the earliest occupation of europe. proceedings of the european science foundation workshop at...

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OIONHAV,TROH@EQVKREAO

NHEFHIQEO



Qefhstkih Trhss O ihw mhihrotek i kg Tubne sèim

Uku orh rhofeim o gunn vhrseki kg tès bkkl, gkr grhh!

Vès bkkl es port kg t`h Qefhstkih h-nebrory w`hrh ckst kg kur

pubneaotekis orh gunny oaahssebnh gkr grhh. Gkr oaahss tk ckrh

grhh bkkls veset: www.sefhstkih.akc/nebrory

Fkwinkof Gunn TFG

Weset t`h Qefhstkih h-nebrory tk fkwinkof ckst kg kur h-bkkls gkr

kiny ₮ 6,84. Gkr tès ceiecon ghh yku wenn rhahevh o gunny guiatekion

TFG oif by fkeim sk, yku `hnp tk lhhp kur nebrory ruiieim.

www.sefhstkih.akc/nebrory



OIONHAVO

TROH@EQVKREAO

NHEFHIQEO

TXBNEAOVEKIQ KG V@H EIQVEVXVH KG TRH@EQVKRU

V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH:

TRKAHHFEIMQ KG V@H HXRKTHOI QAEHIAH GKXIFOVEKI

]KRLQ@KT OV VOXVOWHN (GROIAH), ?551

HFEVHF BU ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI

XIEWHRQEVU KG NHEFHI ?558



Tubnes`hf ei akkphroteki wet` t`h Hurkphoi Qaehiah Gkuifoteki

hfetkreon akccetthh: N.T. Nkuwh Lkkejcois/A.A. Bolhns

hfeteki kg tès vknuch: ]. Rkhbrkhls / V`. voi Lkngsa`kthi

EQQI 4?75-=66=

EQBI 54-=1170-4=-1

Mropèa fhsemi: @.O. fh Nkrc

Akpyrem`t ?558 Goaunty kg Trh- oif Trktkèstkry

Qubsareptekis tk t`h shrehs Oionhato Trohèstkreao Nhefhiseo oif seimnh vknuchs aoi bh krfhrhf

hxanusevhny ot:

Eistetuth kg Trhèstkry

T.K. Bkx 58?8

2144 RO Nhefhi

V`h Iht`hrnoifs.



akithits

]en Rkhbrkhls oif Vèjs voi Lkngsa`kthi: V`h Voutovhn wkrls`kp:

oi eitrkfuateki /

? Nues Ropksk oif Coiuhn Qoitkijo: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:

t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno =

2 Corm`hreto Cusse: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Etony 2=

1 Oifrhos Fornos: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Bonlois 8?

6 Ielknoe F. Trosnkv: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei: o s`krt ikth 7/

8 Lorhn Wonka`: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Hosthri Ahitron oif Qkut`hosthri

Hurkph 7=

7 Fehtrea` Coieo: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki

(Mhrcoiy) 08

= Mhròrf Bkseisle: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: ]hsthri Ahitron Hurkph ?41

0 Jhoi-Toun Royion, Nekihn Comkmo oif Ththr Beifki: Vhp`rkgoats oif t`h gerst

ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`h Grhia` Cosseg Ahitron ?25

5 Onoei Vuggrhou oif Tehrrh Oitkeih: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Akiteihiton

Ikrt`whsthri Hurkph ?6=

?4 Corl B. Rkbhrts, Anevh Q. Mocbnh oif Fovef R. Brefmnoif: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki

kg Hurkph: t`h Bretes` Esnhs ?78

?? Jkrmhi @knc oif Nors Norsski: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Qaoifeioveo ?51

?2 Wossenej T. Njubei oif Mhròrf Bkseisle: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Aouaosus

rhmeki 24=

?1 Jhoi-Toun Royion, Nekihn Comkmo, Goteco-Zk`ro Qbeè-Onokue oif Fhies Mhroofs:

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Otnoitea Ckrkaak: t`h Aosobnoiao hvefhiah 288

?6 Mhròrf Bkseisle: Qtkih orthgoats kg t`h Hurkphoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèa:

o s`krt ikth 271

?8 Cortei J. Oetlhi: A`rkikchtrea thaìequhs gkr t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih 275

?7 Anevh Q. Mocbnh: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h hiverkichitonboalmrkuif 2=5

?= ]en Rkhbrkhls oif Vèjs voi Lkngsa`kthi: V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:

o rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaon hvefhiah 25=

Mhihron Eifhx 1?=

Qeth Eifhx 125



oalikwnhfmchits

V`h prkfuateki kg t`es vknuch wos pkssebnh t`rkum` t`h mroaekus akkphroteki kg t`h

gknnkweim phkpnh: Cs L. Ghiihco (Nhefhi), Cs A. @orfhcoi-Woi Lkngsa`kthi (Whhihi-

foon), Cr @.O. fh Nkrc (Nhefhi), Cs E. Thrhero (Nhefhi), Fr C. Qtrhht (Ihuwehf),

Fr O. Vurihr (Nevhrpkkn) oif hsphaeonny Cs K. Uoths-]oifhrs (Nhefhi). Geioiaeon suppkrt

aoch grkc t`h Hurkphoi Qaehiah Gkuifoteki, V`h Iht`hrnoifs Krmoiezoteki gkr QaehitegeaRhshora` (I]K-TEKIEHR) oif t`h Goaunty kg Trh- oif Trktk`estkry kg Nhefhi Xievhrsety.



wen Rkhbrkhls V`h Voutovhn wkrls`kp: oi eitrkfuatekiVèjs voi Lkngsa`kthi

Hurkph fhrevhs ets ioch grkc ets pkseteki rhnotevh tk t`h

resh oif shtteim kg t`h sui: ki Ossyreoi ckiuchits t`h

akitrost bhtwhhi Osu. "(t`h noif kg) t`h reseim sui" oif

hrhb kr ereb, ("t`h noif kg) forlihss" kr "t`h shtteim sui",

es grhquhit, oif t`hsh wkrfs orh akisefhrhf tk òvh mevhi

resh tk t`h iochs kg Oseo oif Hurkph.' Et wos ei tès sconn

oif fhishny pkpunothf "forl" akiteihit tòt t`h oitequety

kg ùcoileif wos gerst fhckistrothf, ei t`h ahitron fhaofhs

kg t`h ieihthhit` ahitury. Grkc t`h shakif òng kg tòt

ahitury kiworfs eiiuchrobnh prkghssekion oif ocothur

oraòaknkmests sarhhihf hxpksurhs onn kvhr Hurkph ei oi

hxthisevh shora` gkr ponohknetèa orthgoats oif gkssens oif sk

akitrebutaf tk o èm` quonety fotobosh, wet`kut poronnhns ei

kt`hr akiteihits ei thrcs kg spoteon oif a`rkiknkmeaon

fhisety kg socpneim pkeits. Uht fhspeth onckst kih oif o

òng ahitury kg rhshora` ei Hurkph aurrhit hvefhiah strkimny

pkeits tk Ogreao os t`h pnoah w`hrh t`h ùcoi neihomh

kremeiothf, t`kum` t`h bunl kg hvefhiah t`hrh wos aknnhathf

ei t`h nost t`rhh fhaofhs kiny. Ogreao wetihsshf t`h "fowi"

kg ùcoileif wènh Hurkph wos stenn oi 'Hcpty Akiteihit'

(Fhiihnn ?501), o truh noif kg (`kceief) forlihss.

V`h eithrprhtoteki kg t`h èm` quonety rhakrf kg t`h

hornehst kaaupoteki kg tès akiteihit wos ot stolh kiIkvhcbhr ?5t` oif 2()t`. ?551, w`hi o mrkup kg

ponohknetèa oraòhknkmests oif rhprhshitotevhs kg kt`hr

fesaepneihs (Gem. ?) cht ot t`h Ahitrh Hurkphhi fh

Rha`hra`hs Treèstkrequhs ot Voutovhn (Groiah), gkr o

wkrls`kp ki t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph (Rkhbrkhls

?556). Voutovhn wos a`kshi os t`h vhiuh bhaoush kg

reuiich fh Voutovhn's kbvekus osskaeoteki wet` t`h t`hch

kg t`h wkrls`kp, tòt wos vhry leifny `ksthf by @. Fh

Nucnhy oif chcbhrs kg ès stogg.

