The CNPq-CISB-Saab scholarship A brief presentation of the scholarship and this year’s

Brazilian guest researchers and projects

The Brazilian guest researchers from call 4 and their supervisors from both Saab and Academia, together at the 10th Saab Brazil R&D Meeting May 2016

The CNPq-CISB-Saab scholarship

The CNPq-CISB-Saab Scholarship is under the umbrella of the Science without Borders Program from the Brazilian Federal Government that was initiated to promote international mobility of undergraduate, graduate students and researchers. CISB, Saab and CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Technológico collaborate in order to receive guest researchers at the Swedish Universities and at Saab. The guest researchers spend up to a year in Sweden creating research relevant to Saab and also taking part in building networks between Swedish and Brazilian Academia. The CNPq-CISB-Saab scholarship has been handed out once per year, continuously attracting Brazilian researchers who want to excel in their field of research while collaborate with experts in Sweden and at Saab. The 4th Call Since the start, the CNPq-CISB-Saab partnership has been seen as one of the best and unique scholarships within the Science without Borders Program and has received acknowledgement for bringing together Academia and Industry successfully. For the 4th Call, a total of 162 projects were submitted which represents an increase of 50% compared to the previous call. This brochure contains description of the projects and some results that were awarded for the 4th Call, currently being developed in Sweden together with their supervisor at the Swedish university and a Saab supervisor. You will also find a list of projects conducted within the guest researcher scholarship, ranging from the first call starting 2012. Thanks and acknowledgements Through the years a large number of supervisors from both Swedish Academia and Saab have participated in the scholarship program. Besides excellent research results, friendships in the research communities have been forged between Sweden and Brazil. Thank you for your involvement!

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Nº OF APLICATIONS

1st CALL 2nd CALL 3rd CALL 4th CALL

Facts and Figures • The first batch of guest researchers

came to Sweden during the fall of 2012

• 13 Sandwich Doctorate and 22 Post-doc scholarship have been granted

• 41 articles have been published in journals and /or congress proceeding and were cited by other researchers over 48 times

• 14 of the guest researcher continued their Projects with CISB/Saab

Evolution of applications

The CNPq-CISB-Saab Scholarship

Background

Building a strong research network between Brazil and Sweden

17 Brazilian Universities in 8 different states around Brazil and 8 Swedish host Universities/Institutions

• Development of a Multidisciplinary and Multi-objective Optimization of the Conceptual Aircraft Design

• Innovative Arenas

• Fault tolerant computer systems

• A Reactive Programming Language for Wireless Sensor Networks

• Conceptual design of aero engines

• Cyber Security Training and Simulation

• IT Governance for Cyber Security of Engineering Data and Information Exchange

• Cyber-Security for Power Distribution Network Protocols over public IP Networks

• Monte Carlo based Bayesian estimation using sensor arrays

• Radio over fiber for providing connectivity in smart cities

• Resource management and gaming techniques supporting simulations for training in complex environments

• Energy efficiency in hydraulic systems using digital hydraulic principles

• Cybersecurity Situational Awareness Model for Command and Control

• GIS Energy model to assess distributed generation in Brazilian cities

• Application of land use regression to assess air quality

• Design for Manufacturing on Flash-based FPGA Circuits for Avionic System Interfaces

• Open innovation as dialogic knowledge creation and communication: potentiating sense-making in Saab open innovation interactions

• Detection of targets using wavelength-resolution LOW FREQUENCY RADAR

• Development of 3D Printing of metallic parts for the Aircraft Industry

• Conceptualization of the “Vessel Traffic Management”

• Digital Hydraulic Actuation System for Aircrafts

• Improvements to the EM method in system identification

• Designing a framework to translate mission end states into SLA for services and network configurations

• Verification of Fault-Tolerant Embedded Systems with Reconfigurable SelfHealing Hardware using a Correct-by-Construction Design Flow

• Design and Commissioning of a Human Factors Laboratory for Aeronautics

• Hybrid nanostructured composites for enhanced mechanical properties

• Dynamic adaptive real-time embedded systems and accelerated test

• Impact analysis of hidden failures on system reliability and safety

• 3D simulation with CFD Axial Turbine Cooling

• Vibration sensor based on OTDR systems for aircraft structure monitoring

• Extracting flight characteristics using multi variable filtering and state observers

• The use of bi-angle laminates in the optimization of full-scale composites aircraft stiffened panel

• Robust Target Detection on SAR Images

• Methodology of radial turbine design, operating with organic fluid, based in the development of preliminary design – CDF and optimization

The CNPq-CISB-Saab Scholarship List of Projects from 1st to 4th Call

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Bi-angle thin-ply laminates for composites aircraft stiffened panels

Carlos A. Cimini Jr. Per Wennhage (KTH) Tonny Nyman (Saab)

Composites efficient design is more linked to simplification rather than sophistication. Two-angle lay-ups (or three at most) are sufficient to cover for excellent designs, if not optimal, closer enough and much cheaper. Layup symmetry is not required with enough repetition of angle-ply sub-laminates. Numerical models (particularly finite element models) are usually the most adequate tools to simulate composites behavior. However, they require suitable input data and the choice of a adequate failure criterion. A multiscale approach is a useful way to overcome such problems. On the other hand, bi-angle thin-ply laminates, such as [0/θ]n are feasible using Non-Crimp Fabrics, which presents good balance among cost, handling, and performance. The main objective of this research is to explore the potential of bi-angle thin-ply laminates in terms of cost reduction for design of large composite stiffened panels using a multiscale framework .

