the cold war
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The Cold War. 1953 - 1991. Changes to Foreign Policy. What is Ike’s New foreign policy? Containment with a twist Push back commies Creates Strategic Air Command Works for peace at Geneva Conference 1955, Open Skies proposal rejected by USSR. Vietnam – The Start. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Cold War
1953 - 1991
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Changes to Foreign Policy
What is Ike’s New foreign policy?
Containment with a twist •Push back commies•Creates Strategic Air Command
Works for peace at Geneva Conference 1955, Open Skies proposal • rejected by USSR
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Vietnam – The Start
Ho Chi Minh tries to get Wilson (1919) to help, does not
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Vietnam 1950, US will increasingly help France
France crushed Dien bien phu
• Pull out • Sign Accords
At Geneva (1954)
• US Reaction?
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Vietnam Vietnam split 17th Parallel
Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the NorthSetup free elections
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US Military Involvement Begins o South
o Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem
o Diem Catholic – problem here?o Buddhist majority persecuted
o Diem gets US Aid o Financial and military aid o 200 U.S. Army advisors 1960..
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Early Protests of Diem’s Rule
Self-Emolation by a Buddhist MonkSelf-Emolation by a Buddhist Monk
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Middle East 1953 – CIA arrange coup Iran
Install Shah Pahlevi • Not popular with
Arabs – Why? Protects oil reserves
Egypt Pres. Nasser wants to dam the Nile
Gets USSR aid over US
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Middle East 1948 – 1949
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OPEC formed (1960)
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela
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Election of 1956 and Space RaceIke wins easily
But Dems take House and Senate
Sputnik launched Oct. 1957
Impact? • Fear in US • Causes worries about
education – Critics blame Truman– Pass National
Defense and Education Act
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Cold War Thaws and Freezes
Works for Test Ban Treaty But at Paris Conference 1960 Khrushchev reveals U-2 spy plan shot down –
Powers on Trial for Espionage
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Cuba
Castro takes over from Batista 1959
Impact? • Cubans flee to Florida• Ike plans invasion of the
island • Castro gains support of
USSR
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Ike Moves on and Election 1960
22nd Amendment limits Ike to 2 termsAlaska and Hawaii states Election 1960
Kennedy (D) Nixon (R) TV Plays major role in this debate
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Kennedy’s inauguration…The US would “pay any price, bear any burden, Meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”
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Arms Race to 1960US 1945
6 bombers 6 warheads
1950100 bombers369 warheads
1960 200 ICBMs 350 bombers 20,500 warheads
USSR 19491 warhead
1955400 warheads
1960100 ICBMs 1600 warheads
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CubaBay of Pigs Invasion
April 1961 – JFK continues with Ike made plan and sends in CIA trained Cubans •Fails miserably
– JFK looks weak
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Berlin Wall Berlin remains area of contention US worries about Domino TheoryBerlin was a problem for USSR Why?
300,000 leaving every year, Why? USSR threatens to turn East Berlin over to East German Government • What impact would this have?
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Paris, 1961Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.rolled.
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Berlin Wall War possible over summer Seeing weakness in Kennedy – Khrushchev builds wall
August 1961
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Check Point Charlie
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1980’s and 2004
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Berlin Wall US protests USSR explodes a 58 Megaton bomb US/USSR learn not to challenge each other
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Missile Crisis Causes 13 day stand off US sets up “Quarantine”World on the Brink of Nuclear WarAgreement reached hours before attack USSR pulls nukes out
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Lessons learned China tells 3rd world USSR can’t be trusted USSR can’t be equal to US Everyone learned….
“Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.” (Kennedy)
Détente is pursued
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ReactionsIncrease arms reduction talks Europe rethinks relationship with USAmerica same goals – less military Russians vow never to be humiliated again
Massive weapons build up US sets up special forces – use technology not manpower
Flexible Response
NATO/France reconsider relationship
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Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!
(1963)(1963)
President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that
the West is the West is with them!with them!