V`h Voutovhn chhteim etshng wos krmoiezhf by t`h t`hi

ihwny hstobnes`hf Ihtwkrl ki t`h Tonohknetèa Kaaupoteki

kg Hurkph, guifhf by t`h Hurkphoi Qaehiah Gkuifoteki

(Qtrosbkurm)2. V`h wkrls`kp akisesthf kg twk gunn foys kg

fesausseki ki t`h boses kg prh-aeraunothf pophrs, w`ksh

upfothf vhrsekis akistetuth t`h bunl kg tès vknuch1. V`h

oec kg t`h Voutovhn chhteim wos tk fesauss oif rhvehw t`h

hvefhiah akiahrieim t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Hurkphoi

rhmekis, grkc Qaoifeioveo tk t`h Chfethrroihoi oif grkc

t`h Xiethf Leimfkc tk t`h Russeoi Tnoeis, oif eianufeim

ihem`bkureim orhos sua` os t`h Aouaosus oif ikrt`hri

Ogreao. V`h fesausseki gkaushf ki gkur t`hchs: a`rkiknkmy

(aòerhf by Onoei Vuggrhou), hiverkichit (aòerhf by Anevh

Mocbnh), eifustrehs (aòerhf by Mhròrf Bkseisle), oif

subsesthiah (aòerhf by Aot`hreih Gorezy). V`hsh ethcs whrh

fesausshf ei hxthisk, oif skch kg t`h fesausseki es rhgnhathf

ei gkur syit`hteaon akitrebutekis tk tès vknuch: Oetlhi's

pophr oif Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi fhon wet`

vorekus osphats kg a`rkiknkmy, t`h hiverkichiton

boalmrkuifs kg t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph orh

hxthisevhny rhvehwhf by Mocbnh's akitrebuteki, wènh kih

kg Bkseisle's akitrebutekis es o s`krt rhvehw kg Hurkphoi

Nkwhr Tonohknetèa stkih eifustrehs. Qubsesthiah osphats

prkvhf tk bh o tkpea gkr o sphaeon chhteim, choiwènh

`hnf ot Ckirhpks (Ihuwehf, Mhrcoiy) ei Coy ?558

(Moufzeisle oif Vurihr ?558).

Whry vevef whrh t`h Voutovhn fesaussekis ki t`h omh kg

Hurkph's gerst kaaupoteki. Fhspeth t`h normh iucbhrs kg

chhteims fhvkthf tk Hurkph's gerst troahs kg shttnhchit t`h

foths mevhi tk t`h gerst "Hurkphois" vory wefhny (ag. Mocbnh,

tès vknuch< Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tès vknuch),

wet` skch prkpkihits kg o nkim a`rkiknkmy summhsteim tòt

Hurkph wos onrhofy kaaupehf ei t`h hornehr ports kg t`hHorny Tnhestkahih, w`hrhos kt`hrs kpt gkr (semiegeaoitny)

nothr kaaupoteki. O ihw oif vhry s`krt "poi-Hurkphoi"

a`rkiknkmy wos ofvkaothf by kur akitrebuteki tk t`h

Voutovhn chhteim (Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tès

vknuch). O fhtoenhf rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif

a`rkiknkmeaon - hsphaeonny bekstrotemropèaon - hvefhiah

gkr t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph nhf us tk strhss t`h

fegghrhiahs bhtwhhi t`h hvefhiah grkc bhgkrh oif ogthr

obkut 844 Lyr BT (Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tès

vknuch: Vobnh ?)< wh eithrprhthf t`hsh fegghrhiahs os

eifeaoteim tòt t`hrh es ik prkkg kg ùcoi kaaupoteki kg

Hurkph prekr tk obkut 844 Lyr BT.

Fesausseim t`h chrets kg t`h vorekus nkim oif s`krt

a`rkiknkmehs gkr t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph - kr gkr

tòt cotthr kg oiy akiteihit - es ikt just obkut mhtteim t`h

foths rem`t, but ckrh ecpkrtoitny, obkut `kw tk troisnoth

ets rea` Tonohknetèa rhakrf eitk choieimgun sahioreks gkr

ùcoi bhòvekuron hvknuteki: eg wkrlhrs nelh Bkiegoy

(shh Bkiegoy oif Woifhrchhrsa` ?55?) oif Akpphis



2 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. ?. V`h porteaepoits kg t`h Voutovhn ]krls`kp:?: J.T. Royion, 2: N. Ropksk, 1: N Norsski, 6: A. Mocbnh, 8: C. Rkbhrts, 7: O. Vuggrhou, =: C. Qporrhbkkc, 0: T. Oitkeih, 5: L. Wonka`,?4: H. Breia`-Ththrshi, ??: V. voi Lkngsa`kthi, ?2: O. Fornos, ?1: C. Qoitkijo, ?6: C. Oetlhi, ?8: @. Fh Nucnhy, ?7: W. Njubei, ?=: C.-O. FhNucnhy-]kkfyhor, ?0: J. Nhkpknf, ?5: ]. Rkhbrkhls, 24: M. Bkseisle, 2? : C. Cusse, 22: A. Gorezy, 21: J. Akcbehr, 26: I. Trosnkv.Bh eif t`h aochro: N. Comkmo (eivethf, but uiobnh tk otthif: F. Coieo, A. Thrhttk).



1 ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - V@H VOXVOWHN ]KRLQ@KT

{ue Oalhrcoi ?505) orh rem`t oif Hurkph wos gerst kaaupehf

oe obkut 2 Cyr omk, sua` sahioreks akunf ofkpt ckrh

mrofuonestea phrsphatevhs, wen` `kceiefs òveim pnhity kg

tech tk ofope tk t`h ihw hiverkichits kg tès akiteihit,

w`hrh t`h anecoteh ksaennotekis kg' t`h Tnhestkahih whrh tk

òvh vhry prkgkuif hgghats. Eg ki t`h kt`hr òif kaaupoteki

wos semiegeaoitny nothr, gkr eistoiah grkc t`h Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih kiworfs, sahioreks cem`t thif tk bh ckrh

puiatuothf, wet` ecpkrtoit ecpneaotekis gkr t`h rhsuntoit

ckfhnneim kg ùcoi bhòvekur (Fhiihnn ?501< Mocbnh, tès

vknuch< Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?556, tès

vknuch). Trkpkihits kg bkt` nkimhr oif s`krt a`rkiknkmehs

gkr Hurkph's hornehst kaaupoteki whrh prhshit ot t`h

chhteim: t`h wkrls`kp brkum`t tkmht`hr rhshora`hrs wet`

èm`ny voreoit boalmrkuifs. sk tòt t`h fesaussekis tkkl

pnoah ikt bhtwhhi ckrh kr nhss nelh-ceifhf saehitests but

wetèi o `hthrkmhihkus, oatevhny fesomrhheim cuntevkaon

mrkup. Ihvhrt`hnhss. Onoei Vuggrhou, spklh gkr ckst

porteaepoits w`hi `h akianufhf ot t`h hif kg t`h Voutovhn

chhteim tòt t`h osshcbnomhs grkc bhgkrh obkut 844 tk

744 Lyr BT aoi ik nkimhr bh oaahpthf os uiocbemukusprkke' gkr ùcoi kaaupoteki: t`her vhry precetevh orthgoats,

wet` òrfny oiy fesahriebnh mhsths thaìequhs, aonn gkr

ormuchits kt`hr tòi t`h hxoceioteki kg stkih ecpnhchits.

Oiy choieimgun fesausseki kg t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg

Hurkph cust pnoah t`h hvefhiah grkc tès aun fh soa kg t`h

Huroseoi akiteihit ei t`h tormhr phrsphatevh kg t`h quhsteki

kg t`h hornehst fesphrsons kg `kceiefs kut kg Ogreao, oif

seiah t`h Voutovhn chhteim vorekus ihw geifeims òvh

akitrebuthf tk t`h fhboth ki t`hsh skrtehs. Qkch suppkrt t`h

aosh gkr o s`krt a`rkiknkmy gkr Hurkph (ag. Rkbhrts ht on.

?556< Mocbnh ?556< ]èth ?558) but kt`hrs òvh

hcpòsezhf t`h ihahssety gkr buenfeim o nkimhr Huroseoi

a`rkiknkmy gkr t`h hornehst `kceief eccemroteki.

Gkr eistoiah, t`h ihw foths gkr t`h hornehst `kceiefs kg

Jovo (Qwes`hr ht on. ?556) summhst tòt t`hy whrh onrhofy

prhshit t`hrh orkuif ?.0 Cyr BT, onckst kih cenneki yhors

hornehr tòi ckst kt`hr hstecoths (shh bhnkw). Qua` oi horny

fesphrson kg `kceiefs kut kg Ogreao es onsk suppkrthf by t`h

foneim kg t`h Fcoiese seth eitk t`h Knfuvoe suba`rki, ot

orkuif ?.0 Cyr BT (Njubei oif Bkseisle, tès vknuch<

Fzoporefzh ht ue. ?505< Mobuieo oif Whluo ?558) oif by

t`h ihw geifs grkc t`h Krah bosei ei Oifonuseo (Qpoei),

w`hrh hvefhiah es anoechf gkr Horny Tnhestkahih ùcoi

kaaupoteki grkc orkuif ?.0 Cyr BT, bkt` ei t`h gkrc kg

`kceief rhcoeis (Krah, Auhvo Weatkreo) oif os orthgoatuonhvefhiah, gkr hxocpnh grkc Guhithiuhvo 1 (shh Mebhrt

?552< Mebhrt ht on. ?556< Rkh ?558< Ropksk oif Qoitkijo,

tès vknuch). Geionny, orthgoats rhpkrthf grkc Uerki ei Esroìn

(Rkihi ?55?) oif Rewot oif t`h Tobbe @enns ei Tolestoi

onsk ieahny get ei tès potthri wet` t`her hstecothf omh

(nkr Rewot) kg orkuif ?.5 Cyr BT (Fhiihnn ?551).

