-503.CORNWALL,BARRY,138,184.COWPER,WILLIAM,69,121.CRANCH,CHRISTOPHERP.,72.CROMWELL,OLIVER,95,105.Crowd,Influencingthe,262-278;308-320.Ctesiphon,116.CURTIS,GEORGEWILLIAM,258-260.DDANA,CHARLES,18,200.DANIEL,JOHNWARWICK,369-370.DANTE,106.DEAMICIS,EDMONDO,238.Debate,Questionsfor,290,379-382.Definition,222,224.Delivery,methodsof,171-181.DEMAUPASSANT,GUY,187,339.

DEMOSTHENES,67,363.DEPEW,CHAUNCEYM.,365.DEQUINCEY,THOMAS,255-256;338Description,231-247.DICKENS,CHARLES,5,234,246,247.Discarding,224.DISRAELI,ISAAC,101,321.Distinctness,146-152.Division,224,225.EEgotism,376.EMERSON,RALPHWALDO,10,97,103,104,105,122,144,168,188,201,231,295,321,357,362,372.Emphasis,16-24;31-32;47,73.Enthusiasm,101-109;267,304,311.Enunciation,150-152.EVERETT,EDWARD,78-79.Example,223.Exposition,218-228.ExtemporaneousSpeech,179.FFacialExpression,163.Feeling,101-109;240,264-265;295-305;312,317,320.Figuresofspeech,235,277,331.FLAUBERT,GUSTAVE,339.Fluency,115-123;179,184-197,354,373.Force,87-97.GGALTON,FRANCIS,323.GASKELL,MRS.,186.Generalization,226.GENUNG,JOHNFRANKLIN,55,92,220,226,281.GEORGE,HENRY,344.Gesture,150-168.GIBBON,EDWARD,175.

GLADSTONE,WILLIAME.,2,8,124,157,372.GOETHE,J.W.VON,117,372.GOLDSMITH,OLIVER,121.GORDON,G.B.,365-366.GOUGH,JOHNB.,188.GRADY,HENRYW.,38,240-242;252-253;268,365,425-438.GRAHAM,HARRY,255.Gustatoryimages,325,348.HHabit,190,349.HALLECK,FITZ-GREENE,302.HAMLET,88-89;152-153.HANCOCK,PROF.ALBERTE.,335.HART,J.M.,338.HAY,JOHN,443-448.HEARN,LAFCADIO,238.HENLEY,WILLIAMERNEST,122,271-272.HENRY,O.,247,328-329.HENRY,PATRICK,22,102,103,107,110-112;201,271,276.HESIOD,146.HILL,A.S.,92,281.HILLIS,NEWELLDWIGHT,24,32,191-193;273-274;394-402.HOAR,GEORGE,296-297.HOBSON,RICHMONDPEARSON,285-286;287-289.HOGG,JAMES,139.HOLMES,G.C.V.,226.HOLMES,OLIVERWENDELL,148,373.HOLYOAKE,GEORGEJACOB,280,281.HOMER,146,235.HOUDIN,ROBERT,350.HUBBARD,ELBERT,3.HUGO,VICTOR,107,503-505.Humor,251-255;363-365.HUXLEY,T.H.,227.IImagination,321-333.Imitation,335-336.

Inflection,69-74.INGERSOLL,ROBERTJ.,68,175.IRVING,WASHINGTON,5,235,236,246.IRVING,SIRHENRY,158.JJAMES,WILLIAM,349.JAMESON,MRS.ANNA,69.JONES-FOSTER,ARDENNES,243-245.JONSON,BEN,343.KKAUFMAN,HERBERT,42-44.KIPLING,RUDYARD,4,299-300.KIRKHAM,STANTONDAVIS,360.LLANDOR,WALTERSAVAGE,339.LEE,GERALDSTANLEY,308.Library,Useofa,207-210.LINCOLN,ABRAHAM,50,107,166.LINDSAY,HOWARD,40.LOCKE,JOHN,188,343.LONGFELLOW,H.W.,117,124,136.LOOMIS,CHARLESBATTELL,365.LOTI,PIERRE,238.LOWELL,JAMESRUSSELL,235.MMACAULAY,T.B.,76.MACLAREN,ALEXANDER,254.MCKINLEY,WILLIAM,LastSpeech,438-442;Tributeto,byJohnHay,443.MASSILLON,188.Memory,343-354.MERWIN,SAMUEL,72.MESSAROS,WALDO,147.MILL,JOHNSTUART,355.MILTON,JOHN,137.