Introduction/Background Methodology

Status of Research and Next Steps

A full-scale stiffened panel will be initially selected to be the case study of this project, considering geometry, material system, layup, boundary conditions, loading and environmental conditions. The panel should be designed using the current design procedures and design allowables from selected database. The panel will then be modeled and analyzed using the finite element commercial code ABAQUS®. Stiffness and strength (for both first- and last-ply-failure) will be evaluated. In the meantime, cost analysis for design and manufacturing of the panel will be evaluated, considering material, energy, equipment usage, disposables and labor. The same stiffened panel will be re-designed using non-symmetric laminates composed by stacking repetition of candidate bi-angle thin-ply sub-laminates. A simple optimization procedure, based on available tools to generate carpet-plots of bi-angle thin-ply candidates, will point-out a potential best design.

1 – Stiffened panel selection (geometry, material, layup, boundary conditions, loading) 2 – Finite element detailed modeling and analysis of the original panel 3 – Comparison of simulation results with experimental data from literature – at work 4 – Analysis of costs for the selected panel (design and manufacturing) 5 – Stiffened panel optimal re-design using bi-angle thin-ply non-symmetric laminates 6 – Finite element modeling and analysis for the optimal re-designed panel 7 – Analysis of costs for the optimal re-designed panel(design and manufacturing) 8 – Paper for ICCM-21 – at work 9 – Uncertainty analysis for both panels 10 – Paper for Journal of Composite Materials

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SAAB, CNPq, CISB, KTH, UFMG

Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info

Carlos Alberto Cimini Jr Composite Structures UFMG (Brazil) +46-76-784-7710 cimini@ufmg.br

• Arakaki FK, Faria AR (2016) Composite-stiffened panel design under shear postbuckling behaviour, J Compos Mater (online first): 1-20.

• Ha SK, Jin KK, Huang Y (2008) Micro-Mechanics of

Failure (MMF) for continuous fiber reinforced composites, J Compos Mater 42(18): 1873–1895.

• Melo JDD, Parnell TK, Tower CA (2011) Stiffness and strength of laminates fabricated with bi-directional tape, Proc. ICCM-18, 1-4.

• Tsai SW (2011) Weight and cost reduction by using unbalanced and unsymmetric laminates, Keynote Lecture, Proc. ICCM-18, 1-2.

Geometry and test setup (Arakaki & Faria, 2016)

Bi-angle thin-ply laminates for composites aircraft stiffened panels

Carlos A. Cimini Jr. Per Wennhage (KTH) Tonny Nyman (Saab)

Preliminary results: Comparison model Arakaki & Faria (2016) to current model

7

Phase-OTDR techniques for distributed aircraft health monitoring and military facilities surveillance

applications Carolina Franciscangelis Walter Margulis (Acreo)

Ingemar Söderquist (Saab)

Distributed acoustic sensors based phase-OTDR are suitable for aircraft applications due to electromagnetic interference immunity, small dimensions, low weight and flexibility. These features allow the fiber to be embedded into structures in a nearly non-intrusive way to detect and measure acoustic disturbances along every point along the fiber length with up to centimeter resolution. Nevertheless, the sensitiveness to acoustic disturbances like footsteps, voice, music and machine makes this method also feasible for intrusion detection in long perimeters for surveillance applications, like military facilities, without major changes in the setup. Since sound is also an acoustic disturbance, we proposed and demonstrated a distributed microphone based on optical fiber. This feature allows to listen to every part of a structure using a single fiber in order to detect malfunction by sound analysis or even identify the type of intrusion in a perimeter. Thus, this project presents contributions for aircraft health monitoring, both using embedded and surface disposed fibers, and also for perimeter surveillance and distributed sound listening.

Introduction/Background Methodology

Status of Research

The phase-OTDR comprises a coherent optical pulse source that is amplified and inserted into an optical circulator that launches these pulses into optical fiber tracks, the Rayleigh backscattered light that returns from the fiber is amplified, filtered and detected. If an external disturbance hits a section of the fiber, the Rayleigh backscattering signal will suffer a local change in amplitude whose frequency is equal to the perturbation frequency. Thus, after processing the data it is possible to detect the disturbance location, reproduce it in time domain and measure its vibration frequency.

