the development of large-area thin planar psec photodetectors

04/22/23 1

The Development of Large-The Development of Large-Area Thin Planar Psec Area Thin Planar Psec

PhotodetectorsPhotodetectorsHenry Frisch, Henry Frisch, Enrico Fermi Institute and ANL Enrico Fermi Institute and ANL

Fermilab Detector Workshop

04/22/23 2

The Large-Area Psec Photo-detector The Large-Area Psec Photo-detector CollaborationCollaboration

3 National Labs, 6 Divisions at Argonne, 3 US small companies; electronics expertise at UC Berkely, and the Universities of Chicago and HawaiiGoal of 3-year R&D- commercializable modules.

DOE Funded (a little NSF)

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1. Large-Area Low-Cost Photodetectors with good correlated time and space resolution (target 10 $/sq-in incremental areal cost)

2. Large-Area TOF particle/photon detectors with psec time resolution ( < 1psec at 100 p.e.)

3. Understanding photocathodes so that we can reliably make high QE, tailor the spectral response, and develop new materials and geometries (QE > 50%?, public formula)

Fermilab Detector Workshop

Three Goals of a New (1 Three Goals of a New (1 yr-old) Collaborative yr-old) Collaborative

Effort:Effort:

04/22/23 4Fermilab Detector Workshop

MCP development- use modern fabrication processes MCP development- use modern fabrication processes to control emissivities, resistivities, out-gassingto control emissivities, resistivities, out-gassing

Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive materialUse Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive material (amplification) on cheap inert substrates (glass capillary (amplification) on cheap inert substrates (glass capillary

arrays, AAO). Scalable to large sizes; economical; pure – i.e. arrays, AAO). Scalable to large sizes; economical; pure – i.e. chemically robust and (it seems- see below) chemically robust and (it seems- see below) stablestable

Readout: Use transmission lines and modern chip Readout: Use transmission lines and modern chip technologies for high speed cheap low-power high-technologies for high speed cheap low-power high-density readout.density readout.

Anode is a 50-ohm stripline. Scalable up to many feet in Anode is a 50-ohm stripline. Scalable up to many feet in length ; readout 2 ends; CMOS sampling onto capacitors- length ; readout 2 ends; CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power (New idea- make MCP-PMT tiles on fast, cheap, low-power (New idea- make MCP-PMT tiles on single PC-card readout- see below)single PC-card readout- see below)

Use computational advances -simulation as basis for Use computational advances -simulation as basis for designdesign

Modern computing tools allow simulation at level of basic Modern computing tools allow simulation at level of basic processes- validate with data. Use for `rational design’ processes- validate with data. Use for `rational design’ (Klaus Attenkofer’s phrase).(Klaus Attenkofer’s phrase).

Detector Development- 3 Detector Development- 3 ProngsProngs

04/22/23 5HJF: LAPPD Advanced Photo-Detector Status

4 Groups4 Groups + + Integration and Management Integration and Management


Parallel Efforts on Specific Parallel Efforts on Specific ApplicationsApplications

..

LAPD Detector Development

PET(UC/BSD,

UCB, Lyon)

Collider(UC,

ANL,Saclay.

Mass Spec

Security

(TBD)

Drawing Not To Scale (!)

ANL,Arradiance,Chicago,Fermilab, Hawaii,Muons,Inc,SLAC,SSL/UCB, Synkera, U. Wash.

Explicit strategy for staying on task

All these need work- naturally tend to lag the reality of the detector development

DUSEL

(Matt, Mayly, Bob,

John, ..)

Muon Cooli

ngMuons,Inc

(SBIR)

K->(UC(?))

At colliders we measure the 3-momenta of At colliders we measure the 3-momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavor-flow of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavor-flow of quarks,quarks, the primarythe primary objectsobjects that are colliding. 2-orders-of- that are colliding. 2-orders-of-magnitude in time resolution would all us to magnitude in time resolution would all us to measure measure ALLALL the information=>greatly enhanced the information=>greatly enhanced discovery potential.discovery potential.

