The Civil WarChapter 11

Fort Sumter By Lincoln’s inauguration only 2 forts

remained in Union control Fort Sumter was key Lincoln’s decision

to have navy bring in reinforcements If so he would be starting hostilities

If fort was evacuated give legitimacy to Confederacy

Force Confederacy to decide Lincoln – sends in food forces Davis to

decide Davis commands the confederate army to

begin firing April 12, 1861- 4:30 a.m. Charleston citizens thought they were

watching a fireworks display Anderson surrenders the fort to the

confederacy

Virginia secedes Unwilling to fight against other southern

states Virginia secedes ---a terrible loss to the Union

Most populated, industrialized (crucial ironworks and navy yard)

West Virginia forms from those in Va. that were against slavery.

Union advantages More fighting power

Population

More resources Finances Industry

Greater food production Focused on grain crops

Extensive railroad system

Union Generals

Confederate advantages “king cotton” (profits)

Skilled generals

Strong military tradition

Motivated to defend their homeland

Strategies of War North

3-part plan (Anaconda Plan) Union navy blockade ports (NO TRADE) Riverboats & armies move down Miss. River and split

into 2 parts Capture capital of Richmond,Va

South Own Survival Defensive Strategy

OverviewOverviewofof

the North’sthe North’sCivil WarCivil WarStrategy:Strategy:

““AnacondaAnaconda””

PlanPlan

OverviewOverviewofof

the North’sthe North’sCivil WarCivil WarStrategy:Strategy:

““AnacondaAnaconda””

PlanPlan

The “Anaconda” PlanThe “Anaconda” Plan

McClellan: “ I’m all in”

Union GeneralsUnion Generals

Ulysses S. Grant

Gen Ambrose BurnsideGen Ambrose Burnside

Confederate Flag

First Battle of Bull Run

JULY 1861

Stonewall Jackson Confederates hold firm at Bull Run (D.C.)

“there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!” Tide turns against the Union 1st victory for the South Picnic at Bull Run {Historical Spotlight p.341}

Ulysses S. Grant A rumpled old West Point grad that had failed

at everything in civilian life However he was a brave, tough, and decisive

military commander U.S. Grant

“Unconditional Surrender” Given by Confederates

Robert E. Lee Modest man willing to go beyond military

textbooks in tactics Opposed to secession Declined an offer

to head the Union army Chose the side of his

beloved state of Virginia

Shiloh March 1862 - Near MS border Confederates surprise Union Grant leads counterattack 25,000 troops are killed, wounded, or

captured Confederate cannot hold Ohio-Ky frontier

WAR IN EAST

Antietam Bloodiest single day in

American History Totaled more than

26,000 casualties As many as War of

1812 and War with Mexico combined

Antietam creek—McClellan and Lee’s armies clash

The Politics of War

Lincoln on Slavery Disliked slavery Did not think the federal government had the

power to abolish it Emancipation was not just a moral issue, it

became a weapon of war Discouraged Britain from backing confederacy Slaves also provided much needed food to the south

Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Lincoln issues the proclamation Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862

". . . on the first day of January . . . all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." President Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862

Emancipation Continued… Immense symbolic effect Gave many a moral purpose for the war

Northern Democrats disagreed with it

Southerners no focused on preservation of “way of life”

Copperheads Northern democrats Advocated peace with the south Urged union soldiers to desert the army Advocated an armistice

Suspension of Habeas CorpusLincoln suspends the ability to find out what you

are being charged with.

Primarily done to Southern supporters in North

Life During Wartime

African Americans Fight began as a white man’s war 1862 law passed for African Americans to serve

Still suffered discrimination Served in separate regiments, could not rise above the rank of captain Earned 3 dollars less a month no clothing allowance

Recruitment of African-Americans

Recruitment into 54th Regiment

In Honor to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

Slaves being Freed by Black Soldiers

Battles that African-Americans took part in fighting

Conscriptiona form of draft due to need of soldiers

Confederacy Age 18-35 (1862) Age 17-50 (1864)

Union Age 20-45

North

initiates

a draft in 1863

County Drafts

NYC DRAFT RIOTS

Southern Shortages The south faces a food shortage

1. drain of manpower into the army 2. Union occupation of food growing areas 3. loss of slaves to work in the fields

Northern Economic Growth Most industries boomed Few suffered such as cotton (south)

Although the economy grew wages did not keep up with prices

Standard of living declined

The North Takes Charge

Chancellorsville Victory for South Except Stonewall gets shot in arm and must

have it amputated. Catches Pneumonia and dies May 10 1863

Gettysburg Most decisive battle of the war Day 1: Confederates go to Gettysburg looking for

shoes. Confederates take control of town Lee knows that battle will not be won until

they take Cemetery Hill

Gettysburg Day 2:

90,000 Yankees vs 75,000 Confederates Rebels attempt an uphill assault

shocked by Union resistance and surrender in droves

Union held ground

Gettysburg contiued….. Northerners succeeded on Day 3 by defending

the high ground and decimating Rebel troops Lee gave up all hope of invading the North Union– 23,000 killed or wounded Confederate– 28,000 killed or wounded

Confederacy would never recover from Gettysburg or Vicksburg a defeat the next day

Vicksburg Confederate holdout in Mississippi Food supplies run low for the rebels in their

attempt to hold off Union troops They even ate dogs and mules “If you can’t feed us, you’d better surrender”

---Confederate Troops

Gettysburg Address Lincoln gives a 2 minute speech after a noted

speaker speaks for 2 hours

Changes attitudes in the nation Historian thoughts on the address Before address “the United States are” After address “the United States is”

Confederacy Wears Down!! Morale on the home front deteriorated Soldiers deserted after letters from home

about the lack of food Southern states argue amongst themselves on

issues that hurt morale

William Tecumseh Sherman Appointed by Grant as commander of the

Mississippi division Believed in “total war” Sherman’s March

Sherman takes Atlanta (occupies transportation) Burns most of Atlanta Sets out for Savannah burning almost every

house in it’s path

Surrender @ Appomattox

Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox courthouse to arrange confederate surrender

Terms are generous at Lincoln’s request After 4 long years of tremendous human and

economic loss the Civil War was over

Legacy of the War

13th Amendment “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,

except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States.”

Lincoln Assassination John Wilkes Booth

26 year old actor and southern sympathizer Shoots Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in D.C.

Lincoln dies the following morning April 15, 1865

Booth is killed 12 days later in Virginia

Where does the nation go now? The Civil War was over Slavery had ended

The country faced 2 problems How to restore southern states to the Union How to integrate 4 million newly freed Slaves