THE

COMMUNICAT

ION

PROCESS

Communication is the process of sending and receiving information.

It is a vehicle through which we develop, maintain and improve human relationships.

At times it also become the tool through which human relationships are undermined or even destroyed.

Communication word is drawn from Communis (Latin Derivation) which means common, the idea of commonality is stressed in talking about communication.

Denis McQuail, defines communication is a process which increases commonality, but also requires elements of commonality for it to occur at all.

Depending upon one’s perception and point of view the definition of communication is dime and dozen: transmission of information to elicit a response, coordinating the favorable responses between a person and an audience, sharing an information, an idea, or ‘meeting of minds, a bringing about of a common set of symbols in the minds of the participants – in short an understanding.

Communication integrates knowledge, organization and power and runs as a thread linking the earliest memory of man to his noblest aspiration through constant striving for a better life.

Birds chirps, frog croaks, honeybee dances, and convey messages to their fellows.

The messages which delivers can be oral or written.

Berlo says, “Communication does not consist of transmission of meaning. Meanings are not transmitted or transferable. Only messages are transmitted and meanings are not in the message, they are in the message users.”

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

Need: Man’s need for communication is as strong as basic of his need to eat, sleep, and live.

The severest punishment for a child is to leave him alone and tell, “ I refuse to talk to you.”

Grown ups too and aged once specially need a company, need to communicate.

Society too punishes criminals by locking them in solitary cells, thus making them starve them to the basic need of COMMUNICATION

The basic need of communication can be traced to the process of man’s evolution.

In Ramapithecus age our pre-historic ancestors emerging from the caves possessed the basic sense of sight , hearing, touch, smell and taste.

They started distinguish between the pleasurable and unpleasurable experience.

The brain got developed and the basic sense of satisfying the needs – light to see, air to breath, food to eat, water to drink, sleep to strengthen and shelter to protect from the enviornemnt,

By about 300,000 BC their nervous system and brain, as well as the genetic features began to resemblethose of present human basic needs.

In the Mnemonic stage, wise persons were those who could remember something.

Communication was social but still language was not developed.

By about 7000 BC, the ability of communication gained another medium- Pictographics.

Drawing pictures, Wall Etching inside caves, and temples remain vivid pictures messages that depicts the life and religious beliefs of those first humans.

In the period od 3000 BC to 200o BC, these etching became stylized. Now they started building homes.

And symbols came:

Man

House -9

Camel- 7

Gates-

Cave paintings

Petroglyps- painting on rocks

Pictograms- of living things

Ideogram

Witing - symbols

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SOCIETYSystem of communication- a system through which

people could exchange symbols and thus propagates learning at a much accelerated rate.

System of production- to create goods and services both for their needs and for exchange.

System of Defense –to protect their domain against the intruders

System of members replacement- sufficient to counteract diseases and other elements of member destruction.

System of Social Control- to maintain order in the society.

Verbal Communication

The most common form of communication.Spoken communicationLanguages and dialects

What dialects are spoken in your area?In the country?

THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION

As civilization progressed, interpersonal communication was used cross-culturally

Relay runners would carry messages to distant places to the different places.

Fires, smoke were used for the signals

Pigeon-post were used

Maritime flags

Communication- drums horns

ALPHABET

The first pure alphabets emerged around 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt, but by then alphabetic principles had already been incorporated into Egyptian hieroglyphs .

By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) to be supplied by the native speaker.

Written Communication Symbols, hieroglyphics, and drawingsThe Chinese invent paper

THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION

Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press

THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION

DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION:

The process of creating and exchanging meaning through symbolic interaction.

As a process communication constantly moves and changes. It does not stand still.

Meaning involves thoughts, ideas, and understandings shared by communicators.

Symbolic means that we rely on words and nonverbal behaviors to communicate meaning and feelings.