Monotony,Evilsof,10-12;Howtoconquer,12-14;44.MORLEY,JOHN,403-410.MOSES,115.Motorimages,324,348.MOTTE,ANTOINE,10.MOZLEY,JAMES,235.NNAPOLEON,13,104,141,184,321.Narration,249-260.Naturalness,14,29,58,70.Notes,seeBriefs.OObservation,167-168;186-188;206-207;223,227,350.Occasionalspeaking,362-370.Olfactoryimages,325,348.Outlineofspeech,212-214.PPace,Changeof,30-49.PAINE,THOMAS,122.PARKER,ALTONB.,423.PARKER,THEODORE,257-258.PATCH,DAN,2.PAUL,2,107.Pause,55-64.Personality,355-360.Persuasion,295-307.PHILLIPS,ARTHUREDWARD,227,229.PHILLIPS,CHARLES,302-305.PHILLIPS,WENDELL,25-26;34-35;38,72,97,99-100.Pitch,changeof,27-35;low,32,69.PITTENGER,WILLIAM,I,66.Platitudes,376,377.POPE,ALEXANDER,122,175,231.Posture,165.

Practise,Necessityfor,2,14,118.Precisionofutterance,146-152.Preparation,4-5;179,184-215;362-365.PREYER,WILHELMT.,188.Proportion,205.PUTNAM,DANIEL,80.QQUINTILIAN,344.RReading,191-197.REDWAY,170.ReferencetoExperience,226.Repetitioninmemorizing,348.Reservepower,184-197.Rightthinking,355-360.ROBESPIERRE,153-155.ROGERS,SAMUEL,343.ROOSEVELT,THEODORE,275,416-422.RUSKIN,JOHN,89,90,188.SSAINTSBURY,GEORGE,55.SAVONAROLA,158,161.SCALIGER,343.SCHAEFER,NATHANC.,262,355.SCHEPPEGRELL,WILLIAM,27.SCHILLER,J.C.F.,117.SCOTT,WALTERDILL,8.SCOTT,SIRWALTER,271.Self-confidence,SeeConfidence.Self-consciousness,1-8.SEWARD,W.H.,65-68.SHAKESPEARE,WILLIAM,22,32,82,88-89;122,152-153;161,164,227,295,302,312-317;321.SHEPPARD,NATHAN,147,156,170.SIDDONS,MRS.,48,70.

SIDNEY,SIRPHILIP,188.Sincerity,109.SMITH,F.HOPKINSON,365.SPENCER,HERBERT,58,69.Stagefright,1-8.STEVENSON,R.L.,122,196,201,238,242-243;335-336.STORY,JOSEPH,298.Subject,Choosinga,201-204.Subjectsforspeechesanddebates,121-123;379-393.Suggestion,262-278;308-320.SUNDAY,"BILLY,"90,158.Suspense,59-61.Syllogism,286.TTactileimages,325,348.TALMAGE,T.DEWITT,237.Tempo,39-49.TENNYSON,ALFRED,121,141-143.THACKERAY,W.M.,343.THOREAU,H.D.,188.Thought,184-197;265,347,355-360.THURSTON,JAMESMELLEN,50-54;302.Titles,215.TOOMBS,ROBERT,410-415.TWAIN,MARK,343,363,365.VVANDYKE,HENRY,365.Visualizing,323,348,349.Vocabulary,334-341.Voice,32,124-144.VOLTAIRE,4.WWATTERSON,HENRY,303,402-403.WEBSTER,DANIEL,2,73,103,109,201,278;Eulogyof,byRufusChoate,464-469.WEED,THURLOW,349.

WENDELL,PROF.BARRETT,93.WESCOTT,JOHNW.,424-425.WHITEFIELD,GEORGE,161.WHITTIER,J.G.,48.Willpower,356-359;373,375.Words,92,93,336-341;374.YYOUNG,EDWARD,90.

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