the cell: an overview chapter 5. 5.1 basic features of cell structure and function cells are small...
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The Cell: An Overview
Chapter 5
5.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
Cells are small and are visualized using a microscope
Cells have a DNA-containing central region surrounded by cytoplasm
Cells occur in prokaryotic an eukaryotic forms, each with distinctive structures and organization
Microscopes and Cells
Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Brown
Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Microscopes and Cells
Fig. 5-1, p. 92
Cell Theory: Fundamental to Life
All organisms are cellular
Cell: the smallest unit of life
Cells come only from preexisting cells
Examples of Cells
Fig. 5-2, p. 92
Units of Measure
Fig. 5-3, p. 93
Research Methods
Fig. 5-4, p. 94
Cells are Small
No life is smaller than an intact cell• Diffusion and surface area to volume ratios
Cells viewed with microscopes• Light and electron
Magnification and resolution limit microscopes
Surface to Volume Ratios
All Cells Contain DNA
All cells have a central region with DNA• Stores hereditary information (connection to
evolution)
• Genes are located on DNA
• Proteins replicate DNA and copy information to RNA
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm • Surrounds the central region
Cytosol • Aqueous solution of cell
Organelles • Small organized structures within cytosol
Plasma Membrane
Fig. 5-6, p. 95
Plasma Membrane
Plasma membrane defines cytoplasm
Lipid bilayer and proteins
Hydrophobic• Selective passage hydrophilic
Internal environment of cell different from external
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes • No boundary membrane in central region
• Nucleoid
• Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
Eukaryotes • Boundary membrane in central region
• True nucleus
• Domain: Eukarya
Components of Prokaryotic andEukaryotic Cells
Table 5-1, p. 96
5.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells have little or no internal membrane structure
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Fig. 5-7, p. 97
Prokaryotic Internal Structure
Small, little to no membrane structure• Cell wall & capsule
Plasma membrane allows metabolism• ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Evolution by endosymbiosis
5.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles
Nucleus contains much more DNA than the prokaryotic nucleoid
Cytoplasm has endomembrane systems dividing cell into functional and structural components
5.3 (cont.)
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell
Microbodies carry out vital reactions that link metabolic pathways
The cytoskeleton supports and moves cell structures
Flagella and cilia are the propellers of eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Cell Overview
Domain Eukarya (true nucleus) • Includes protists, fungi, plants and animals
Eukaryotic plasma membrane function• Regulate/recognize substances (immune system)
• Cell-to-cell binding
Fungi, plants and many protists have cell walls
Typical Animal Cell
Fig. 5-8a, p. 99
Typical Plant Cell
Fig. 5-9a, p. 100
Eukaryotic Nucleus
Nuclear envelope separates nucleus and cytoplasm• Two membranes and nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm within nuclear envelope• Chromatin and chromosomes
Nucleolus• Genes for ribosomal RNA
Nuclear Envelope
Fig. 5-10, p. 101
Endomembrane System
Endomembrane system • Connects all membranes
• Synthesizes/ modifies membrane proteins
• Synthesizes lipids
• Detoxification
Vesicles exchange membrane throughout endomembrane system• ER, Golgi, nuclear envelope, lysosomes,
vesicles, plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fig. 5-11, p. 102
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Interconnected network of membrane with
cisternae and lumen
Rough ER • Ribosomes bound to surface
• Membrane-associated protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER • No ribosomes
• Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies
Proportion rough/smooth ER reflect cell activities
Golgi Complex
Fig. 5-12, p. 103
Lysosomes
Lysosomes• Vesicles from Golgi complex
• Hydrolytic enzymes from ER; low pH
Autophagy removes nonfunctional organelles
Phagocytosis digests extracellular material• Major function of immune systems
