the course coverage
DESCRIPTION
Framework & Basic Principles Taxability of Income from Salaries Taxability of Business Incomes Taxability of Capital Gains Deductions & Exemptions Allied Tax Concepts. The Course Coverage. Section 4 as charging section. INDIVIDUAL. HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILY. COMPANY. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Income Tax
Prof. S B GabhawallaS B Gabhawalla & CoChartered Accountants
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The Course Coverage
Framework & Basic Principles Taxability of Income from Salaries Taxability of Business Incomes Taxability of Capital Gains Deductions & Exemptions Allied Tax Concepts
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- In com e- S cop e o f In com e
- S ch em e o f th e A c t
Tax on In com e
-P erson-A ss essee
o f a p erson
-A ss essm en t Y ear-P reviou s Y ear
ch arg ed an n u a lly
In com e Tax
Section 4 as charging section
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Person & Assessee
ARTIFICIAL JURIDICAL PERSONP E
R S
O
N
INDIVIDUAL
HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILY
COMPANYFIRM
AOP / BOILOCAL AUTHORITY
rele
vant
for I
ncom
e Ta
x D
epar
tmen
t ?
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Person - Individual
From birth till death Incomes of minors are clubbed with parent After death, income is assessed as “Estate”
Slab-wise Tax Rates depending on the nature of the assessee (summarised in next slide)
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Individuals – Tax Rates
Income upto 1,00,000/- (Rs. 1,35,000/- for ladies & Rs. 1,85,000/- for senior citizens)
Nil
Between 1,00,000/- to Rs. 1,50,000/- (N.A. for senior citizens Read Rs. 1,35,000/- for ladies)
10%
Between Rs. 1,50,000/- to Rs. 2,50,000/- (Read Rs. 1,85,000/- for senior citizens)
20%
Above Rs. 2,50,000/- 30%
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Person – HUF - Concept
Mr. A - Mrs. A Mr B (son) & Mrs. B
Mr C (grandson) & Mrs. C Mr D (greatgrandson) & Mrs D
Mr E (greatgreatgrandson) & Mrs E Ms. F (unmarried grand-daughter)
Karta – Mr. A (manages the property & business)
Co-parceners – B, C & D (can enforce partition)
Members – all (can claim maintenance)
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Person – HUF - Nucleus
Through ancestral property (property inherited from any of three immediate male ancestors)
If son is single when inherited – assessed as individual income till he is married
No need for more than one co-parcener
Through gifts for the family Family denotes plurality of co-parceners
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Person – HUF – Income & Taxation
Nucleus can be invested in businesses to derive profits or in securities to derive investment incomes
Incomes purely of a personal character cannot be attributed to a HUF – eg. Salaries, commission, etc
Incomes taxed similarly as “Individuals” Any payments by HUF to members not treated as
income
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Person – Company
Distinct entity from shareholders/ directors Directors’ remuneration deductible Dividend liable for double taxation
Dividend Distribution Tax @ 12.50% Flat rate of tax
Indian companies 30% Foreign companies40%
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Person – Firm
Distinct entity for taxation but no separate legal status
“Agreement” & “Business” are necessary conditions
Payments to partners deductible subject to conditions
Flat Firm Tax Rate 30% Share of profits exempt in hands of the partner
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Person - Others
Local Authority Artificial Juridical Person AOP/ BOI Co-operative Society
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- In com e- S cop e o f In c om e
- S ch em e o f th e A c t
Tax on In c om e
-P erson-A ss ess ee
of a p e rson
-A ss essm en t Y ear-P reviou s Y ear
ch arg ed an n u a lly
In com e Tax
Section 4 as charging section
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Charged annually
Each year an independent year Common Financial Year Assessment Year
period of twelve months starting from the 1st April of every year and ending on 31st March of the next year
Denoted as 2002-2003 , etc We are concerned with the law for Asst Year 2006-2007
Previous Year Generally 1st April to 31st March
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- In com e- S cop e o f In c om e
- S ch em e o f th e A c t
Tax on In com e
-P ers on-A ss es see
of a p e rs on
-A ssessm en t Y ear-P reviou s Y ear
ch arg ed an n u a lly
In c om e Tax
Section 4 as charging section
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Taxability of IncomesGeneral Propositions
Capital receipts not taxable unless specified Personal receipts not taxable Mutual Activities do not result in income Income from illegal sources liable to be