V`hrh tùs es hvefhiah tk buenf o akisesthit nkim

a`rkiknkmy gkr t`h eieteon fesphrson kg `kceiefs kut kg

Ogreao oif eitk Huroseo, ot o foth kg orkuif ?.0 Cyr BT, but

et es tk bh strhsshf tòt ikih kg t`h buenfeim bnkals kg sua` o

nkim a`rkiknkmy es uiakithsthf. Fh Wks oif Qkifoor

(?556) òvh areteaeshf t`h Qwes`hr ht on. (?556) foths os

bheim gor tkk knf, gkr vorekus rhoskis. Gkr eistoiah, t`h ihw

64Or/15Or omhs orh boshf ki `kribnhifh socpnhs kg wèa`

t`h mhknkmeaon akithxt es ikt anhor. Gurt`hrckrh t`h ihw

omhs orh akitrofeathf by o wefh roimh kg hstobnes`hf foto<

t`h fesarhpoiay bhtwhhi t`h 64Or/15Or omhs (?.0? oif ?.77

Cyr BT) oif t`h hxesteim comihtkstrotemrop`y es onckst kih

cenneki yhors, wènh gesseki troal omhs onsk eifeaoth foths onn

nhss tòi ? Cyr BT. Fh Wks oif Qkifoor akianufh "tòt

t`h 64Or/15Or foths kg Qwes`hr ht on. coy t`hcshnvhs bh

"thaìeaonny akrrhat", but uiten t`her mhknkmeaon akithxt es

hstobnes`hf, et es prhcoturh tk ottoa` sua` gor rhoaèim

akianusekis tk t`hsh ihw omh hstecoths gkr t`h `kceief kg

Jovo" (?556:?=27).

Os gkr Fcoiese, t`h geif-bhoreim shfechits t`hcshnvhs

òvh ikt bhhi fothf yht: t`h ?.0 Cyr BT foth wos kbtoeihfki bosont bhnkw t`hsh fhpksets, w`ksh ikrcon pknorety es

eithrprhthf os akrrhnotevh wet` t`h Knfuvoe suba`rki. Bhgkrh

t`h fesakvhry kg t`h Fcoiese coifebnh, t`h gouio kg t`h seth

wos t`kum`t tk foth grkc t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Whluo

?507:0=), wènh akrrhnoteki wet` Ihor Hosthri oif

Hurkphoi suaahssekis onsk fkhs ikt mevh strkim suppkrt tk

t`h ?.0 Cyr BT omh< "Hstecoteim t`h omh kg t`h seth wetèi

t`h tech roimh kg ?.8-?.4 Co wkunf bh rhoskiobnh" (Bor-

Ukshg ?556:220). O rhahit rhvehw kg t`h Ihor Hosthri

hvefhiah nelhwesh fkhs ikt suppkrt "anoecs gkr kaaurrhiahs

orkuif 2.4 Co kr ecchfeothny ogthr t`h Knfuvoe suba`rki"

(Bor-Ukshg ?556:287), oif t`h hornehst seths t`hrh orh onsk

tk bh pnoahf wetèi t`h ?.8-?.4 Cyr BT tech spoi.

]ènh t`h socpnh kg '`kceiefs' akceim grkc t`h Krah

rhmeki es hxtrhchny akitrkvhrseon (h.m. Omuste oif Ckyo-

Qkno ?50= vs. Mebhrt ?552), o veset tk t`h Krah Bosei ei

Opren ?558 akiveiahf us tòt ot nhost kih seth òs

uiocbemukus stkih orthgoats t`hrh, Guhith Iuhvo 1 (shh

onsk Rkh ?558).6 Eg subshquhit mhknkmeaon gehnfwkrl wkunf

eifhhf akrrkbkroth t`h anoec tòt tès seth es tk bh pnoahf ei

t`h Horny Tnhestkahih shquhiahs hxpkshf ei t`h munnehs ihor

Krah, kih wkunf òvh tk akianufh tòt `kceiefs trealnhf

eitk t`h skut`hri port kg Qpoei ùifrhfs kg t`kusoifs kg

yhors bhgkrh t`hy nhgt uifesputobnh troahs kg t`her prhshiah

hnshw`hrh ei Hurkph. @kwhvhr, os nkim os t`h shfechitk-nkmeaon shtteim kg t`h Guhithiuhvo 1 seth es ikt anhor wh shh

ik akcphnneim rhoskis tk akch tk sua` o akianuseki yht.

]h t`hrhgkrh omrhh akcpnhthny wet` Rkh (?556:??), w`k

ogthr ès veset tk t`h orho akianufhf tòt et "wkunf bh ckst

uiwesh ot t`h prhshit stomh kg t`h rhshora` tk mk tkk fhhpny

eitk t`h pkthiteon semiegeaoiah kg t`h fesakvhrehs cofh ot




Krah. V`hrh es stenn skch woy tk mk bhgkrh t`h bosea goats

orh hstobnes`hf bhykif fkubt kr aònnhimh".8

V`h rhahit fhvhnkpchits succorezhf obkvh anhorny

eifeaoth tòt t`h quhsteki kg t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg

Huroseo es gor grkc sknvhf oif èm`ny akitrkvhrseon. Ei kur

vehw t`h s`krt a`rkiknkmy gkr Hurkph òs ikt bhhi gonsegehf

by t`hsh fhvhnkpchits yht, oif tùs t`hrh stenn es t`h pkeit

kg t`h mop bhtwhhi t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h "moths kg

Hurkph" - t`h Aouaosus, ikrt`hri Ogreao - oif t`h gerst

uiocbemukus troahs wetèi (Royion ht on., \tès vknuch|

s`kw tòt t`h mop wet` t`h Com`rhb hvefhiah, w`hrh t`h

hornehst kaaupoteki foths grkc just bhgkrh t`h Brui`hs-

Cotuyoco bkuifory, es sconnhr tòi ot t`h hosthri "moths"

kg Hurkph, w`hrh et es ceieconny 844 Lyr). V`h Voutovhn

chhteim sow ocpnh fesausseki kg t`h pkssebnh hxpnoiotekis

gkr tès a`rkiknkmeaon fåaonomh, o fesausseki tòt brkum`t

tkmht`hr t`h vorekus osphats ot stolh ot t`h Voutovhn

chhteim, sua` os t`h hiverkichiton shtteim kg t`h hornehst

kaaupoits, t`her subsesthiah strothmehs oif t`h bhòvekuron

ecpneaotekis kg t`h s`krt oif nkim a`rkiknkmehs (Mocbnh,

tès vknuch).

Vès bkkl prhshits t`h oatuon foto ei t`h gkrc kg t`h

vorekus rhmekion oif supro-rhmekion, syit`hteaon

akitrebutekis tòt gkrchf t`h boses kg t`h Voutovhn

fesaussekis. V`h akitrebutekis orh èm`ny voreobnh oif

thstegy tk t`h normh vorehty ei rhmekion rhshora` trofetekis

wetèi Hurkph. V`h prkfuateki kg tès vknuch tkkl onckst

twk yhors, os wh fhaefhf tk 'woet' gkr ckst kg t`h pophrs.

Eifevefuon pophrs tùs òf tk owoet pubneaoteki uiten ckst

kg t`h kt`hr pophrs whrh geies`hf oif ei tòt shish t`hrh es o

streleim secenorety bhtwhhi t`h èstkry kg tès bkkl oif

("nevh Mocbnh's (tès vknuch) hnhmoit hxpnoioteki gkr t`h

ogkrhchitekihf 844 Lyr mop bhtwhhi t`h kaaupoteki kg t`h

'noif kg t`h reseim sui' oif t`h 'noif kg forlihss': "oiy

kih rhmeki kg Hurkph akunf kiny bh aknkiezhf eg et wos

aknkiezhf ot t`h soch tech os ckst kg t`h kt`hrs".

Tonohknetèa oraòhknkmy ei t`h speret kg o uiegehf Hurkph!

ikths

? Hiayankpohfeo Bretoiieao, hitry ki 'Hurkph'.

2 V`h Hurkphoi Qaehiah Gkuifoteki Ihtwkrl ki t`h TonohknetèaKaaupoteki kg Hurkph akisests kg M. Bkseisle (aòercoi - IhuwehMhrcoiy), ]. Rkhbrkhls (saehitegea sharhtory - Nhefhi, V`hIht`hrnoifs). A. Gorezy (Tores, Groiah), A. Mocbnh (QkutòcptkiXiethf Leimfkc), N. Norsski (Nuif, Qwhfhi), C. Cusse (Rkch,Etony), I. Trosnkv (Qt. Ththrburm, Russeo), N. Ropksk (Nesbki,Tkrtumon), C. Qoitkijo (Qonocoiao, Qpoei) oif O. Vuggrhou (NennhGroiah), wet` C. Qporrhbkkc os ak÷rfeiotkr ki bhòng kg t`hHurkphoi Qaehiah Gkuifoteki (Qtrosbkurm).

1 Os es kgthi t`h aosh wet` sua` prkahhfeims, ikt onn otthifoitswhrh obnh tk subcet t`her akitrebutekis ki tech, oif wh hsphaeonnyrhmrht t`h obshiah kg o pophr fhoneim wet` t`h prknegea oraòhk-nkmeaon rhakrf kg t`h skut`hri port kg Groiah, o lhy rhmeki ei t`hfesausseki ki nkim vhrsus s`krt a`rkiknkmehs.

6 ]h orh vhry mrothgun tk Fr J. Mebhrt oif ès aknnobkrotkrs FrB. Corteihz, N. Mebhrt, Fr O. Vurq oif Trkg. Fr C. ]onlhr gkrtoleim t`h tech tk s`kw us t`h Krah rhmeki hxpksurhs oif t`hcothreon grkc t`h vorekus seths.

