the concepts of freedom, order, and equality
TRANSCRIPT
§ Order § Preserving life and protecting property
ü Domestic Tranquility cited in the preamble
§ Preserving social order ü The accepted way of doing things ü Some say not a legitimate function of government ü State can use police power
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THE CONCEPTS OF FREEDOM, ORDER, AND EQUALITY
§ Equality § Political equality
ü One person, one vote
§ Social equality ü Wealth, education, and status all
equal
§ Equality of opportunity ü Each person has same chance to succeed
§ Equality of outcome ü Society must ensure everyone is equal ü Government-supported rights
THE CONCEPTS OF FREEDOM, ORDER, AND EQUALITY
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§ Maintaining Order and Promoting Equality § Must sacrifice individual freedom to attain
§ The Original Dilemma: Freedom versus Order § Protect life, property, and make citizens safe from
violence § People value freedom and order
ü Two values inherently conflict
TWO DILEMMAS OF GOVERNMENT
§ The Modern Dilemma: Freedom versus Equality § Two values clash when government promotes
social equality ü Equal Pay Act ü School busing to minimize segregation ü Pay Equity ü Discrimination issues (employment, public services)
TWO DILEMMAS OF GOVERNMENT
AMERICAN POLITICAL CULTURE § Personal Liberty § Equality § Popular Consent
§ The idea that governments must draw their powers from the consent of the governed
§ Majority Rule § Central premise of direct democracy in which only
policies that collectively garner the support of a majority of voters will be made into law
§ Popular Sovereignty § Right of the majority to govern themselves based
on natural law (ethical principles that are part of nature and understood by reason)
AMERICAN POLITICAL CULTURE
§ Civil Society § Society is created when citizens are allowed
to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy.
§ Individualism
CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
§ Size and Population § Changing Demographics
§ Racial and Ethic Composition ü Immigration has changed the nation.
ü 1600-1700: Western Europeans ü Gold Rush in 1848: Chinese ü 1850s: Irish Catholics ü 1880s to 1910s: Southeast Asians, Cubans, and
Mexicans ü 1900s: Eastern Europeans
ü Racial balance changing dramatically today.
CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
§ Changes in Age Cohort Composition § No longer nation of young § Graying of America § Types of services and policies demanded from
government change § Age profile
ü Baby Boomers (born in late 1940s-early 60s) ü Generation X-ers (children of Boomers – late
60s-mid 70s) tougher economic times ü Generation Y (born from 1977-1994) ü Millennials Born since 1994
CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
§ Changes in Family and Family Size § Large families were norm and
gender roles were clearly defined. § Industrialization and knowledge of
birth control methods began to shrink family size. ü 1949-49% said 4 or more
children was an ideal family size. ü 1997-only 8% favored large
families. ü Since 1970 the number of female-
headed families has increased from 5.5 million to 12.8 million.
CURRENT ATTITUDES TOWARD AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
§ Americans’ views about and expectations of government affect the political system. § High expectations § Mistrust Politicians § Voter Apathy
§ Redefining our Expectations
§ Democratic Origins § Ancient Greek philosophies § Autocracy
ü Power in the hands of a monarch
§ Oligarchy ü Power in the hands of the elite
§ Democracy ü Power in the hands of the people
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
§ The Meaning and Symbolism of Democracy § Originated with the Greeks § Demos = common people, Kratos = power § Greeks feared democracy
ü Demagogue
§ Two schools of thought today: ü Democracy is a form of government ü Democracy is a procedural approach
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
§ The Procedural View of Democracy § Universal participation
ü Who should participate in decision making?
§ Political equality ü How much should each participant’s vote count?
§ Majority rule ü How many votes are needed to reach a decision?
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
§ A Complication: Direct Versus Indirect Democracy § Participatory democracy
ü Town meetings ü Rare in U.S.
§ E-government ü Boston’s “Street Bump”
§ Representative democracy ü Instituted by U.S. Constitution
§ Responsiveness
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
§ A Complication: Direct Versus Indirect Democracy § Four principles of procedural democracy
ü Universal participation ü Political equality ü Majority rule ü Government responsiveness to public opinion
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
§ The Substantive View of Democracy § Focuses on substance, not procedures § Based on Bill of Rights and amendments
ü Government should guarantee civil liberties and civil rights ü Disagreement among theorists over social rights
ü Conservatives have narrow view ü Liberals have broader view
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
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HEALTH CARE: GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY?
§ Procedural Democracy versus Substantive Democracy § Substantive
ü No clear, precise criteria
§ Procedural ü Can produce undesirable social policies ü Clashes with minority rights
§ Choosing procedures or policies § Compromise: balance minority and majority
interests
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THE THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
§ Institutional Mechanisms Required § Elections § Political parties § Legislatures § Interest groups
§ Two Models of Democracy § Majoritarian § Pluralist
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ The Majoritarian Model of Democracy § Government by majority of the people § Popular election of government officials § Elections decide government policies
ü Referendum ü Initiative ü Recall
§ Critics: Americans not knowledgeable enough § Defenders: Americans have coherent opinions
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ An Alternative Model: Pluralist Democracy § Government by people operating through competing
interest groups ü A shift from mass electorate to organized groups
§ Two major mechanisms ü Interest groups ü Decentralized government
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ The Majoritarian Model Versus the Pluralist Model § Majoritarian
ü Mass public controls government ü Relies on majority rule ü Cohesive political parties ü Centralized government
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ The Majoritarian Model Versus the Pluralist Model § Pluralist
ü Relies on interests of specialized groups ü Limits majority action ü Decentralized government
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ An Undemocratic Model: Elite Theory § A small group makes most important decisions
ü Government controlled by wealthy; business connections ü Control key financial, communications, industrial, government
institutions ü Would call U.S. an oligarchy ü Difficult to test validity of theory
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ Elite Theory Versus Pluralist Theory § Difference: durability of ruling minority § Pluralist believes in struggle between competing
interests ü Wealthy have advantage in struggle ü Justifies disparities among segments of society
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INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
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AMERICANS DIVIDED OVER WHETHER AMERICA IS DIVIDED
§ Two Models of Democratic Government § Majoritarian: representative government
ü No government achieves responsiveness demanded
§ Pluralist: respond to minority interests ü No government offers equal access to all competing groups
§ No consensus on which is preferable
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THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRATIZATION
§ Establishing Democracies § Governments meet some criteria but not others § Slight decline in democracies in recent years § Democratization a difficult process
ü The Arab Spring – did not lead to democracy ü Ethnic and religious conflicts ü Vulnerable to attack by opponents ü Nations need democratization to succeed economically
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THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRATIZATION
§ American Democracy: More Pluralist Than Majoritarian? § Principle drawback of pluralism: favors the well-
organized so affluent receive more benefits § Recently, parties more sharply divided making U.S.
system more majoritarian § People’s trust in American government fallen in
past years
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THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRATIZATION
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PRESIDENT OBAMA'S EXECUTIVE ORDER TO RAISE MINIMUM WAGE
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1. Why is a minimum wage increase a controversial issue?
2. Are we a nation of “haves” and “have nots”? Is this executive order a step toward economic equality?
3. Should special interests control the federal minimum wage discussion?
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VIDEO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS