The Civil WarThe Civil War

1861 - 1865

Relative StrengthsRelative StrengthsNorthern Advantages• More $$$ (70% wealth)

– Conf. $$$ worth less than 2 cents by 1865

• RR (75%, 20,000 mls. vs. 9,000)• Industry (90%)• Organized navy, army, & gov’t• Population (22 mil. vs. 9 mil)• Farmland (65%/Most mineral deposits)• (3 ½ mil slaves)• # of States (23 vs. 11)• **Anaconda Plan (W. Scott, Blockade Southern coast, Control

MS River & split South in ½ by marching to coast after Atlanta, Capture Richmond (capital)

The Anaconda PlanThe Anaconda Plan

**Union blockade ineffective for first 1 ½ years; South got supplies from EUR

-Doesn’t take as many men to fight a defensive war

-No fighting in the winter (Apr-Oct)

-40% 21 & younger

Relative Strengths Relative Strengths Southern Advantages (War of

Attrition) • Area – familiar soil• Moral Reasons – defend

homes & families & independence

• Qualified Officers – strong military

• Strategy – Defensive fighting/Quick tradition victories/Wait for North to tire/One offensive push into MD & PA to split the Union

• Better Soldiers

Campaign for European Campaign for European InterventionIntervention• Foreign Aid

– North– South

• “Cotton is King” – BR more dependent on Northern wheat– Egyptian cotton readily obtained

• Trent Affair – Mason & Slidell (off coast of Cuba)– Capt. Wilkes removes Southern emissaries

• Charles Francis Adams• “the Alabama” (Claims) – Captured over 60 Union vessels

until defeated off the coast of Cherbourg– Promotes goodwill w/GB – reparations from GB– Violated internat’l law & Neutrality– Met in Geneva, Switz– U.S. was paid $15.5 mil

• *Laird Rams

Home FrontHome Front• Lincoln’s Arbitrary Power:*writ of habeas corpus” – Used in MD-Suspected secessionists jailed w/o charges or trials

• Conscription (draft) – *”bounty jumpers”– hiring a substitute - $300

• South exempts 1 overseer for every 20 slaves

– anti-draft riots (July, 1863) – NY; Worried about free blacks taking their jobs (117 killed)

• Morrill Tariff Act (1861) – Increased tariffs– 1st income tax

Home FrontHome Front• National Banking System – Uniform currency• “shoddy millionaires”• 13th Amendment (1865) – Ended slavery

– 2/3 Cong. Majority– Freed 3 mil. slaves

• **bread riot – Richmond (shortage of food & consumer goods)

• **Confiscation Acts – Take “property” of those who “supported” the rebellion

*contraband - Slaves

Lincoln and his Cabinet

MiscellaneousMiscellaneous• Napoleon III – Violates

Monroe Doctrine in MX– Emp. Maximillian

• Emancipation Proclamation – Effective Jan. 1, 1863, Freed slaves in rebelling states only

• Clement Vallandigham – Copperhead– Banished to Confederacy– Ran for gov. of Ohio while

living in Canada

MiscellaneousMiscellaneous• **Arlington National

Cemetery • **Jefferson Davis – Held

in Ft. Monroe for 2 yrs. (70 soldiers on duty to watch)

• **Civil War Tunes –• **Firsts – Repeating rifles

– Draft– Electrically exploded bombs– Ironclad ships– “Taps”– Army ambulance corps

Battles, Leaders & Battles, Leaders & OthersOthers

• North named battles for water & South for towns• Sally Tompkins – Ran Richmond infirmary & awarded

rank of Capt. by J. Davis• Clara Barton- “Angel of the Battlefield”• **Thaddeus Lowe- Balloonist

– Air surveillance– Most shot at man in the war

• Bull Run – Manassas Junction– Union forces routed– Stonewall Jackson– “Picnickers”

Prof. Lowe ascending in the Intrepid to observe the Battle of Fair Oaks

• Stonewall Jackson – died at Chancellorsville– left arm amputated & then

pneumonia– Lee: “Jackson has lost his left arm

& I have lost my right.”

**Matthew Brady – Photographer• Pinkerton’s – Detective agency• Robert E. Lee

Battles, Leaders & Battles, Leaders & OthersOthers

Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton (left)

Battles, Leaders & Battles, Leaders & OthersOthers

• Monitor v. Merrimac – VA, 4 hrs.– Merrimac now called the Virginia

• Antietam – “Bloodiest day”– Sharpsburg– Sept. 1862– 12 hrs. 24,000 died– Plans found around cigar

• 54th Massachusetts – Black unit, 16 get Medal of Honor– 50% casualties– After war many go west &Indians call them “buffalo soldiers”– Blacks accounted for 10% of Union army

• Ft. Pillow – Those who surrendered were massacred• Burnsides – Pontoon bridges, Lost at Fredericksburg• Hooker – Badly beaten at Chancellorsville

Battles, Leaders & Battles, Leaders & OthersOthers

Battles, Leaders & Battles, Leaders & OthersOthers

• Gettysburg – Meade defeats Lee in 1863– Turning pt.– Lee’s 17 ml. ambulance train– Jenny Wade– Needed 40,000 pair of shoes– 2% of pop. died in this conflict; today that would be 5 ½

mil (2002)• Grant – At Cold Harbor Union soldiers

pinned papers on themselves with their names & addresses– 7000 died in a few hours– After Lincoln’s assassination, the North wanted to

change the surrender terms & Grant threatened to resign unless the terms were honored (this was w/Lee)

GettysburgGettysburg

 The only known photo of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg (seated, center), taken about noon, just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours before he spoke.

Battles, Leaders & Battles, Leaders & OthersOthers• Farragut – “Damn the

torpedoes, full speed ahead!”

• Vicksburg – Gives control of MS River to North– 7 wk. siege

• Sherman – Command to march thru & make “Georgia howl”– “Total war” – destroys rr tracks,

burns fields, & destroys everything useful (food crops, etc.)

• Hampton Roads – Stephens (VP of CSA) meets with Lincoln to end war (& slavery); Lincoln doesn’t agree

• Appomattox – Grant & Lee– Grant: “Stop firing, they are our

countrymen again.”

Sherman's men destroying a railroad in Atlanta

VicksbuVicksburgrg

AppomatAppomattox tox

Court Court HouseHouse

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination

Remembering LincolnRemembering Lincoln

TermsTerms• *riffraff

• *siege

• *Copperheads