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Page 1: The diabetic foot and lower limb How does it affect you?of+foot+v3.pdf · 11/05/2014’ 1 The diabetic foot and lower limb How does it affect you? 11 May 2014 AlanPostlethwaite HSFootCareServices

11/05/2014   1  

The diabetic foot and lower limb How does it affect you?

11 May 2014

Alan  Postlethwaite HS  Foot  Care  Services www.hsfcs.co.uk

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Agenda  

!  What  is  diabetes  !  Sta5s5cs  !  Its  affect  on  you  as  prac55oners  !  Reduc5on  of  risk  !  How  the  body  works  in  diabetes  !  Prac5cal  steps  !  Summary  

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What  is  diabetes?  

! Diabetes  is  the  3rd  largest  cause  of  death  in  the  UK  and  increasing  rates  does  not  bode  well.  

! 1996  to  2012  diagnosis  increased  from  1.4  m  to  

2.9  m  

! Globally  a  diabe5c  amputa5on  every  30  secs!  

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General  diabetes  facts  !   The  full  medical  name  for  diabetes  is  Diabetes  Mellitus  !   There  are  3  main  types  of  diabetes:  type  1,  type  2  and  

gesta5onal  diabetes  !   Type  1  diabetes  is  some5mes  called  juvenile  diabetes  or  insulin-­‐

dependent  diabetes  !   Type  1  diabetes  is  managed  using  insulin  injec5ons  or  an  insulin  

pump  !   90%  of  people  with  diabetes  have  type  2  diabetes  !   Type  2  diabetes  used  to  be  called  non-­‐insulin  dependent  

diabetes  !   Type  2  diabetes  is  managed  by  diet,  exercise  and  some5mes  

medica5on  and  insulin                    Diabetes.co.uk  

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Prevalence  

!  Diabetes  UK  March  2013  

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Prevalence  

! By  2025  es5mated  that  5m  people  will  have  

diabetes  in  the  UK.    

! Most  of  these  cases  will  be  Type  2  diabetes  

! Why?  

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Why?  

! Because  of  ageing  popula5on    

! Rapidly  rising  numbers  of  overweight  and  obese  

people.  

????  

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Diabetes  worldwide  

!   Diabetes  affects  around  370  million  adults  worldwide  !   The  global  diabetes  rate  is  expected  to  grow  to  552  million  by  2030,  or  9.9%  of  the  adult  popula5on  

!   Diabetes  is  rapidly  increasing  in  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  countries  

!   China  has  the  largest  diabetes  popula5on,  with  90  million  diabetes  sufferers,  followed  by  India  (61.3m)  and  the  USA  (23.7m)  

!   Africa  is  projected  to  see  the  largest  growth  in  diabetes  prevalence  between  now  and  2030,  with  rates  forecast  to  rise  from  14.7  million  to  28  million  (90%  increase)    

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What  should  we  do?  

! We  need  to  increase  awareness  of  the  risks;  

!  Bring  about  wholesale  changes  in  lifestyle;  

!  Improve  self-­‐management  among  people  with  

diabetes;    

! Improve  access  to  integrated  diabetes  care  

services.  

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How  does  it  affect  you?  

! What  part  of  the  body  shows  first  signs?  

!  What  are  those  signs?  

!  Whose  problem  is  it?  

! Whose  responsibility  is  it?  

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Signs  

! Thirst  

! Frequent  urina5on  

! Unusual  hunger  

! Dry  mouth  

! Weight  gain  or  loss  

!  Headaches  

!  Blurred  vision  

! Impaired  healing  

! Dry  skin  

! Hairless  legs  

! Cold  feet  

! Bulging  veins  

! Lack  of  sensa5on  

! Sexual  dysfunc5on  

! Damaged  blood  vessels  

! Decreased  sensa5on  

! Erec5le  dysfunc5on  

! Vaginal  dryness  

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How  does  it  affect  you?  

! What  part  of  the  body  shows  first  signs?  

!  What  are  those  signs?  

!  Whose  problem  is  it?  

! Whose  responsibility  is  it?  

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Understanding  can  help!  

•  The  ‘At  Risk’  foot  

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What  makes  a  ‘foot  at  risk’?  

! A  loss  of  5ssue  viability,  usually  by  an  intrinsic  cause.    

!  Tissues  unable  to  withstand  environmental  stress  !    Healing  may  be  delayed  or  incomplete.  

! Severely  compromised  may  lead  to  stasis,  

deteriora5on  and  the  spread  of  infec5on.  

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Factors  contribu5ng  to  an  ‘at  risk’  foot  

! Trauma  –  damage  (blister/fissure/cut)  

! Ulcera5on  

! Infec5on  (superficial  –  soi  5ssue)  

! Infec5on  (deep  -­‐  osteomyeli5s)  

! Gangrene  and  necrosis              

! Sep5caemia.    

!  Amputa5on  

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   Factors  involved  in  an  ‘at  risk’  status  

!   Vascular    –  -­‐  ischaemia                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -­‐  

venous  stasis  !   Neurological  ! Neoplasia  !   Infec5ons  ! Immuno-­‐compromised      !   Trauma  !   Foot  deformity  !   Ageing  

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!   Complica5ons  may  be  broadly  categorised  as  follows  – Macrovascular  disease  (large  vessel)  •  Miocardial  Infarc5on    (MI)  •  Cerebrovascular  Accident    (CVA)  •  Amputa5on    

– Microvascular  disease  (small  vessel)  •  eye,  kidney  and  nerve  damage  

–  Diabe5c  eye  disease  •  cataracts,  glaucoma  

–  Diabe5c  foot  disease  •  infec5on  •  neuropathy  •  ischaemia  •  ulcera5on  

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Circula5on  

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Small  artery  atherosclerosis  

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The  Dorsalis  Pedis  vessel  almost  occluded  by  a  plaque  

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Foot  ulcers  

!  In  diabe5cs,  the  greatest  predictor  of  ulcera5on  is  a  history  of  previous  ulcera5on  

         (Abbot  et  al  2002)  

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Signs  of  high  pressure  areas  

!  Deformity    !  Redness    !  Callus  !  Corns  !  Blisters  

!  Abnormal  pressures  !  Increased  shear  and  fric5on  

!  Callosi5es    

 

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Most  frequent  cause  of  an  ulcer  

! Ill-­‐fi<ng  shoes  

! Even  in  pa5ents  with  "pure"  ischaemic  ulcers  

!  Therefore,  the  shoes  should  be  examined  

me5culously  in  all  pa5ents  

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Shoe  trauma  

 Neuropathic  ulcers  caused  by  5ght  shoe  straps  

 Blistering  caused  by  new  bespoke  shoes  –  Neuropathic  pa5ent  –  Charcot  deformity  

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DM?  

! What  part  of  the  body  is  responsible?  

!  What  affects  insulin  produc5on?  

!  How  is  it  measured  ?  

! What  is  HbA1c?  

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Insulin  cycle  

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How  insulin  works?  

! What  part  of  the  body  is  responsible?  

!  What  affects  insulin  produc5on?  

!  What  is  measured  ?  

! What  is  HbA1c?  

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HbA1c  !   HbA1c  reflects  blood  glucose  levels  over  the  last  2-­‐3  months  –  

why?  !   Glucose  in  the  blood  binds  irreversibly  with  Hb  forming  HbA1c  

(Glycated  haemoglobin)  this  then  circulates  for  the  lifespan  of  the  erythrocyte  

!   The  Diabetes  Control  &  Complica5ons  Trial  (DCCT)  in  Type  1  diabetes  and  the  UK  Prospec5ve  Diabetes  Study  (UKPDS)  in  Type  2  diabetes  showed  that  the  risk  of  microvascular  &  macrovascular  complica5ons  increases  as  HbA1c  increases.    

!   HbA1c  thus  gives  a  measure  of  morbidity  and  prognosis.  

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HbA1c  targets    

HbA1c  targets    

Mmol/mol   %  

Non-­‐diabeGcs   20  -­‐  41  mmol/mol   4%  -­‐  5.9%  

DiabeGcs   48  mmol/mol   6.5%  

DiabeGcs  at  higher  risk  of  hypoglycemia  

59  mmol/mol   7.5%  

HbA1c  levels  between  5.7%  and  6.4%  indicate  increased  risk  of  diabetes  (prediabetes).  