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Vietnam Goals were pure
Democracy Land reform US can live up to its commitments – stay and help
1960: N. Vietnam calls for liberation of South from US
1300 advisors
When Kennedy is shot – 15,000 advisors
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Vietnam Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) becomes president
Increases advisors to 21,000
1964: Gulf of TonkinUS Destroyers attacked Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Blank check
Allows Johnson to expands war
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Vietnam Feb 1965… US Airbase surrounded; 8 Americans killed
12 hours later “Operation Rolling Thunder” begins by Secretary of State, by Secretary of State, Robert S. McNamaraRobert S. McNamara• LBJ picks the targets
– Limitations on targets – Military advantage– Risk to aircraft – Danger of a wider war (most important) – Danger to civilians
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Vietnam Bombing impact
Blew the country to bits • 1967 – more bombs dropped than on Europe during WWII • 1968 – more bombs than all of WWII• 1970 – more bombs than all bombs dropped in Human history • North does not give up
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Vietnam LBJ greatly increases troop levelsApril of 1965 – US Troops were fighting the warUS won most of the battles; however, we could not bring the war to a favorable end
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Meanwhile…
Protests increase at home
Senator Fulbright helps with hearings
Burning Draft Cards
John Kerry before Fulbright Committee
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Misuse by Johnson
Johnson orders CIA to spy on peace protesters
COINTELPRO – FBI Violent and Non-violent protesters targetedCivil Rights leaders
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Vietnam: Protests Home Front Tet Offensive turns many against war1968 – country divided Many question America’s interests in worldProtests are held especially on college campuses
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Johnson’s Johnson’s popularity popularity dropped in dropped in 1968 from 1968 from 48% to 48% to 36%.36%.
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Vietnam: Vietnamization
1968 LBJ does not seek re-election. Richard Nixon wins
• Demo Convention
• Democratic Party
Splits
• Massive protests
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Vietnamization
How does Nixon change foreign policy? Starts Vietnamization
• Replace US troops with SV troops• Continue to supply aid • Bad choice, fails • Extends the war • Country more bitter • Costs lives and $
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Vietnam: Vietnamization
Vietnamization kills SV economy Everything is based on US $ Pop. of capital goes from 300,000 to 3 million – but no industry US made SV 4th largest military power in world (1975)People made $ two ways: Army, working for Americans
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My Lai Massacre
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Vietnam: Protests War fought by underprivileged Americans
College students exempt
Attack on Cambodia
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Protests Kent State Massacre
Nixon pulls troops from Cambodia
• Pol Pot takes over
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Protest and Involvement
Congress Repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 26th Amendment
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The Protests Continue: Coast to Coast
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The Protests Continue: Coast to Coast
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Diplomacy Nixon visits China 1972
Works out trade – diplomatic relations Keeps Soviets guessing
Nixon later heads to USSR for trade
Keeps China guessing
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Vietnam
1972 – US troop levels downPeace talks continued; NV breaks these
US Bombs the daylights out of NV• Gets peace treaty • US done January 1973• Continues to send aid
– Congress cuts it off
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Ford
Nixon forced from office 1974
Ford President• Signs Helsinki
Accords – Recognized USSR borders
– Decrease tension
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Vietnam Outcomes1975 – South collapses
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The ImpactThe ImpactDomino theory comes trueCongress gets increased role in foreign policy
War Powers Act is past – 1973Causes Vietnam Syndrome US loses respect Nixon abolished the draft all-volunteer armyDisregard for Veterans seen as “baby killers”POW/MIA issue lingered
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Lessons Learned From VietnamLessons Learned From Vietnam1. Wars should be short 2. Have few American casualties3. Restrict media access 4. Have and maintain Congressional/Public
support5. Set clear, winnable goals
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6 Day War 1967
Israel (backed by US) starts 6-day war
Defeats Egypt (backed by USSR)Takes Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, West Bank