Application 1-Application 1-CollidersColliders

t-tbar -> W+bW-

bbar-> e+ nu+c+sbar+b+bbar

Specs:Signal: 50-10,000 photonsSpace resolution: 1 mmTime resolution 1 psecCost: <100K$/m2:

A real top candidate event from CDF- has top, antitop, each decaying into a W-boson and a b or antib. Goal- identify the quarks that make the jets. (explain why…)

04/22/23 Fermilab Detector Workshop 7


Application 2- Neutrino Application 2- Neutrino PhysicsPhysics

Spec: signal single photon, 100 ps time, 1 cm Spec: signal single photon, 100 ps time, 1 cm space, low cost/m2 (5-10K$/m2)*space, low cost/m2 (5-10K$/m2)*

(Howard Nicholson)


Application 3- Medical Application 3- Medical Imaging (PET)Imaging (PET)

Depth in crystal by Depth in crystal by time-differencetime-difference

Heejong Kim Heejong

Kim

Can we solve Can we solve the depth-of-the depth-of-interaction interaction problem and problem and also use also use cheaper faster cheaper faster radiators?radiators?

AlternatinAlternating radiator g radiator and cheap and cheap 30-50 psec 30-50 psec planar planar mcp-pmt’s mcp-pmt’s on each on each sideside

Depth in crystal by Depth in crystal by energy- energy- asymmetryasymmetry

Simulations by Simulations by Heejong Kim Heejong Kim (Chicago)(Chicago)


Application 4- Application 4- Cherenkov-sensitive Sampling Cherenkov-sensitive Sampling

CalorimetersCalorimeters

A picture of an em shower in a A picture of an em shower in a cloud-chamber with ½” Pb plates cloud-chamber with ½” Pb plates (Rossi, p215- from CY Chao)(Rossi, p215- from CY Chao)

A `cartoon’ of a fixed target geometry A `cartoon’ of a fixed target geometry such as for JPARC’s KL-> pizero such as for JPARC’s KL-> pizero nunubar (at UC, Yao Wah) or LHCbnunubar (at UC, Yao Wah) or LHCb

•IIdea: planes on one side read both Cherenkov and scintillation light- on other only scintillation.


The 24”x16” The 24”x16” `SuperModule`SuperModule

Sealed Tube (Tile) Sealed Tube (Tile) ConstructionConstruction


•All (cheap) glass•Anode is silk-screened•No pins, penetrations•No internal connections•Anode determines locations (i.e. no mech tolerancing for position resolution)•Fastens with double-sticky to readout Tray: so can tile different length strings, areas•Tile Factory in works (ANL)


ANL-UC Glass Hermetic Packaging ANL-UC Glass Hermetic Packaging GroupGroup Proceed in 3 steps: 1) hermetic box; 2) Proceed in 3 steps: 1) hermetic box; 2)

Add MCP’s, readout, (Au cathode); 3) Add MCP’s, readout, (Au cathode); 3) Add photocathodeAdd photocathode

BoxBox

Box+ 8” MCPsBox+ 8” MCPs

Box+MCP+PCBox+MCP+PC

Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3

Possible Au anode

04/22/23 14Fermilab Detector Workshop14

SSL Photocathode Process SSL Photocathode Process Chamber Chamber

Ossy Siegmund, Jason McPhate, Sharon JalinskyOssy Siegmund, Jason McPhate, Sharon Jalinsky

Glass Window

UV Transmissive Window

Photo-Cathode Forming Well Flange

UHV valves

Manipulators

16.5” Detector Loading Flange

18” ID Chamber

Ion Pump supplyIon Pumps

04/22/23 15HJF: LAPPD Advanced Photo-Detector Status•15

SSL Photocathodes: SSL Photocathodes: Processing Oven, Processing Oven,

Cathode DepositionCathode Deposition•Oven accommodates Large Format Inside Envelope: 36” x 30” x 25” High•Defines Large Chamber Limits

•Cathode station controls alkali metal deposition, and monitors cathode response

•Ossy SiegmundOssy Siegmund


Advanced Photocathode Advanced Photocathode GroupGroup

III-V have the potential for high III-V have the potential for high QE, shifting toward the blue, and QE, shifting toward the blue, and robustness i.e. they age well, robustness i.e. they age well, high-temp)high-temp) Opaque PC’s have much higher Opaque PC’s have much higher QE than transmission PC’s- we QE than transmission PC’s- we have the geometryhave the geometry Many small factors to be gained Many small factors to be gained in absorption, anti-reflection- see in absorption, anti-reflection- see papers by Townsend and talk by papers by Townsend and talk by Fontaine on our web siteFontaine on our web site Quantum Effic. Of 60% have Quantum Effic. Of 60% have been achieved in bialkalisbeen achieved in bialkalis

Moving to understanding the physics

Big payoff if we can get >50% QE robust Photocathodes, and/or more robust (assembly). Also want

to get away from `cooking recipes’ to rational design.

Klaus Attenkofer, Sasha Paramonov, Zikri Yusof, Junqi Xi, Seon Wu Lee, UIUC, WashU, ….


MCP/Photocathode MCP/Photocathode Development- Test Development- Test

setup at APS lasersetup at APS laserBernhard Adams, Klaus Attenkofer, Bernhard Adams, Klaus Attenkofer,

(APS), Matt Wetstein (HEP)(APS), Matt Wetstein (HEP)

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•Igor Veryovkin, Slade Jokela, Thomas Proslier, Alexander Zinovev (MSD)- joint meeting with ALD and Photocathode groups, also works closely with simulation

Characterization of MaterialsCharacterization of Materials

• Have constructed dedicated setup for low-energy SEE and PE measurements of ALD materials- parts on order.

• Group also has parts-per-trillion capability for characterizing photocathodes after exposure to Argon, MCP’s before&after scrubbing, aging.


•Large Area Photodetector Development Collaboration

Simulation (crosses all groups)Simulation (crosses all groups)Valentin Ivanov, Zeke Insepov, Zeke Yusof, Sergey Valentin Ivanov, Zeke Insepov, Zeke Yusof, Sergey

AntipovAntipov

•19

•10μm pore

•40μm spacing

•Funnel (!)

New Femtosec Laser Lab New Femtosec Laser Lab at APSat APS


•Bernhard Adams, Matthieu Chabon, Matt Wetstein


Electronics GroupElectronics GroupJ.F. Genat, Gary J.F. Genat, Gary VarnerVarnerHerve Grabas, Eric Oberla, Larry Herve Grabas, Eric Oberla, Larry

Ruckman, Ruckman, Kurtis NishimuraKurtis Nishimura

texttext

PSEC-2 ASICPSEC-2 ASIC


•130nm IBM 8RF Process•This chip 4 channels, 256 deep analog ring buffer•Sampling tested at 11 GS/sec•Each channel has its own ADC- 9 bits eff (?)•The ADCs on this chip didn’t work due to leakage (silly, didn’t simulate slow easy things) - resubmitted, and test card out for fab with external ADC - will use 1 of 4 chnls•We’re learning from Breton, Delagnes, Ritt and Varner (Gary is of course a collaborator)

1.1. History- Key History- Key IngredientsIngredients

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1. Seed Money Opportunities(pre big DOE proposal)1. Seed Money From the PSD Dean2. Competitive LDRD Program (3 yrs)3. Competitive ANL-FNAL-UC Program4. Competitive DOE ADR Program5. French Consulate, Chicago-France