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Your  role  as  prac55oner  

! Preven5on  of  5ssue  damage?  

!  Heal  exis5ng  foot  lesions  

! Maintain  and  monitor  foot  health  

! Educate  and  advise    

! Refer  on  ….?  

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Assessing  the  diabe5c  foot  

! Simple  assessment  –  search  for  8  clinical  factors  

!    Simple  inspec5on  

!  Palpa5on  

! Sensory  tes5ng  

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Why  do  we  assess?  

!  To  iden5fy  feet  which  may  be  at  risk  !  To  assess  the  level  of  complica5ons    !  To  manage  such  pa5ents  and  their  complica5ons  

! History  taking!!  ! Neurological  examina5on  –  sensory  system  /  

motor  system  31  

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History  taking  !   Symptoms?    

–  Dura5on  –  Site  –  Radia5on  –  Quality  of  pain  –  Frequency  of  pain  –  Time  of  onset  –  Associated  features  –  Precipita5ng  /  relieving  factors  

!   Hereditary  factors  /  family  history  !   Medical  history  !   Social  history  !   Treatment  history  /  medica5on  

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8  Clinical  factors  in  assessment  

! Neuropathy  

! Ischaemia  

! Deformity  

! Callus  

! Swelling  

! Skin  breakdown  

! Infec5on  

! Necrosis  

Prof.  Michael  Edmonds  (Kings  College  –London)  Managing  the  Diabe5c  Foot  2006  

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Peripheral  neuropathy  

!  Can  affect:  

 Sensory        Motor    Autonomic  Sensory   Motor   Autonomic  

• Light  touch,  vibra5on,  temperature,  pain    reduced.  • Pins  &  needles,  numbness  • Painful  neuropathy  may  be  experienced  

• Muscle  weakness  • Diminished  reflexes  (AT)  • Balance  and  propriocep5on  reduced  • Claw  toes,  prominent  met  heads,  wasted  intrinsic  muscles  

• Glandular  secre5on  • Postural  hypotension  • Urinary  and  sexual  func5on  • Diges5ve  tract  • Signs  of  hypoglycaemia  masked  

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Nerve  structure  

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Tes5ng  for  sensory  neuropathy  

!  Semmes  Weinstein  Monofilament  10g  

!  Sharp/blunt  !  Vibra5on  percep5on  128Hz  

!  Hot/cold    ! Propriocep5on    !  Two  point  discrimina5on  

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The  ‘Protec5ve  Threshold’  

   Inability  to  perceive  the  10  g  Semmes-­‐Weinstein  monofilament  or  the  128  Hz  tuning  fork  indicates  a  5mes  seven  risk  of  ulcera5on  in  the  next  three  years  

                                 (Boulton  et  al  1995)  

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What  does  a  typical    neuropathic  foot  look  &  feel  like?  

! Anhydro5c  skin  !  Intrinsic  muscle  was5ng  !  Clawing  &  retrac5on  of  toes.  !  Bounding  pulses  !  Prominent  dorsal  venous  arch  !  Very  warm  to  touch  –  autonomic  !  Numb    

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Painful  Neuropathy  

!   Nerve  damage  due  to  diabetes  can  present  as  insensate  neuropathy  (sensory  loss)  or  painful  neuropathy.    

!   The  majority  of  people  have  the  insensate  type,  however  some  pa5ents  with  diabetes  suffer  chronic,  oien  distressing  symptoms  of  pain,  pins  and  needles  or  numbness  in  their  feet.  

!   Up  to  10%  of  those  affected  will  experience  persistent  neuropathic  pain.    

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Painful  Neuropathy    

 Burning,  feeling  like  the  feet  are  on  fire  

 Stabbing  like  sharp  knives  

 Freezing,  like  the  feet  are  on  ice,  although  they  feel  warm  to  touch  

 

     

Lancina5ng,  like  electric  shocks  

 

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Autonomic  neuropathy  

!   Sympathe5c  innerva5on  to  the  periphery  has  degenerated    

!   No  vasoconstric5on  ! Arteriovenous  shun5ng  !   Engorged  dorsal  veins    

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Motor  neuropathy  

!   High  medial  longitudinal  arch.  

!   High  pressure  areas  !   Test  dorsiflexion  of  foot  

!   Foot  drop  –  ????  which  nerve  &  muscles  responsible  

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Motor  neuropathy  

!   High  medial  longitudinal  arch.  

!   High  pressure  areas  !   Test  dorsiflexion  of  foot  

!   Foot  drop  –  peroneal  nerve  &  peroneal  longus  /  brevis  

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Loss  of  Pain  !  What  are  the  effects?  

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Loss  of  Pain  !  Inability  to  perceive  pain  means  injury  goes  unno5ced.  

!  Tissues  are  damaged  and  healing  is  impaired.  !  Ulcers  arise  and  infec5on  is  likely  to  invade  !  If  infec5on  destroys  enough  5ssue,  or  if  infec5on  occurs  in  deep  5ssue  i.e    bone  and  joint,  then  AMPUTATION  oien  required  

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Clinical  features  of  lower  motor  neurone  disorders.  

!  Muscle  weakness:  slight  weakness  (paresis)  to  full  paralysis  !  Muscle  was5ng:  in  the  distribu5on  of  the  damaged  nerve  !   Fascicula5on:  Involuntary  contrac5ons,  or  twitching  of  groups  

of  muscle  fibres  –  muscles  usually  atrophied  or  weak.  ! Hypotonia:  Muscular  tone  is  diminished  !   Trophic  changes:  Partly  as  a  result  of  disuse,  and  partly  as  a  

result  of  vasomotor  (autonomic)  involvement.  Brisle  nails,  cold,  cyanosed,  dry  skin.  

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Neuropathic  Ulcera5on  

!   Painless  !   Deep    !   Forms  over  pressure  areas  

!  Apices,  dorsum  of  toes,  metatarsal  heads,  heel.  ! Hyperkeratosed  edges  !  Macerated  surround  !   High  exudate,  sloughy  !   Granula5ng  base    !   Pulses  present  

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“At  risk”  areas  for  ulcera5on  

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Neuropathic  ulcers  

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The  Charcot  Foot  

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Charcot’s  Arthropathy  

!  Charcot's  arthropathy  is  a  devasta5ng  condi5on  affec5ng  diabe5c  pa5ents  with  peripheral  neuropathy,  resul5ng  in  a  foot  at  risk  for  ulcera5on  and  amputa5on.  Early  diagnosis  is  important  for  the  ins5tu5on  of  appropriate  treatment,  which  may  help  prevent  disease  progression  and  foot  deformity.    

(Jude  and  Boulton  2002)  

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ISCHAEMIA  

DEFINITION    !  A  pathophysiological  state  where  5ssues  are  under  perfused  with  blood  in  rela5on  to  their  metabolic  needs    

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Ischaemic  limb  Arterial  supply  to  limb  !   Acute  

–  Extrinsic  -­‐  occlusion  –  Intrinsic  -­‐  thrombosis  

!   Chronic    –  develops  slowly  –  gradual  loss  of  5ssue  viability  –  Peripheral  Vascular  Disease  

!   Transient    –  Raynauds  phenomenon  –  Chilblains  

   

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Peripheral  vascular  disease  !   Causes    

–  Atherosclerosis  •  Fibro-­‐fasy  plaques  

–  Arteriosclerosis  (Monckeberg’s)    •  Ageing  process  •  Accelerated  in  diabetes,  usually  bilateral  and  distal  (arteries  below  knees)  

–   (Thromboangi5s  Obliterans)  •  Smokers  

–  Vasculi5s  of  small  arteries  and  arterioles  –  Gangrene  of  digits  

–  Vasculi5s  •  RA  •  SLE  

–  Many  others  

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Peripheral  Ischaemia  signs  !   Lack  of  palpable  pulses  !   Temperature  changes  

!   cold  !   Colour  changes  /  dependant  

rubor  !   Hair  loss  on  foot  and  limb  !   Dry  skin  ! Onychauxic  /  onychomyco5c  

nails  ! Subungual  ulcera5on  !   FFP  atrophy  

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Ischaemic  symptoms  

!  Ischaemic  pa5ent  may  complain  of  –  intermisent  claudica5on    –  reduced  walking  distance    – dangle  legs  out  of  bed  at  night    – need  painkillers    –  rest  pain  

•  Very  severe  sign  

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Ischaemic  ulcera5on    •  Shallow  •  Punched  out  appearance  •  Painful  •  Dry  slough  base  of  wound  •  Minimal  slough/exudate  •  Lack  of  pulses  •  Apices  and  borders  of  foot    

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Suscep5bility  to  infec5on/immunopathy  

!   Persons  with  diabetes  are  generally  more  prone  to  infec5ons  than  non-­‐diabe5c  people.    –  Due  to  deficiencies  in  the  ability  of  white  blood  cells  to  defend  against  invading  bacteria,  diabe5cs  have  more  difficulty  in  dealing  with  and  moun5ng  an  immune  response  to  the  infec5on.    

–  Infec5ons  oien  worsen  and  may  go  undetected,  especially  in  the  presence  of  diabe5c  neuropathy  or  vascular  disease.    

–  Oien,  the  only  sign  of  a  developing  infec5on  is  unexplained  high  blood  sugar,  even  without  fever  

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Infected  ischaemic  ulcers  

 !  Systemic  an5bio5cs  are  unable  to  reach  the  site  of  infec5on  

!  Infec5on  can  spread  rapidly  !  Anaerobic  organisms  commonly  involved  

!  How  therefore  might  management  be  directed?    

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BEWARE  –  Neuro-­‐ischaemic  ulcers  

!  Many  diabe5c  pa5ents  present  with  peripheral  neuropathy  and  peripheral  vascular  disease.  

!  In  this  case  pain  is  not  a  reliable  indicator.  

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Mixed  ae5ology  ulcers  

!  Very  common  par5cularly  in  diabe5c,  rheumatoid  and  elderly  pa5ents  

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Neuro-­‐ischaemic  ulcers  

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Venous  stasis  ulcer  

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INFECTION  

! Immuno-­‐suppressed  pa5ents  are  most  at  risk  !  A  few  examples-­‐  

!  Diabetes  !  HIV    !  Specific  drug  regimes  

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INFECTION    

!  Fungal    ! Tinea  pedis  !  Onychomycosis    

!  Risk  of  secondary  bacterial  infec5on  !  Early  detec5on  and  treatment  

 

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Signs  of  infec5on  

!  Redness  !  Heat  !  Pain  (beware  of  neuropaths)    !  Swelling  !  Malodour  ! Lymphangi5s  !    Lymphadeni5s  !  Systemic  effects  –  fever/malaise  

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Infec5on  in  the  diabe5c  foot  

!  Requires  immediate  referral  to  specialist  foot  clinic    (Who?)  

!  85%  of  amputa5ons  begin  with  an  ulcer  !  Infec5on  is  nearly  always  involved  

Image  From:  www.leinfec5ons.com/category/osteomyeli5s/    67  

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Risk  Factors  in  the  Diabe5c  Foot  

!  Previous  history  of  amputa5on  /  ulcera5on  !  Foot  deformity  !  Neuropathy  !  Vascular  impairment  !  reduced  visual  accuity  !  Social  Factors  

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Relief  of  pressure  

!  Non  weight  bearing  is  essen5al  -­‐  Limita5on  of  standing  and  walking  -­‐  Crutches,  etc.  Mechanical  unloading  -­‐  Total  contact  cas5ng/other  cas5ng  techniques    -­‐  Temporary  footwear  -­‐  Individually  moulded  insoles.      

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Deteriora5on    

!  Be  aware  of  your  limita5ons  as  a  prac55oner–  can  you  improve  this  pa5ent’s  condi5on?    

!  Refer  on  

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Mul5disciplinary  team    

!  Mul5disciplinary  teams  –  GP,  Podiatrist,  Acute  Diabe5c  Team,  Diabetes  consultant,  District/Prac5ce  Nurse,  vascular  specialist,  Ortho5st,  Microbiologist  more……  

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Remember    

!  The  pa5ent  is  an  important  part  of  healing  their  wounds  and  should  be  included  as  part  of  the  shared  care  approach.  