Aircraft health monitoring - Composite material board with embedded optical fiber; - Vibration frequency analysis from 0 to 1000 Hz; - 2D surface mapping with high resolution (~cm) for non-intrusive sensing application;

Intrusion detection - Detection and location of simultaneous multiple intrusions in hundreds of meters; Distributed tuneable optical fiber microfone - Real-time sound listening along fiber length: sinewave frequency sweep, voice and classical music;

Composite w/ embedded optical fiber

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Aircraft structure health distributed monitoring based on advanced OTDR techniques

Carolina Franciscangelis Walter Margulis (Acreo)

Ingemar Söderquist (Saab)

The capability of evaluating an avionic structure frequency response due to applied vibration both in ground tests and on flight is important for monitoring the health of the structure, enhance the aircraft design and prevent accidents. In this scenario, we proposed and demonstrated two topologies of distributed optical fiber sensor based on the phase-OTDR technique for detecting and measuring vibrations. In the intrusive proposal, we built avionic composite material samples with embedded optical fibers and validate the technique by applying vibrations from 0 to 1000 Hz on the sample and localizing and measuring them with the phase-OTDR method. The results shown the feasibility of applying the proposed method for using a embedded single standard optical fiber with no special feature. The extrusive approach consists of disposing the optical fiber in coils like a carpet upon the sample under test. This topology allows evaluating 2D surfaces without the need of multiple point sensors, feature that grants this technique a low sensor data multiplexing complexity. The carpet was tested with disturbance detection on a 30 x 30 cm surface with 10 cm resolution, which depends on coil diameter only, with low cross-talk between the coils. The phase-OTDR method can also be used, without major setup modifications, for surveillance applications and as a long range distributed microphone. These features are of interest for military facility security and also for industry applications, where listening to multiple machines sound in a factory using a single optical fiber might be helpful to identify engine malfunctions. In order to verify the the method performance in intrusion sensing, two points along an optical fiber were disturbed at the same time and, as shown in the results presented before, these simultaneous disturbances were detected and localized by the phase-OTDR technique. After, verifying the use of this method as intrusion sensing, we employed it in the development of a novel distributed tuneable microphone based on optical fiber. We implemented a simple electronic sample-and-hold circuit at the receiver-side of the phase-OTDR setup that is capable to tune the receiver at the part of the fiber that is under disturbance and reproduce the disturbing sound in real-time. The experimental results are shown in the previous section, where two acquired sound waves created by human voice and classical music are displayed. The next steps will comprise a deeper study about the integration between the optical fibers and the composite material, evaluate digital signal processing techniques to improve multiple intrusion detection and also apply the novel sound listening method to listen to multiple machines. Academic papers exhibiting the complete results for each contribution will be submitted to congresses and journals. We evaluate this project as a prospective work not only for aeronautic applications, but also for surveillance and industrial plants, subjects that might be also of Saab’s interest. More details about this project can be found in the first and second quarter reports.

Special thanks to Walter Margulis (Acreo), Ingemar Söderquist (Saab), Tonny Nyman (Saab), Mikael Petersson (Saab), Per Hallander (Saab), Stefan Hällstrom (KTH), Daniel Munhoz (UnB), Fredrik Laurell (KTH), and to the whole Acreo and Saab team for the great support that made this project feasible.

Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info

Carolina Franciscangelis Optical fiber sensing Unicamp +460764239602 carolina.Franciscangelis@acreo.se

Y. Lu, T. Zhu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Distributed vibration sensor based on coherent detection of Phase-OTDR,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 3243–3249, Nov 2010. Di Sante, Raffaella, “Fibre optic sensors for structural health monitoring of aircraft composite structures: recent advances and applications,” Sensors. 15, 18666–18713, 2015. Luyckx, G., Voet, E., Lammens, N., Degrieck, J., “Strain measurements of composite laminates with embedded fibre bragg gratings: criticism and opportunities for research,” Sensors. 11, 384-408, 2011. Apinis, R., “Accceleration of fatigue tests of polymer composite materials by using high-frequency loadings,” Mechanics of Composite Materials. 40, 107-118, 2004. 9

Towards Autonomous Avionics Applications using Run-time Reconfigurable SoCs

Daniel M. Muñoz (UnB) Ingo Sander (KTH)

Ingemar Söderquist (Saab AB)

Introduction/Background

Aerospace and high-altitude aeronautic applications that operate on ionizing environments employ different strategies for radiation hardening. Fault-Tolerant (FT) design comprises several techniques such as hardware, software and time redundancy. Common FT solutions are the Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and N-Modular Redundancy (NMR). For safety-critical System-on-Chips (SoCs) it is important to provide FT solutions from the designing phase. We address the problem of FT design from a high-level of abstraction by using: (1) formal design methods based on Models of Computations; (2) previously characterized IP-cores which can replace the processes of the system-level model; (3) bio-inspired optimization to explore the level of redundancy of each process achieving a balanced solution in terms of reliability, cost and power consumption.

Status of Research and Next Steps

• Development of an automatic VHDL code generator which receives the results provided by the

ForSyDe (Formal System Design) introspection tool in order to create a hardware implementation of the system.

• Implementation of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Multi-objective Differential Evolution (MODE) bio-inspired algorithms for optimizing the reliability and hardware cost of a digital system based on a NMR scheme mapped on reconfigurable platforms.

• First case study demonstration - pitch control system. A discrete version of a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller for the pitch of an aircraft was implemented in ForSyDe-SystemC. IP-cores for arithmetic operators were used. Introspection analysis was applied to obtain an intermediate representation of the digital system. The automatic VHDL code was validated and the optimization algorithm provided a fault-tolerant solution that was characterized in a Zynq FPGA.

