Civil War

Fort Sumter- Emancipation Proclamation

The Outbreak of War

• Confederate soldiers began taking over federal instillations in their states– Courthouses, post offices and especially forts

• Only 2 southern forts remained in the Union by the time Lincoln was inaugurated- Fort Sumter was the most important– Located on an island in the Charleston Harbor (SC)

First Shots Fired• April 12,1861- South Carolina fired on Fort

Sumter, US forces surrender– Charleston citizen watched and cheered

• Significance: opening confrontation of the Civil War– Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the

rebellion and preserve the Union– Virginia, Arkansas, NC, and Tennessee secede

from the union and join Confederacy

2 Separate Nations

• 4 remaining slave states remained in the Union– Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri

• MD was placed under martial law to keep the capital of the Union from being held in enemy territory

Stop and Think!

• What was especially damaging to the Union about Virginia’s secession?

Advantages

Union• More resources (factories, railroads, food

production)• Larger population• Patient, decisive leader (Lincoln)

Confederacy• Profits from “king cotton”• First rate generals• Strong military tradition• High motivation-defending their homeland

Anaconda Plan• Union strategy for victory• 3 part plan:– Union navy would blockade southern ports to prevent

trade– Union would take control of the Mississippi River,

cutting CSA into 2 parts (divide and conquer)– Union armies would capture Confederate capital of

Richmond, VA

Efforts to capture Richmond

• most difficult objective was to take Richmond due to leadership of Robert E. Lee- Commander of Army of Northern Virginia– Opposed secession but felt loyal to VA

• “On to Richmond”- Union efforts to capture Richmond early in the war were unsuccessful– Union losses at Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, 7

days’ fight, 2nd Bull Run

Bull Run

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bYqrDuVDtA

Antietam• Bloodiest single-day battle in American History-

23,000 casualties• George McClellan (US) v. Robert E. Lee (CS) in

Maryland• Significance: Lee’s army retreats to Virginia,

Lincoln take it as a victory and is able to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Antietam

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y82uZ7oX2tE

Emancipation Proclamation • Issued by Lincoln on January 1, 1863• Freed slaves located in “rebelling” states (states

that had seceded and were still in rebellion against the US government)

• Significance:– Made the end of slavery a Northern war aim/goal– Discouraged European powers like Great Britain and

France from supporting the Confederacy– Allowed for the enlistment of African-American soldiers

in the Union Army

Stop and Think!!

• How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the course of the Civil War?

Happy Tuesday• Happy New Year! Hope you had a great, restful

break

• It has been a while so take out your notes and give them a GOOD look to prepare for a daily quiz (yes, we have a quiz!)

Daily Quiz

1. Where was the opening confrontation of the Civil War?

2. What was the first battle of the Civil War?3. What was the Union’s victory plan called?4. Why is the battle of Antietam important?5. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

Civil War

Life During Wartime

Political Problems

• Neither side was completely unified– There were Confederate sympathizers in the North

and Union sympathizers in the South• Created 2 problems:– How should they handle the critics?– How do they ensure a steady supply of men?

Dealing with dissent

• Lincoln dealt with disloyalty with force– Confederate supporters in the North were jailed without a

court hearing• Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus (court order that

requires that a person be brought before the court to determine why they are being jailed)

– Others were banished to the South– Those arrested included “Copperheads” or Northern

Democrats who wanted peace with the South– Lincoln set a precedence of expanding the powers of the

executive branch during wartime or for “national security”

Conscription

• Drafting certain people in the army-Became important because of heavy casualties and deserters among volunteers

• Confederate States drafted men 18-35 (later raised in 1864 to 17-50)– Wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve for them– Planters that owned 20+ acres were exempt– “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”– Almost 80% of able-bodied Southern men served

Conscription cont.

• Union men 20-45 years old were drafted for a 3 year period– Allowed substitutes – Could pay $300 to avoid conscription– Bounties were paid to volunteers-92% of the army (many

African American)• Draft riots broke out in the North– Poor white workers believed that if they fought to free

slaves, the slaves would come north and take their jobs- protested the draft

African Americans in the War• Allowed to enlist after the Emancipation

Proclamation– Represented 10% of the entire Union army by the

end of the war– Discrimination was common• Paid less than white soldiers ($10/month and no

clothing allowance vs. $13/mo +$3.50 for clothing for whites)• Segregated units with white officers

• Slaves seized opportunity to escape and achieve freedom

Slave Resistance in the South

• Union army would liberate the plantations and slaves sought safety in the North

• Those that stayed on the plantation had little supervision and didn’t work and even sabotaged the plantation

• Others would kill the white master’s family – Led to generalized feeling of fear

• Many white folks began to realize that slavery was doomed

Southern Economy

• Faced shortage of food and men– Men were fighting and dying– Yankees were occupying food growing areas– Had no slaves to work the fields

• Refused to work, fled or been liberated

– Food shortage caused riots– Union blockade let to shortages of other items and

wouldn’t allow cotton trade• ECONOMY IS SHATTERED!