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Oil Embargo – 1973 Causes Arabs to impose oil embargo on US
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US Reaction
55 miles speed limit Oil Pipeline Ends era of cheap energy Lifted 1974
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Election 1976Ford (R)Carter (D) – Wins
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Carter: A Good Start with Foreign Relations
Champions rights in Zimbabwe, South Africa Signs Camp David Accords
Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat)
• Israel withdrawals from Sinai
• Egypt respects Israel
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Carter: A Good Start with Foreign Relations
Panama gets control of Canal by 2000Full diplomatic relations with China (78) Relations with Taiwan severed
Followed by Taiwan Relations Act (79)
• Starts Relations again
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Carter: Down Hill FastInflation up 13%
Because we are hooked on foreign oil •Works to improve energy conservation
USSR attacks Afghanistan
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Carter: A Dead EndDouble-digit inflation – Economy in the Tank
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Arms Race to 1979US 1967
41 subs carrying 656 missiles 600 long range bombers1000 ICBMS30,000 warheads
19791054 ICBM’s
• 550 MIRVed 656 Sub missiles
• 496 MIRVed 574 bombers
– Carried 3 megaton weapons
24,000 warheads
USSR 1967859 ICBMs9000 warheads
19791398 ICBMs
• 576 MIRVed 950 Sub Missiles
• 128 MIRVed156 Bombers 27,000 Warheads
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Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) Shah over thrown by Ayatollah
Shuts oil off • Causes more energy
problems; Carter blames Am. people
Iran begins burning Am. Flag; shown on TV
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Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)Muslim militants storm US embassy take hostages
Want Shah back – try him for crimes
Try to help – Fail miserablyContinues until Reagan takes over 1981 First real start to Terror
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1980 – Carter gets crushed by Reagan
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Reagan Backed byMoral Majority “New Right”
Slashes National Budget Cuts government programs
• People tired of bills• Role of gov’t reevaluated
Transfers responsibilities to state gov’t – has impact on Fed/State relationship Appoints judges who exercise Judicial restraint
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Reaganomics Cut taxes 25%
Supply-side economics • Lower individual taxes • Eliminates estate taxes • Tax free savings plans for small investors
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Freezing the Cold War Massive military spending
Trying to bankrupt USSRMakes US biggest borrowers of $
USSR clamps down on Polish Solidarity; gets US sanctions Death of 3 Premiers causes problems
Source: Center for Defense Information 2004 Yearbook
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Terror and Fighting Comm. in the 3rd World 1983 – US Marines
attacked by suicide bomber – Lebanon
Reagan withdrawals troops
Sends troops to GrenadaWorks to fight left leaning “Sandinistas” in Nicaragua
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Election 1984
Reagan (R)Mondale (D)
VP – Ferraro: First female on major ballot
Reagan wins easily
Meets new Soviet Premier Gorbachev
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New Soviet Plan
Gorbachev starts fast pace reforms
Glasnost • Openness – political
freedom
Perestroika - Economic restructuring
• Starts some capitalist reforms – market economy
Nationalism increases Revolts start
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Beginning of the End for USSR
Reagan increased spending for SDI
Makes fight against USSR a moral battle called them an “Evil Empire”
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Problems for Reagan Iran-Contra
Sell arms to Iran to release hostages Take $ send it to Contras Violates Congressional ban on helping Contras Breaks Reagan’s vow not to negotiate with terrorists Reagan claims no knowledge; but should have known Oliver North takes hit
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Reagan LegacyIncreases gov’t revenues, but also doubled the debt
1980: 930,210,000,000.00 1989: 2,857,430,960,187.32 Stock Market Crashes 1987•Caused by slow electronic transfers
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Reagan Legacy1st female on SC
O’Connor Discrimination harder to proveLimitations placed on abortionHelps in Down fall of USSRIncreases Debt Increases military Does little to fight Terror Gap between rich and poor larger
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Reagan Legacy
Extends beyond his term VP elected Pres – G.H.W. Bush Election of Centrist, Bill Clinton Sweep of Congressional elections in 1994Election of G.W. Bush
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Impact of Cold War on Virginia
VA’s Economy benefited from Heavy military expenditures
Hampton Roads• Home to several large naval
and air basesNorthern Virginia
• Home to the Pentagon and private companies that contract with the military