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Diabe5c  snippets  !   High  intake  of  protein  —  animal  protein  in  par5cular  —  has  been  linked  

with  an  increased  risk  of  type  2  diabetes,  especially  among  obese  women.    (Diabetes  Care-­‐April  2014)  

!   Ac5ve  smokers  have  a  30%  to  40%  higher  risk  of  developing  type  2  diabetes    (Medscape  -­‐  April  2014)  

!   Adults  with  diabetes  show  a  significantly  greater  risk  for  serious  illness  related  to  influenza.    (Diabetologia  –  Jan  2014)  

!   Data  from  the  USA  indicate  that  1  in  3  cases  of  diabetes  diagnosed  in  those  aged  under  18  is  now  type  2  (Medscape  –  March  2014)  

!   Postmenopausal  women  with  elevated  estrogen  levels  are  at  increased  risk  of  developing  demen5a,  and  those  who  also  have  diabetes  may  face  an  even  greater  threat  of  cogni5ve  decline.  (Neurology  –  Jan  2014)  

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Your  Prac5cal  Assessment  •  Neuro  &  Vascular  assessment  •  10g  monofilament  •  128  MHz  vibra5on  •  Pulses  (Tibialis  Posterior  &  Dorsalis  Pedis)  –  Palpable  ,  Doppler  utrasound  

•  Capillary  refresh  rate  •  Propriocep5on  •  Muscle  was5ng  •  Blood  pressure  •  Blood  sugar  

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Blood  glucose  tes5ng  

•  Items  kindly  arranged  by  Jan  Strefford  –  Alpine  House  GP  Surgery,    Mountsorrel,  Leics.  

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Bayer  Breeze  2  Blood  Glucose  tes5ng  

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Insulin  pump  

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Medtronic  Minimed    display  

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Volunteers  

•  What  is  your  blood  sugar  level  now?  

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Educa5on  

! DESMOND  (Diabetes  Educa5on  and  Self  Management  for  Ongoing  and  Newly  Diagnosed)  –  short  course  (6  hours)  for  Type  2  

! DAFNE  (Dose  Adjustment  for  Normal  Ea5ng)  is  a  five-­‐day  course  which  focuses  on  using  insulin  properly  

•  www.diabetes.org.uk  

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Diabe5c  advice  

!  Self  examina5on  (with  prompt  ac5on)  !  Regular  professional  check  ups  !  Avoid  smoking  !  Good  foot  hygiene  !  Good  glycaemic  control  !  Techniques  for  avoiding  foot  trauma  

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Techniques  for  Avoiding  Foot  Trauma  

!  Do  not  walk  bare  footed  !  Test  bath  water  with  elbow  !  Do  not  use  chemical  agents  (Corn  plasters)  to  remove  corns/calluses  

!  Have  shoes  fised  !   Inspect  shoes  daily  for  foreign  objects  !  Do  not  wear  shoes  without  stockings  !  Avoid  hot  water  bosles  and  electric  blankets  !  Do  not  sit  too  close  to  the  fire  !  Do  not  wear  shoes  with  thongs  between  the  toes    

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The  key  things  we  see  !   Dry    (anhydro5c)  skin  !   Pressure  areas  !   Hairless  legs  &  feet  !   Discoloured  skin  !   Bulging  veins  /  varicsoe  !   Hot  feet  !   Lack  of  sensa5on  !   Burning  /  5ngling  feet  !   Slow  healing  wounds  !   Lack  of  sensa5on  

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What  do  you  do?  

!  Act    !  Ques5on  !  Treat  or  refer  on!  – There  are  a  lot  of  MD  teams  that  will  help!  

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Summary  !  Diabetes  is  a  silent  killer!  !   It  does  affect  you  and  your  prac5ce  !  You  can  embrace  it  –  or  ignore  it  

!  Embrace  it  and  you  win  confidence  &  respect  !  You  CAN  affect  its  progress  !  You  CAN  help  your  pa5ents    –  Recogni5on  – Understanding  –  Treatment  – Management  

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