Northern Economy

• Woolen mills, steel factories, coal mines and other industries experienced growth b/c supplies needed for war were in high demand

• Wages couldn’t keep up with the work and white men lost their jobs to free blacks, immigrants, women, and young boys– Could be paid less

• Congress wanted some of the wealth for the US gov’t and collected the first income tax in 1863

Life of a Soldier• Camp life was lonely. Boring and repetitive– Lack of sanitation, poor quality of food, lack of proper

medical care

• Warfare- brutal battles fought with outdated tactics and advanced weapons led to high casualties– many killed, even more wounded

• Many soldiers kept wartime diaries and sent letters home to record the harsh realities of war

Women during wartime• Typically managed homes and families with scare

resources• Often faced poverty and hunger (especially in the

South)• Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing and war

industries• Clara Barton- served as a nurse-worked on the

frontlines pulling bullets and dressing wounds, later founded the American Red Cross– “Angel of the Battlefield”

Civil War and Reconstruction

The Northern Shift and the End of the War

The North Takes Charge

• Battle of Gettysburg- July 1-3, 1863 (Pennsylvania)– Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia invaded the

North– Union Victory- Lee’s army forced to retreat to

Virginia– 51,000 casualties in 3 days- largest battle of the

Civil War– SIGNIFICANCE: TURNING POINT OF THE

WAR*******************************

Vicksburg

• July 4, 1863• Ulysses S. Grant (Union) captured Vicksburg

on the Mississippi River• Significance- union controlled all of the

Mississippi River- cut the confederacy in half– Part of Anaconda plan

Gettysburg Address• National cemetery was built for all Union

soldiers– Lincoln attended the dedication– Gave the Gettysburg Address- 2 minutes

• Said that the United States was one nation, not a federation of independent states– “United States IS”

Gettysburg Address cont.

• Lincoln identified the reasons for fighting the Civil War– To preserve a nation that was dedicated to the

proposition that “all men are created equal”– To preserve a nation that was dedicated to a

government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”

Confederacy wears down

• Lincoln made Grant the commander in chief on Union forces in 1864

• Grant decided to take on Lee’s army in Virginia, while William T. Sherman attacked Atlanta– Sherman captured Atlanta in Sept. 1864– Grant captured Richmond in April 1865– Both were destroyed

Surrender

• Appomattox Court House- April 9,1865– Lee surrendered his army to Grant- urged

Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again

• Significance- marked the end of the Civil War with a Northern victory and an end to the Confederacy

The War’s Impact• Long and costly war concluded with:• Northern victory- preservation of the Union• Southern defeat- end to states’ rights and

secession arguments• Emancipation of slaves• Federal government stronger than individual

state government• DESTRUCTION OF SOUTHERN ECONOMY*

Happy Wednesday!!

• Pick up an agenda and a warm-up on the stand in the front.

• Read and answer the questions on the back

Daily Quiz

• Which battle marks the turning point of the Civil War

• What famous speech was given by Lincoln to dedicate a battlefield as a cemetery?

• Which battle marked the official split of the Confederacy down the Mississippi River?

• Where did Lee surrender to Grant?• What happened to the South as a result of the

war?

Civil War and Reconstruction

Legacy of War and Reconstruction

Post-War changes• Political changes:– Federal government is viewed as supreme to state

governments• Secession no longer an option for states

• Economic changes:– Northern and Midwestern states had BOOMING

economies• Based on business, manufacturing and industrial growth• Railroads increased

– TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD- from East to West completed by 1869

Post-War changes cont.• Southern economies devastated– Slavery abolished- wipe out labor source– Cities were destroyed- Richmond and Atlanta– Railroads and farms destroyed– Confederate money was worthless

• Social changes:– Many veterans on both sides had permanent

disabilities– 13th Amendment: abolished slavery in the United

States****

War changes lives• Ulysses S. Grant- urged northerners not to be

harsh to former Confederates– Elected President of the United States in 1868 and

1872– Advocated rights for Freedmen- former slaves

• Robert E. Lee- urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin union– Served as President of Washington College (now

Washington and Lee)– Emphasized importance of education to the nation’s

future

War changes lives• Frederick Douglass- supported full equality for

African-Americans– Encouraged federal government to take action that

would protect the rights of Freedmen in the South– Became ambassador to Haiti – Advocated for the pass of the 14th and 15th Amendments

• Abraham Lincoln- Assassinated 5 days after Lee’s surrender– Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in