Why Communication…

to express our emotions

achieve joint understanding

to get things done

pass on and obtain information

reach decisions

develop relationships

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Ways & effects of Communication

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More Flexible, Less Accurate but responsive (Grapevine/Rumors)

Informal

Less Flexible, More Accurate but less responsive (JAGRITI…)

Formal

What is Communication…

art of getting your message across effectively through:

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•Visuals – leaves greatest impact

•Body Language – can make or mar

•Spoken words – first & simplest way

•Written words – reflects importance

Types & Methods

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Television, Newspaper, Magazines, Internet…

Multimedia

Photographs, Paintings, Videos, Film…

Visuals

Facial expressions, Actions, Voice Tone, Silence, Stance…

Gestures

Conversations, Interviews, Phone Calls, Requests…

Spoken

Letters, Memos, Reports…Written

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication : The Flow

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Sender ReceiverMessage

Feedback

Channel

Perception

DeliveryFormulating

Response

Understanding

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal Communication- Communication within ourself. Its an individual reflection, contemplation, and meditation.

Interpersonal Communication- its direct face to face communication between two person.

In other words a dialogue or a conversation without the intervention of another person or a machine or two way radio or television set-up.

It is more of a personal, direct and intimate

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The words we use

Bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message

Verbal Verbal CommunicationCommunication

NonverbalNonverbal CommunicationCommunication

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CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONIntentional or unintentional

Ambiguous

Primary

Continuous

Multichannel

Actions speak louder than words.

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FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL

COMMUNICATION

To provide information

To regulate interaction

To express or hide emotion and affect

To present an image

To express power and control

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Regulate InteractionRegulate InteractionFacial expressions or gestures that are used to control or regulate the flow of a conversation

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EXPRESS EMOTION OR AFFECT

Facial expressions and gestures that augment the verbal expression of feelings

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TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Kinesics

Paralanguage

Vocal interferences

Spatial Usage

Self-presentation cues

Everything

except

the words! E

verything except

the words!

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KINESICS

Eye Contact

Facial expressions

Emoticons

Gesture

Posture

Touch

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TOUCH

Touching and being touched are essential to a healthy life

Touch can communicate power, empathy, understanding

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PARALANGUAGE

Pitch

Volume

Rate

Quality

Intonation/ Modulation the change

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VOCAL INTERFERENCES

Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech

“uh,” “um”“you know,” “like”Place markers

Filler

Vocal interferences are word people use that don't really have any use in the sentence. example. Today I went to the store, and "ah" in line I saw person who "umm" wearing a robber mask.

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SPATIAL USAGE

ProxemicsIntimate distancePersonal distanceSocial distancePublic DistanceTerritory

Artifacts/Objects

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PERSONAL SPACE AT WORK

Your officeYour deskA table in the cafeteria that you sit at regularly

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COLOR INFLUENCES COMMUNICATION

Yellow cheers and elevates moods

Red excitesandstimulates

Blue comfortsandsoothes

In some cultures black suggests mourning

In some cultureswhite suggestspurity

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SELF-PRESENTATION CUES

Physical AppearanceEndomorphMesomorphEctomorph

Time (Chronemics)

Monochronic- A monochronic time system means that things are done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Monochronic cultures include Germany, Canada, Switzerland, United States

Polychronic- A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Polychronic cultures include Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mexico, New Orleans, Philippines, Pakistan, India, and many in Africa.

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Monochronic People Polychronic Peopledo one thing at a time do many things at once

concentrate on the jobare highly distractible and subject to interruptions

take time commitments (deadlines, schedules) seriously

consider an objective to be achieved, if possible

are low-context and need informationare high-context and already have information

committed to the jobare committed to people and human relationships

adhere religiously to plans change plans often and easily

are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy and consideration

are more concerned with those who are closely related than with privacy

show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend

borrow and lend things often and easily

emphasize promptness base promptness on the relationship

are accustomed to short-term relationshipshave strong tendency to build lifetime relationships

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SELF-PRESENTATION

What message do you wish to send with your choice of clothing and personal grooming?