8 Ihw ponohkcomihtea foths gkr t`h Otopuhrao-VF shquhiah whrrhpkrthf ei Qaehiah (vkn. 275, ik. 8228, ?? Oumust ?558) wènhtès vknuch wos ei prhss. ]`hrhos hornehr hstecoths ossemihf oiomh kg obkut 844 Lyr BT tk t`h VF 7 nhvhn (ag. Rkhbrkhls oifWoi Lkngsa`kthi, tès vknuch), t`h ihw foths summhst o noth HornyTnhestkahih omh. Eg guturh foteim wkrl akrrkbkroths t`h ponohkcomihtea foto, kih wenn òvh tk akianufh tòt t`h Ebhreoi rhakrffkhs akitoei semions kg hornehr fesphrsons tòi t`h iki-Ebhreoi portkg Hurkph.



8 ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - V@H VOXVOWHN ]KRLQ@KT

rhghrhiahs

Oalhrcoi, Q. ?505

Omuste, J., ?50=

Q. Ckyo-Qkno

Bor-Ukshg, K. ?556

Bkiegoy, H., ?55?

B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hf.)

Aorbkihnn, H., ?556

P.T. Rkfremuhz

Fhiihnn, R.]. ?501

Hurkphoi prhèstkry mhts hvhi knfhr, Qaehiah 267, 20-14.

Qkbrh no efhitefof fhn gromchitk aroihon otrebufk o @kck sp. hi Whito Ceahio (Krah

Mroiofo), Hstufeks mhkn. 61, 818-810.

V`h Nkwhr Tonhknetèa kg t`h Ihor Host, Jkurion kg ]krnf Trhèstkry 0, 2??-277.

Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis. Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

Horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets oif orthgoats ei t`h Mroi Fkneio seth (VF6) kg t`h

'Qehrro fh Otopuhrao' (Burmks, Qpoei), Jkurion kg @ucoi Hvknuteki 27, 25?-1??.

Hurkphoi Hakikceh Trhèstkry. O Ihw Opprkoa`. Nkifki/Ihw Ukrl: Oaofhceh

Trhss.

Fzoporefzh, W.,

M. Bkseisle,

V. Bumeoiesvene ht on.

Mobuieo, N’

O. Whluo

?551 Hvefhiah ki @ucoi Kremeis. O Rhfesakvhrhf Qkurah ei t`h Xpphr Qewonels kg Ikrt`hri

Tolestoi, Eithrfesaepneiory Qaehiah Rhvehws ?0, 1=5-105.

?505 Fhr ontponoknetèsa`h Guifpnotz Fcoiese ei Mhkrmehi (Loulosus) , Jo`rbua` fhs

R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs Coei: 17, 7=-??7.

?558 O Tnek-Tnhestkahih `kceief grkc Fcoiese, Host Mhkrmeo, Aouaosus, Ioturh 1=1. 845-8?2.

Mocbnh. AQ. ?556 Vech gkr Bkxmrkvh coi, Ioturh 175, 2=8-2=7.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h hiverkichiton boalmrkuif.

vknuch

Moufzeilse, Q..H. Vurihr (hf.)

Mebhrt, J. (hf.)

?558 V`h rknh kg horny ùcois ei t`h oaaucunoteki kg Hurkphoi Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tonohk-netèa bkih osshcbnomhs. Akighrhiah pophrs, Gkrsaùimsbhrhea` Ontstheizhet fhs R÷cesa`-

Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs Coeiz. Ihuwehf: Qa`nkss Ckirhpks.

?552 Trkyhatk Krah-Auhvo Weatkreo (?500-?552): Trhshiaeo ùcoio hi hn Tnhestkahik

eighrekr fh Mroiofo y Curaeo, Oyuitocehitk fh Krah (Mroiofo): Cushk fh

Trhèstkreo "J. Mebhrt".

Mebhrt, J.,

T. Toncquest,

B. Corteihz Iovorrk

?556 Nks prechrks hurkphks, Eivhsnemoaeki y Aehiaeo, Feaehcbrh ?556, 20-25.

Njubei, W..

M. Bkseisle,

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Aouaosus rhmeki.

vknuch

Ropksk, N.,

C. Qoitkijo

Royion, J.T.,

N. Comkmo,

G.-Z. Qbeè-Onokue,

F. Mhroofs

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno.

vknuch

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Otnoitea Ckrkaak: t`h Aosobnoiao hvefhiah .

vknuch




Rkbhrts, C.B.,

A.B. Qtreimhr,

Q.O. Torgett

?556 O `kceief tebeo grkc Ceffnh Tnhestkahih shfechits ot Bkxmrkvh, XL, Ioturh 175,

1??-1?1.

Rkbhrts. C.B.,

AQ . Mocbnh,

F.R. Brefmnoif

Rkh, F.O.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph : t`h Bretes` Esnhs.

vknuch

?558

Rkhbrkhls, ]. ?556

Rkhbrkhls. ].. ?556

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

V`h Krah Bosei (Oifonuaeo, Qpoei) oif t`h eieteon Tonohknetèa kg Hurkph, Kxgkrf Jkuriokg Oraòhknkmy ?6, ?-?2.

Xpfoteim t`h gerst Hurkphois, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 18, 14?-148.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: o s`krt a`rkiknkmy, Ocequety 70, 605-841.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph : o rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaoS

vknuch hvefhiah.

Rkihi. O.

Qwes`hr AA,M.@. Aurtes,

V. Joakb,

O.M. Mhtty,

O Quprejk,

]efeosckrk

Whluo, O.

]èth, A.

?55? V`h Uerki-Mrovhn netèa osshcbnomh - ortegoats knfhr tòi 6.2 CU ei Esroìn, OraCknkmesa`h

Lkrrhspkifhizbnott 2?, ?85-?76.

?556 Omh kg t`h hornehst likwi `kceiefs ei Jovo, Eifkihseo, Qaehiah 271, ???0-??2?.

?507 V`h Nkwhr Tnhestkahih cocconeoi gouio kg Oaònlonole (Qkut`hri Mhkrmeo, XQQR),

Tonohkitkmropèo Etoneao =6, 71-57.

?558 No Mrktth fu Wonnkiht: Hvefhiah kg Horny @kceief Oatevety kr Ioturon Trkahsshs;

Tophr prhshithf ot t`h Tonohknetèa-Chsknetèa foy chhteim, Bretes` Cushuc Nkifki,

Cora` ?=t` ?558.

]en Rkhbrkhls oif Vèjs voi Lkngsa`kthi

Goaunty kg Trh- oif Trktkèstkry

Nhefhi Xievhrsety

T.K. Bkx 58?8

2144 RO Nhefhi

V`h Iht`hrnoifs



Nues Ropksk ? V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:Coiuhe Qoitkijo t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno

O rhvehw kg t`h Ebhreoi hvefhiah fhckistroths tòt t`h

knfhst troahs kgùcoi kaaupoteki foth grkc t`h hornehr

port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. V`kum` rorh, t`h knfhst

netèa eifustrehs opphor ei onn ecpkrtoit revhr vonnhys kg t`h

Akiteihiton eithrekr. Normhr osshcbnomhs onrhofy akitoei

Oa`hunhoi begoahs, ecpnyeim tòt t`h efho kg oi Ebhreoi

prh-Oa`hunhoi eifustreon ('phbbnh-aunturh') stomh cust bh

trhothf wet` aouteki.

?. Eitrkfuateki

Ei t`h nost twk fhaofhs, et òs bhakch akccki proateah(k pksnunonh t`h hxesthiah kg oraòea netèa eifustrehs ei t`hEbhreoi phieisuno, fkauchiteim oi oiaehit ùcoikaaupoteki. V`hsh efhos whrh porteonny fuh tk t`hakiahpteki kg oi kremeion Ebhreoi Oa`hunhoi ("chrefekionOa`hunhoi", G. Bkrfhs ?5=?), prhsucobny rhnothf tk t`hIkrt` Ogreaoi Oa`hunhoi, oif boshf ki t`h kaaurrhiah kgo èm` phrahitomh kg anhovhrs (Onechi ?5=8) oif ki t`hobuifoit ush kg quortzeth os row cothreon. V`hsh efhos whrhakisefhrobny snrhim`thihf os o akishquhiah kg t`h ecpoataoushf ei Ebhreo by Bebhrski's wkrl ei t`h ?574s eiCkrkaak, w`hrh `h anoechf tk òvh fhgeihf o "aevenesotekifu monht ocåi omå" (Bebhrski ?57?), knfhr tòi t`hOa`hunhoi oif opporhitny vhry secenor tk t`h ThbbnhEifustrehs rhpkrthf ei t`h Tkrtumuhsh nettkron seiah t`h ?564s(Brhuen oif Zbyszhwsle ?562-68).

V`h nothr fesakvhry kg skch efhiteaon geifs, e.h. phbbnhtkkns, ei t`h èm`hr thrroahs kg t`h Muofonquever revhr(Bkrfhs oif Wemuehr ?5=?) oif, ckrh ecpkrtoitny, t`hefhitegeaoteki (Bkrfhs oif Vèbount ?5==) oif subshquhithxaovoteki (_uhrkn oif Qoitkijo ?501) kg t`h seth kg HnOaunofhrk ei t`h nettkron ihor Aofez, akitrebuthf tk t`hrhakmieteki (kr ot nhost tk t`h pksetevh hxphatoteki) kg oioraòea ùcoi kaaupoteki ei t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno: oikaaupoteki foteim boal tk t`h Horny Tnhestkahih, aunturonny

fhgeihf os prh-Oa`hunhoi. Rhhhitny, t`h soch efho òs bhhirheigkrahf by t`h fesakvhrehs ei t`h Muofex-Bozo fhprhssekikg o sconn gromchit kg oi kaaepeton bkih, suppkshfny ùcoi(Mebhrt ?508< Whmo Vksaoik ?505), os whnn os kg skchnetèa orthgoats (Aorbkihnn ht on. ?502).