taxed Income diverted at source not taxable
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Scope of Income
Non TaxableTaxableOutside India
TaxableTaxableIn India
Non ResidentResidentPerson
Income
--Residential Nexus--
--Te
rrito
rial N
exus
--
(To be refined later)
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Residential Status - Individuals
182 day test OR 60 day test & 365 days in 4 years test
Indian citizens taking employment abroad Indian citizens/PIO visiting India
730 days test in 7 years AND Resident in 2 out of 10 years
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Residential Status - Others
Companies Indian companies
Always resident in India Other companies
Resident in India if control & management wholly in India
Other Assessees Resident in India if control & management partly in
India
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Scope of Income (refined)
Person
Income
Resident & Ordinarily Resident
Resident but not Ordinarily Resident
Non Resident
In India Accrued Deemed to Accrue Received Deemed to receive
Taxable Taxable Taxable
Bss. controlled from India
Taxable Taxable Non Taxable
Outside India Taxable Non Taxable Non Taxable
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Scope of Income
Income Accrued in India (General Principles) Income Received in India (General Principles) Income Deemed to receive in India
Annual Accretion in RPF Transferred Balance to RPF Bad Debts Recovered Unexplained Investments Tax Deducted at Source
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Income Deemed to Accrue in India
Income from Business Connection in India Property, Asset, Source in India Salaries earned in India Salary paid by Government to Indian citizen Dividend by Indian company Interest Royalties Fees for Technical Services
Base Erosion Approach
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Scheme of the Act Concept of Income
Capital vs. Revenue
Income
Exemption
H1 H3H2 H4 H5
Aggregation
Deductions
IncomePerson
TAX
• ExemptionsExemptions• Heads of IncomeHeads of Income• Aggregation Rules Aggregation Rules • DeductionsDeductions• Tax LiabilityTax Liability
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Heads of Income
Salaries Employer – Employee Relationship
Income from House Property
Buildings not used for business
Business Income Frequency & Intention
Capital Gains Transfer of a Capital Asset
Income from Other Sources
Residuary Head of Income
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Salaries: The Starters..
Test: Employer – Employee Relation
Basis of Charge:Accrual or Receipt whichever is earlier
Scheme (Taxation): Primarily Gross Basis
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Scheme of Taxation
Basic Salary Add Allowances (to the extent not exempt)
Add Perquisites (as valued)
Add Retirement Benefits (to the extent not exempt)
Less Profession Tax Entertainment Allowance
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Allowances
Exemption based on expenditure and multiple limits House Rent Allowance Entertainment Allowance Leave Travel Concession/Allowance
Exemption based on expenditure Exemption based on monetary limits
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Expenditure Allowances
Allowance is based on expenditure Tour Allowance Transfer Allowance Daily Allowance while on tour Helper Allowance Research Allowance Uniform Allowance Conveyance Allowance (does not include from residence
to office and back)
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Monetary Allowances
Hill Area Allowance Border Area Allowance Tribal Area Allowance Allowance for Transport
Employees Compensatory Field Area
Allowance Compensatory Modified
Area Allowance Counter Insurgency
Allowance
Underground Allowance High Altitude Allowance Active Field Allowance Island Duty Allowance Children Education
Allowance Rs. 100 Hostel Allowance Rs.300 Conveyance Allowance
(from residence to office & back) Rs. 800
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House Rent Allowance
Exemption is least of Excess of Rent Paid over 10% of Salary 50% of salary for metro cities, 40% for others Actual Receipt
Salary means Basic, DA(if it forms a part of retirement benefits) & Commission (if it is paid as a specific percentage of sales achieved by the employee)
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Leave Travel Concession
Fare Based on the mode of travel
for self or family Spouse, children*, dependents
For travel to any place in India For 2 journeys in a block of 4 calender years
From 1986 Carry Forward to 5th year if unused
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Entertainment Allowance
Exemption only to Government employees 20 % of salary (excluding allowances) Rs. 5,000/- Actual Receipt
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Perquisites