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TIME

How do we manage and react to others’ management of time duration activity punctuality

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CULTURAL AND GENDER VARIATIONS

Kinesics- Kinesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures — or, more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole.

Haptics- Haptics refers to the sense of touch

Paralanguage- Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and it includes the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation/Pitch of speech.

Proxemics and Territory- Proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact.

Olfactory Communication- sense of smell

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Nonverbal SignalsNonverbal SignalsVary from culture to culture

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WHAT DOES THIS SYMBOL MEAN TO YOU?

In the United States it is a symbol for good job

In Germany the number one

In Japan the number five

In Ghana an insult

In Malaysia the thumb is used to point rather than a finger

-

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IMPROVING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS

•When sending messages• Be conscious of nonverbal behavior• Be purposeful in use of nonverbals• Make sure nonverbals are not distracting• Match verbal and nonverbal communication• Adapt to the situation

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IMPROVING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS

•When receiving messages• Don’t automatically assume• Consider gender, culture and individual differences• Pay attention to all aspects of nonverbal communication• Use perception checking

Interpersonal Communication- Face to face communication which includes a simple process of sender to receiver. It includes two members

In such kind of communication there is a exchange of ideas through verbal and non-verbal language.

Group Communication- this type of communication occurs between three or more person who perceive the message and respond at the same time.

Interaction and intimacy depend upon the size of the group.

SHAW 1976, IDENTIFIED SIX WAYS IN WHICH GROUP CAN BE DIVIDEDPerception

Motivation

Goals oriented

Organization

Interdependency

Interaction

TYPES OF GROUPS;

Primary group- basic unit----family

Casual or social group--- company of friends, neighbours and others with whom we socialize.

Learning or educational groups– seminars, lectures and conferences

Work group- goal achieving groups often within the context of a job

Public Communication :- it occurs in a formal and structured settings. It is different from group communication.

In public communication one include people from different caste, community, creed, sex etc on a single moto or agenda and communicate to give the message and at the same point ask for the response

Mass Communication: this include when communication occurs at the higher level. People in this communication use a particular medium to supply the message.

Task is break into two parts:-

What to communicate, and how to deliver the message to make the greatest impact on an audience

Wright(1975) says that the audience in mass communication is relatively large, heterogeneous, and anonymous to the source.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1948- Harold laswell

Who

To whom

In which channel

Says what

With what effect

7 C’ OF COMMUNICATION

Credibility:- Communication starts with the climate of belief. This climate is built by performance on the part of the communicator. The performance reflects an earnest desire to serve the receiver.

Context :- theme, motive the context must confirm not contradict the message. It must provide for participation and playback

Content :- the content is the message

Clarity :- the message must be put in simple terms. Words must mean the same thing to receiver as they do the sender .

Continuity and Consistency :- unending process. It requires repetition to achieve penetration.

Channels :- Different channels have different effects

Capability of Audience: factors of availability, understanding, habit reading[

So there was a need to understand the effects, that how the audience grabs the news, events, happenings from the society and how do they react on it.

So the researcher after reading the happenings of the war of the world’s and other studies which made them understood that media is affecting the audience, children direct in their mind so the first theory came up.

DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION MODEL-ELMO ROPER- CONCENTRIC CIRCLE THEORY

ACCEPTANCE GOES IN FIVE STAGES

• Awareness

• Interest

• Evaluation

• Trial

• Adoption

GALLUP’S REGULATORS OF ABSORPTION RATE OF NEW IDEASa. Complexity of the ideas

b. Factors of difference from accustomed patterns

c. Competition with prevailing ideas

d. Is idea susceptible to demonstration and proof

e. How strong are vested interests which will block proposed

f. Does proposal meet a felt need

g. Frequency with which public is reminded of new ideas.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Context provides the people, the occasion and the task.

Physical environment is the actual place or space where communication occurs.

Climate influences the emotional atmosphere.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Sender

Channel

Receiver

Feedback

Channel

Encoding

Decoding

MessageNoise

Barrier