Center (Comp)6. Non-projectized good-will and friends,

hubcaps…2. Local (i.e. University) Technical

Infrastructure 1. EFI Electronics Shop2. PSD Engineering Center, Central

Shop3. UC undergrads, 1st yr grads, IMSA4. SSL (UCB) – Anton, Ossy advice

1.1. History- Key History- Key Ingredients- cont.Ingredients- cont.

04/22/23 24

3. Access to Lab Resources1. Fermilab technical help- Greg Sellberg,

SciDet2. ANL SULI student (Camden) + Laser

Lab (LDRD)Fermilab Test Beam- Erik, MTEST, PREP,

safety,…2. Post DOE Proposal – Key 2. Post DOE Proposal – Key IngredntsIngrednts1. Enlightened and visionary DOE Support (multi-level) 1. Portfolio of risk- willing to go for some

high-payoff hi-risk projects in the portfolio (global competition)

2. Involvement with direction, scope, vision

3. Got us past the `start small, low-risk’ gap of death by reviewer – some things need to start big to succeed.

Post-prop Key Ingredients- Post-prop Key Ingredients- continuedcontinued


4. Enlightened Lab Management1. Openness to crossing `silos’, new ideas,

cross-disciplinary synergies (hard to do if `projectized’)

2. Willingness to change management structures to enable new alignments, needs

3. Direct involvement with universities, physics, young ones, staff, at all levels

4. Very low or no barriers to access to resources

Bottom Line- What does it Bottom Line- What does it take to have an Effective take to have an Effective

Univ.-Lab ProjectUniv.-Lab Project


1. A clear goal with near-term applications (e.g. 3-5yr)

2. Local infrastructure (engineers, machinists, computation) at the universities

3. Encouragement and seed funds at the university

4. Competitive opportunities like DOE-ADR, LDRD, FAACTS , SBIR for next level seeding

5. Risk portfolio management at the agencies for the next step after ADR, LDRD

6. Strong support, `moral and financial’, but also intellectual, from the Lab management

7. Access to talent at the Labs8. Access to facilities at the Labs

More Information:More Information:


• Main Page: http://psec.uchicago.edu

• Library: Image Library, Document Library, Year-1 Summary Report, Links to MCP, Photocathode, Materials Literature, etc.;

• Blog: Our log-book- open to all (say yes to certificate Cerberus, etc.)- can keep track of us (at least several companies do);

• Wish us well- goal is in 3 years (2 from now) to have commercializable modules- too late for the 1st round of LBNE, but maybe not too late for a 2nd or 3rd-generation detector.

http://psec.uchicago.edu/


THE ENDTHE ENDThanks to everybody Thanks to everybody

in the LAPPD in the LAPPD collaboration who collaboration who contributed to our contributed to our progress, esp. the progress, esp. the

young onesyoung ones. .


The End-The End-

Some Neutrino-specific Some Neutrino-specific ThoughtsThoughts

Tiles are very robust against pressure – Tiles are very robust against pressure – less risk of implosion, can build higher; less risk of implosion, can build higher;

Tiles have very small internal volume Tiles have very small internal volume (0.6mm thick internally, close to half (0.6mm thick internally, close to half of that MCP capillary plate)- no shock?of that MCP capillary plate)- no shock?

Can add area incrementally as Can add area incrementally as transmission lines probably work well transmission lines probably work well at 6 feet (8 tiles) => incremental cost at 6 feet (8 tiles) => incremental cost is only the tileis only the tile

Tesselation is flexible- can have 8” by Tesselation is flexible- can have 8” by 72”, 16” by 24” (SM), optimized for 72”, 16” by 24” (SM), optimized for app...app...


AREA


Spatial Res of <1cm plus 100% Spatial Res of <1cm plus 100% (well,.. ykwim) coverage would allow (well,.. ykwim) coverage would allow working close to the walls => working close to the walls => greater Fid/Tot ratio;greater Fid/Tot ratio;

Also would make curve of Fid/Tot Also would make curve of Fid/Tot flatter wrt to symmetry- could make flatter wrt to symmetry- could make a high, long, narrow (book-on-end) a high, long, narrow (book-on-end) detector at smaller loss of F/T;detector at smaller loss of F/T;

Cavern height cheaper than width; Cavern height cheaper than width; robust tubes can stand more robust tubes can stand more pressurepressure

Narrow may allow magnetic field (!)Narrow may allow magnetic field (!)