Value of benefits received in kind If purely for official purposes, cannot be taxed even
though it might result in some value addition Perquisites
Taxable in all cases Taxable in case of specified employees Exempt in all cases
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Perquisites Taxable in all cases
Rent Free/ Concessional Accommodation 15% of salary or actual hire charges if lower Additional 10% of the cost of furniture or actual
higher charges If accommodation in hotel, 24% of the salary or
charges paid to hotel whichever is lower If employee is paying some rent, deduct from the
value
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Perquisites Taxable in all cases
Use of an Asset 10% of the actual cost or hire charges paid Exempt in case of laptops and computers, telephones and
mobiles Transfer of an Asset
Sale price less the depreciated value Depreciation Rates for this purpose
Computers & Electronic Items 50% WDV Motor Cars 20% WDV Others 10% SLM
Depreciation for completed year
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Perquisites taxable for specified employees
Medical Facilities Exempt if In a hospital maintained by the employer In a Government hospital In an approved hospital for prescribed diseases Mediclaim Premium, Group Mediclaim Other Medical Treatment upto Rs. 15,000/- Overseas Medical Treatment
Treatment Cost Cost of Travel & Stay for self & family Cost of Travel & Stay for one attendant Cost of Travel excluded only if gross income < 2 lakhs
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Retirement Benefits
Provident Fund Superannuation Fund Pensions Gratuity Encashment of unutilised leave Retrenchment Compensation Voluntary Retirement Compensation
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Provident Fund
Statutory Prov. Fund
Recognised Prov. Fund
Unrecognised Prov. Fund
Employers’ Contribution
Exempt Exempt upto 12% of salary
Exempt
Employees’ Contribution
Eligible for rebate
Eligible for rebate
Not eligible for rebate
Interest Exempt Exempt upto a notified rate
Exempt
Withdrawals Exempt Exempt if completed 5 years
Taxable
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Approved Superannuation Fund
Employers’ Contribution exempt upto 27% of salary
Employees’ Contribution eligible for rebate Interest is exempt Pension on retirement is taxable Commutation on retirement partly exempt Payment on death totally exempt In all other cases, taxable
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Pensions
Uncommuted Pensions Received by the retired employee Salaries Received by the legal heir I.O.S
Commuted Pensions on retirement If receiving gratuity also, 1/3rd of non commuted
value is exempt If not receiving gratuity, ½ is exempt For Government employees, totally exempt
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Gratuity
Government Employees – Exempt Covered by the Payment of Gratuity Act
15 days salary for each year of service Rs. 350000/- Actual Receipt
Not Covered by the Payment of Gratuity Act ½ months’ average salary for each completed year of service Rs. 350000/- Actual Receipt
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Encashment of Leave Salary
Government Employees – Exempt Others
Cash Equivalent of earned unused leave Earned 30 days for each completed year of service Salary is average of last 10 months
10 months average salary Rs. 300000/- Actual Receipt
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Other Retirement Benefits
Retrenchment Compensation Upto Rs. 5,00,000 Amount calculated under Industrial Disputes Act
Voluntary Retirement Compensation Applies to all employees, Results in reduction of
workforce which is not filled up Completed 10 years of service/ 40 years of age, Employee
is not re-employed in same company/group Not to exceed 3 months for each completed year or
uncompleted months
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Taxability of Business Income
Tax on Net Income from Business Net Income = (+) Gross Receipts (-) Expenses Role of Accounting for both (+) & (-) Net Income is therefore as determined by the books
of accounts & method of accounting followed
Expenses related to non-taxable businesses cannot be adjusted against incomes of taxable businesses
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Format of determining net income
To Expenses By Sales
To Amortizations By Other Income
To Income Tax
To Provisions
To Net Profit
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Need for Adjustments
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss Account Add:
Items debited but not allowed Items not credited but taxable
Less: Items credited but exempt/ taxable elsewhere Items not debited but allowed
Taxable Income
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What are these adjustments?