• Next Step: High-level modeling of run-time reconfiguration strategies using ForSyDe. This approach allows heterogeneous architectures to be partially reconfigured at execution time, allowing to optimize the reliability, hardware cost and power consumption.

• Next Step in cooperation with other CNPq/CISB/Saab research project: development of a second case study. Real-time fault-tolerant processing of distributed fiber optical sensors. Currently we have implemented pipeline and systolic arrays architectures for the moving average filter and the Sobel filter. A co-simulation environment demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed circuits for real-time processing of phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) signals.

Methodology Proposed FT design methodology. Blue rectangles represent high-level models. Gray boxes denote activities which execute design transformations or characterizations. The dashed lines indicate the design flow.

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Towards Autonomous Avionics Applications using Run-time Reconfigurable SoCs

Daniel M. Muñoz (UnB) Ingo Sander (KTH)

Ingemar Söderquist (Saab AB)

Case study: Pitch Control System In this case study the objective is to design a fault-tolerant autopilot that controls the pitch of an aircraft. The input is the elevator deflection angle δ and the output is the pitch angle θ of the aircraft.

Acknowledgements This work was developed with the support of CNPq, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil, of CISB, Swedish-Brazilian Research and Innovation Centre, and of Saab AB.

References • S. Hauck and A. Dehon, Reconfigurable

Computing. The Theory and Practice of FPGA-based Computing. Burlington, MA, United States, Elsevier, 2008.

• E. Dubrova, Fault-Tolerant Design. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, 2013.

• I. Sander and A. Jantsch, “System modeling and transformational design refinement in ForSyDe,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 17–32, 2004.

• Xilinx, User guide UG116, Device Reliability Report, Second Half 2015, 2015.

Contact Info

Daniel M. Muñoz Embedded System Design

University of Brasilia

E-mail: damuz@unb.br

𝛼 𝑞

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Pitch control system using ForSyDe. The Error and PID Controller processes were mapped on a Xilinx Zynq FPGA with fault-tolerant capabilities.

Co-simulation result of the obtained VHDL model FIT and cost estimation for the obtained models

Archite-cture

FIT x 109

LUTs 53200

FFs 106400

DSPs 220

BRAM 140

non-fault-tolerant

46.99

1856 3.5%

367 0.3%

3 1.4%

0 0%

NMR fault-tolerant

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state-space representation

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Study of hybrid nanostructured composite systems based on mixed nanoparticles

Danilo Justino Carastan (UFABC) Mikael Rigdahl (Chalmers)

Pontus Nordin (Saab)

Introduction/Background The addition of nanoparticles in polymers and structural composites has shown to improve several mechanical and functional properties in these materials [1]. Nanoparticles can be available in different shapes and sizes, having different chemical structures and functional groups to interact with polymers. These properties and functional groups can be also useful in the preparation of hybrid systems, as the presence of different nanofillers which can interact with themselves could lead to synergistic effects [2]. In particular, the interaction between graphene, a promising material with interesting potential applications, and other nanoparticles is important, and it could help improve the dispersion and / or properties of graphene in nanocomposites [3].

Methodology

Status of Research and Next Steps

Nanocomposites containing different nanoparticles were prepared using two different polymeric matrices: a thermoset (epoxy resin) and a thermoplastic (LDPE). The nanoparticles used are: graphene nanoplatelets, different nanoclays, carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticles. For the epoxy samples, the nanoparticles were added to the liquid resin using high shear mixers before curing the systems at room temperature and post-curing at 100 °C for 4 hours. The LDPE samples were prepared by the powder coating method, in which the nanoparticles are dispersed in a liquid, and the powdered polymer is added. After drying, the systems are processed by melt mixing techniques. The samples were then characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the mechanical and rheological tests will be carried out.

Samples containing single nanoparticles and different combinations of nanoparticle pairs have been and are still being prepared. The epoxy samples were molded in the shape of 2 mm thick plates and will be cut into specimens for impact and other mechanical tests. The LDPE samples have been processed in an internal mixer and by extrusion. Some samples containing graphene were blown into films. The microstructure of the samples was analysed by optical microscopy (OM) in order to verify the degree of dispersion of the particles in the microscale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the nanoparticles present in the composites at higher magnifications. The next steps are: - Mechanical tests – impact and tensile / bending - Rheological tests – to analyze the effect of the microstructure - Prepare composite samples with carbon fiber at Saab and test them for toughness - Study the possible interactions between different nanoparticles

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Study of hybrid nanostructured composite systems based on mixed nanoparticles

Danilo Justino Carastan (UFABC) Mikael Rigdahl (Chalmers)

Pontus Nordin (Saab)

Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info

Danilo Justino Carastan Materials Engineering UFABC / Chalmers Phone: +55 114996-8221 E-mail: danilo.carastan@ufabc.edu.br

1. Koo, J. H.; Polymer Nanocomposites –

Processing, Characterization and Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

2. Vaia, R. A.; Maguire, J. F.; Chemistry of Materials, 19:2736, 2007.

3. Alhassan, S. M.; Qutubuddin, S.; Schiraldi, D. A.; Langmuir, 28:4009, 2012.

Epoxy-based nanocomposites were prepared by adding 1 wt% of nanoparticles. For the hybrid samples, 0.5 wt% of each nanoparticle was mixed with the resin. The following nanoparticles are being studied: - Lamellar: graphene nanoplatelets (GNP-M5), organophilic nanoclays (Cloisite 20A and 30B),

synthetic silicate (Laponite EP); - Nanotubes: multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanoclay (halloisite); - Spherical nanoparticles: silica nanoparticles (Aerosil A200 and R812).

Figure 1: Epoxy + 1 wt% GNP - SEM

Figure 2: Uncured epoxy + GNP+Laponite EP - OM

Figure 3: Uncured epoxy + GNP+Cloisite 20A - OM

To see occasional interactions between the particles, OM was used to observe the dispersions in the liquid, uncured, epoxy resin, where larger particles can be seen. Figures 2 and 3 show, respectively, the hybrid pairs of GNP + Laponite and GNP + Cloisite 20A. GNP particles appear black, and the other particles appear bluish due to polarization. No clear interaction between GNP and Laponite can be seen, but apparently there is affinity between GNP and Closite. This could have an effect on the mechanical properties of the final nanocomposites, so further testing should clarify these results.

Figure 1 shows an SEM image of the sample containing 1 wt% GNP, where the layered graphite nanoplatelets can be seen. Individually exfoliated graphene sheets are not easily found in the samples, but the stacks are usually small.

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Methodology of Preliminary Design of a Radial Turbine Using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), CFD

analyses and Optimization. Edna R. da Silva (MDH), Konstantinos Kyprianidis (MDH)

Michael Säterskog (Saab)

The present study gives details of the application of a preliminary design approach for the optimization of an Rankine cycle radial turbine. Losses in the nozzle and the rotor have initially been modelled using a mean-line design approach.

Introduction/Background USE Calibri as FONT throughout

Methodology

Status of Research and Next Steps

• The preliminary design was constructed with base on the coefficients correlation (loading and flow coefficient).

• The analyze the thermodynamic cycle is realized to establish the turbine operating conditions.

• Real gas formulations has been used for this work based on the NIST REFPROP database.

• The losses model consists on the calculations of the Incidence, Passage, tip clearance, Disk friction losses in the rotor and Nozzles losses, are too introduced.

• Following the preliminary design, an optimization process has been realized using a controlled random search algorithm, for maximization of efficiency turbine.

• The design variables such as flow coefficient, loading coefficient, and size parameter have been considered. A three-dimensional analyses of the flow through the blade section using computational fluid dynamics has been carried out for the final optimized design.

The status of Research is 70% complete. The analyses of the radial turbine operating with organic fluid are been realized trough CFD. The next steps consist in the process integration of the optimization process and CFD. The results obtained from preliminary showed below and have demonstrating close agreement the reference geometry and thermodynamic parameters with literature. The total-to-total efficiency of the reference turbine designs explored was 72% and 79%. The optimization process was carried out just for R245fa. The efficiency was quantified in 80.05%.

Flow coefficient

(ϕ)

Loading

coefficient ()

Size parameter

(VH)

0,15 – 0,3 0,8 – 0,1 0,04 – 0,1

Best point of the optimization process

(ϕ) () (VH)

0.287 0.801 0.071

Two Papers have seen published in: EUROSIM2016: Cascade Optimization Using Controlled Random Search Algorithm and CFD Techniques for ORC Application. FT2016: Multi-objective Aerodynamic Optimization of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

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The work has been focused on the typical small-scale application of 50 kW and considered for working fluids, R245fa. The results by CFD is showed and carried out on the best point of the optimization process.

This work was carried out with the support of CNPq/SAAB/CISB and Märladalen University – Västerås.

Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info

Edna R. da Silva Energy and Mechanical engineering Researcher in Mälardalen University E-mail: edna.dasilva@mdh.se ednaunifei@yahoo.com.br

Benson, R. S. (1970). A Review of Methods for Assessing Loss Coefficients in Radial Gas Turbines. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 12(10), 905–932. http://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(70)90027-5 Lemmon E, Huber M, McLinden M. NIST REFPROP standard reference database 23. Version 8.0. User’s guide. NIST; 2007. Moustapha, H., Zelesky, M. F., Baines Nicholas C., & Japikse, D. (2003). Axial and Radial Turbines. Vermont, USA: Concepts NREC. Price, W. L. (1977), “A controlled random search procedure for global optimization”. The Computer Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 367-370. Whitfield, A., & Baines, N. C. (1990). Design of Radial Turbomachines. Essex CM20 2JE, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1994.

Methodology of Preliminary Design of a Radial Turbine Using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), CFD analyses and

Optimization. Edna R. da Silva (MDH), Konstantinos Kyprianidis (MDH)

Michael Säterskog (Saab)

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Anaysis of the impact of hidden failure on system reliability

Heitor Azuma Kagueiama (UFSC) Johan Ölvander (LiU)

Cristina Johansson (Saab)

Introduction/Background The overall objective is to develop a method to identify and evaluate the occurrence of hidden failures in technical systems in the conceptual design phase. Usually, hidden failures are managed with periodic inspections to verify that the hidden failure is present and are mainly attributed to protection and redundant systems. In fact, a failure may be hidden depending on a combination of component states which may change because a component has failed or because the operation demands the component to change the state (on/off), for example.