Vkfoy, `kwhvhr, et es wefhny bhnehvhf tòt ikih kg t`hshgeifs aoi bh oaahpthf os prkkg kg sua` oitequety bhaoush kg

t`h noal kg sknef foteim hvefhiah (seths ei t`h Tkrtumuhshnettkron oif t`h Aofez rhmeki), kr bhaoush kg fkubts rhnoteimtk t`h ortegeaeon aòroathr kg t`h geifs (t`h Muofex-Bozoseths), kr bhaoush t`h ghw oif esknothf netèa orthgoats gkuifei t`h eithrekr kg t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno wenn òvh tk bhfesrhmorfhf (Qoitkijo oif _uhrkn ?502) os t`hy orheisuggeaeìit hvefhiah tk suppkrt o `ypkt`hses. Ei kur prhshitstoth kg likwnhfmh, et aoi bh ormuhf tòt t`h ckst oiaehitponohknetèa seths ei Ebhreo aoi bh fothf tk t`h bhmeiieim kgt`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. Ik skuif hvefhiah suppkrts knfhr

foths (Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554< Omuerrh ?55?< Rknnoif?552< Aorbkihnn Rkuro ?552).

Qhvhrh necetotekis hxest gkr t`h a`rkiknkmeaoS grochwkrlkg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih ei Ebhreo, oif seths orh kgthifeggeaunt tk foth oaaurothny wetèi tòt phrekf. ]et` t`hhxahpteki kg Otopuhrao oif Bknkckr, t`hsh seths orh onnkphi-oer nkaonetehs oif ckstny rhnothf tk gnuveon shquhiahs.V`her a`rkiknkmeaon pkseteki es coeiny fhthrceihf byrhnotevh arethreo. Obsknuth foteim hvefhiah gkr t`h eieteonCeffnh Tnhestkahih (prekr tk KEQ 5) es kiny ovoenobnh grkct`h seth kg Otopuhrao (Burmks) oif t`h Muofonqueverthrroahs. Vwk prkjhats orh prhshitny ei prkmrhss ei krfhr tkkbtoei ckrh obsknuth foths: kih es akiahrihf wet` suaànossea oif ecpkrtoit seths os Vkrronbo oif Ocbrkio(Qkreo), Bknkckr (Wonhiaeo) oif Auhsto fh no Bojofo(Vhruhn), t`h kt`hr es ferhathf tkworfs t`h kphi-oer sethsnkaothf ei t`h Qpoies` shatkr kg t`h Vomus bosei.

Ihvhrt`hnhss, w`hi t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih seths kg Ebhreoorh stufehf ei fhtoen, t`hy coy prkvefh hvefhiah gkr pnoaeimt`hc ei o rhnotevh thcpkron shquhiah oif et cem`t tùs bhpkssebnh tk fegghrhiteoth bhtwhhi fegghrhit cojkr ckchitswetèi tòt tech-phrekf. Hvhi wet` t`hsh saorah foto etcem`t bh pkssebnh tk krfhr t`h seths a`rkiknkmeaonny gkr t`hhiterh Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, grkc ets eieteon pòshs kiworfs.

2. Vkworfs o rhnotevh a`rkiknkmyV`h shquhiahs kg thrroahs likwi ei fhtoen, coeiny grkc

t`h Ebhreoi Akiteihiton eithrekr, mevh us t`h ckst akcpnhthfoto prhshitny ovoenobnh gkr pnoaeim t`h netèa eifustrehs ei oa`rkiknkmeaon krfhr. Ei offeteki, goatkrs sua` os gouionosskaeotekis, phfknkmea aòroathresteas kg t`h skens oif skchckrp`kstrotemropèa porteaunoretehs kg hoa` orho, aoi onsk ba




ushf gkr o akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi fegghrhit gnuveon vonnhysoif/kr festeiat thi-oahs nhvhns.

@hiah t`h likwnhfmh kg t`h fegghrhit thrroah systhcsakistetuths kih kg t`h ckst ecpkrtoit hnhchits ei t`ha`rkiknkmeaoS krfhr kg t`h ponohknetèa seths. Ei mhihron, etaoi ba soef tòt t`h prhshit Ebhreoi `yfrkmropèa systhcsbhmoi tk bh gkrchf ogthr t`h fhpkseteki kg t`h Wenno-groiaèoi èm` fhtretea surgoahs ("roios"), fothf tk 2.8/2Cyr BT (Tårhz Mkizoëhz ?502 oif ?502o< Ckneio ?55?).V`hrhgkrh, t`h èm`hst revhr thrroahs ei hoa` cojkr Ebhreoirevhr aoi bh ottrebuthf tk t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Tnhestkahih.Grkc tòt ckchit ki o shfechitory prkahss bhmoi,precoreny akitrknnhf by thatkiea goatkrs oif by t`h ioturh kgt`h mhknkmeaon substrotuc. Anecotea aòimhs kiny òf oshakifory eignuhiah ki tès prkahss. Oaakrfeim tk t`hiucbhr kg thrroah nhvhns nesthf, t`rhh fegghrhit thrroahshquhiah gkrcoteki ckfhns whrh efhitegehf ei t`hakiteihiton Ebhreoi eithrekr (Tårhz Mkizoëhz ht on. ?502):

?. V`h vonnhys wet` o normh iucbhr kg thrroah nhvhns (ckrhtòi 24), wet` t`h èm`hst ot ckrh tòi ?84 c obkvh t`hprhshit revhr nhvhn.

2. V`h vonnhys wet` oi eithrchfeoth iucbhr kg thrroahs(0 tk ?4), oif

1. Wonnhys wet` kiny o ghw thrroahs, wet` t`h èm`hst ot ochrh 64 chthrs obkvh t`h prhshit revhr nhvhn.

Vès mrhot fevhrsety aoushs hikrckus prkbnhcs, ikt kinyei t`h akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi fegghrhit revhr vonnhys, but onsk eit`h akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi fegghrhit mhkckrp`knkmeaon shatkrswetèi t`h soch vonnhy. Ikiht`hnhss, et es pkssebnh tk colhskch mhihron akrrhnotekis oif, ei t`h aosh kg t`h ckrhfhvhnkphf vonnhys, et es hvhi pkssebnh tk esknoth fegghrhitshrehs kg thrroahs, boshf ki t`h fechiseki kg t`herhsaorpchits, oif tk ottrebuth t`hc tk akishautevh phrekfswetèi t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

V`h onckst akcpnhth noal kg semiegeaoit gouion ossk-aeotekis ei ckst kphi-oer gnuveon ponohknetèa seths colhs etvhry feggeaunt tk ush oiy bekstrotemropèa rhghrhiah tobnhs,sua` os gkr eistoiah t`h kih hstobnes`hf by H. Omuerrh(?505):

HORNU TNHEQVKAHIH:

gouion osskaeotekis kg t`h mrkups- "O": Onnkpòekcys pnekaohieaus, tkmht`hr wet`

Wennogroiaèoi aorievkro nelh Oaeikiyx, Werhtoenurus

saòube, Phikayki rkse.

Fkauchithf ei seths sua` os Auhvo Weatkreo, Krah 6,Eiaocon oif Bomur 2 oif

- "B": Onnkpòekcys pnekaohieaus, wet`kut Wenno-groaèoi aorievkro, but wet` Auki presaus, Cksboa` wkngoif ihw Bkvefoh, sua` os Aopro oif Qkhrmhneo.

Fkauchithf ei seths sua` os Whito Ceahio 2, BorroiakNhñi oif Krah =.

EIEVEON CEFFNH TNHEQVKAHIH (prekr tk KEQ ?1):

gouion osskaeotekis kg t`h- "A " mrkup: Ceckcys soveie wet` Tetycys mrhmonkef

oif Tnekcys hpesakpones, tkmht`hr wet` hvknvhf Coccut`

chrefekiones oif, ot t`h hif kg t es tech-phrekf, Coccutùs trkmkit`hree, Feahrkrèius `hcetkhaùs, Besk

sa`khthisoale vkemsthfthises, fegghrhit Ahrvefoh, sua` os Chmoahrks, Foco anoatkieoio oif Ahrvus hnopùs.

Fkauchithf ei seths sua` os Otopuhrao VF-1 tk VF-7,@uåsaor ? oif Auhvo fhn Akimkstk.

NOVH CEFFNH TNHEQVKAHIH:

gouion osskaeotekis kg t`h mrkups- "F": Orveakno cksòa`hises (3 O. thrrhstres

aoiþoio) eisthof kg Ceckcys soveie, tkmht`hr wet`Toit`hro (Nhk) gkssenes, Coccutùs trkmkit`hree, Hnhpòs

oitequus, skch oraòea `krshs - Hquus ontefhis, Hquus

suhsshibkrihises - oif Feahrkrèius htrusaus, Beski

presaus, fegghrhit Ahrvefoh, hta. Fkauchithf ei sua` sethsos Aþnnor fh Bozo E, Teihfk, Vkrronbo oif Ocbrkio (nkwhr

nhvhns) oif- "H": secenor tk t`h prhahfeim, wet`kut Trohchmoahr

oif Fknea`kfkreahrks, but wet` Kryatknomus auieaunus,

Hquus aobonnus mhrcoieaus oif Aoprhknus aoprhknus.

Fkauchithf ei sua` seths os Orefks, Qknoio fhnZocbkreik, Otopuhrao VF-VM ?4-?? oif VI-2 tk 7, Teiennfhn Wonnh, Ocbrkio (upphr nhvhns).

EIEVEON NOVH TNHEQVKAHIH:

gouion osskaeoteki kg t`h- " G " mrkup: eianufeim t h nost Hnhpòs (T.) oitequus

oif Feahrkrèius `hcetkhaùs, wet` t`h opphoroiah kg Roimeghr toroifus, Aopro pyrhioeao, Rupeaopro rupeaopro

Hquus aobonnus monneaus.Fkauchithf ei Zogorroyo, Aoreùhno, Akvo Ihmro,

Nhzhtxele, Wonfhmkbo, No Hrceto, Obre Rkcoie, hta.@kwhvhr, t`h bekstrotemropèaon necetotekis kg t`hsh

mrkups orh strhsshf by Omuerrh ècshng, het`hr bhaoushkg t`h uiahrtoeity oif a`rkiknkmeaon kvhrnoppeim bhtwhhishvhron mrkups, kr bhaoush kg t`h anhorny kaaurreimfegghrhit "troisetekion" osshcbnomhs, hsphaeonny t`kshgrkc orkuif t`h Horny/Ceffnh Tnhestkahih bkuifory.Ei offeteki, et cust bh hcpòseshf tòt onckst onn t`hosskaeotekis ushf tk hstobnes` t`h knfhst pòshs orh gkuifei purhny ponohkitknkmeaon seths. V`h ghw Ebhreoi kphi-oernkwhr ponohknetèa seths wet` ecpkrtoit gouion osshcbnomhs,

whnn-pnoahf ckrp`kstrotemropèaonny ei t`h nkaon thrroahshquhiahs oif akitoeieim akiveiaeim oit`rkpkmhieahvefhiah, orh onn tkk rhahit tk bh akisefhrhf ei tèspophr.

Vk succoresh, et aoi bh akianufhf tòt t`h fesaussekiakiahrieim t`h ckst oiaehit ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Ebhreo esnecethf, precoreny by t`h eisuggeaehiay kg t`h a`rkiknkmeaon



NXEQ ROTKQK OIF COIXHN QOIVKIJO - V@H EBHREOI THIEIQXNO

grochwkrl prhshitny ovoenobnh. Os gor os t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih es akiahrihf, et es kiny pkssebnh tk colh o

rhnotevh shreoteki bhtwhhi fegghrhit seths, wetèi necethf /kihs kg porteaunor revhr vonnhys. @kwhvhr, tès shreotekifkhs eifeaoth ei o ghw aoshs t`h hxesthiah kg ùcoikaauputeki prekr tk KEQ 5.

1. V`h oraòhknkmeaon seths]et` t`h a`rkiknkmeaon grochwkrl just rhghrrhf tk ei

ceif, et es pkssebnh ikw tk prhshit t`h ckst ecpkrtoit sethsoif shquhiahs wèa` fkauchit t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupotekikg t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno (Gem. ?). Hcpòses wenn bh pnoahfkiny ki t`ksh seths w`hrh t`h foths aoi rhoskiobny bh

ottrebuthf tk t`h eieteon stomhs kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih,prhsucobny prekr tk KEQ 5 (Gem. 2).

Fuh tk t`h p`yseaon aòroathresteas kg t`h fegghrhit zkihskg t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno, wh wenn akisefhr suaahssevhny t`h

gknnkweim mhkmropèaon uiets (oaakrfeim tk Nouthisoa`?57=, ckfegehf):

(?) V`h ikrt` kg Tkrtumon, Moneaeo oif t`h nettkron kgAoitobreo<

(2) V`h ikrt`hri Chshto oif t`h Ebhreoi akrfennhro<(1) V`h whsthri Tkrtumuhsh nettkron oif t`h nkwhr Vomus

bosei<(6) V`h skut`hc Chshto. eianufeim t`h Qpoies` fhprhssekis

kg t`h Vomus oif Muofeoio revhrs, t`h ckuitoeis eibhtwhhi (Vknhfk ckuitoeis) os whnn os t`h skut`hrikihs (Qhrro Ckrhio), oif t`h Tkrtumuhsh whsthripnothous (Onhithjk)<

(8) V`h Hbrk fhprhsseki oif t`h Tyrhihoi zkih<(7) V`h hosthri Chfethrroihoi nettkron<(=) V`h Onmorvh, Oifonuseo oif t`h Qhmuro bosei.

1.?. V@H IKRV@ KG TKRVXMON, MONEAEO OIF V@H

E ee rkR ê ke AOIVOBREO

Akcporaf wet` t`h prkguseki kg Ceffnh oif XpphrTonohknetèa seths likwi ei tès rhmeki, t`h Oa`hunhoinkaonetehs frow otthiteki fuh tk twk goatkrs: t`hrh orh kiny o

ghw seths oif t`hsh orh onn kphi-oer (wet` t`h hxahptekis kg

t`h Hn Aostennk aovh, oif pkssebny t`h Nhzhtxele aovh).Oikt`hr aòroathrestea wèa` s`kunf onsk bh akisefhrhf es

tòt ei mhihron t`hy òvh vhry sconn netèa osshcbnomhs,kgthi ikt feomikstea grkc o typknkmeaon pkeit kg vehw. Eigoat skch coy ikt bh Oa`hunhoi ot onn but ckrh ckfhri,

hvhi pkst-Tonohknetèa (Rkfremuhz Oshiaek ?501< Aoik Toi?55?< Cherhnhs ?507). Ikih kg t`h seths likwi sk gor aoi

rhoskiobny bh ottrebuthf tk oi horny pòsh kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih. Ki t`h akitrory, et shhcs tòt t`h ckst semiegeaoit kihs (sua` os Mhngo, Bufeik, Boiumuhs, Nnomþ,Torhfhs oif Hn Aostennk) s`kunf bh fothf tk o rhnotevhny nothpòsh kg tòt tech-phrekf.

1.2. V@H IKRV@HRI CHQHVO OIF EBHREOI

AKRFENNHRO

V`h ikrt`hri subchshto es o rhmeki w`hrh o normh iucbhrkg shquhiahs, pnoahs oif netèa osshcbnomhs foteim tk t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih aoi bh kbshrvhf oif krfhrhf eitk o

rhnotevh a`rkiknkmy. V`hrhgkrh, et mevhs us t`h ckstakcpnhth grochwkrl gkr o fesausseki kg t`h hornehst ùcoikaaupoteki ei Ebhreo.

Ei t`h whsthri òng kg t`h rhmeki, whst kg t`h Vroboiaks-Tesuhrmo revhrs' oxes, t`hrh orh rhnotevhny obuifoitOa`hunhoi seths ei gnuveon akithxts, hvhi t`kum` t`hy kgthiakisest kg streatny suphrgeaeon geifs oif ikih kg t`hc yehnfhfsemiegeaoit gouion osshcbnomhs. V`h geifs ei t`h hosthrizkih orh vhry saorah oif ikt feomikstea, wet` kiny o ghw

hxahptekis ei t`h Fkurk Bosei oif ei t`h Ebhreoi akrfennhro.En s`kunf ihvhrt`hnhss bh ikthf tòt et es prhaeshny ei tèsnost shatkr tòt skch kg t`h ckst ecpkrtoit oif gockusCeffnh Tnhestkahih Ebhreoi seths òvh bhhi gkuif, sua` os

Vkrronbo, Otopuhrao oif Auhsto fh no Bojofo.

Onckst onn t`h cojkr whsthri revhr systhcs òvh netèa

osshcbnomhs, coiugoaturhf coeiny grkc nkaonny rknnhfquortzeth phbbnhs. V`hsh osshcbnomhs orh ei strotemropèapkseteki wetèi t`h ceffnh thrroah gkrcotekis, kr ot t`h

surgoah kg t`h upphr kihs, kr hvhi skchtechs ot t`h tkp kg

t`h èm`hst Ihkmhiea surgoahs. Ont`kum` t`hrh coy bh skchsocpneim hrrkrs fuh tk eisuggeaeìit gehnf survhys, t`h

hxesthiah kg oi hxthisevh kaaupoteki kg t`h thrretkry shhcsanhor. V`hrh es o prhghrhiteon shnhateki kg nkaotekis: t`h

akignuhiah kg revhrs oif t`h vhstebunor orhos kg shakiforyvonnhys - oi kbshrvoteki tòt pkeits tk t`h ecpkrtoiah kg t`h

subsefeory gnuveon systhcs ei t`h krmoiesoteki kg ùcoickvhchit fureim tès phrekf (Qoitkijo ?552).

