the concepts of psychology. sigmund freud (1856-1939) background background one of eight oldest of...
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The concepts of psychology
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Sigmund Freud (1856-Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)1939)
BackgroundBackground One of eightOne of eight Oldest of MotherOldest of Mother Mother’s “Pet”Mother’s “Pet” Wanted to be a Wanted to be a
teacher-but was teacher-but was JewishJewish
Thus, went into Thus, went into private practiceprivate practice
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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The structure of personalityThe structure of personality
1.1. IdId- Unconscious- Unconscious
2.2. EgoEgo-- unconscious, preconscious,unconscious, preconscious,
consciousconscious
3.3. SuperegoSuperego- unconscious, preconscious, - unconscious, preconscious, consciousconscious
chapter 2
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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The IDThe ID
Operates according to the Operates according to the pleasure principlepleasure principle
Present from birthPresent from birth
Primitive Primitive basic needs and wantsbasic needs and wants
2 competing instincts:2 competing instincts: Life (sexual) - libidoLife (sexual) - libido Death (aggressive)Death (aggressive)
UnconsciousUnconscious
chapter 2
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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The EgoThe Ego
Operates according to the Operates according to the reality reality principleprinciple
Arises in first 3 years of lifeArises in first 3 years of life
Mediates between ID and SuperegoMediates between ID and Superego
Rational part of mindRational part of mind you can’t always get what you you can’t always get what you
wantwant
Floats between all 3 levels of Floats between all 3 levels of consciousnessconsciousness
chapter 2
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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The SuperegoThe Superego
Moral ConscienceMoral Conscience
Develops around age 5Develops around age 5 At end of Phallic StageAt end of Phallic Stage
Stores and enforces rulesStores and enforces rules Inner voice that tells you not to do Inner voice that tells you not to do
something or that what you did something or that what you did was wrongwas wrong
2 subsystems:2 subsystems: Ego Ideal = parents Ego Ideal = parents
approve/valueapprove/value Conscience = parents disapprovalConscience = parents disapproval
chapter 2
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Personality Personality developmentdevelopment: : Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual Stages
Fixation occurs when the conflicts at a given stage Fixation occurs when the conflicts at a given stage aren’t resolved successfullyaren’t resolved successfully
Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual Stages1.1. Oral (birth – 18 months)Oral (birth – 18 months)
Babies learn about the world with their mouths, oral pleasuresBabies learn about the world with their mouths, oral pleasures Oral fixation – preoccupation with oral activities as an adultOral fixation – preoccupation with oral activities as an adult
2.2. Anal (18 months – 3 years)Anal (18 months – 3 years) Control of eliminating and retaining feces, toilet training issuesControl of eliminating and retaining feces, toilet training issues Anal retentive – obsession with cleanliness, perfection, controlAnal retentive – obsession with cleanliness, perfection, control Anal expulsive – messy, disorganizedAnal expulsive – messy, disorganized
3.3. Phallic (Oedipal; 3 – 5 or 6 years)Phallic (Oedipal; 3 – 5 or 6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitalsPleasure zone is the genitals Oedipus complex – development of feelings for opposite sex parent and rivalry feelings Oedipus complex – development of feelings for opposite sex parent and rivalry feelings
towards same sex parenttowards same sex parent Boys – fear of castration; Girls – penis envyBoys – fear of castration; Girls – penis envy
4.4. Latency (6 – puberty)Latency (6 – puberty) Sexual urges repressed, play with same sex peersSexual urges repressed, play with same sex peers
5.5. Genital (puberty on)Genital (puberty on) Leads to adult sexualityLeads to adult sexuality
chapter 2
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BackgroundBackground SwissSwiss Clergy FamilyClergy Family Dreams shaped his Dreams shaped his
lifelife ““Interpretation of Interpretation of
Dreams”Dreams”
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)
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Differ with Freud:Differ with Freud: De-emphasis sexuality especially De-emphasis sexuality especially
infantile sexualityinfantile sexuality Greater emphasis on spirituality Greater emphasis on spirituality
(mystical and religious).(mystical and religious). Emphasis on cultural universals in our Emphasis on cultural universals in our
experienceexperience
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Main Theme:Main Theme: The tendency toward attainment of selfhoodThe tendency toward attainment of selfhood Balance between opposing forces of Balance between opposing forces of
personalitypersonality Main Aspects:Main Aspects:
Self–the integrated personalitySelf–the integrated personalityAll of the individual’s qualities and All of the individual’s qualities and
potentialspotentialsConglomeration of all the opposing forcesConglomeration of all the opposing forcesMotivates person to wholenessMotivates person to wholeness
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Individuation process-conglomeration of all the Individuation process-conglomeration of all the processesprocesses
Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, unconsciousunconscious Helps us adapt to social and physical Helps us adapt to social and physical
environmentenvironment Strives for wholenessStrives for wholeness Compensation – relationship of conscious Compensation – relationship of conscious
and unconsciousand unconscious Need bothNeed both
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Individuation–restoring wholeness to the Individuation–restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult development–mid life–psyche in adult development–mid life–becoming a fully developed person with becoming a fully developed person with all psychic functions developedall psychic functions developed