Methodology

Status of Research and Next Steps

The methodology is based on Monte Carlo simulation to get samples for failure and other component state transitions and the analysis of the combination of events (scenarios) that characterize hidden failures. The scenarios are analyzed using functional analysis techniques, failure analysis techniques (cause and effect diagrams, failure mode and effect analysis, event tree analysis and fault tree analysis), system behavioral modeling techniques and finally by the combination of the models obtained for the simulation of the occurrence of various events that compose the failure scenarios. At last, it is intended to evaluate if the model is suitable for the comparison of different design solutions, regarding their influence over failure probabilities of the system in a more practical way, helping designers in the decision making process.

The method is being tested on a simple problem used to evaluate and compare dynamic reliability methods. So far the sampling of event occurrences and the analysis of the hidden failures scenarios are working. It is still necessary to make it work with larger samples. Currently the focus is on making it easier to adapt the method for use in different problems with increased complexity. Finally, the method should be tested on a more complex and real problem, based on aircraft collector tanks.

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Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info

Heitor Azuma Kagueiama Reliability and Risk UFSC Heitorak@gmail.com

Two case studies are being used. The first case is a classic problem used as a reference to compare methods for the analysis of dynamic reliability. This classic example is based on a tank that should keep a constant level of fluid and is composed by two pumps (the first in operation and the second in stand by), a valve and a controller. The controller is considered a perfect element (not subject to failures) and, if a level variation in the tank is detected (plus or minus 1), it commands the pumps to close and the valve to open, if the level is rising; or turn on both pumps and close the valve if the level is lowering, so the level may return to the original value 0. System failure occurs when the level reaches minus or plus 3. Te second case study is a collector tank. The function of this tank is to ensure that the fuel pump is always submerged to avoid fuel gas suction (which could cause cavitation and problems with the engine) and that the fuel can cool the pump. The collector tank is divided in two sections with check valves (flapper valves) used to connect both sections, allowing fuel to flow inside the section where the pump is, but not allowing the fuel to flow back. The pump has two intake sections so that fuel suction is guaranteed either under inverted or normal flight. The check valves should guarantee enough fuel to sustain a 10s inverted flight with after burner. The aircraft cannot fly inverted with half tank. To avoid the possibility of adding failures to the collector tank due to mistakes during maintenance procedures, the collector tank is sealed and only goes under inspection when it reaches the end of life.

1. E. Zio, The Monte Carlo Simulation Method for System Reliability and Risk Analysis

2. A. Bobbio and D. Codetta-Raiteri, A Benchmark on Dynamic Reliability: An approach based on Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets, Affidabilità Dinamica, 3ASI, Milan, (2004).

3. F. M. Favarò, J. H. Saleh, “Towards the development of the Observability-in-Depth Safety Principle in the Nuclear Industry”, International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM),12., Honolulu, (2014).

4. B. Lienhardt; E. Hugues, C. Bes; D. Noll, Failure-finding Frequency for a Repairable System Subject to Hidden Failures. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, 45, 5, p. 1804-1809. (2008)

This research was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Swedish-Brazilian Innovation and Research Centre (CISB) and Saab AB in the Call CNPq/CISB/SAAB Nº 42/2014 (sandwich PhD),.

Anaysis of the impact of hidden failure on system reliability

Heitor Azuma Kagueiama (UFSC) Johan Ölvander (LiU)

Cristina Johansson (Saab)

17

Design and Commission of a Human Factors Laboratory for Aeronautics

Luís Gonzaga Trabasso (ITA) Arne Jönsson (LiU)

Jens Alfredson (SAAB)

Introduction/Background 80% of the aeronautical accidents have

human factors as the source cause;

ITA has a long and solid tradition within the aeronautical field, however, the human factors area is lacking of a strutured approach.

Status of Research and Next Steps

Objectives and Methods General objective: to design and comission a human factors in aeronautics. Specific objectives: Analyze the infrastructure of some of the

Human Factors existing laboratories related to human mobility (LiU, VTI, Chalmers, FOI);

Elaborate the specific requirements for the Hum_Aer laboratory based upon surveys and technical meetings with SAAB, LiU, EMBRAER and ITA;

Design the Hum_Aer laboratory and simulate some of its capabilities;

Implement some of the Hum_Aer laboratory functionalities at Linköping University with the support of SAAB;

Implement the Hum_Aer laboratory at ITA (this activity will take place after finishing the post-doctoral program).

