The Cold War Continues

Battles in Faraway Places in the 1950s

The Evolution of the Cold War

• 1946: The Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe• 1949: Chinese Revolution installed Communist

government• 1950 - 1953: Korean War• Nuclear Arms Race…

– 1945 US dropped atom bomb on Japan– 1949 USSR developed atom bomb– 1952 US developed hydrogen bomb– 1954 USSR developed hydrogen bomb– USSR (1957) and US (1959) developed intercontinental

ballistic missiles to deliver bombs

The Spread of Cold War Conflict

• United States sponsored anti Soviet alliances:– SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) - 1954

– Baghdad Pact (CENTO) – 1955

– OAS – Organization of American States, ca 1950

• Conflicts spread from Europe and East Asia to:– Latin America

– Middle East

– Southeast Asia

Cold War, 1959

Current States with Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear States: United States, Russia…

• Britain – 1952• France – 1960• China - 1964• India – 1974• Pakistan - 1998• Israel?• North Korea?• Iran ?

Countries signing Non Proliferation Treaty in Red

Europe

• Hungarian Uprising – 1956– US provided moral support but does not

intervene militarily

• Continued tension over the status of Berlin

Southeast Asia

The Beginnings of the Vietnam Conflict

• Indochina had been a French colony occupied by the Japanese during WWII

• French returned in 1946 and nationalists renewed independence movement.

• 1954: French defeated at Dien Bien Phu and country partitioned at 17th parallel between pro Communist and anti Communist governments

• Elections for unified Vietnam were scheduled for 1956 and cancelled by South Vietnamese govt.

Vietnam

Vietnam in 1954

Vietnam

Middle East

Post World War II Middle East

• State of Israel created from portions of Palestine by UN in 1948

• US, USSR, and European powers recognize the state of Israel

• Surrounding Arab states did not recognize Israel and declared war. 1948-1949

British Mandate,

Palestine, 1920

Palestine and

Transjordan, 1923

UN Partition of Palestine, 1947

Israel, West Bank, Gaza,

1949

Suez Crisis, 1956

Palestine, 1947

Jewish and Arab

Population, 1946

Israel, Gaza, West Bank,

1949

Spying and Counterinsurgency

• U2 Spy Plane shot down over USSR, Gary Powers captured – 1960…but unknown to American people…

• Guatemala – 1954– CIA sponsored a coup to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzman who

had challenged the power of the United Fruit Company (Chiquita Bananas)

• Iran – 1954– CIA sponsored a coup to overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh. The

Shah of Iran took power and granted favorable trading relations with American oil companies.

Cold War and Science

• Space Race:– Soviets launched Sputnik satellite in 1957– United States launched satellite in 1958– United States created National Aeronautics and

Space Administration (NASA) - 1958– United States passed National Defense

Education Act - 1958

The Militarization of American Society

• Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act– Eisenhower promoted the bill for national

defense, e.g., to protect the country in the event of invasion, and to carry troops.

Cold War, 1959