The Crusades & The The Crusades & The Reconquista Reconquista

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Religious wars primarily between Religious wars primarily between Roman Catholics and Muslims; Pope Roman Catholics and Muslims; Pope Urban II sent thousands of knights to Urban II sent thousands of knights to fight. Why?fight. Why?– Primary goal: To free the Holy Land Primary goal: To free the Holy Land

Remove Muslims from Jerusalem Remove Muslims from Jerusalem

– Religious ZealReligious Zeal– Christian knights fight Muslims instead Christian knights fight Muslims instead

of each other of each other

Victories and Defeats Victories and Defeats

11stst Crusade was most successful: Crusade was most successful: captured Jerusalem (eventually falls captured Jerusalem (eventually falls to Muslims)to Muslims)

33rdrd Crusade- tried to retake Crusade- tried to retake Jerusalem; failedJerusalem; failed

44thth Crusade- Ended in defeat by Crusade- Ended in defeat by Muslims Muslims

Effects of the Crusades Effects of the Crusades

Trade increasedTrade increased Power of monarchs increasedPower of monarchs increased Papal power at its greatest height Papal power at its greatest height Wider world view: people began to Wider world view: people began to

travel far-off places travel far-off places

Reconquista in Spain Reconquista in Spain

Campaign to take over Muslim lands Campaign to take over Muslim lands and drive the Muslims from Spainand drive the Muslims from Spain

By 1300, Christians controlled the By 1300, Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula except for entire Iberian Peninsula except for Granada (Muslim stronghold) Granada (Muslim stronghold)

Ferdinand and Isabella Ferdinand and Isabella

Two rulers from two powerful Two rulers from two powerful kingdoms- were able to complete kingdoms- were able to complete Reconquista Reconquista – Granada falls, 1492 Granada falls, 1492

Ended policy of religious toleration in Ended policy of religious toleration in Spain Spain

Learning during the Middle Learning during the Middle AgesAges

Scholasticism- Tried to resolve Scholasticism- Tried to resolve conflict between faith & reason; used conflict between faith & reason; used reason to support Christian beliefsreason to support Christian beliefs– Thomas Aquinas: wrote Summa Thomas Aquinas: wrote Summa

Theologica, examined Christian Theologica, examined Christian teachings in the light of reasonteachings in the light of reason

Medieval Literature Medieval Literature

Dante Alighieri- Famed Italian poetDante Alighieri- Famed Italian poet– Wrote Wrote Divine ComedyDivine Comedy; summarizes ; summarizes

Christian ethicsChristian ethics Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer

– Wrote The Canterbury TalesWrote The Canterbury Tales Reveals a lot about medieval lifeReveals a lot about medieval life

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture

Towering stone cathedrals Towering stone cathedrals symbolized wealth & religious symbolized wealth & religious devotion devotion

Flying Buttresses-Flying Buttresses- Stone supports Stone supports that stood outside the church that stood outside the church