The Cold War1940s to the 1960s

The Freeze

VS.

The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991

Effects of World War II

• Nuremberg Trials / Tokyo Trials

• Rise of two Superpowers / Bipolar World

• End to European Dominance of the World

• Third World (Non Aligned Nations)

• United Nations formed

• Soviet Union takes over countries in Eastern Europe (Satellite Nations)

Analyze the Cartoon: What do you see? What feeling does the cartoon character convey to you?

Why Not France?Why Not France?

Democracy vs. Totalitarianism

Capitalism vs. Communism

Ideology: ideas, beliefs

Comparison of Market and Command Economies

Market Economy Command

Economy

Ownership All property including the means of production are privately owned

The government owns the means of production, distribution and exchange

Economic Decisions

Private businesses and individuals are free from public control so that they can make basic economic decisions

Government officials make all basic economic decisions, such as what will be produced, when and where

Market Controls

Prices are determined by supply and demand. Competition promotes high quality and low prices

The gov’t plans the economy. There is limited production of consumer goods

Berlin Blockade and the Division of Germany

Leads to the Formation of a Free West Germany

Cold War Events 1940s” USSR

Soviet Expansion in Eastern Europe

Berlin Blockade

Warsaw Pact in response to NATO

Cold War Events: 1940s USA

Marshall Plan

Truman Doctrine

Berlin Airlift

NATO

Federal Republic of Germany

1950s:USSR

Korean War

Hungarian Revolution

Sputnik

Support of China

1950s:USA

Korean War

Support of France in Vietnam

Major Events in the Cold War 1940s-1950s

Cold War goes Global

• Battle of ideologies: system of beliefs• Capitalism vs Communism• Nonaligned Nations not allied with US or USSR• Non aligned nations wanted to reduce world

tensions• Yugoslavia, India, African Nations, China, South

East Asia• US & USSR offer military and economic aid to

gain influence in the developing world

Fear of Nuclear War

Americans began to build backyard bomb shelters

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction

The arms race begins….• Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant:

• developing more powerful weapons

•Having more of one weapon than the other side

• WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?

• Cheaper than having a large armyCheaper than having a large army

• They were a They were a deterrent. deterrent. The idea was to have so many The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.

•For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communismCapitalism v communism

Why was there a nuclear arms race?

450 ICBMs250 Medium range missiles2,260 Bombers16,000Tanks32 Nuclear submarines260 Conventional submarines76 Battleships and carriers

76 IBMs

700 Medium range bombers

1,600 bombers

38,000 Tanks

12 Nuclear submarines

495 Conventional submarines

0 Battleships and cruisers

Space Race

• Space Race: high cost

• Cold War in Space

• Sputnik: American realization that Soviets had capability to hit US with missile.

• Underestimated Soviet power

Arms Race

• Arms race between US and Soviets

• High cost to both sides

• Soviet economic hurt by large amounts spent on defense

The Korean War

1950-1953

United Nations

Police Action

Domino Theory

Containment

Cold War Hotspot

1956: Hungarian Revolt led by Imre Nagy

Demand freedom

Put down by Soviets

Message: Soviet Union will not allow Communism to be defeated in Eastern Europe

Causes of Cuban Revolution 1959

1. Political:

Rule by Repressive Dictator

Corruption and bribery of government officials.

2. Economic:

Unequal distribution of wealth

Control of sugar industries by upper class and foreigners

High unemployment

Foreign control of many businesses

1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion crushed

1962: trade embargo by US

•Building of Berlin Wall 1961/Symbol of Cold War/ Nov. 9, 1989 destroyed

Focus on refugees from East Germany or East Berlin to West

1949-129,2451949-129,245

1951- 165,6481951- 165,648

1953- 331,3901953- 331,390

1955- 252,8701955- 252,870

1957- 261,6221957- 261,622

1959- 143,9171959- 143,917

1961- 207,0261961- 207,026

1962- 21,3561962- 21,356

1963- 42,6321963- 42,632

1964- 41,8761964- 41,876

Cold War Hotspots

• 1968 Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubcek; crushed

• Message: Soviet Union will not allow Communism to be defeated in Eastern Europe

• Castro/Cuba• Building of Berlin Wall 1961/Symbol of Cold

War/ 1989 destroyed

The World At the Brink of Annihilation 1962

The Cuban Missile Crisis

• The Soviet Union began to build missile bases in Cuba, worrying Americans that we were vulnerable to attack.

· Pres. Kennedy announced that American warships would stop any Soviet ship carrying missiles.

"That Tuesday the first of thirteen days of decision unlike any other in the Kennedy years or, indeed, inasmuch as this was the first direct nuclear confrontation, unlike any other in the history of our planet." - Theodore Sorensen, aide to Pres. Kennedy

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis (1:09)

• Upon approaching Cuba, the Soviets turned back.

• Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba, and the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba.