V`h seths orh vhry fevhrsh: skch orh ei strotemropèapkseteki, het`hr wet` normh netèa osshcbnomhs (Vhro, Tesuhrmooif Vkrchs revhrs) kr wet` sconn netèa shrehs (Krbemk,Omuhfo oif Vroboiaks revhrs). Kt`hrs, vhry obuifoit, orh

surgoah seths, kgthi iuchrkus oif fesphrshf kvhr normh orhos(Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554< Qoitkijo ei prhss). Ei t`h obshiahkg obsknuth foths oif semiegeaoit gouion osskaeotekis, t`hera`rkiknkmy es boshf, os wh chitekihf hornehr, ki t`h

oionyses kg t`h ckrp`kstrotemropèa shquhiahs kg hoa`gnuveon vonnhy (Tårhz Mkizonhz ?502).

Ot t`h Tesuhrmo revhr, whst kg Nhñi oif kutsefh t`h

Aoitobreoi akrfennhro, t`hrh orh o tkton kg 0 thrroah nhvhns(2-c tk ?28/?14-c). Ckrh tòi twhity Oa`hunhoi seths

whrh gkuif t`hrh: onn kg t`hc surgoah seths, wet` t`h

hxahpteki kg Qoi _uerah wèa` es nkaothf ei t`h 84-c

thrroah nhvhn oif ottrebuthf tk oi oiaehit pòsh kg t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Orioez ?554). Vès seth kremeioths grkco vhry nkw hihrmy hiverkichit (pkssebny ikt eithmrothfeitk t`h kremeion thrroah gkrcoteki prkahss, o `ypkt`hseswèa` akunf phròps akitrebuth tk t`h rhjuvhioteki kg t`h



EE) V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. ?. Cop kg t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno, wet` seths chitekihf ei t`h thxt.

Ikrt`hri Tkrtumon, Moneaeo oif nettkron kg Aoitobreo - ?: Mhngo< 2: Bufe`k< 1: Borëumuhs< 6: Hn Aostennk.Ikrt`hri subchshto oif Ebhreoi akrfennhro- 8: No Coyo< 7: Mormobhth< =: Ckigorroaeiks< 0: Qoi _uerah< 5: Otopuhrao< ?4: Ocbrkio<??: Vkrronbo< ?2: Auhstofh no Bojofo.]hsthri Tkrtumuhsh nettkron oif nkwhr Vomus fhprhsseki - ?1: Cerkumk< ?6: Ontk Nheok< ?8: Comketk, Oaogkro, Omufo< ?7: Wonh fkGkrik/Onpeormo< ?=: _ueito fk Añihmk/Tkuseos.Qkut`hri subchshto- ?0: Ckith fk Gocoak< ?5: Hn Qortonhjk< 24: Teihfk< 2?: Hn Hspeior< 22: Orefks< 21: Qoi Esefrk< 26: Tkrzuio<

28: Onbono< 27: Hn Corteihth.Hbrk fhprhsseki oif pyrhioea zkih - ik seths orh prhshithf ei t`h cop.Hosthri chfethrroihoi nettkron - 2=: No Qhnvo< 20: Tuem f'hi Rkao< 25: Aou fhn Fua< 14: Cknnht< 1?: Bknkckr.Onmorvh, Oifonuseo oif Qhmuro bosei - 12: Onfheo Ikvo< 11: Hn Oaunofhrk< 16: Nomuio fh Chfeio< 18: Qknoio fhn Zocbkreik< 17: Aunnor-Bozo E.

a`rkiknkmeaoS ottrebuteki rhghrrhf tk obkvh). Oi obuifoit

netèa eifustry (cofh ki nkaon quortzeth oif quortz, wet`kiny skch =% kg rhtkua`hf tkkns, hsphaeonny sarophrs oiffhiteaunoths, o ghw anhovhrs oif phbbnh tkkns), òs bhhifkauchithf, oi eifustry opporhitny anusthrhf spoteonny oifei osskaeoteki wet` os` oif o pkssebnh `hort`, but wet`kutgouio! rhcoeis.

V`h ckst ecpkrtoit orho wet` Ceffnh Tnhestkahih netèaeifustrehs ei t`h ahitrh kg t`h ikrt`hri subchshto, wet` t`h

hxahpteki kg t`h Hsno revhr vonnhy oif ets coei trebutoreases t`h Tesuhrmo revhr, ikrt` kg Wonnofknef. @hrh orh o tktonkg 0 thrroah nhvhns, 7 kg wèa` òvh Oa`hunhoi-nelhosshcbnomhs.

Ei t`h Fkurk vonnhy, t`h netèa osshcbnomhs orh vhry rorh@kwhvhr, skch kg t`hc, bhaoush kg o ckrp`kstrotemropèapkseteki ei t`h èm`hr thrroah nhvhns (h.m. Ckigorroaeiksoif Vkrk, bkt` nkaothf ot t`h 04-c thrroah nhvhn), s`kunfbh akisefhrhf os hvefhiah kg t`h ckst oiaehit ùcoi




Ikrt` kg Tkrtumon, Ikrt`hri ChshtoMoneaeo oif Aoitobreo oif Ebhreoi akrfnnnhro

]hsthri nettkronoif nkwhr Vomus

Qkut`hri Chshto Hosthc chfethrroihoinettkron

Onmorvh, Oifonuseooif Qhmuro bosei

NOVH

TNHEQVKAHIH

?14L^V ‖

MhngoNo Coyo ? Onpeorao

(upphr nhvhns)

O. Kxemhik

TkrzuioHn Corteihth

X J

& =OAE Lvr

; Bufegek; Hn Aosgennk; Boiumuhs

Monesoia`k

No Coyo EE

Auhsto fh noBojofo

ChonòfoOnckifo (HWQ)

Nez (_1)

Ckith Gocoak

Onpeorao(ceffnh nhvhns)

Qoi Esefrk(nkwhr nhvhns)

Orefks

Qortknhjk

; Aou f'hi Bkrros; Vksson fh no Gkit

Bknkckr

; Hn Oaunofhrk

Onfheo Ikvo

Qknoio fhnZocbkreik

MuofonqueverVen

F F N H

T N H E Q V K A ; Qoi _uerah

; Vkrroebo; Ocbrkio(nkwhr nhvhns)

No Coyo EEE

_to. Añihmk

; Onpeorao(nkwhr nhvhns)

; TeihfkNomuio Chfeio

Muofonquever V0

v 14 L)V

Otopuhrao VF7

Ckigorroaeiks ;

Otopuhrao VF6 ;

Hn Hspeior ;No Chso ;

Aþnnor Bozo ?

Muofonquever V7

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIH

; Comketk ;

; Cerkuak ;; Qhexkso ;

; No Qhnvo ;; Tuem f'hi Rkao ; Whito Ceahio ;

?Gem. 2. A`rkiknkmeaon pkseteki kg t`h ckst ecpkrtoit Ebhreoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths.

Eithrrkmoteki corls ki t`h nhgt fhikth shrekus fkubts obkut t`h a`rkiknkmy< ki t`h rem`t, fhikth shrekus fkubts obkut t`h oit`rkpea hvefhiah

anoechf tk hxest oif/kr t`h orthgoatuon aòroathr kg t`h osshcbnomhs. ]etèi hoa` spoah-tech aosh seths orh prhshit wet`kut oiy a`rkiknkmeaon krfhr.

kaaupoteki ei t`h rhmeki. V`hy foth pkssebny tk t`h hornyCeffnh Tnhestkahih kr hvhi tk t`h hif kg t`h prhahfeimphrekf - et' t`h orthgoatuon ioturh kg t`h ghw gnolhfphbbnhs oif gnolhs gkuif ei setu ei t`ksh nhvhns esoaahpthf.

Vk t`h host kg t`h Vroboiaks revhr, ei t`h skut`hri òngkg t`h Fkurk bosei, Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths orh onckstuilikwi, wènh ei t`h whsthri vonnhys, bhtwhhi t`hVroboiaks oif Omuhfo revhrs, begoah oif anhovhr eifustrehsorh grhquhitny gkuif. V`h ckst ecpkrtoit seths orh nkaothfei t`h Vkiihs, @uhbro, Uhnths oif Omuhfo revhr vonnhys,

w`hrh ei ahrtoei orhos (ckstny ei t`h ceffnh shatkr kg hoa`froeiomh systhc) shvhron vhry akcpnhth ckrp`kstrotemropèashquhiahs whrh rhakmiesaf. @hrh, t`h seths orh nkaothf otvorekus mhkckrp`knkmeaon pksetekis:

(o) ki t`h surgoah kg onn thrroah nhvhns, osshcbnomhs òvhbhhi gkuif wet`kut oiy vesebnh hfmh whor oif voryeimei t`h nuecbhr kg orthgoats<

(b) ki t`h surgoah kg t`h ceffnh nhvhn thrroahs kgthi normhosshcbnomhs òvh bhhi gkuif, aòroathreshf by anhornywkri hfmhs<

(a) wetèi t`h soch thrroah nhvhns o ghw orthgoats òvh bhhigkuif ei strotemropèa pkseteki (h.m. No Coyo EE oif NoCoyo EEE)<

(f) ei t`h nkwhr nhvhn thrroahs oif kt`hr onnuveon fhpksets,t`hrh orh normh osshcbnomhs wet` begoahs, anhovhrs, hta.(h.m. No Hrceto, No Coyo E oif Wennomkizonk).

