the challenges of chinese universities in the next decades jianhua lin executive vice president and...
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The Challenges of Chinese Universities in the Next Decades
Jianhua Lin
Executive vice president and provost
Peking University
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Context
Historic view Some issues Future
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Historic view: Ancient Education Traditional Chinese higher education
More than 2000 years “Sishu”: Private School “Shuyuan”: Private college of classical learning “Taixue”: Imperial college
Core value of traditional “Great Learning” What the great learning teaches, is to illustrate
illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence
emphasizing on rectifying one’s heart, cultivating person
The main purpose of traditional learning Utilitarianism: good scholar can become an official Sciences: not developed in Chinese education system
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Modern higher education institutions The missionary colleges
Saint John’s college founded 1879 There were 14 missionary college in 1919
The national colleges Tianjing University
Imperial Tientsin University, 1895 Focussing on technology
Peking University Imperial University of Peking, 1898 The administrative ministry of higher
education in China Many universities were founded in the
beginning of the 20th century Liberal arts education
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Research Universities in China The former president Cai Yuanpei of PKU
Recruiting new faculty Reforming the system of PKU
First graduate schools in China Graduate institutes at PKU, 1917 Overall graduate school was founded in 1932
Research at universities The facilities at PKU were comparable to some
universities in US in 1930 The devotion and enthusiasm of faculty and
students for research was much higher
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Historic view: Chinese universities Relocation of disciplines in 1952
More specialized universities PKU: humanities, social sciences and natural sciences Tsinghua: purely technology oriented Single mission: serve to the industrialization of China Only few universities maintained research Education become more specialized
Cultural revolution All universities were closedown for about 10 years
Opening policy in 1978 1978~1998 slow moving 1998~2010 takeoff
First total synthesis of insulin in 1965
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Some issues
Scale of high educationMerging of universities
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Expansion of Chinese universities Expanding size of universities
The gross rate of enrollment reach to 24%, almost 30 million registered students, the largest in the world
The increase of the state investment on education was slowBillion ¥
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Scale of the universities
Many new campus, new recruiting, and new facilities The average spending per student decreases dramatically,
quality? About 300 billion bank loans, recent relief plan New campuses: profitable investment for the future
New Campus of Jilin U New Campus of Sun Yet-sen U
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Merging of Universities Huge comprehensive universities
ZJU: with Hangzhou U, Zhejiang medical U and Zhejiang agriculture U WHU: with Wuhan hydroelectricity U, Wuhan mapping U, Hubei medical
U JLU: with Jilin U industry, Baiqiuen medical U, Changchun U geology,
Changchun communication U Merged with medical universities
PKU: with Beijing medical U FDU: with Shanghai medical U SJTU: with Shanghai second medical U
Local universities Suzhou U: with Suzhou silkworm college, Silk technology college,
Sushou medical college Ningbo U: Ningbo normal college, Zhejiang aquaculture college
A powerful reaction to the former relocation of disciplines in 1952 Good for small specialized colleges, but destroying the diversity of
Chinese higher education system
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Distribution of the higher learning institutions in China
Economically activity areasEconomically activity areas
NBS Statistics,NBS Statistics,
Higher Education Higher Education
Institutes=1079+1184Institutes=1079+1184
Total Students=29 millionTotal Students=29 million
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The higher education in 2020 enrollment: 36 million the gross rate of enrollment: 40%
The main target of next 10 years is to improve the quality of education
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Issue: 211 and 985 projects
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211 and 985 projects Promoting excellent universities
Centennial anniversary of PKU, in May 4 1998 985 project
Promoting few Chinese universities to top level Investment(billion): I: 14, II: 18.9, III: 30.5 (five years a
term) 211 project
Improving 100 good universities in China Investment(billion): I: 2.755, II: 6.0, III:10.0
Investment to PKU 985 (five year a term):
I: 2.2 billion II: 2.2 billion III: 3.3 billion
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Concentration of funding 985-III project:
PKU and Tsinghua share: I: 25.7%; II: 19.1; III: 21.6%
The other 7 universities in C9 share 27.5% in 985-III, but they should receive similar compensation from local government
The rest 30 universities share 41.9% about 10% flexible
C9 is informer association what include 9 top universities
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Research activities at PKU Quality and quantity of research output have been improved
over the decade
First Author Pub Publicationsss
Ave IF
(from the Office of Scientific Research, PKU)
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Research activities in Chinese universities The scientific publications on international journals increase
dramatically in the past decade for the major comprehensive universities in China
The overall publications also increase for all universities
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Citation of selected universities
Í
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The impact of the research is still low
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Rankings The performance of Chinese universities in these rankings are
improving continuously Better performance on comprehensive ranking
PKU is around 14-50 in the past several years For research orientated ranking, Chinese universities are all far
behind Shanghai Jiaotong:
PKU 200-250; Tsinghua: 200-250
Australia Research council Chinese universities are all quit far away
219 PKU, 233 Tsinghua, 365 SJTU, 389 Fudan, 417 Zhongshan, 418 Zhejiang, 428 Nanjing
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Issues Investment on R&D and education
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R&D investiment in China China’s R&D Investment increases continuously over 1995 to 2009 The GERD is only 1.7% in 2009, which is much lower than most of
the developed countries expected GERD is about 2.5 in 2020
Billion ¥
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Research funding policies
Fundament research NSFC and MOST NSFC’s budget will be 10
billion next year National needs oriented
MOST, local government, other ministries and industry
16 national key project, about tens of billions each
600 billion budget was approved within the stimulating package
Technology transfer mainly by venture capitals,
but government provides various financial and policy assistant
NSFC
100 million
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Large research facilities Synchrotron radiation Neutron sources
Reactor at Beijing Spallation neutron source at Dongguan, Guangdong province
Others Super magnetic field facilities Protein genomics wild species bank astronomical telescope
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External funding (R&D) of Chinese universities External funding increases but the share decreases
because of more R&D spending in industry Chinese universities focus mostly on applied research The fundamental research funding is only 22%
Statistics from MoST , 1997-2008
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Research funding of universities
External research funding of PKU
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Million ¥
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Investment PKU
The budget was about 4.6 billion in 2009 The external research grant was about 1.26 billion in 2009
Tsinghua The research grant was ~30 billion in 2009
Scientific Research Income
University Income
in 100 million Yuan
Scientific Research Funding
School enterprises
Government Investment
UniversityFoundation
Special Funding
University Income
PKU budget in 2009
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Political willing More investment on education and R&D The education spending will be 4% of GDP by 2012
about 1600 billion The R&D spending will be 2.5% of GDP in 2020
about 720 billion
Difficulties it is difficult to force the local government invest more
on education rich and poor regions The state compensation per students
Beijing: 24,380, Shanghai: 15,349, Guangdong: 10,622, Tianjing: 9,827, Zhejiang: 8,771, Sichuan: 4,000, Xijiang: 6,300, Ningxia:3,400, Shenzhen: 24,000
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The research Culture Different meaning for
“kexue” in Chinese context
The culture influence on the funding distribution
Big science versus interests oriented research
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Issue: Frontier and interdisciplinary Relocation the strengthen of the
universities
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Strengthen and weakness
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Strengthen of Chinese universities
Comparison with US and EU Strengthen: physical sciences Weakness: life science and
medical sciences
• Pekin
g U• Harvar
d U
• Cambridge U
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3333
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Biomedical research at PKU Biomedical related Institutions
Faculty of Sciences School of life sciences School of chemistry Department of psychology
Faculty of medicine School of Basic Medical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences School of Public Health 8 affiliated hospitals 12 teaching hospitals
Research institutions Institute for molecular medicine
Center for system biology
Institute for clinic medical research
Center for bio-optical image
Center for functional image
Center for chemical genomics
Center for neurosciences
Center for stem cell research
National protein genomic center
National life science center
............
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future perspective
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Future perspectives Overall R&D input be raised to over 2.5% of GDP in 2020;
and overall education input should be 4% of GDP (about 36,000 billion 2009)
Become an innovative country in 2020 the contribution rates of scientific advancement reach over
60% dependency on foreign technology decrease to below 30% number of annual authorization of invention patents and
number of international citation of scientific thesis rank among top 5 in the world
The top research universities would play a significant role in this process
Do we need more research universities in China?
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Research Universities in China
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Research Universities in China
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New Research Universities in developed regions Financial revenue (billion Yuan)
Jiangsu: 315, Zhejiang: 214.2 Suzhou:74.5, Ningbo: 39.0, Shenzhen: 101.6
Financial compensation per college student (yuan) Beijing: 24,380, Shanghai: 15,349, Guangdong: 10,622, Tianjing:
9,827, Zhejiang: 8,771, Sichuan: 4,000, Xijiang: 6,300, Ningxia:3,400
Shenzhen: 24,000
Suzhou University founded in 1900
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Research Universities South university for science and technology at Shenzhen city
The city invested 10 billion for a new campus, and 1 billion per year for running 400 new recruiting faculty, 6000 undergraduates and 4000 post graduates Focussing on science, engineering and management, taking HKUST as a model
According to State Strategic Plan, the education spending should be 4% of GDP The GDP of Shenzhen city is more than 1000 billion for Shenzhen, which means
they have to spend at least 40 billion on education each year
new campus of SUST
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International collaboration There are many joint research collaborations
in PKU: Joint PhD program with GIT Joint research institute with UCLA, UM Joint programs with more than 200 institutions
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Joint education programs SHJT:
Joint engineering college with UM XAJT:
Joint university with Liverpool U Yale:
Joint liberal arts college with NUS NYU
discussion with Shanghai establishing a fully independent campus at Pudong, Shanghai
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International Cooperation and ExchangeCase Study: XJLU University International joint institution
jointly formed by Xian Jiaotong U and Loverpool U mainly undergraduate very successful and well accepted by society and other academic
institutions
Vision: a research-led international university in China with its unique features in
teaching & learning, research, social service, education management.
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Thank you
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Publications and citations continuously improving in the past decade but still for below the world average
SCI PapersCitations
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State key project key IT devices and software, IC: integrate circuit, new generation of broad band mobile communication
system, drug discovery, aircraft, exploring new oil resource, petroleum, nuclear power plant, water pollution, biotech and gene related technology, infectious diseases, space flight, aerospace technology,