The atom

It is the smallest part of matter that can take part in chemical reactions without being changed

The atomic structure

The nucleus

The electrons

The nucleus contains two types of particles which are:

Protons Neutrons

How can we differentiate between atoms?

HeliumLithium

The atomic number:-

“ Is the number of protons inside the nucleus or the number of electrons rotates around the nucleus in the normal state of the atom”

The mass number:-

“ Is the number of protons and the number of neutrons inside the nucleus”

‘The atomic number= 3

‘The mass number= 7

Na Sodium atom

23

11

The mass number

The atomic number

So The number of protons in the sodium atom =

The number of electrons in the sodium atom =

The number of neutrons in the sodium atom =

11

11

12

Does the relation between living organisms takes place exactly like between non living substances?

Mother I love my cat so much Does the cats marry like us?

What will happen if

two families ( Egyptian and suddenness ) lived beside each others?

They will react together

This reaction may lead to a change in the structure of the two families

Explain

Is it possible that the man and the wife of each family get divorced?

Is it possible that the man of the Egyptian family marry the woman of the suddenness family and the vice versa?

What is the type of change happened in this case?

It is a change in the state, shape and color of the substances without changing in its electronic structure.

Ex.

Water into Ice

Water into vapour

Is a change in the structure and the properties of the substances through a chemical reactions

Ex.

Iron into iron sulphide

Hydrogen into water

Is a process in which bonds in reactants are broken and new bonds in products are formed

+A B C D C BA D +

The reactants The products

Chemical equationIs a set of symbols and chemical formulas that express the reactants, the products and the reaction conditions if they exist.

2Mg 2MgOheat+ O2

Practice on the balance of chemical equations

NO NO2+ O2

+CuO NO2 O2heatCu(NO3)2 +

heat 22

2 2 4

Types of chemical

reactions

Direct combination

reactions

Simple sub. reactions

Double sub .

reactionsDecomposition

reactions

Do all the chemical reactions occur by the same method?Do all the chemical reactions occur by the same method?

Direct combination reactions

A type of reaction in which two substances react together forming a new compound

A type of reaction in which two substances react together forming a new compound

AA BB++ ABAB

Types of direct Combination

reactions

Element combines with element

Element combines

with compound

Compound combines

with compound AB CD++ ABCD

A BC++ ABC

A B++ AB

Element combines withelement

What is the difference between basic oxide and acidic oxide?

G.R white powder is formed when magnesium strip is burned in the air?

heatAcidic oxide

2- C CO2+ O2

White powder

Basic oxide

1- 2Mg 2MgOheat+ O2

Element combines withcompound

2NO 2NO2+ O2 Brown fumes

G.R. Brown fumes are formed when nitric oxide gas is exposed to atmospheric air?

Think

Compound combines withcompound

NH3NH4Cl + HCl White fumes

G.R. White fumes are formed when ammonia gas is exposed to hydrogen chloride gas?

Think

Evaluation

2- 2NO ……+ O2

1- 2Mg 2MgO……+ …..

4- NH3…….+ HCl

3- C CO2+ O2……

Complete

Decompositionreactions

A type of reaction in which a substance decomposes into its elements or simpler substances by the effect of heat or electricity

AA BB++ABABheat

electricity

Types of direct Decomposition

reactions

Thermal decompositionreactions

The electrolysis reactions

AA BB++ABABheat

AA BB++ABABelectricity

Thermal decomposition reactions

A type of reaction in which a substance decomposes into its elements or simpler substances by the effect of heat only

AA BB++ABABheat

Examples of the Thermal decomposition reactions

3- CuCO3 CuO + CO2heat

2- CuSO4 CuO + SO3heat

5- +2CuO 4NO2 O2heat2Cu(NO3)2 +

heat6- 2NaNO3 2NaNO3 + O2

1-heat

2HgO 2Hg O2+

heat2- Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O

The electrolysis reactions

Is a reaction in which the solution or the melt of the substance decomposes into its elements or simpler substances by electricity.

AA BB++ABABelectricity

The electrolyte

Is the substance which ionized in water into + and - ions

The voltammeter

Is the apparatus in which the electrolysis takes place.

Hoffman voltammeter

Is the apparatus which used in the electrolysis of acidified water.

2H2O 2H2 O2+electricity

Dil H2SO4

Uses 0f electrolysis

Getting elements from their compounds

Aluminum industry

electroplating

1

2

3

Simple substitutionreactions

Is a reaction in which a metallic element substitutes another metallic element in on of its salt solutions

ADAD CC++CDCDAA ++

The least active

The most active

The chemical activity seriesThe chemical activity series

Is the arrangement of the metallic elements in decreasing order according to their chemical activity

Types of simple Substitution

reactions

Metal sub. H of an acid

Metal sub. Another metal

AXAX H2H2++HXHXAA ++

ADAD CC++CDCDAA ++

Metal sub. H of an acid

Ex.

3- Cu + H2SO4 -ve

1- Mg MgSO4+ H2SO4 + H2dil

2- Zn ZnSO4+ H2SO4 + H2dil

dil

Metal sub. another metal in its salt solution

Ex.

1- Mg MgSO4+ CUSO4 + CU

2- Zn MgSO4+ CuSO4 + Cu

3- Cu + ZnSO4 -ve

Double substitutionreactions

Is a reaction in which the ions or the radicals of two compounds exchange its others forming two new compounds

ADAD CBCB++CDCDABAB ++

Types of DoubleSubstitution

reactions

Acid + alkali salt +water

Acid +salt Acid + salt

Salt +salt Salt + salt

Acid + Alkali Salt + water

Neutralization reactionEx.

* HCl NaCl+ NaOH + H2O

Acid + Salt Acid + Salt

Ex.

H2SO4 Na2SO4+ 2NaCl + 2HCl

H2SO4 Na2SO4+ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Salt+ Salt Salt + Salt

Ex.

CuSO4 Na2SO4+ Na2S + CuS

NaCl NaNO3+ AgNO3 + AgCl

CuSO4 Cu(NO3)2+Ba(NO3)2 + BaSO4

Choose the correct answer

1- the substance which ionized in water into + and – ions

Acid Electrolyte Alkali

2- When sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution a……… ppt. is formed

BlackRed White

3-The exothermic reaction generates heat because

The heat content of the reactants greater than the products

The heat content of the reactants equal that of the products

The heat content of the reactants Smaller than the products