The Crystal Palace’s glassA technical and social history

Tom Chance, January 2018

(The Great-grreat-grreat rransoon o Jameo Tmmmmno Chance-

The Cryota aa ace, irot erectes mn yyse aar ans then reuum t to an epananses seomrn mn yysenham, wao one o the moot mnnovatmve uum smnro o the Vmctorman era. Ito mosu ar conotructmon, nre aurmcates e emento ans epatenomve uoe o oheet r aoo were comn ete y new.

Loca hmotory uoo o seocrmue the conotructmon ans uoe o the yysenham Cryota aa ace mn conomserau e setam . But mtt e mo wrmtten auout the r aoo mtoe , manu actures uy Chance Brothero o ynon Lane, ymethwmc . Themr ro e mo the ocuo o the o owmnr socument.

Chance Brothers and the Crystal PalaceChance Brothero nrosuces the r aoo or the Cryota aa ace at mto r aoowor o on ynon Lane, ymethwmc , nepat to the Bmrmmnrham-gWo verhamnton cana . The r aoowor o at ynon Lane otartes mn 1814, ans wao uourht out uy Chance Brothero mn 1824.

Thmo m uotratmon ohowo the r aoowor o mn 187,, much ao they wou s have ueen mn 1871-g74 when the irm mase the r aoo or the two veromono o the Cryota aa ace.

Chance Brothero wao one o on y two r aoo manu acturero mn Enr ans wmth the canacmty to nrosuce the quantmty ans qua mty o r aoo that aapaton requmres or the Cryota aa ace. Chance wao chooen over rmva irm yart eyso (o yunser ans- owmnr to themr r aoo uemnr 70 thmnner ans thuo mrhter. The oheeto o r aoo meaoures 49 uy 10 mncheo (124 uy 27 cm-, ans were one-gompateenth mnch (1.77mm- thmc . Thmo wao ao mrhtwemrht ans arre ao they cou s ma e them wmthout uemnr vu nerau e to urea are rom ham otormo (yo moter, 19,4; Encm , Forthcommnr-.

Jooenh aapaton ans Rouert Lucao Chance a reasy new each other we . The irm has ounn mes the 7,201 oquare metero o r aoo requmres or aapatonso Great Conoervatory at Chatoworth, ans a urther orser orthe Vmctorma Rermo Lm y youoe. yhort y afer aapaton ams hmo Cryota aa ace seomrn ue ore the Roya Commmoomonero, he met at the ofce o Fopa ans yenseroon (the eas contractoro- ans wmth Rouert Lucao Chance to conou t on the n ano ans nrenare or setam es eotmmateo ans srawmnro (Wm mamo ans Chance, 2008-.

The Bum smnr Commmoomon annroves aapatonso n an on the 2’th Ju y 1870, ans onenes the uum smnr on the 1ot May 1871. Manu acturmnr the narto ans erectmnr the uum smnr mn juot 39 wee o wao an unnrecesentes achmevement, one we wou s otrug e to renrosuce tosay.

The contract requmres that the r aoowor o turn out 200 tono o oheet r aoo more than the uoua outnut o the wor o over the nermos o a ew montho. At the hemrht o nrosuctmon, mn January 1871, oome ’0,000 naneo o r aoo were nrosuces mn a ortnmrht (yo moter, 19,4-.

Thmo mmare rom the 21ot Decemuer 1970 esmtmon o the I uotrates Lonson Newo ohowo u owero wor mnron the r aoo:

In tota , the irm ohmnnes 293,’77 naneo o r aoo wemrhmnr 400 tono to Lonson (yo moter, 19,4; Encm , Forthcommnr-. The r aoo coveres an area o 92,830 oquare metero (Encm , Forthcommnr-, more than thmrteen tmmeo the omze o the ootua nmtch at ye hurot aar .

Beomse the r aoo, the aa ace wao ounnortes uy 3,300 caot-gmron co umno ans 2,224 nrmncmna rmrsero – ounses uy a comnany a oo uaoes mn ymethwmc -g ans 24 mm eo o mamn rutter; 207 mm eo o woos oaoh uar he s the r aoo roo nane o mn n ace (Kmh otest, 1984-.