Transcendent Function–integration of all Transcendent Function–integration of all
opposing aspects of personality into a opposing aspects of personality into a unified whole.unified whole.The integration of the already The integration of the already
differentiate systems of personalitydifferentiate systems of personality
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Ego:Ego: Conscious - individualistic mindConscious - individualistic mind DifferentiationDifferentiation Gatekeeper - SelectiveGatekeeper - Selective Directs business of everyday lifeDirects business of everyday life Sense of identity and continuitySense of identity and continuity
Personal Unconscious:Personal Unconscious: Preconscious and unconsciousPreconscious and unconscious DefensesDefenses Develops out of learning and experienceDevelops out of learning and experience
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Complexes - a cluster of ideasComplexes - a cluster of ideasStrong emotional contentStrong emotional contentPreoccupied–obsessionPreoccupied–obsessionInterferes with normal functioningInterferes with normal functioningGenerally healthy - unhealthy in Generally healthy - unhealthy in
overuseoveruseIndividualisticIndividualistic
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Collective Unconscious:Collective Unconscious:Most unique contribution to Most unique contribution to
personality theory–most importantpersonality theory–most importantCommunal, species memory–Communal, species memory–
represents accumulated culture of represents accumulated culture of humankind (even subhuman life). humankind (even subhuman life). Lodged in psyche at birthLodged in psyche at birth
Due to genetic inheritanceDue to genetic inheritanceNot inherit specific memories/ Not inherit specific memories/
predispositions inheritedpredispositions inherited
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Achieves consciousness through Achieves consciousness through dreams and psychosisdreams and psychosis
Includes the archetypesIncludes the archetypesSimilar for allSimilar for allYounger generations have more Younger generations have more
Collective Unconscious.Collective Unconscious.Why?Why?
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Archetypes:Archetypes: Dominants/Primordial images - Dominants/Primordial images -
thought forms from past thought forms from past Common experiencesCommon experiences Psychic InstinctsPsychic Instincts They have both positive and negative They have both positive and negative
aspects about them aspects about them Determines, in part, perceptionsDetermines, in part, perceptions PsychosisPsychosis
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Shadow-animalistic possibilitiesShadow-animalistic possibilities Most powerful/dangerousMost powerful/dangerous Sexuality/aggressionSexuality/aggression Leads to vitality and passionLeads to vitality and passion Freud?Freud?
Anima - feminine possibility in manAnima - feminine possibility in man Animus - masculine possibility in womenAnimus - masculine possibility in women
Help understand opposite sexHelp understand opposite sex Freud?Freud?
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Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of social pressures – how society expects us to actsocial pressures – how society expects us to act Freud?Freud?
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The Great Mother–ancestral experience of The Great Mother–ancestral experience of being raised by mothers. being raised by mothers.
The Spiritual Father–wise old manThe Spiritual Father–wise old man The Hero–special forces allows to beat tough The Hero–special forces allows to beat tough
opponentsopponents The Trickster–ultimately brings about positive The Trickster–ultimately brings about positive
resultsresults Mandela–archetype of orderMandela–archetype of order Transformation–alchemistsTransformation–alchemists
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Synchronicity–meaningful coincidenceSynchronicity–meaningful coincidence Phenomena which seem logically to be Phenomena which seem logically to be
coincidental have connections that feel coincidental have connections that feel meaningful.meaningful.
Psychic Energy–life energyPsychic Energy–life energy Psychic value–cathexed energy in an objectPsychic value–cathexed energy in an object
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Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of personality increases\decreases will be personality increases\decreases will be compensated by opposite shift in another aspectcompensated by opposite shift in another aspect
Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in the personality seeks an equilibrium or balancethe personality seeks an equilibrium or balance
Energy never lost, just transferredEnergy never lost, just transferred
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Development:Development: No real stages per se.No real stages per se. Causality - influence on behavior from pastCausality - influence on behavior from past Teleology - influence on behavior due to the Teleology - influence on behavior due to the
anticipated futureanticipated future
Psychological TypesPsychological Types Person’s grouping based upon the three major Person’s grouping based upon the three major
dimensions of personality–eight different dimensions of personality–eight different psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the four functions.four functions.
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Fundamental Attitudes:Fundamental Attitudes: IntroversionIntroversion (inner world) versus (inner world) versus ExtraversionExtraversion
(outer world)(outer world) Dominant Functions:Dominant Functions:
ThinkingThinking–intellectual and rational versus –intellectual and rational versus FeelingFeeling–evaluation and rational–evaluation and rational
SensingSensing–reality and irrational versus –reality and irrational versus IntuitionIntuition----perception via unconscious processes and perception via unconscious processes and irrationalirrational
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Thanks for your attention!Thanks for your attention!