The Civil War

AP US – Unit 7With graphics from Ms. Susan Pojer

Understanding the Beginning of the War through Visuals

North vs. South in 1861

North South

Advantages ? ?

Disadvantages ? ?

Rating the North & the South

Resources: North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Immigrantsas a %

of a State’sPopulation

in1860

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Ohio Military Service

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

The Civil War Begins

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Confederate Conscription Act – April 1862

• The first draft in American history• All able bodied white men from 17-50 were

required to serve for 3 years (originally from 18-35)

• Exemptions for certain occupations and the 20-Negro Law– “Rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”– You could also hire a substitute, but that ended in 1863

• Only 1 in 5 in the Confederate army was actually a draftee

Supplying the Confederate Army• Purchased weapons from Europe for the first few

years• By 1862, Confederacy had ordnance contracts with

Southern factories and gave loans to start others• Most supply problems centered around clothing,

shoes, and food– Caused the Impressment Act (1863) – Army officers

could take food from farmers for prescribed prices. Could also take slaves

• What problems with supplies does Doc 2 talk about? What type of war did this lack of supplies create in the South?

The Union Enrollment Act – March 1863

• Made every able bodied, white male from 20-45 eligible for war– Had a loophole to either pay the government $300

or to hire a substitute– Exemptions were for high government officials,

ministers, and men who were the sole support of widows, orphans, or indigent parents

• Bounties were offered for volunteers– This led to many “bounty jumpers”

• 8% of the Union army were draftees or substitutes

Financing the War• Both sides issued bonds, but required them to be

paid in specie– The South’s first bond took almost all of the specie– Northerners preferred to keep their specie

• Began to print paper money– Union: The Legal Tender Act (1862) authorized the

printing of $150 million greenbacks– Confederacy: never made their paper money legal

tender• Caused the value of the paper money to plunge because of

lack of consumer confidence• South responded by printing more (= more inflation)

Outcomes of Financing the War

• The South was broke from the hard currency system as well as the minimal government interference in the economy

• North passed a system of national banking (without those pesky southern Democrats)– The National Bank Act (1863) established the

criteria by which a bank could obtain a federal charter and issue national bank notes

The Leaders of the Confederacy

Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

• Had strong differences:• Davis wanted to liberate the South from the North• Stevens wanted a guarantee for protection of states’ rights

The Confederate “White House”

The Confederate Seal

MOTTO “With God As Our Vindicator”

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

Politics in the North

• Republicans fragmented against Lincoln– Caused the

Democrats to win 5 states in 1862

– Republicans then solidified behind their president

Securing the Union’s Borders• Lincoln focused on keeping the border states

within the Union even though they were slave states

• Armed pro-Unionists in Kentucky and defended the state against a Confederate invasion in 1862

• Missouri and Delaware also never left though MO had many who fought for the South

• West Virginia separated from Virginia in 1861 and officially joined the union in 1863

Holding onto Maryland• Suspended the writ of habeas corpus in MD so

federal troops could arrest and hold pro-secession Marylanders – kept MD in the Union

• Led to the case Ex parte Merryman (1861) in which Chief Justice Taney ruled that Lincoln had exceeded his authority by suspending the writ of habeas corpus– Lincoln argued that the writ could be suspended in

“cases of rebellion” and it was his job to determine if rebellion was happening. He ignored Taney’s ruling

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Advantages and Disadvantages (Add to chart from before)

• Union had more men, supplies, and infrastructure, but would have to sustain huge supply lines to attack the south. The Union could also not use all of its men since many were required work.

• South had fewer white men, but a higher percentage could fight since the slaves worked. Also had the home court advantage and a fight for independence.

Weapon Development That Helps in the Future• Submarine

• Repeating Rifle

• Gattling Gun

USS Alligator (1862) developed with the help of the French

The Rifle and Minie Ball• The rifling musket or rifle was

used extensively by both sides in the Civil War

• Fired further, faster, and more accurately than a regular musket

• Used a slightly pointed lead slug called the Minie ball

• Huge advancement in weapon technology + almost no advancement in military tactics = much death

Civil WarStrategy• Succession of battles• Victors were the

ones who kept the field, not always the ones with the fewer casualties• Was difficult to

pursue defeated troops because of supply line problems and vast quantities of injured

The Union’s “Anaconda” Plan

• Blockade southern ports and strike down the Mississippi River

• Devised by General Winfield Scott

• In reality the blockade happened and the Mississippi took some time

Day 2

Lincoln’s Generals

Irwin McDowell

Winfield Scott

George McClellan,Again!

George McClellan

Ambrose Burnside

Joseph Hooker

George MeadeUlysses S. Grant

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

The Confederate Generals

Jeb Stuart

James Longstreet

George Pickett

“Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest

Robert E. Lee

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)

July, 1861• Union had to get rid of CSA

troops at Manassas before moving on to Richmond

• Politicians from Washington DC went to watch the battle and picnic…

• CSA reinforcements arrived by train and routed the Union army

• Confederate Victory

Results of Bull Run• Lincoln replaced McDowell General George

B. McClellan who put in place The Peninsula Campaign

• 1862 - McClellan’s hesitation prevented him from attacking Richmond early and by the time he attacked he was not able to reach the city though he did defeat the Confederates.

• Lincoln ordered McClellan back to DC after the Seven Days Battle

War in the East:

1861- 1862

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”

23,000 casualties

September 17, 1862

Ken Burns: The Civil War Episode 3 Chapter 8: Antietam

10 min if ltd time

The Western Campaign

• Surprise Union victory at Shiloh led to control of the upper Mississippi

• By abandoning the southern Mississippi to attack Shiloh, the Confederacy left New Orleans open to attack by Farragut and Butler

• Once the Union controlled the West, bands of pro-Union troops began to attack Native Americans to gain control of land

The Naval War

• Union began war with 40 warships while the Confederacy had 0

• South had a 90% success rate with blockade runners at first. This was dropped to a 50% success rate by 1865 as the Union gathered non-military vessels to secure southern ports

• Even with their few ironclads, the Union was clearly the victor on the seas

The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862

USS Monitor vs. the CSA Virginia (formerly

Merrimack)

Diplomatic Issues in War• The South expected both France and England

to recognize the Confederacy and help them break the Union blockade

• Never happened:– England was not as reliant on southern cotton as

once thought– Both were wary to join the war– Lincoln’s issuance of the Emancipation

Proclamation turned this into a fight against slavery

TheEmancipationProclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation

• Preliminarily issued after the battle of Antietam in September 1862

• Final version issued on January 1, 1863 to immediately take effect:– Freed slaves in areas under rebellion where Union

had no authority (didn’t apply to slave states in the Union or areas the Union had already conquered)

– Really had no effect on slavery until the Union army came near. And then…

Emancipation in 1863

African-American Recruiting Poster

The Famous 54th Massachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

African-Americansin Civil War Battles

Black Troops Freeing Slaves

African American Troops• By the end of the war, 186,000 African

Americans had served in the Union army• This was 1/10 of the Union soldiers• Were only led by white commanders and

were paid less than white soldiers• Less likely than whites to be killed in action,

but more likely to die of disease• Were not treated as POW’s by the South

when captured – instead were enslaved or killed

The Massacre at Ft. Pillow, TN(April 12, 1864)

Nathan Bedford Forrest(Captured Ft. Pillow)

• Ordered black soldiers killed after they surrendered (many white soldiers were killed as well)– 229 out of 262 African

American soldiers were killed

• Became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan after the war…

The War in the West, 1863:Vicksburg

May 18 – July 4, 1863• Grant’s army tried to

capture Vicksburg on May 19 and 22, when this didn’t work he besieged the city until they surrendered on July 4th

• This coincided with the Southern loss at Gettysburg the day before and the combination is considered a turning point. After Vicksburg, the Union controlled the Mississippi

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

War and Society, North and South

Day 3

Extensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in Congress

1861 – Morrill Tariff Act

1862 – Homestead Act

1862 – Legal Tender Act

1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act

1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863)

1863 – Pacific Railway Act

1863 – National Bank Act

Inflation in the South

By 1865, a barrel of flour in Richmond, VA cost $250…if you could find one

Economy in North and South

• The North and South continued to trade as early as July 1861

• Factories in the North were allowed to trade goods (bacon, salt, blankets) with “loyal” cotton farmers in the South.

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

Dealing with Dissent

• Lincoln was much more willing to crush dissent during the war than Davis was

• Some problems in the North, though few:– Ex parte Milligan (1866): civilians can not be tried

by military courts when civil courts are open• A man was sentenced to death by a military court for

conspiring to free Confederate prisoners

– Clement Vallandigham was banished by Lincoln and sent to the Confederacy! He was working for peace, challenging the administration, and fighting the suspension of habeas corpus

Medical War• United States Sanitary Commission and other

groups helped to clean up Union hospitals• Dorothea Dix was placed in charge of the Union

Nursing Corps (Dragon Dix)• Most hospitals in the South were private and in

homes• Still hadn’t figured out germ theory yet…– Much disease and infection, though some basic

sanitary measures made this war slightly bettter

Original Andersonville Plan

• Planned to hold over 10,000 men, had 32,000 at one time• Provided no shelter for the men, they built tent-like structures out

of blankets• Exposure, lack of food, and disease led to double the mortality rate

of other Confederate camps

Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GA

Union “Survivors”

Union Prisoner’s Record

atAndersonville

Women and the War

• Women expanded their “sphere” by embracing nursing and sanitary work

• In rural areas women worked the fields because the men were at war

• Women tried to propel the fight for abolition into a fight for women’s suffrage, but it did not work

The Union Victorious1864-1865

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

1864 Election

Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

The Peace Movement: Copperheads

Clement Vallandigham

Presidential Election Results:

1864

Sherman’s“Marchto theSea” -

Georgia,1864

62,000 troops would make the march from Atlanta to the sea, destroying over $100 million in property

“We will make war so terrible…that generations would pass before they could appeal again to it”

The Fall of Richmond

• On April 3, 1865, Union troops conquered Richmond, VA, the confederate capital. Southerners had abandoned the city the day before and set it on fire as they left to prevent the Union from seizing it.

The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865

Surrender at AppomattoxApril 9, 1865

Ken Burns: The Civil WarEpisode 8, Chapter 8: Appomattox

Casualties on Both Sides

Total: Confederacy: 260,000 dead Union: 360,000 dead

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin

John Wilkes Booth

Booth shot Lincoln while another accomplice stabbed Secretary of State Seward, and a third accomplice failed to attack VP Johnson.

The Assassination

WANTED~~!!

The Execution

Lincoln’s Funeral Procession