the atmosphere layers composition. composition of “air” - what’s in it? stable components: n 2...
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The Atmosphere
LayersComposition
Composition of “air” - What’s in it?
Stable Components:
N2 78%
O2 21%
CO2 < 1%
100%
Variable Components:
H2O Vapor – highly variable (0 to 4%)
O3 - photochemical reactions
Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposhpere
• Where we live
• Weather
• 90% of total mass of
atmosphere
Stratosphere
• Contains O3
• Absorbs ________??
Mesosphere
• Coldest layer
• Meteor dust act as cloud nuclei
Thermosphere
• Warmest layer
Ionosphere
• Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-
rays, shortest UV
Effect of Atmosphere on EMR
All solar emr passes through space to reach top of
atmosphere, but not all reaches Earth's surface.
Atmosphere scatters, absorbs and reflects a portion of
in-coming solar radiation.
Earth scatters, absorbs and reflects solar radiation that
gets transmitted through the atmosphere.
Finally - atmosphere scatters, absorbs and reflects the
electromagnetic radiation that is reflected off the Earth's
surface back toward the sensor.
Atm. Gases;
– Critical to earth's energy balance through
absorption and emission.
– Determines solar radiation reaching surface
"windows"
– atm. effects are minimal
– allows ground-based measurements of
celestial objects, and satellite-based
measurements of earth's surface/atm.
Signal reaching the sensor may include reflection off
Earth's surface that contains information, but it also
includes in-coming and reflected EMR that has been
scattered by the atmosphere.
This can result in a loss of detail in the resulting
images, making interpretation more difficult.
Challenges of Remote Sensing
4% of in-coming solar radiation is reflected back from
Earth's surface.
5% re-radiated after absorption as thermal IR.
These two components are the focus of most terrestrial
remote sensing.
Challenges of Remote Sensing
Only selected wavelengths are able to penetrate Earth's
atmosphere and be reflected back to sensor.
Thus, only some wavelengths are available for analysis
and some objects of interest may not have unique
spectral signatures within the set of available
wavelengths.
Composition of atmosphere is important in
understanding the role it plays in remote sensing and in
interactions with electromagnetic radiation.
– largely a mixture of gases
– some with fairly constant concentrations
– others are variable in space and time.
– In addition - suspended particles (e.g. aerosol, smoke, ash etc.)
and hydrometeors (e.g. cloud droplets, raindrops, snow, ice
crystals, etc).
About 99% of the mass lies below an altitude of 30km.
Table 1: composition of atmosphere below 100km.
Main gases which absorb radiation.
ultraviolet (UV), visible, infrared (IR) and microwave wavelengths.
main spectral regions ("windows") for which atmospheric absorption is small, are listed at the bottom of the table.