The cardiovascular The cardiovascular system and its response system and its response

to exerciseto exercise

Aims of the seminarAims of the seminar

To recap on the previous session (the To recap on the previous session (the structure and function of the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. cardiovascular system.

To identify the changes in heart rate To identify the changes in heart rate during exercise.during exercise.

To identify and understand the changes in To identify and understand the changes in the respiratory system during exercise. the respiratory system during exercise.

To know cardiovascular adaptations during To know cardiovascular adaptations during long and short periods of exercise. long and short periods of exercise.

The function of the circulatory The function of the circulatory systemsystem

The circulatory system has three major The circulatory system has three major function:function:

TransportTransport Moving things around the body in the blood stream Moving things around the body in the blood stream

such as oxygen and nutrients like glucose. such as oxygen and nutrients like glucose.

Body temperature controlBody temperature control Thermoregulation, moving blood near the skin cools Thermoregulation, moving blood near the skin cools

down the body. That’s why you look redder when you down the body. That’s why you look redder when you exercise heavily. exercise heavily.

ProtectionProtection Moving anti-bodies around the body fighting diseases Moving anti-bodies around the body fighting diseases

and clotting cuts.and clotting cuts.

The structure of the heartThe structure of the heart

Oxygenated blood Oxygenated blood has more oxygen has more oxygen and is found in the and is found in the arteries (except in arteries (except in the pulmonary the pulmonary artery).artery).

Deoxygenated Deoxygenated blood has less blood has less oxygen and is oxygen and is found in the veins found in the veins (except in the (except in the pulmonary vein.) pulmonary vein.)

Task oneTask one

The cardiovascular system: The cardiovascular system: HEARTHEART

Situated in the left-hand side of the chestSituated in the left-hand side of the chest Muscular pump whose purpose is to Muscular pump whose purpose is to

drive the blood into and through the drive the blood into and through the arteries, to deliver it to the tissues and arteries, to deliver it to the tissues and working musclesworking muscles

Considered as two separate pumpsConsidered as two separate pumps Two chambers on the right, and two Two chambers on the right, and two

chambers on the left side (the septum chambers on the left side (the septum separates these chambers)separates these chambers)• What are they?What are they?

Strokes of the heartStrokes of the heart

Heart rate per minute is how many Heart rate per minute is how many time the heart beats in one minute.time the heart beats in one minute.

Stroke volume is the amount of blood Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from the heart per beat.pumped from the heart per beat.

Cardiac output is the amount of Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one blood pumped from the heart in one minute.minute.• Cardiac output = Stroke volume + Heart Cardiac output = Stroke volume + Heart

raterate

Circuits of the bodyCircuits of the body

There are two circuits of the body you There are two circuits of the body you need to know:need to know:

Systemic Systemic The main circuit of the body, it carries oxygenated The main circuit of the body, it carries oxygenated

blood around the body through arteries. blood around the body through arteries. It carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart and It carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart and

lungs through veins to be deoxygenated in the lungs through veins to be deoxygenated in the pulmonary system. pulmonary system.

PulmonaryPulmonary Consists of the heart and lungs, deoxygenated from Consists of the heart and lungs, deoxygenated from

the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. The the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then goes back to the heart to be oxygenated blood then goes back to the heart to be pumped around the body. pumped around the body.

Changes in heart rate during Changes in heart rate during exerciseexercise

There is a anticipatory There is a anticipatory rise due to hormonal rise due to hormonal action. action.

Then there is a sharp Then there is a sharp rise due to stimuli and rise due to stimuli and hormonal response. hormonal response.

The heart rate The heart rate steadies off during steadies off during constant maximal constant maximal exercise (heart rate exercise (heart rate max) max)

Changes in the respiratory Changes in the respiratory

Tidal volume Tidal volume increases.increases.

Residual volume Residual volume increases.increases.

Breathing rate and Breathing rate and the volume of the volume of oxygen consumed oxygen consumed is increased due to is increased due to the onset of lactic the onset of lactic acid. acid.

Adaptations to the body over Adaptations to the body over long periods of exercise. long periods of exercise.

Increase in the Increase in the number of number of capillaries. capillaries.

Increase in the Increase in the efficiency of efficiency of gaseous exchange.gaseous exchange.

Lower resting heart Lower resting heart rate.rate.

Aerobic adaptations in the Aerobic adaptations in the muscle during exercisemuscle during exercise

Long aerobic Long aerobic exercise such as exercise such as swimming or swimming or running can running can enlarge the slow enlarge the slow twitch fibres twitch fibres allowing a greater allowing a greater potential for potential for energy production. energy production.

Aerobic adaptations in the Aerobic adaptations in the muscle during exercisemuscle during exercise

The size and The size and number of number of mitochondria mitochondria increase.increase.

There is an increase There is an increase in myoglobin within in myoglobin within the muscle cell.the muscle cell.

The onset of fatigue The onset of fatigue is delayed because is delayed because of the higher of the higher maximum oxygen maximum oxygen uptake. uptake.

Anaerobic adaptations in the Anaerobic adaptations in the muscle during exercisemuscle during exercise

Anaerobic activities Anaerobic activities such as sprinting such as sprinting and weightlifting and weightlifting can cause can cause hypertrophy of the hypertrophy of the fast twitch muscle fast twitch muscle fibres. fibres.

Anaerobic adaptations in the Anaerobic adaptations in the muscle during exercisemuscle during exercise

Increased stroke Increased stroke volume at rest and volume at rest and during exercise. during exercise.

Increased cardiac Increased cardiac output.output.

Decreased resting Decreased resting blood pressure.blood pressure.

An increase in An increase in haemoglobin (helps haemoglobin (helps carry oxygen along in carry oxygen along in the red blood cells. the red blood cells.

You must include this in your You must include this in your assignment. assignment.

Major musclesMajor muscles: triceps; biceps; quadriceps; : triceps; biceps; quadriceps; hamstrings; deltoids; gluteus maximus; hamstrings; deltoids; gluteus maximus; gastrocnemius; abdominals; obliques; pectorals; gastrocnemius; abdominals; obliques; pectorals; trapezius; erector spinae; classification; locationtrapezius; erector spinae; classification; location

Types of muscleTypes of muscle: voluntary (skeletal); involuntary : voluntary (skeletal); involuntary (smooth); heart (cardiac)(smooth); heart (cardiac)

Muscle movementMuscle movement: tendons; antagonistic pairs; types : tendons; antagonistic pairs; types of movement (concentric, eccentric,of movement (concentric, eccentric,

isometric)isometric) Effects of exerciseEffects of exercise: short-term effects of exercise eg : short-term effects of exercise eg

break down of muscle tissue; long-termbreak down of muscle tissue; long-term effects of exercise eg hypertrophyeffects of exercise eg hypertrophy

Next seminarNext seminar

Introducing the Digestive system Introducing the Digestive system including watching the third section including watching the third section form the DVD entitled ‘anatomy for form the DVD entitled ‘anatomy for beginners’. beginners’.

Extended readingExtended reading

BTEC National diploma student guide BTEC National diploma student guide (the complete revision). (the complete revision).