the challenges of modern america immigration and urbanization
TRANSCRIPT
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The Challenges of Modern America
Immigration and Urbanization
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New ImmigrationPromise of a Better Life
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The New Immigrants◼Millions of immigrants entered the
U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
◼Why?◼escape difficult times (often sent
money home)
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Europeans 1870 -- 1920
20 million Europeans arrived in the U.S.
Before 1890 most were
from western & northern Europe
After 1890 most
came from southern & eastern Europe
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Arriving in the New Land Late 19th century most
immigrants arrived by boat trip from Europe
took about a month took about three
weeks from Asia trip was arduous
many died along the way
Destination wasEllis Island for
EuropeansAngel Island for
Chinese and Japanese
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Getting to the United States was often very difficult. Many of the immigrants traveled in steerage (most basic / cheapest
accommodations)
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Ellis Island, New York1892-1924
◼ 7 million European immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities◼processing took
hours◼sick were sent home
Immigrants◼ had to show that they were not criminals◼ had to have some money ($25)◼ were able to work
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Ellis Island
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Angel Island, San Francisco◼ Chinese /
Japanese arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay
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Angel Island, San Francisco
쀀
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Immigrant PopulationsUrbanization Northeast and
MidwestImmigrants settled
in cities Why?◼ available jobs◼ affordable
housing
*(1910) Immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities
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Ethnic NeighborhoodsWhen immigrants arrived
◼greeted with hostility by some native-born Americans
◼ to preserve their culture / survive in the new land:◼newcomers built ethnic
neighborhoods (Little Italy's, Little Poland's, Germantown's, Chinatowns)
◼Some came to think of themselves as
hyphenated Americans
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Migration from Country to City
Discrimination and segregation were often the unfortunate
reality for African Americans who migrated north
◼ Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient and required less labor
◼ Many rural people left for cities to find work – including almost a quarter of a million African Americans
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Urban ProblemsProblems in American
cities in the late 19th & early 20th centuries included:
◼ Housing: Overcrowded tenements were un-healthy places to live
◼ Sanitation: Garbage often was not collected and polluted the air
Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements
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Urban ProblemsProblems in American cities in the late 19th & early
20th centuries included:◼ Transportation: Cities
struggled to provide adequate transit systems
◼ Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever were common
◼ Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished
◼ Fire: Limited water, wooden structures, and the use of candles led to many major urban fires
Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 --
two major fires.
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“Dumbbell” Tenement
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“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC
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Jacob Riis:
How the
Other Half Lived
(1890)
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Tenement living
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Lodgers Huddled Together
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Tenement Living
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Struggling Immigrant Families
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Politics in the Gilded Age City Bosses AND Political Machines
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Political MachinesThe Gilded Age saw the rise of political machines -- well-organized groups that controlled a political party in a city
◼ Machines offered services to voters & businesses in exchange for political votes
◼ Were very influential with immigrants; Helped with jobs, housing, & naturalization
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Political machines influenced
immigrant voters by creating parks
near slums, barbeques, giving away
Christmas presents to children
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Political MachinesMachines were led by city bosses who used a network of ward bosses & precinct captains to:
◼Control access to city jobs, business licenses, courts
◼Arrange building projects & community services
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Political Machines◼ Machine politicians
were often corrupt:◼ Use fraud to win
elections◼ Graft—Using their
political influence for personal gain
◼ Took kickbacks & bribes◼ The most notorious
machine boss was Boss Tweed of New York’s Tammany Hall who defrauded the city of millions of dollars
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Boss Tweed
“Tweed Courthouse”—NY County Courthouse was supposed to cost $250,000 but cost $13 million
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