Growing American Involvement

· The U.S. believed that if South Vietnam fell to the communists, the rest of the nations in Southeast Asia would as well in a theory called the domino theory.

· South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem, was democratic and backed by the U.S.

· North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh, was communist and backed by the Soviet Union.

Vietnam War

• French Colony• 1st the Vietnamese fight a

war against the imperialistic French.

• The US supports the French

• Next the US fights against the North to contain communism

• US Loses• Vietnam Communist

· Many South Vietnamese distrusted Diem and joined the Vietcong, a communist guerilla group supported by North Vietnam.

An execution of a Vietcong prisoner Feb. 1, 1968

· In addition, it was very difficult to identify which South Vietnamese were our allies and which were supporting the Vietcong.

· Jungle warfare was difficult, and it was hard to locate the enemy.

Video Clip: Platoon The Uncertain Enemy

Ex Vietcong showing secret tunnels, November 7, 2004

Cold War Hotspots• Civil War in Nicaragua/ Soviets Support

Daniel Ortega Communist Rebels the Sandinistas overthrow the Somoza Dictatorship.

• US supports Contra rebels trying to overthrow Ortega

• War in Afghanistan Soviets overthrow gov’t/US supports rebels against Soviets

• Chile: United States helps Gen. Augusto Pinochet gain power throwing out the democratic government. He killed and tortured thousands

Cold War Policies

• US: Containment• Soviet Union: spread of Communism• CIA vs. KGB• Brezhnev Doctrine• Détente• Soviet split with China• SALT Treaty: Strategic Arms Limitations

Treaty I and II

Important Leaders of the Soviet Union

• Lenin

• Stalin

• Khrushchev

• Brezhnev

• Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev• Promoted democratic

reforms• Inspired Eastern

European nations to overthrow the Soviets

• Glasnost: openness/ability to criticize the gov’t/ended censorship/churches opened

• Perestroika: economic program similar to Lenin’s NEP. Combined capitalism and communism

Perestroika

• Economic program• Restructure failing state run (command)

economy• Wanted to stimulate economic growth• Wanted to motivate workers/ produce more

reliable consumer goods.• Free market reforms• Small privately owned businesses similar to

Lenin’s NEP/local managers more decision making

• Problem: high inflation

Soviet problems

• Economic problems lead to political problems

• Communism failed as an economic system

• Underproduction/poor quality/ unable to motivate workers

The Fall of The Soviet Union

• Causes– Glasnost– Perestroika– Economic problems– Freedom movement in Eastern Europe– 92 nationalities and 112 languages spoken– Ethnic conflicts

Fall of the Soviet Union 1991

• Effects– Formation of the Commonwealth of

Independent Nations– End of the Cold War– Economic Hardships– Minority revolts/civil conflicts– Conflicts between pro-communist and pro

democratic groups– Rise of Boris Yeltsin

December 1991 Collapse of Soviet Union

• 15 Republics are formed

• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

• Boris Yeltsin Becomes President of Russia

• ‘Shock Therapy’ sharp switch from a command to a market economy

The Yeltsin Era

• Switch too quickly to a market economy/economic instability

• 1993/ 1994 hyperinflation 800%• High unemployment• Severe shortages/high crime• Bombing of legislative Building• 1991 War in Chechnya/demanded

independence/rebel battles/still going on today• 1999 Replaced by Putin/new president former

KGB agent

Putin

• Economic reforms

• Continuation of the war in Chechnya/Grozny capital destroyed

• Ethnic conflicts throughout Russia

Post Soviet Republics

• 1989 Berlin Wall torn down.• 1990 free elections in East and West Germany• Unification of Germany in 1990• Effects Of Reunification of Germany

• Leader Helmut Kohl taxed the Germans to modernize East Germany

• West German Economy hurt by reunification• Many West Germans resented East Germans• Major recession• Rise of Neo Nazis: 1970s 1980s guest workers/”Germany

for Germans”• Gerhard Schroder elected Chancellor

Eastern Europe

• Czech Republic and Slovakia

• 1918 united Czech and Slovak lands into Czechoslovakia

• 1989 freed from Soviet control

• President Vaclav Havel

• 1993 divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia

Eastern Europe

• Poland• Solidarity: trade union that demanded freedoms• Led by Lech Walesa/arrested• 1989 free elections• 1990 Lech Walesa elected president• Economic problems similar to Russia• Shock therapy/communists gained seats in

parliament• Walesa loses presidency to Aleksander

Kwasniekski

Eastern Europe

• Between 1989 to 1991 Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, and Bulgaria held free elections.

• Romania overthrew and executed their brutal president Nicolae Ceausescu who refused to have free elections.

• In 1991 the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO.

• The former Soviet Republics of Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan destroyed their nuclear weapons. Paid by US.

• Chernobyl nuclear accident• All eastern European nations as well as the Soviet

Republics had great difficulty switching from communism to capitalism: high inflation and high unemployment.