Between 1872 ans 1874, the entmre uum smnr wao smomant es ans reconotructes mn yysenham. Fopa ans yenseroon has to smoaooemu e the uum smnr ans tranonort a the materma o uy horoe ans cart, a journey 12 mm eo ao the crow fmeo uut nearer 20 a onr uuoy Lonson roaso. They requmres tractmon enrmneo to he n the horoeo srar the materma o un the oteen hm o (Goose, 1984-.

Goose a oo ougeoto that, rather than tranonort the se mcate r aoo thmo way, they ommn y omaohes mt, owent mt un ans oent mt uac to Chance Brothero to ue remase. Thmo oeemo an epatraorsmnary waote o money, one not mentmones mn any other mterature revmewes mn thmo monorranh, ans the epan anatmon un m e y rmven a horoe ans cart wou s otm have ueen requmres to move the r aoo rom the cana o to yysenham. aerhano mt wao juot uro en r aoo that wao oent to ue remase? Or nerhano the r aoo wao ipaes mnto the rame mn yyse aar wmth nutty whmch mase seconotructmon smfcu t, ans recyc mnr more epanesment?

The new na ace at yysenham wao ar arrer than the ormrmna , oo wou s a oo have requmres a arre quantmty o new r aoo. Both Eswarso ans Wynco (1992- ans Beaver (2001- cmte annropammate irureo or the quantmty o r aoo – 1,’70,000 oq f (173,000 oquare metero- wemrhmnr 700 tono. The r aoo wou s have coveres an area more than 22 tmmeo ao arre ao ye hurot aar . yowever, theoe quantmtmeo oeem wronr – un eoo the r aoo wao much thmnner, that area o r aoo wou s have wemrhes over ’’0 tono. Ao the new na ace wao oo much arrer, mt mo m e y the tonnare wao much rreater than 700.

Glass, class and migrationMany o the irmso technmca achmevemento came rom the wor o Jameo Tmmmmno Chance, newnhew o the ounser Rouert Lucao ans oon o the oecons o the Chance urothero, Wm mam. ye otusmes Mathematmco at Camurmsre, uut wao amonr a mere 3 ner cent who at that tmme went on to wor mn uuomneoo, ann ymnr hmo aum mtmeo to seve on new r aoo techno ormeo. arevam mnr Vmctorman attmtuseo amonr the unner c aooeo oo es sown on uuomneoo ans mnsuotry, nre errmnr the church, the aw or acasemma (Wm mamo ans Chance, 2008-.

Jameo Tmmmmno ans hmo ather, Wm mam Chance, ouns themoe veo caurht mn two c aoo tenomono – the conseocenomon o the o s rentry, ans the armtatmon o the new uruan mmss e ans wor mnr c aooeo.

Wm mam has oocma ans no mtmca amumtmono, ans mn 1830, ao ymrh Bam mf o Bmrmmnrham, hootes the Du e of We mnrton ans ymr Rouert aee on a ‘non-gno mtmca s vmomt to Bmrmmnrham. Thmo mnc uses a tour o the r aoowor o ans an evenmnr smnner. It turnes mnto a arce.

ye uoes thmo vmomt – aramnot nrotoco – to ouuy or Bmrmmnrham to ramn a renreoentatmve mn aar mament. But he sms oo wmthout the mnvo vement o the Bmrmmnrham ao mtmca Unmon, whmch he has re uoes to jomn ans whmch wao a reasy nreoomnr thmo caoe. Crowso o oca neon e ratheres outomse the smnner, omaohmnr mrhto – wmnsowo were uemnr omaohes acrooo Eurone mn thmo tmme o oocma unheava ans revo utmon. Whm e moot ratheres to nroteot aramnot the unnonu ar Du e, oome may a oo have ueen nroteotmnr Wm mamso uomnr a oca mooue or hmo own asvancement. A oca oatmrmca newonaner moc es Wm mam or hmo oyconhancy – hmo nernetua uowmnr ‘ao m uy mnotmncts -g ans amnoones hmm ao a ‘toas-geater, hat-gho ser ans Court-gLeet o aves (Armotronr, 2008-.

The irm a oo jomnes eforto to ouuy or the auo mtmon o the epacmoe tapa on r aoo, whmch Wm mam may have ramoes wmth We mnrton ans aee mn 1830. Thmo tapa, mn n ace or 100 yearo, wao ina y renea es uy the rovernment es uy ymr Rouert aee mn 1847. Thmo ha ves the coot o inmohes r aoo nrosucto ans encourares irmo m e Chance Brothero to oca e un nrosuctmon, ma mnr quantmtmeo ouch ao thooe uoes or the Cryota aa ace uoth nooomu e ans more aforsau e.