Existent equipment

Non existent

equipment

Non existent method

Existent method

Cognitive function 1

Cognitive function 2

Cognitive function N

Function for the design of…

Functional matching

Function for the identification of…

Function for the identification of…

Function for the design of…

HUMAN BEING HUM_AER LABORATORY

Cognition

ModuleFunction Function Equipment Method

Visual To look at, to

track objects

To look at

through

computer

vision, to track

objects

Eye-tracker EPOG – Eye Point

of Gaze

Functional Matching

Public call for Science, Technology & Innovation support

18

CNPq, CISB, SAAB, LiU and ITA

Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info Luís Gonzaga Trabasso Human Centered Systems Linköping University - IDA Phone: + 46 13 070 251 3978 E-mail: luis.gonzaga.trabasso@liu.se

Design and Commission of a Human Factors Laboratory for Aeronautics

Luís Gonzaga Trabasso (ITA) Arne Jönsson (LiU)

Jens Alfredson (SAAB)

Implement some of the HumAer laboratory functionalities at Linköping University with the support of SAAB;

729G24: Advanced Course in Human-Technology Interaction: 6 LiU students; Aero task: to determine Vmcg – Velocity of Minimum Control on the Ground - defined as the

minimum speed, whilst on the ground, that directional control can be maintained, using only aerodynamic controls, with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine airplanes) and takeoff power applied on the other engine(s);

Cognitive task: to evaluate the mental workload and mental fatigue while executing the aero task;

Facilities & Equipment:

Briefing area

Instructor desk Participants

desk

IDA-LiU Lab.

Physiological sensors Flight simulator & inceptors

• Trabasso, L.G., Alfredson, J. (2016). Functional mapping as means for establishing a human factors research environment for future air systems. Proceedings of the 3rd Swedish Cognition National Conference. Gothenburg, Sweden, 6-7 Oct.

• Turetta, F.M.S., Ayala, H.V.H., Trabasso, L.G.,

Alfredson, J. (2016). System Identification Applied to Human Pilot Behavior Modeling: Towards Cognitive Architecture. Proceedings of the Aerospace Technology Conference Stockholm, Sweden, 11-12 Oct.

19

Digital hydraulics for aircraft applications Lie Pablo Grala Pinto (UFSC)

Petter Kurs (LiU) Birgitta Lantto (Saab)

Introduction/Background

Using digital hydraulics in aircrafts is interesting for both energy efficiency and safety reasons, where the redundancy arises automatically by using parallel valves, instead of a single proportional valve. The increase on energy efficiency is obtained by switching and choosing different pressure levels, rather them restricting the flow in proportional valves. Spite of its advantages, controlling this kind of system is a quite challenging task, for both time delays and quantization associated to the nonlinearities.

For a variety of reasons, modern aircrafts uses several control surfaces for similar maneuvering result. This is particularly interesting when mixing digital and proportional hydraulics, because they can be complementary, improving the energy efficiency without significantly reducing the overall performance of the aircraft.

Methodology

Common approaches to manage actuator redundancies are optimal control, where a functional is minimized[2], and control allocation, which divides control task in regulation and control effort distribution. This strategy has been used in several practical applications in aerospace control [5].

Figure 1. Control allocation approach

In control allocation, the control law specifies the desired result on the system‘s degree of freedom, called effectors, and a control allocation module is used to distribute the control effort among the actuators. See the Fig. 1.

Status of Research and Next Steps

The first step is actually controlling a system using digital hydraulics, instead of conventional proportional valves. Using a time delay to approximate the pressure dynamics and modeling the quantization error as limited disturbance, this step has been successfully accomplished designing a control gain that minimizes the quantization error. This method is based on [4] for control under input quantization.

An important stage of this research is implementation, which should be split into different researching projects, due the lack of time. The basic researching steps are given as follows:

1. Bibliography revision;

1. Solutions available for problems involving mixing digital hydraulic and proportional valves;

2. Aircraft dynamics and redundant control surfaces;

3. Control theory on over-actuated systems.

2. Development of a preliminary solution, including modeling and simulation;

3. A practical implementation on a test rig;

4. Documentation, writing papers and present the proposal in conferences.

20

Case study

As seen on the Fig. 2, a similar redundant system has been proposed by the patent [5], not for controlling proposes, but for locking a control surface. Both locking a control surface to a specific

Acknowledgements: • Victor J. De Negri, LAHSIP, Federal University

of Santa Catarina, Brazil; • CISB - Swedish-Brazilian Research and

Innovation Centre; • CNPq - Brazilian Council for Scientific and

Technological Development.

References: [1] T.A. Johansen, T.I. Fossen. Control allocation - a survey. Automatica 49.5. (2013). [2] Y. Zhang, V.S. Suresh, B. Jiang, D. Theilliol. Reconfigurable control allocation against aircraft control effector failures. IEEE CCA 2007. [3] A. Khelassi, D. Theilliol, P. Weber. Control design for over-actuated systems based on reliability indicators. UKACC 2010. [4] E. Fridman, M. Dambrine. Control under quantization, saturation and delay: An LMI approach. Automatica 45.10 (2009). [5] Honeywell Inc. Flight control surface actuation system with redundantly configured and lockable actuator assemblies, 7/28/2005, 10/27/2009 - Patent US7607611

Contact Info Lie Pablo Grala Pinto Automatic control Linköping University +46 728 72 04 90 lie.pinto@liu.se

Figure 2. Locking system and parallel to a cylinder for aircraft's control surface [5]

position or applying a constant force are not able to stabilize an aircraft. In other hand, a constant force on the control surface can be used to move the equilibrium point to a region where a smaller proportional valve with a small cylinder is able to stabilize the aircraft.

