The Canadian and thePortuguese Public

Administrations: A Tale of TwoStories and two Countries

(1960/2010)

L. Valadares TavaresFull Professor Emeritus, IST, University of LisbonPresident of APMEP – Portuguese Society of Public MarketsFormer President of the Portuguese NationalInstitute of Public Administration

Brief Comparison

I – GeneralCanada Portugal

Population 31 M 10 M

Political RegimeMonarchy

(Federation)Republic

Government Levels• Federal• Provinces• Municipal

• National• Municipal and 2

AutonomousRegions

GDP / hab (2010)(OECD = 100 PPP)

119,9 75,6

Brief Comparison

II – Public AdministrationCanada Portugal

Nº civil servants (includingEduc., Health and Security/Army)

3.3 M(10% pop.)

0.6 M(6% pop.)

Wages /GDP 10% 11%

Legal Framework and Careers

Civil ServiceCommission (CSC)

Parliament and Government

Recruitment Depts Ministry of Finances

Brief Comparison

II – Public AdministrationCanada Portugal

PromotionsPublic Services

Comission (PSC)Ministry of Finances

High Level Nominations PSC Government

Salaries Treasury Board (TB)Parliament andGovernment

TrainingCanada School of

Public ServiceUntil 2011: INA

Now?

More and better services !

Canada:

Many Examples !

Portugal: Also !

Portugal: Success Examples

Child Mortality Rate

% Access to Higher Education if born on:

1980: 24/1000 2000: 6/1000

1960: 6% 1980: 39%

Better (e-)channels !

Flexible Time-Tables e-Access

E-Full Services e-Interaction

Despite high disparities !

Scatterplot

Nível de Ensino vs Poder de Compra perCapita

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Nível de Ensino

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Classes de Concelhos(número de concelhos)

H (1)G (1)F (13)E (30)D (51)C (58)B (74)A (47)

Média exame Matemática (cod. 435) 2002

por Concelho

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GRUPO

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dia

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A B C D E F G H

Story 2: Portugal

Growth with:

- Higher complexity

- Successive unconsistent layers

In – Services Model

Archipelago Paradigm

Instead of Services sourcing

. . .

3 – Personel Model

Bureaucratic ModelManagement by

Objectives[2003: Performance

Evaluation]

2 – Qualification Model(% compared to society)

Low Qualified

High Qualified

10

9

1

1950 2000

Distribuição por remuneração: AP Portugal

- Remuneração Media: 1243 € -

0

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Distribuição por Remuneração: AP Finlândia

- Remuneração Media: 1706 € -

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Distribuição por Remuneração

The 4 Layers Theory

1935 – 75 1975 – 1985 1985 – 1995 1995 – 2005

Direct PublicAdministration

(Reform of 1935)

Local and Regional

AdministrationsSocial State

Public Firms(including

Hospitals, EPE)+ Regulators

+ PPP

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4

Management Control

LAYER

100%

1DPA

02

LRA3

SS4

PF

Confirmation of the 4- LAYERS TheoryAnnual Expenditure* (M Euros. Source DGO, 30 Set.2012)

AnnualExpenditure(T)

TOTALDPA Local Adm. Reg. Adm. SS PF

2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 ∆

Wages(W)

9870 8359 2020 1827 732 656 2992 2563 2700 2312 18224 15717 -14%

Acquisition of Goods and

Services (GS)1440 1352 1476 1501 293 364 8560 10079 7864 9156 19633 22452 +14%

GS/T (%) 13% 14% 42% 45% 29% 36% 74% 80% 74% 80% 52% 59%

Which Reform of which State?