Endocytosis, Exocytosis and Lysosomes
Fig. 5-13-14, p. 104
Vesicle Traffic
Fig. 5-15, p. 105
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration yields ATP
Mitochondria have two membranes• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane folded (cristae)
• Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondria have own genome• Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria
Fig. 5-16, p. 106
Microbodies
Microbodies • Single membrane organelles
• Not part of endomembrane system
Microbody enzymes link biochemical pathways
Examples• Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes or glycosomes
Microbodies
Fig. 5-17, p. 107
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton • Maintains shape and organization
• Interconnected protein fibers and tubes
Most prominent in animal cells• Plants and fungi also use cell walls and central
vacuole
Cytoskeleton Examples
Fig. 5-18, p. 107
Cytoskeleton Components
Main elements of animal cytoskeletons• Microtubules are supportive
• Intermediate fibers thinner, interconnected with microtubules
• Microfilaments thinnest
Cytoskeleton Components
Each element assembled from proteins• Microtubules from tubulin
• Intermediate fibers from intermediate filaments
• Microfilaments from actins
Major Components of Cytoskeleton
Fig. 5-19, p. 108
Microtubules
Many microtubules originate from centrosome• Originate from centrioles
• Anchor major organelles
• Microtubules provide tracks for mobile organelles
Microtubules
Organelle movement by motor proteins• Vesicle attached to motor protein “walks” along
microtubule
• Requires ATP
Cytoskeleton allows large cellular movement• Amoeboid motion, cytoplasmic streaming, cell
division
Kinesin
Fig. 5-20a,b, p. 108
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella and cilia for cell motion• Identical structure; cilia shorter/greater in number
Structures are 9+2• Motor proteins
• From centrioles and basal body
Prokaryotes have analogous (not homologous) flagella and cilia
Flagellar Structure
Fig. 5-21, p. 109
Flagellar and Ciliary Beating Patterns
Fig. 5-22, p. 110
Centrioles
Fig. 5-23, p. 110
5.4 Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
Chloroplasts are biochemical factories powered by sunlight
Central vacuoles have diverse roles in storage, structural support, and cell growth
Cell walls support and protect plant cells
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts have multiple membranes for photosynthesis• Outer smooth, inner folded; stroma inside both
• Thylakoids and grana inside stroma
• Endosymbiosis
Plastids are plant organelles that include chloroplasts, amlyoplasts and chromoplasts
Plastids
Plant organelles including• Chloroplasts
• Amyloplasts
• Chromoplasts
Chloroplast Structure
Fig. 5-24, p. 111
Central Vacuoles
Central vacuoles • Large vesicles in plants
• 90% of many plant cell’s volume
• Turgor pressure from water
• Other functions
Tonoplast • Membrane surrounding central vacuole
Cell Walls
Cell walls • Extracellular structures
• Provide structure and contain pressure
• Cellulose fibers for tensile strength, other organic molecules for compression resistance
Two types of cells walls • Primary
• Secondary
Cell Walls
Middle lamella holds adjacent cell walls together
Plasmodesmata provide cellular connections• No cell wall passage
Cell Wall Structure
Fig. 5-25, p. 112
5.5 The Animal Cell Surface
Cell adhesion molecules organize animal cells into tissues and organs
Cell junctions reinforce cell adhesions and provide avenues of communication
The extracellular matrix organizes the cell exterior
Cell Adhesion and Junctions
Cell adhesion molecules bind cells together nonpermanently• Glycoproteins bind to specific molecules on other
cells
Cell junctions seal spaces between cells permanently• Direct cellular communication
Functions of Cellular Junction
Anchoring junctions “weld” cells together• Desmosomes and adherens
Tight junctions prevent small ion movement • Seal spaces and fuse membranes
Gap junctions allow passage without membrane control • Same tissue
Animal Cell Connections
Fig. 5-26, p. 114
Extracellular Matrix
Collagen proteins • Tensile strength and elasticity
Proteoglycans • Interlinkage
• Changes consistency (jellylike to hard and elastic)
Fibronectins • Connect cells via integrins
Extracellular Matrix
Fig. 5-27, p. 115
Animation: Fluid mosaic model
PLAYANIMATION