Controlling a systems with more actuators them degrees of freedom is called over-actuated control system. This is the situation where exists several solutions for the same maneuvering result. This kind of problem is already known on the literature [1, 2, 3]. In other hand, when mixing discrete and continuous actuators, the redundant set is not a single compact set, but a smaller regions of redundancy.

Another particularity of the problem is that, differently of the proportional valves, where the energy is spent in the pressure drop when the flow is throttled, in the digital hydraulic, the energy is spent when the valve is switched on or off. This is the same problem already known to the power electronics field, where energy wasted by the power converter is directly related by the time that the switch takes to commute form one state to the other.

Digital hydraulics for aircraft applications Lie Pablo Grala Pinto (UFSC)

Petter Kurs (LiU) Birgitta Lantto (Saab)

21

Robust target detection on SAR images Natanael Rodrigues Gomes (UFSM)

Mats Pettersson (BTH ) Patrik Dammert (SAAB)

Introduction The extraction and analysis of information from radar images have many important applications. As an example, one can consider the surveillance of large forest areas, where targets can be concealed by foliage and forest canopy. A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) working at VHF, a low radar frequency band, can monitor such areas. Due to its operating frequency, most of the SAR energy is transmitted through the forest canopy and can be reflected by large scatterers such as trees, trunks and other man-made objects. Part of the reflected energy is collected by radar receiver antenna and processed to attribute the brightness related to each pixel compounding a SAR image. The SAR image pixel distribution can be used to evaluate changes in a specified area. Change Detection on low-frequency ultra-wideband SAR images is a method that has been well established for the problem of detecting targets concealed in forest.

Methodology The adopted methodology consists of implementing a likelihood ratio test based on change detection technique aiming at higher detection rates. In order to reach such a result, it is necessary to specify a probability distribution capable of fitting SAR image pixel distribution and reducing false alarm rate. Therefore, long tailed probability distributions have been studied and evaluated in likelihood ratio test function. Change detection [1] is one of the most interesting research topics in the SAR field. It allows detecting changes in ground scenes that had occurred between measurements. The changes can be deforestation, appearance or disappearance of targets on the ground that may concern illegal activities or other military and civilian activities.

Status of Research and Next Steps

It was proposed and implemented a new likelihood ratio test for incoherent wavelength-resolution SAR change detection where the assumption of bivariate zero-mean circular Gaussian processes for noise and clutter is replaced by bivariate Rayleigh processes. This replacement is shown to bring a higher average probability of detection and/or lower false alarm rate. To compare the performance of the proposal and the approach presented in [2], [3], easily, the same data provided by CARABAS, i.e. experimental data collected during the measurement campaigns in Sweden in 2002 [3], is being used in this research. The results appoint to an average probability of detection up to 98% and few false alarms, which show that Rayleigh distribution and an adequate estimation of target backscattering amplitude could reduce false alarm rate and increase the probability of target detection.

22

Currently, after using bivariate Rayleigh processes, another strategy for implementing likelihood ratio test based on change detection technique is being studied and tested. It is assumed, on SAR images, that clutter is non-Gaussian distributed and could be well characterized by a long-tailed distribution. This type of probability distribution should fit better SAR image data distribution, one reason is a better characterization for the low frequency of target occurrence. As a consequence, the number of false alarms should decrease. Nevertheless, the main difficulty is to obtain a closed formula for the bivariate probability distribution required by using change detection technique. In order to determine such a probability distribution, the theory of spherically invariant random process [4] has been applied. It is expected to reach detection rates at the same order as those of bivariate Rayleigh processes, but with fewer false alarms.

Our acknowledgments to the agencies CISB and CNPq from Brazil, SAAB, Federal University of Santa Maria (Brazil) and Bleking Institute of Technology (Sweden) for their cooperation and financial support.

Case study

Acknowledgements References

Contact Info

Name: Natanael Rodrigues Gomes

Area of research: Information Technology and Communication

Institution: UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria

E-mail: natanael.rgomes@gmail.com

[1] W. S. Chen and I. S. Reed. A new cfar detection test forradar. Digital Signal Processing, 1(4):198–214, 1991.

[2] M. Lundberg, L.M.H. Ulander, W.E. Pierson, and A. Gustavsson. A challenge problem for detection of targets in foliage. In SPIE Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII, Orlando, FL, April 2007.

[3] L.M.H. Ulander, M. Lundberg, W. Pierson, and A. Gustavsson. Change detection for low-frequency SAR ground surveillance. IEE Proc.-Radar Sonar Navig., 2005.

[4] M. Rangaswamy. Spherically invariant random processes for radar clutter modeling, simulation and distribution identification. Syracuse University, 1992.

Robust target detection on SAR images Natanael Rodrigues Gomes (UFSM)

Mats Pettersson (BTH ) Patrik Dammert (SAAB)

For more info regarding the scholarship, feel free to contact CISB

CISB – Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação Sueco-Brasileiro Rua José Versolato, 111 • São Bernardo do Campo, SP – Brasil

CEP: 09750-730 • +55 (11) 3500-5096 cisb.org.br • contact@cisb.org.br