Washington, DC– Never had a chance to implement his Reconstruction

plan

Reconstruction (1865-1877)• 2 definitions:– Period during which the United States began to rebuild

after the Civil War– Also the process by which the federal government

readmitted former Confederate states• Have to address 3 issues:– How to readmit to southern states– How to deal with newly freed slaves– How to ensure this never happens again (what to do

about former Confederate leaders)

Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan• Argued that the southern states had never left the

Union because secession was illegal• When 10% of VOTERS pledged allegiance to the

U.S.- states could be readmitted to the union• VERY LENIENT PLAN- goal was to readmit states as

quickly as possible- NO PUNISHMENT– In his 2nd inaugural address (after winning reelection in

1864) he said “ with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds”

• Nothing included about African-Americans

Stop and Think

• How does Lincoln’s Plan address the 3 goals of Reconstruction?– Readmit states:– Freed slaves:– Former Confederates:

Lincoln’s Plan

• Never really got off the ground because of his assassination

• Was enacted in 3 states however:– Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee

• Lincoln’s VP, Andrew Johnson takes over after Lincoln’s assassination

Andrew Johnson’s Plan• Declared that each remaining Confederate State (AL,

FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX,VA) could be readmitted to the Union under certain conditions:– Had to withdraw its secession– Swear allegiance to the Union– Annual war debts– Ratify the 13th Amendment

• Radical Republicans were angry because the plan failed to address the needs of former slaves in 3 area: land, voting rights and protection under the law

• Johnson pardoned all the Confederate leaders- angered Radicals

Stop and Think

• How does Johnson’s Plan address the 3 goals of Reconstruction?– Readmit states:– Freed slaves:– Former Confederates:

Congressional Reconstruction

• Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to punish the southern slave owners and give African-Americans the right to vote

• They take control of Reconstruction in 1866

Congressional Reconstruction Achievements

• Freedman’s Bureau- assisted former slaves by providing food and clothing, hospitals, schools industrial institutes and teacher training

• Civil Rights Act of 1866- forbid “black codes”-discriminatory laws in the South– Johnson vetos, Congress overrides

• 14th Amendment- states were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American– SIGNIFICANCE: granted citizenship rights to African-

Americans

C.R. Achievements cont.• Reconstruction Act of 1867- divided former

Confederacy into 5 military districts (military occupation), set up new requirements to gain readmission:– Didn’t recognize state gov’ts formed under the Lincoln and

Johnson plan– All had to ratify the 14th Amendment– Constitutions had to ensure African-Americans the right to vote– Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress overrode it– Tennessee was exempt

Stop and Think

• How does the Reconstruction Act of 1867 address the 3 goals of Reconstruction?– Readmit states:– Freed slaves:– Former Confederates:

Johnson’s Impeachment

• Frustrated with Johnson’s refusal to comply with the Reconstruction Act of 1867, Radical Republicans Impeach him– impeachment means: formal charges of

misconduct in office– JOHNSON WAS NOT REMOVED FROM OFFICE

15th Amendment

• Voting rights guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

• Significance: Gave African-Americans the right to vote

Civil War and Reconstruction

Reconstruction Part 2

Life for Former Slaves• Took advantage of travel opportunities and moved

from their plantations to towns and cities• Found lost family members• Established educational institutes– Hampton Institute founded in VA

• Founded their own Baptist and Methodist churches• Held office in local, state and federal government– Hiram Revels- first African-American Senator

40 Acres and a Mule

• Few former slaves had enough money to buy their own land

• During the war, Gen. Sherman had promised the freed slaves who followed his army 40 acres of land per family and 1 army mule

• Johnson evicted these people when he took over

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

• Freed African-Americans couldn’t grow or sell crops– Economic necessities forced many to sign labor contracts

with planters• Sharecropping- landowners divided their land and

gave each worker (black or white) a few acres, seeds and tools– At harvest time each worker gave a share of his crops (1/2)

to the planter• Tenant farming- workers rent land for cash from the

planters and keep their harvest– Better chances of becoming outright owners of farms

• Rarely happened

Politics in the South• 2 groups of people emerged:– Scalawags-white Southerners who joined

the Republican Party–Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved to

the South after the war•White Southerners believed they wanted

to exploit the South’s postwar turmoil

Collapse of Reconstruction• Anti-black violence- goal was the prevent African

Americans from voting– Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- violent terrorist organization devoted

to white supremacy• Election of 1876- Rutherford B. Hayes ( R) v. Samuel

Tilden (D)– Tilden wins popular vote, Hayes wins electoral college– South upset and disputes the election

Compromise of 1877• Agreement to settle the disputed election• Hayes ( R) becomes President • Republicans would end military occupation of the

South• White Democrats took control of southern state

governments- “REDEMPTION”• Significance: Reconstruction ends– White southern Democrats passed “Jim Crow Laws”-

segregating races throughout South– African-Americans denied their constitutional rights