the autonomic nervous system chapter 17. introduction makes all routine adjustments in physiological...
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The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 17
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Introduction
• Makes all routine adjustments in physiological systems.
• Consists of visceral motor (efferent) neurons• The ANS pathway from the CNS to the effector
always involves 2 neurons synapsing in an autonomic ganglion– Preganglionic (neuron #1) – cell body is in the CNS,
axon extends to the ganglion outside the CNS– Postganglionic (neuron #2) – cell body is in the
ganglion, axon extends to the visceral effector
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Nerve Fibers of the ANS
• Preganglionic (neuron #1) – Always myelinated– Neurotransmitter is always ACh
• Postganglionic (neuron #2)– Always nonmyelinated– Neurotransmitter is Ach or norepinephrine
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-07
ANS Fibers to Smooth Muscle
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Subdivisions of the ANS
• Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar)– Cell bodies for all the neurons #1 reside in the
thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord.• T1 – L2
– Stimulates heart beat & tissue metabolism, increases alertness, prepares the body to deal with emergencies (“fight or flight” division)
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-02b
Subdivisions of the ANS
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Subdivisions of the ANS
• Parasympathetic division (craniosacral)– Cell bodies reside in the brain stem (cranial
nerves) or in the sacral portion of the spinal cord.
– Slows the heart rate, inhibits senses, prepares the body for rest and relaxation; (“rest and digest” division).
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The Sympathetic Division
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Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
– A chain of ganglia that run alongside the spinal cord
– Extends on both sides of the vertebral column– Carries preganglionic fibers and cell bodies of
postganglionic neurons
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-05
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
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Anatomy of the Sympathetic Chain
• Rami communicates from the spinal nerves connect to the chain
• Other nerves (splanchnic) project from the chain
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Routes of Preganglionic Axons
• Cell bodies of neurons #1 lie in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
• The axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord via the ventral root
• These axons pass to the spinal nerve• Axons leave the spinal nerve via the white
and gray branches (rami communicates)– Connect with the sympathetic chain ganglia
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Routes of Preganglionic Axons
• There are 3 possible routes that sympathetic neurons #1 may follow
• Possibility #1: synapses with the ganglion at that level– Neuron #2 leaves at that level via the gray
ramus communicans, rejoins the same level spinal nerve
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-04a
Routes of Preganglionic Axons
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Routes of Preganglionic Axons
• Possibility #2: neuron #1 goes up or down the chain and synapses at some other level.– Neuron #2 leaves at that level via the gray ramus
communicans, rejoins the spinal nerve at that level.
• Possibility #3: neuron #1 does not synapse in the chain but exits by a splanchnic nerve and synapses in a collateral ganglion.– Neuron #2 travels from that ganglion to its destination.
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-04b
Route Through Collateral Ganglia
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Collateral Ganglia
• Location – anterior to the aorta in the abdominopelvic cavity– Celiac ganglion
• Innervates upper abdominal viscera
– Superior mesenteric• Innervates middle abdominal viscera
– Inferior mesenteric• Innervates lower abdominal & pelvic organs
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The Adrenal Medulla
• Only preganglionic neurons are in this pathway
• Neuron #1 stimulates the medulla,
• The medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) to blood
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-04c
Route to Adrenal Medulla
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-06
Adrenal Medulla
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Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation
• Widespread– The sympathetic chain allows one
preganglionic fiber to synapse with many postganglionic neurons
• Enhanced & prolonged by the adrenal medulla
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Neurotransmitters
• Preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine (Ach)– Cholinergic
• Postganglionic fibers (most) release norepinephrine (NE)– Adrenergic
• Adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Membrane Receptors & Sympathetic Function
• 2 types of receptors in synapses– The same neurotransmitter can have different
effects
• Alpha receptors cause a rise in intracellular calcium– Respond more than beta to NE
• Beta receptors cause changes in the metabolic activity of the target cells
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Summary of Sympathetic Division
• Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord
• Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers
• Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach
• “Fight or flight” division
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The Parasympathetic Division
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Organization of the PNS
• Cell bodies are in the brain or in the gray matter of the spinal cord (sacral region)
• Neurons #1 exit the cranial region through cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, & 10
• Neurons #1 exit the spinal cord through the sacral spinal nerves
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-02b
Subdivisions of the ANS
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Organization of the PNS
• Neurons #1 are long and synapse with neurons #2 (short) in ganglia
• Ganglia are found on near the visceral effector
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Anatomy of the PNS
• The cranial nerve fibers involved are motor - control smooth muscle & glands in the upper body– Cranial nerve #3 – lens & pupil
– Cranial nerve #7 – lacrimal glands, submandibular & submaxillary glands (salivary)
– Cranial nerve #9 – parotid gland (salivary)
– Cranial nerve #10 - viscera of thorax & abdomen
• Sacral nerves innervate the kidneys, colon, & sex organs
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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001
Figure 17-09
Anatomy of the PNS
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General Functions of the PNS
• Prepares the individual for rest and relaxation• “Rest & digest” division• Effects on various organs:
– Decreases heart rate– Constricts bronchioles– Increases salivation– Increases motility of stomach– Increases motility of colon– Constricts pupils
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Neurotransmitter
• Both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine– Causes localized and short-term effects
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Summary of the Parasympathetic Division
• Cell bodies are found in the brain and in the sacral region of the spinal cord
• Preganglionic fibers are long and synapse with short postganglionic fibers on or near the target viscera
• Both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers produce Ach
• “Rest & digest” division
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Relationship Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
• Most organs receive dual innervation
• Visceral organs are intrinsically excited– ANS either increase excitation or inhibit the
activity– Eg. Sympathetic fibers increase heart rate,
parasympathetic fibers decrease heart rate