DETECTOR DESIGN


100 psec time resolution is 3cm space 100 psec time resolution is 3cm space resolution ALONG photon direction in resolution ALONG photon direction in a perfect world;a perfect world;

Transverse resolution on each photon Transverse resolution on each photon should be sub-cm;should be sub-cm;

Question- can one reconstruct tracks?Question- can one reconstruct tracks? Question- can one reconstruct Question- can one reconstruct

vertices?vertices? Question- can one distinguish a pizero Question- can one distinguish a pizero

from an electron and 2 vertices from from an electron and 2 vertices from one? (4 tracks vs 1 too)one? (4 tracks vs 1 too)


SIGNAL TO BACKGROUND

(forgive my ignorance- (forgive my ignorance- fools rush in where angels fools rush in where angels

fear to tread.)fear to tread.) Question: Can we reconstruct the first 3 Question: Can we reconstruct the first 3 radiation lengths of an event with radiation lengths of an event with resolution ~1/10 of a radiation length?resolution ~1/10 of a radiation length?

Handles on pizero-electron separation: Handles on pizero-electron separation: 2 vs 1 vertices; no track vs 1 track 2 vs 1 vertices; no track vs 1 track between primary vertex and first photon between primary vertex and first photon conversion; 2 tracks (twice the photons) conversion; 2 tracks (twice the photons) from the 2 conversion vertices; from the 2 conversion vertices;

Know photon angle, lots of photons-phitKnow photon angle, lots of photons-phit Book-on-end aspect ratio helps against Book-on-end aspect ratio helps against

dispersion, scattering-have to look at dispersion, scattering-have to look at whole picture.whole picture.


VERTEX RECONSTRUCTION


New MCP Structure (not New MCP Structure (not to scale)to scale)

34

1) resistive coating (ALD)2) emissive coating (ALD)3) conductive coating (thermal

evaporation or sputtering)

pore

1 KV

Jeff Elam


Atomic Layer Deposition Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Thin Film Coating (ALD) Thin Film Coating

TechnologyTechnology

Atomic level thickness controlDeposit nearly any materialPrecise coatings on 3-D objects (JE)

Jeff Elam pictures

•Lots of possible materials => much room for higher performance


Put it all together- the Put it all together- the `Frugal’ MCP`Frugal’ MCP

Put all Put all ingredients ingredients together- flat together- flat glass case glass case (think TV’s), (think TV’s), capillary/ALD capillary/ALD amplification, amplification, transmission transmission line anodes, line anodes, waveform waveform samplingsampling

Glass is cheap, Glass is cheap, and they make and they make vacuum tubes vacuum tubes out of it- why out of it- why not MCP’s?not MCP’s?


The 24”x16” The 24”x16” `SuperModule`SuperModule

•Mockup of 2x3 SM•Real parts- but no MCP •Tile tests in ~3 months?

•Tile now has no penetrations- neither HV nor signals•Digital card in design•Front-end ASICs ditto


GodParent Review PanelsGodParent Review Panels•Packaging Group

•MCP Group •Photocathode Group

•Electronics Group

•Karen Byrum•K.Arisaka•J. Elam•D. Ferenc•J.F. Genat•P. Hink•A. Ronzhin

• Bob Wagner

• K.Attenkofer

A. Bross• Z. InsepovA. Tremsin• J. Va’vra

• A. Zinovev

• Gary Varner• J. Buckley• K. Harkay• V. Ivanov

A. Lyashenko• T. Prolier

• M. Wetstein

• Zikri Yusof• B. Adams

• M. Demarteau

• G. Drake• T. Liu

• I. Veryovkin

• S. Ross

the development of large-area thin planar psec photodetectors

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