Expenses specifically allowed Expenses disallowed Residuary Category
Not CapitalNot Violation of LawFor the Purposes of Business
Depreciation
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Expenses specifically allowed:Social Angle of Income Tax Act
Expenditure on Scientific Research Revenue Expenditure related to business Capital Expenditure related to business (excluding cost of land) Donation to Scientific Research Associations/National
Laboratory/University/IIT (1.25 times weighted deduction) Revenue & Capital Expenditure (not being land & building) on
approved in-house projects (1.5 times weighted deduction) Expenditure on family planning
Capital Expenditure allowed over 5 years
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Expenses specifically allowed
Insurance Premiums for stocks & employees health
Bonus & Commission to employees Interest on Borrowed Capital
Used for the purposes of business Contributions to Recognised Provident Fund,
Superannuation Fund, Gratuity Fund, Staff Welfare Scheme
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Expenses specifically allowed
Bad Debts If income already considered/ loan in ordinary
course of money-lending business Written off in books of accounts Subsequent Recovery taxable
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Residuary Category
Not Capital in Nature For the purposes of business
Personal Expenditure not allowed Incurred during the previous year Not for any Violation of Law (eg. Penalties)
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Amounts not deductible
Income Tax/ Wealth Tax/Tax on Perquisites Fringe Benefit Tax Payments to members of AOP/BOI Provisions made for non statutory employee
welfare funds Payments to partners by a partnership firm
Remuneration in excess of limits Interest on capital in excess of 12% p.a.
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Amounts not deductible:Payments to relatives
Payments to relatives in excess of fair value Relatives defined to include: spouse, brother,
sister, lineal ascendant and descendant Receipts not covered No corresponding adjustment in the
assessment of the relative
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Amounts not deductible:Non TDS Items
Overseas Payments are deductible only if the applicable taxes are deducted at source and paid
Specified Domestic Payments are deductible only if the applicable taxes are deducted at source and paid
If the payments are disallowed in the current year because the taxes are not deducted or paid, they shall be allowed in the year of payment
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Amounts not deductible :Cash Expenditure
Expenditure above Rs. 20000/- to be made by account payee cheque otherwise a disallowance of 20% is attracted
Exceptions carved out in genuine cases like Payments to Government Agencies, payments on
a bank holiday, payments in a village not serviced by a bank, etc.
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Amounts not deductible:Unpaid Statutory Dues
Items covered Payment to be made by
Effect of late pymt.
Tax, duty or cessBonus/Commission to employeesInterest on Loan of financial institutionsInt. on term loan of scheduled bankLeave Salary to employeeContribution to PF/SAF/SWS
Due date of filing the return of income
Deduction allowable in the year of payment
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Depreciation: Conditions
Ownership Use during the previous year For the purposes of Business
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Depreciation: Concept
Not on individual assets but on block of assets Written Down Value Method at rates specified In the year of purchase
Full year’s depreciation unless the asset put to use for less than 180 days (half depreciation)
In the year of sale No Depreciation
Block of Assets – Same group & same rate
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Depreciation: Block of Assets & Rate
Buildings used for residential purposes (5%) Other Buildings (10%) Furniture & Fixtures (10%) Plant & Machinery (15%) Motor Cars (15%) Computers & Software (60%) Intangible Assets (15%) Pollution Control Equipments (100%) Energy Saving Devices (80%)
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Depreciation: Written Down Value
Opening WDV (a) xx Add Actual Cost of Assets Purchased
Used > 180 days (b) xx Used < 180 days (c) xx
Less Sale Price of Assets Sold (d) xx Closing WDV (e) = ( a + b + c - d) xx
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Depreciation : WDV (Contd.)
If Closing WDV is negative Treat the amount as Short Term Capital Gains
Adjustable against business losses to the extent of depreciation written off
No Depreciation will be available even if there are other assets in the block
If Closing WDV is positive but there are no assets in the block Treat the amount as Short Term Capital Loss No Depreciation will be available even though the WDV
is positive
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Depreciation : WDV (Contd.)
If Closing WDV is positive and there are assets in the block Do not calculate profit or loss but provide
depreciation on (e) If e > c
Depreciation = full * (a+b-d) + half * c If e < c
Depreciation = half * e
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Capital GainsThe Starters..
Capital Receipts not taxable unless specifically included
Essentials Profits/Losses on Transfer of a Capital Asset
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Profit/Loss..
Sale Price Deductions
Cost of Acquisition Cost of Improvement Cost of Transfer
Machinery Provisions may fail !
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Capital Asset
Wide definition Cannot however cover
Stock in trade Personal assets & privileges Agricultural Rural Land (Population < 10000)
Classification as short term & long term Equity/Preference Shares, Other listed securities & units
– 12 months Other Assets – 36 months
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Privileges of Long Term
Indexation Benefits Substitution of Fair Market Value Lower Rate of Tax
Along with indexation benefits 20% In case of listed securities
Where STT is paid NIL without indexation benefits 10% With indexation benefits 20%
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Privileges of Long TermReinvestment Benefits
Residential House – Residential House Reinvest Capital Gains Purchase 1 year
before/2 years after OR construct 3 years after
Any – Residential House Reinvest Sale
Consideration Purchase 1 year before/2
years after OR construct 3 years after
Any – Specified Capital Gains Bonds Reinvest Capital Gains Within six months
Lock in period of 3 years for the re-invested asset
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Transfer
Extended Definition of Transfer Sale, Exchange, Relinquishment Extinguishment of Rights Compulsory Acquisition Conversion into Stock in trade Part Performance Co-operative Society
Exclusions from Transfer Deeming fiction for computation provisions
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Transfer
Extended Definition Exclusions from Definition
Distribution of Assets by HUF Gift, Will, Irrevocable Trust Holding/Subsidiary Transactions Mergers/De-mergers – company/holders Conversion of debentures Stock lending scheme
Deeming Fiction for computation provisions
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Transfer
Extended Definition Exclusions from Definition Deeming Fiction for computation provisions
Period of Holding Cost of Acquisition Market Value as on 01.04.1981
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Special Considerations apply:
Depreciable Assets Gains will always be SHORT TERM
Immoveable Properties Reference to Stamp Duty Valuation
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Other Heads of Income..
Income from House Property Interest on Housing Loan for 1 self occupied
property deductible upto Rs. 1,50,000/- Income from Other Sources
Gifts in cash exceeding Rs. 25,000/- taxable unless received from a relative
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Aggregation
In case of loss in Set-off (current) Carry ForwardHouse Property Any head House PropertySpeculation Speculation only SpeculationDepreciation Except Salary Except SalaryOther Business Except Salary BusinessShort Term CG Short/Long
TermShort Term
Long Term CG Long Term Long Term
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Some Important Exemptions
Share of Profits in a registered Firm Agricultural Incomes LIC Maturity Claim (Excl. Keyman Insurance) Specified Interest Incomes Income of Charitable Institutions Income of a new industrial undertaking
located in FTZ, EHTP, STP, SEZ, Which is a 100% EOU
Dividends (DDT Paid) & Long Term Capital Gains (STT Paid)
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Some Important Deductions
Specified Investments Mediclaim Premiums Donations New Industrial Undertakings involved in
infrastructure development Infrastructure Specified Industries Backward Areas
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Calculate the taxes at this stage
Apply slab-wise tax rates to net total income If there are incomes which are subject to special tax
rates, carve out those incomes Long Term Capital Gains @ 10% or 20% Short Term Capital Gains @ 10% Lottery Income @ 30% Income from open ended equity funds @ 10%
In case of agricultural income, include the same for rate purposes
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The Final Steps..
Add Surcharge & Education Cess to the net tax liability as applicable – gives the gross tax liability (a)
TDS, Advance Tax & S.A. Tax are all prepaid taxes (b)
Difference is the tax payable/ refundable (a-b) File your return and relax! Remember – taxes and death are certain but taxes
are more painful as they repeat each year…
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Allied Tax Concepts
Tax Deducted at Source Minimum Alternate Tax Dividend Distribution Tax Fringe Benefit Tax
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Tax Deducted at Source
Deduction at the stage of payment Attempts to plug
Non reporting of income Lower reporting of income
Improves cash flow for the Government Additional Burden for the Assessee
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TDS on Salaries
At the “average rate of tax” Both Residents and Non Resident covered Allowances to be considered with proof
No proof be insisted for HRA upto Rs. 3000 Deductions & Rebates to be allowed Multiple Employers? Multiple Sources of Income
Only Loss from HP can be considered
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TDS on Other Interest
Only Residents covered TDS @ 10% for non corporate assessees &
20% for corporate assessees On Gross Amounts & Not Net Amounts Very wide in Scope
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TDS on Other Interest
Specific Exceptions: Interest Amount less than Rs. 5,000 Interest to notified institutions Interest by a firm to its partners Interest by co-operative society to its members Interest under direct tax laws
Lower Deduction on Certificate No Deduction on Self Declaration (15G)
No cognisance if income above taxable limits (15H for senior citizens)
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Commission or Brokerage
Payments to Residents covered If amount exceeds Rs. 2,500 Commission in relation to securities not
covered by this provision TDS @ 5% Lower Deduction on Certificate
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Rent
Both Residents & Non Residents covered Income exceeds Rs. 1,20,000 TDS @ 20%
Except in case of individual/HUF where rate is 15% Advance Rent also liable for deduction Lower Deduction on Certificate
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Payments to contractors
Only Residents Covered Individual Payers excluded Basic Limit of Rs. 20,000 per contract / Rs. 50,000
per annum TDS @ 2%
In case of advertising contracts & sub-contracts , 1% applicable
Not applicable for sale of goods
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Contracts: Specific Examples
C & F Agents – Applicable Couriers – Applicable Transporters – Applicable Electricians – Applicable Routine AMC – Applicable
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Professional / Technical Services
Only Residents covered Only above Rs. 20,000 TDS @ 5% Scope
Payments to recruitment agencies Payments to hospitals Payments to share registrar
Lower Deduction on Certificate
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TDS on non residents
All incomes covered All Payers covered At Applicable Rates Application by payer for determination of income Application by receiver for non deduction of tax Application by receiver for lower deduction
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Non Compliance - Consequences
Recovery of the TDS Amount Interest on delayed payment / non payment Penalty for non compliance Disallowance of Expenditure
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Minimum Alternate Tax
To compensate for discrepancies between accounting and taxation principles
Accept the net profit as per Companies Act and make specific adjustments to convert it into book profits
Pay minimum tax @ 7.5 % of the book profits if the actual tax liability is lower
Does it really serve the purpose ?
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Net Profit to Book Profit
Income Tax Reserves Contingent Liabilities Losses of Subsidiary Dividends Paid Expenses related to tax
free incomes
Withdrawals from Reserves
Exempt incomes u/s 10, 10A, 10B, 11, 12
Brought Forward Losses
Deductions u/s 80HHC/E/F
Not applicable for a sick industrial company
ADD SUBTRACT
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Dividend Distribution Tax
Dividends – Tax Free in hands of shareholders, liable for DDT @ 12.5% for the company
Brings to light the problems relating to Earnings Stripping Capital Gearing Cascading Effect on Capital Structuring
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Fringe Benefit Tax:Overview
A presumptive tax on collective benefits granted to employees and disguised as business expenses
Based as a percentage of specific expenditures Tax to be paid by the employer – non deductible business
expense However, individuals & HUFs not covered by the levy
Industry Specific Concessions
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FBT payable @ 30%* - On – Value of fringe benefits By – Employer, For – Benefits provided or deemed to have
been provided FBT is payable whether employer is liable to
pay Income-tax or not
* Plus applicable surcharge & education cess
..FBT – Concept and Introduction
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Value of the fringe benefits
Nature of expenditure Presumptive base
Cost of free or concession tickets 100% Employers contribution to superannuation fund
100%
Entertainment 20% Hospitality 20% Conference 20% Sales Promotion & Publicity, (excluding advertisement)
20%
Employee welfare 20% Conveyance, tour & travel (including foreign travel)
20%
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Value of the fringe benefitsNature of expenditure Base Hotel, lodging and boarding 20% Repair, running & maintenance of motor cars
20%
Repair, running and maintenance of aircrafts
20%
Use of telephone (other than leased lines) 20% Maintenance of guest house 20% Festival celebrations 50% Use of club facilities 50% Use of health club and similar facilities 50% Gifts 50% Scholarships 50%
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FBT base: industry specific concessions
Nature of industry Nature of expenditure Presumptive baseHotel Hospitality 5%
Taxi operators Repair, running & maintenance of motor cars (including fuel expenses and depreciation)
5%
Pharmaceuticals 1. Conveyance, tour and travel (including foreign travel);
2. Hotel, lodging and boarding
5%
5%
Software 1. Conveyance, tour and travel (including foreign travel);
2. Hotel, lodging and boarding
5%
5%
Construction Conveyance, tour and travel (including foreign travel);
5%
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FBT Base: Exemptions
Expenditure on paid vouchers Expenditure on advertisement Expenditure on leased telephone lines Expenditure on accommodation used for
training purposes Expenditure to mitigate occupational hazards
or provide first-aid facilities in employers hospital.
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Thank YouWish You all the best
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Income Tax
Prof. S B GabhawallaS B Gabhawalla & CoChartered Accountants