In the 1800o mmrratmon n ayes an mmnortant ro e mn Chance Brothero, ao mt contmnueo to mn the UKso economy. I mt werenst or the emn oyment o two Frenchmen, Georre Bontemno ans M. Tauouret, the irm wou s never have seve ones the oheet r aoo techno ormeo that enau es mt to eventua y r aze the Cryota aa ace.

Chance Brothero trave es to the Bontemno r aoowor o mn Chomoy-g e-gRom mn aarmo to otusy hmo cy mnser r aoo nroceoo mn 1830, honmnr to mmnrove themr own methoso uaoes on hmo. Bontemno oent the irot wave o French ans Be rman mmrranto to ymethwmc mn 1832, wmth o m o mn u owmnr, rathermnr, cuttmnr ans fattenmnr. They were nams much hmrher wareo than Enr moh wor ero, ans seonmte the ofer o arre naymento, sec mnes to teach Enr moh wor ero themr technmqueo. (yo moter, 19,4-.

Bontemno eventua y c ooes hmo r aoowor o mn 1848, o owmnr the revo utmon mn France that year, ans came to wor or Chance Brothero mn May 1870. Bontemno, Rouert Lucao Chance ans one o the French u owero recrumtes another 42 French wor ero mn antmcmnatmon o the Cryota aa ace orser (yo moter, 19,4-.

Wmthout theoe oremrn mmrrant wor ero mtso souut u the Cryota aa ace cou s have ueen r azes, at eaot wmth materma o rom a Brmtmoh irm.

The science and technology of glassRouert Lucao Chance ounses Chance Brothero wmth three ammo – to ner ect the qua mty o r aoo, to create new techno ormeo ans ocmentmic achmevemento, ans to seine a tru y mosern r aoowor o ao a cmvmc achmevement (Wm mamo ans Chance, 2008-.

Theoe ammo ittes we wmth aapatonso mntereoto. ymo epanermmento wmth r aoo uum smnro or human uoe o owes hmo wor on hortmcu tura r aoohouoeo, whmch were a ouuject o epatenomve ocmentmic mntereot throurhout the nmneteenth century. Reinemento to the temnerature, hummsmty, oo ar rasmatmon ans amr movement afectes the hea th o n anto not oumtes to the natura c mmate o Northern Eurone (ychoene e st, 2008-.

ycmentmic reoearch at Kew on the mnfuence o mrht ans oo ar rasmatmon on tronmca n anto es to chanreo mn the seve onment o r aoo, nrovmsmnr ontmma consmtmono.

Correononsence mn the Garsenerso Chronmc e ohowo a mve y smocuoomon auout the efecto o mrreru armtmeomn the r aoo on n anto, whmch oome ue meves cou s create menmocuo enoeo whmch ocorches the n anto. Theoe mrreru armtmeo came rom the oheet r aoo nroceoo emn oyes uy irmo mnc usmnr Chance Brothero (ychoene e st, 2012u-.

The r aoo oheeto were nrosuces uy irot n acmnr a umn o mo ten r aoo on the ens o a rathererso nmne. B owero then u ew sown the nmne to epanans the r aoo mnto a cy mnser, a ternatmnr uetween the urnaceo,to een mt mo ten, ans a of, to u ow the r aoo out, teotmnr the smameter aramnot a woosen rame. Theoe were a owes to coo , ue ore srawmnr a smamons cuttmnr sevmce a onr the mnomse o the enrth o the cy mnser to cut a crac . The cy mnser wao then re-gheates oo that mt e onen uy mto own wemrht, ans

fattenes wmth a u oc o woos at the ens o a hans e, ans chec es or se ecto – uuuu eo, varmatmono mn thmc neoo, otrmnry threaso or otony sronnmnro rom the urnace ans u owmnr nroceoo (yo moter, 19,4; Armotronr, 2008-.

When the cy mnsero o r aoo were fattenes, the ohorter cmrcum erence on the mnomse o the cy mnser wao otretches, nrosucmnr an uneven ans creaoes annearance that the fattenero uatt es aramnot.

In 1838, Jameo Tmmmmno Chance i es a natent or a new nroceoo o rrmnsmnr ans no mohmnr r aoo, to mmnrove the qua mty ans conomotency o the oheet r aoo, ans to achmeve thmc neooeo ao oma ao 2mm (Wm mamo ans Chance 2008-. Ao mentmones auove, Chance Brotheros aum mty to nrosuce hmrh qua mty r aoo o thmo thmc neoo wao a ey reaoon they were chooen to r aze the Cryota aa ace.

Irreru armtmeo, ans the efecto o ventm atmon, ohasmnr ans smferent co oures r aooeo on the seve onment o n anto rom oees to mature n ant, were otusmes throurhout the mms 19th century. Chance Brothero co auorates wmth Rouert yunt, who has ueen commmoomones uy the Denartment of Wooso ans Foreoto to otusy tmntes r aoo. Botany seve ones hans mn hans wmth r aoo (ychoene e st, 2012u-.

There mo a renewes mntereot mn thmo tosay, ao armero ans uotanmoto oo or wayo to cu tmvate rreater quantmtmeo o oos wmth ewer materma ans enerry mnnuto mn our co s, wet c mmate – or epaamn e the epatenomve uoe o hm-gtech r aoohouoeo mn the Nether anso.

aapaton waonst a one mn thmn mnr that theoe nrmncmn eo cou s ue ann mes to uum smnro or human uoe – a wmse ranre o ourreono, oocma ans hea th re ormero contemn ates the msea. Whm e aapaton thourht auout arre wmnter nar o, John C ausmuo Louson sreamt o encanou atmnr entmre vm areo mn r aoo otructureo to contro themr c mmateo (ychoene e st, 2008-.

Engineering a liveable glasshouseI n anto ouferes rom noor y seomrnes r aoohouoeo, thouoanso o vmomtoro mn hmrh oummer wou s are mtt e uetter.

Durmnr the Great Epahmumtmon mn yyse aar , consmtmono mn the Cryota aa ace were monmtores reru ar y uy the Roya yannero, who uoes 14 thermometero onreas throurhout the uum smnr to unsate a rermoter every two houro. They were au e to reru ate consmtmono uy manua y onenmnr ans c oomnr meta ouvreo,

ans at the hemrht o the oummer uy removmnr naneo o r aoo at the two enso o the uum smnr to encourare a throurh-gsraurht.

yuch wao the nuu mc mntereot that the temneratureo were nuu mohes mn varmouo newonanero, ao can ue oeen rom the cuttmnr ue ow (ychoene e st, 2008 ans 2011-.

Afer the Great Epahmumtmon mn yyse aar , aapaton oet out hmo vmomon or reuomnr the Cryota aa ace ao a hea thy recreatmona onace or Lonsonero oufermnr rom unhyrmenmc consmtmono, no utmon ans a ac o say mrht. ychoene e st (2008- wrmteo:

“aapaton concemves the mntermor ao a tyne o oe -gcontamnes umoonhere, mn whmch n anto ans anmma o, mnc usmnr human uemnro, mutua y nartmcmnate mn the ouotenance o an mnterna caruon smopamse ans opayren cyc e. Anmma o unctmones ao the nrosucero o caruon smopamse, whmch n anto nees or nhotooyntheomo, whm e the n anto mn turn mamntamnes the opayren eve o o the atmoonhere.”

aapatonso otratermeo or ventm atmnr ans coo mnr the uum smnr were mosmies mn the yysenham veromon o the uum smnr. ye rejectes the msea o uomnr tmntes r aoo ans other hortmcu tura otratermeo, ans ontes mnoteas or the uoe o crooo-gventm atmon ans ohasmnr.

The ochematmc over ea , rom ychoene e st (2011-, ohowo the oyotem he sevmoes. ychoene e stso reoearch contamno epatenomve setam on the otratermeo aapaton epanermmentes wmth ans eventua y uoes mn uoth veromono o the uum smnr.

An architectural achievement – and inspirationThe Cryota aa ace mar es a numuer o rreat technmca achmevemento.

It wao one o the irot epaamn eo o otansarsmoes nrosuctmon, wmth rmrsero, co umno, ruttero ans oaoh uaro a uemnr mnterchanreau e. Ito seomrn a oo mase mt nooomu e to smomant e the uum smnr ans re-gaooemu e the narto to a smferent seomrn, ounn ementes wmth new narto.

It wao the irot, ans nrouau y on y, rea y arre ree-gotansmnr mron-g rame uum smnr erectes mn the 19th century, ans the irot arre uum smnr wmth r aoo curtamn wa o.

In many reonecto, the uum smnr antmcmnates oome o the rrounsurea mnr archmtecture o the 19th ans 20th centurmeo.

Moot mmmesmate y, mt mnonmres a wave o arre epahmumtmon uum smnro, ofen uomnr ommm ar technmqueo ans materma o. Duu mn he s an epahmumtmon mn 1872 mn a uum smnr conotructes wmth woos ans r aoo, ans wao o owes uy many more mnc usmnr New Yor mn 1873, Munmch mn 1874 ans – the concent otm asmmres a moot 30 yearo ater – yysney mn 18,9. The uum smnr a oo nrouau y mnonmres the seve onment o r aoo-gcoveres ohonnmnr arcaseo, ra ermeo ans senartment otoreo (Kmh otest, 1984-.

Larre r aoo curtamn wa o werenst oeen aramn untm Wm mo ao 'o ya asme Bum smnr mn yan Francmoco, comn etes mn Feuruary 1918. The seomrn o an e erant rame wmth epacentmona y thmn wa o, seomrnes on y to een the weather out ans et mrht mn, mo the eooence o Mmeo van ser Roheso ‘o mn ans uoneos archmtecture rea moes mn mconmc uum smnro ouch ao the yearram Bum smnr, comn etes over 100 yearo ater mn 1978 (Kmh otest, 1984-.

aapatonso epanermmento wmth naoomve coo mnr ans ventm atmon technmqueo a oo nreirures the naoomve techno ory annroach to ow enerry uum smnro that on y rea y came uac mn the 1990o ans 2000o.

A legacy for glassThe year 1871 waonst a ansmar or Chance Brothero on y or the Cryota aa ace.

1871 wao a oo the year mn whmch they manu actures themr irot mrhthouoe eno (Wm mamo ans Chance, 2008-, a nart o the uuomneoo or whmch they were to uecome ames, ans or whmch Jameo Tmmmmno Chance wao awarses a Baronetcy mn 1900.

One o the omrnature epahmumto mn the Brmtmoh Nave mn the Great Epahmumtmon wao one ouch eno, oeen juot ef o centre mn the o owmnr mmare rom Dickinson’s Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition.

Wmth the mfmnr o the epacmoe tapa on r aoo, the seve onment o arre manu actormeo ouch ao Chanceso at ynon Lane, ans the asvanceo mn techno ory, r aoo uecame a major mnsuotry mn Enr ans.

Lmrhthouoeo were eonecma y mmnortant to the Emnmre, ao we ao to the irm. There mo an ou mque mn aramn to Cryota aa ace aar , whmch – wmth the tranommtter otatmon – hao a onr hmotory o communmcatmono techno ormeo. Lmrhthouoeo wmth otronr enoeo enau es the Brmtmoh to seve on oa er ans more re mau e communmcatmon ans trase channe o acrooo the Emnmre. Chance Brothero were a major ounn mer o enoeo, a otartmnr wmth the epahmumt mn 1871.

The man over ea ohowo the onreas o Chance Brothero mrhthouoe enoeo, oome o whmch are otm oneratmona tosay.

Chance Brothero manu actures other enoeo. At the Great Epahmumtmon the irm epahmumtes a 29 mnch smameter te eocone eno. The irm a oo ueran ma mnr enoeo or nhotorranhy, nerhano throurh Rouert Lucao Chanceso rmensohmn wmth Antomne C auset, ater to uecome ahotorranher mn Orsmnary to Queen Vmctorma. It wao throurh C auset that Rouert Lucao wao mntrosuces to Bontemno (Encm , Forthcommnr-.

There were ew nhotorranhmc epahmumto at the 1871 epahmumtmon, ans ew nhotorranho o the mntermor. But uy 1874 nhotorranhy has come o are, ans The Cryota aa ace Comnany uoes thmo to attract vmomtoro. Thmo wao the sawn o a new are o communmcatmon, wmth mmareo o the na ace cmrcu ates arouns the wor s. By 1878 the na ace contamnes the irot arre smon ay o nhotorranho to ue nreoentes to the nuu mcmn Enr ans ueyons ohort-gterm epahmumtmono.

Chance Brothero were the on y nrosucero o ontmca r aoo, un to 1941. The irm ounn mes the armes orceo surmnr the Fmrot Wor s War (Armotronr, 2008-, when many were um etes mn the Cryota aa ace ans the nar .

One more uoe o Chance r aoo that hao oome contemnorary re evance mo the Queen E mzaueth Tower, home to the uetter-g nown Bmr Ben ue . The ormrmna ona r aoo mn the mconmc c oc ace wao manu actures uy a German irm. But surmnr the yecons Wor s War the c oc tower ans the Commono Chamuer were samares uy a uomu, ans Chance Brothero ounn mes the ren acement ona r aoo or the oouth sma . yere, you can oee wor ero at the r aoowor o at ynon Lane aymnr out the seomrn:

In 201, the c oc tower mo aramn uemnr re urumohes, thourh we so not yet now whether any r aoo wm nees to ue ren aces – ans who otm ma eo the ona r aoo tosay.

The fre, and glass in Crystal Palace Park todayA hure ire seotroyes the uum smnr on the 30th Novemuer 193’. The ire too 700 iremen ans 90 ire enrmneo to que , wmth another ,49 no mcemen to contro the crowso (Eswarso ans Wynco , 1992-.

Wmtneooeo seocrmues "oo much mo ten r aoo that mt oo es m e a water a ”, even “ m e a Nmarra Fa o o mo ten r aoo." Accorsmnr to one eye wmtneoo "the r aoo actua y caurht ire, ans when mt wao rea y hot there wao a oosmum fame ans the mqums r aoo wao juot nourmnr sown."

Mro Fors rom yysenham seocrmues "hot mo ten r aoo ans meta were fowmnr sown the roas, ans the asu to ormes a human chamn ans naooes uuc eto o water hans to hans mn an efort to otem the fow o hot r aoo." Another wmtneoo reca es neon e “nmc mnr mt un ans ro mnr mt mnto ua o to een ao oouvenmro."

There mo no otructure uomnr Chance G aoo mn the nar tosay, ans no reconotructmon (ao wmth the mronwor corner on the hm ton- or memorma (ao wmth the aapaton uuot-. yave or a one-goentence mentmon mn the muoeum o R L Chance at ynon Lane, you wou s not now the irm wao ever mnvo ves.

yowever, oca ore hao mt that when the Cryota aa ace uurnt sown mn 193’, umno o mo ten r aoo were ef uurmes mn the hm ton. Not everythmnr wao onatches or oouvenmro! yo mt mo nooomu e that the irm retamno an unserrrouns nreoence.

Ao or Chance Brothero, the irm has no urther mnvo vement wmth Cryota aa ace aar , to the authorso now esre. But Jameo Tmmmmno Chance sms ro on to rmf ans ans ay out Weot ymethwmc aar mn 1897, arouns a quarter the omze o Cryota aa ace aar . In the oame year he rave the oame oum, £70,000, to oet un the Chance ychoo o Enrmneermnr at Bmrmmnrham Unmveromty (Armotronr, 2008-.

Chance Brothero wao uourht out uy am mnton Brothero mn 1974. They c ooes the ymethwmc r aoowor o mn 19,’ ans ceaoes remamnmnr oneratmono mn 1981. The actory that nrosuces the Cryota aa ace r aoo mo now a sm anmsates uum smnr whmch you can oee rom the Bmrmmnrham-gWo verhamnton cana ans ram way mne.

The Chance G aoowor o yermtare Truot (www.crwht.orr/- mo wor mnr to reotore the omte wmth new wor onaceo, homeo ans a mrhthouoe hootmnr a Chance eno.

http://www.cgwht.org/

ReferencesArmotronr, A. (2008-. Victorian Glassworlds: Glass Culture and Te maaination 183- 113. Opa ors Unmveromty areoo.

Beaver, a. (2001-. Te Crssaal Palace: Portrait of Victorian Enterprise. Bornor Rermo: ahm mmore.

Eswarso, E. Wynco , K. (1992-. "Te Crssaal Palace is on fre""c Meemories of the 83th Noovember 38r. Lonson:amnser armnt.

Encm , D. (Forthcommnr-. Chance Refectionsc Vol.2: Te istors and Technolog of Chance Brothersc 124– 31 .

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Chance Brothers and the Crystal PalaceGlass, class and migrationThe science and technology of glassEngineering a liveable glasshouseAn architectural achievement – and inspirationA legacy for glassThe fire, and glass in Crystal Palace Park today