Ei t`h Vkrchs revhr vonnhy, w`hrh ckrh rhshora` òs bhhi

aorrehf kut, t`h Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs orh onn fothf tk t`hCeffnh Tnhestkahih. V`hy òvh bhhi nkaothf ei t`h 87-cthrroah nhvhn (No Coyo EEE), t`h 72-c nhvhn (Mormobhth), oift`h 0-c thrroah nhvhn (No Coyo E). V`hrh es ik hvefhiahkg knfhr osshcbnomhs, oif t`ksh tòt orh strotemropèaonnyckrh rhahit tòi t`h 0-c thrroah, nkaothf ei t`h aknnuveonakvhreim fhpksets, orh anhorny pkst-Oa`hunhoi (Qoitkijo oifMkizoëhz ?506).



?2 EËEE-: n-ORE EE IVK AAt TOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Geionny, ei t`h hosthri port kg t`h Ebhreoi revhr systhcrhmeki, t`h Oa`hunhoi seths orh vhry rorh (Qoitkijo eiprhss). Qkch kg t`hsh, `kwhvhr, orh kg porteaunor rhnhvoiahfuh tk t`her mhknkmeaon oif mhkmropèaon nkaotekis oif tkt`her top`kikcea èstkrehs wèa` nhf tk t`h prhshrvoteki kg onormh sht kg hvefhiah (gouio, ùcoi rhcoeis, netèas, hta).Gkur kg t`h seths orh wkrt` caitekieim:

(o) Otopuhrao (Omuerrh ht on. ?50= oif ?554< Aorbkihnnht on. ?552), t`h ecpkrtoiah kg tès seth sthris grkct`h ùcoi rhcoeis gkuif t`hrh. V`h hxesthiah kgnetèa eifustrehs es, `kwhvhr, onsk wkrt` chitekieim,eianufeim o vhry sconn iucbhr kg orthgoats (ikt hiterhnyakiveiaeim) grkc o nhvhn (VF6) nkaothf "ecchfeothny"kvhr o comihtea eivhrseki, akisefhrhf tk bh t`hCotuyoco/Brui`hs troiseteki (oif tùs opporhitnyfothf tk t`h eieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih), oif oikt`hrosshcbnomh, wet` begoahs, gkuif ei o nhvhn (VF7)ottrebuthf tk KEQ ?1 ki t`h boses kg ponohkitknkmeaonfoto (et es t`h nost nhvhn ei t`h Otopuhrao VF shquhiah

w`hrh Ceckcys soveie es prhshit)<(b) t`h anossea seths kg Ocbrkio oif Vkrroebo, nkaothf ei opossomh orho bhtwhhi t`h Fkurk, Hbrk oif Joroco-@hiorhs boseis, oif akiihathf tk t`h Chfethrroihoinettkron by t`h Jonkao revhr vonnhy (Gem. 1). V`h hxoatoit`rkpkmaiea ioturh oif a`rkiknkmeaon pkseteki kgt`hsh seths wetèi t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih orh stenn uifhrfesausseki. V`hrh es ik pksetevh akigercoteki kg fothsprhsucobny knfhr tòi KEQ 5. Ihvhrt`hnhss, t`hsh foths

orh pkssebnh gkr t`h "nkwhr akcpnhx" nhvhns ei hoa` s(Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554)<

(a) Auhsto fh no Bojofo, nkaothf ei t`h upphr shatkr kg t`hOngocbro revhr vonnhy (84/74-c thrroah), ei Vhruhn(Qoitkijo ht on. ?552), foteim grkc o rhnotevhny hvknvhCeffnh Tnhestkahih pòsh, phròps pkst KEQ 5.

1.1. V@H ]HQVHRI TKRVXMXHQH NEVVKRON OIF NK]VOMXQ FHTRHQQEKI

V`h Ebhreoi whsthri nettkron es t`h rhmeki w`hrh t`h gerstkaaurrhiah kg prhsucobny vhry oiaehit phbbnh-eifustrehs,òs bhhi rhmesthrhf (Brhuen oif Zbyszhwsle ?562-?568).Nkaothf ei t`h Tkrtumuhsh Hstrhcofuro (Comketk, OYogkroTroeo fo Omufo, hta.), t`hsh netèa osshcbnomhs (Gem. 6)- onckst onn surgoah geifs - whrh aknnhathf ki t`h tkp kgroeshf bhoa`hs. V`her omh wos aonaunothf oaakrfeim tk t`hmhihron mnoaek-hustotea ckfhn (t`h èm`hr geifs rhnothf tk t`54-c nhvhn bhoa`hs whrh ottrebuthf tk t`h chfethrroihoiQeaeneoi tech-phrekf). Ei t`h ?5=4s efhiteaon geifs whrh

pubnes`hf, hxthifeim t`h aknnhateki kg kremeion kbshrvotekibkt` ei o thcpkron oif spoteon shish: knfhr seths, ki t`h tkpkg stenn èm`hr bhoa`hs (sua` os Ontk Nheok, ki o bhoa` wetò `hem`t kg ?84-c, anoechf tk bh fothf tk t`h Aonobreoi EE)oif ihw geifs onkim t`h nettkron ei t`h hxtrhch skut`hri pokg t`h thrretkry (sua` os Cerkuak wèa` es nkaothf ei t`hwhsthri port kg t`h Onmorvh).

Fkubts akiahrieim t`h foths kg onn Tkrtumuhsh netèaosshcbnomhs rhghrrhf tk bhgkrh, òvh bhhi hxprhsshf

Ontetufh (c)

??=4

??84

??14

???4

?454

?4=4

« u g Ocbrkio seth>

?484 ' IO 'Ocbrkiogkrcoteki"ontetufhT.N.C.: tkfoys nkimetufeion prkgenh kg t`h Cenomrk, subsefeory kg t`h Jon÷i revhr

?414

6444 1444 2444 ?444 4 ?444 2444 1444 6444 8444 7444 =444 0444 5444 Festoiah (ei c

Gem. 1. Ckrp`kstrotemrop` ea pkseteki kg Ocbrkio oif Vkrroebo seths, wetèi t`h thrroahs systhc kg t`h Jonñi revhr (ogthr O. Tårhz-Mkizonhz oif

C. Qoitkijo).



? 1 NXEQ ROTKQK OIF COIXHN QOIVKIJO - V@H EBHREOI THIEIQXNO

rhphothfny, useim mhknkmeaon, mhkckrp`knkmeaon oiftypknkmeaon ormuchits (Ropksk ?508< Ropksk oif Aorrhero?507). Ki t`h boses kg prhshit-foy hvefhiah, et cust bhakianufhf eòt Tkrtumuhsh nettkron "phbbnh-aunturhs":

(o) fk ikt fkauchit bhykif fkubt oiy Horny Tnhestkahihteucoi kaaupoteki<

(b) coy ikt akistetuth oi eifhphifhit thaìk-akcpnhx,het`hr ei o a`rkiknkmeaoS (prh-Oa`hunhoi) kr ei otypknkmeaon (phbbnh-aunturh) shish. Ei vehw kg t`hnecenonekis ecpkshf by t`h sconn sezhf phbbnhsovoenobnh ei t`ksh roeshf bhoa`hs, t`hy s`kunf bhrhmorfhf os nkaon voreoits kg suaahssevh Tonohknetèathaìk-akcpnhxhs.

O ghw Oa`hunhoi netèa eifustrehs òvh bhhi gkuif eiskch revhr vonnhys kg t`h whsthri Ebhreoi nettkron. V`h ckstgockus seth es Chonòfo, ei t`h Ahrteco revhr vonnhy, w`hrhnetèa orthgoats ("Xpphr Oa`hunhoi") òvh bhhi gkuif eiosskaeoteki wet` gouion rhcoeis, rhvehwhf by Oituihs ht on.

(?500). Kryatknomus auieaunus, @kckt`hreuc noþfhis,

Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus, Hquus aobonnus,

@eppkpktocus eiakmietus, Ahrvus hnopùs, oif Bks

precemhieus orh ottrebuthf tk o nothr ("Resseoi") pòsh kgt`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. V`h kiny pkssebnh hvefhiah kg oioiaehit Oa`hunhoi kaaupoteki akchs grkc t`h survhyeim oifhxaovoteki wkrl rhahitny aorrehf kut ei t`h Nes revhr vonnhy(Auiò-Rebherk ?50=, ?552). O tkton kg 8 thrroah nhvhns whrhfkauchithf: twk kg t`hsh, t`h èm`hst kih, _no, oif t`hpaiuntecoth kih, _1, òvh Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs, ki t`hsurgoah oif ei strotemropèa pkseteki. Ont`kum` t`hrh orh ikobsknuth foths ovoenobnh gkr t`hsh twk seths, t`h mhkckrp`k-nkmeaon pkseteki kg t`h eifustrehs summhsts t`h hxesthiah kg o

akisefhrobnh ockuit kg tech bhtwhhi t`hc, wet` oi eieteonCeffnh Tnhestkahih foth gkr t`h knfhr kih - o `ypkt`hsessuppkrthf by typknkmeaon foto akceim grkc t`h seth kg_ueito fk Añihmk/Tkuseos (Auiò-Rebherk ?554-5?).

V`h nost orho tk bh gkaushf ki es t`h nkwhr Vomus boseiw`hrh obuifoit Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs orh likwi grkc t`hsurgoah kg oif ei strotemropèa pkseteki wetèi t`h ceffnhthrroah nhvhns (+ 24/64-c thi-oahs) (Brhuen oif Zbyszhwsle?562-68< Zbyszhwsle ?567). V`h Onpeorao rhmeki eshsphaeonny ecpkrtoit fuh tk t`h kaaurrhiah kg suaahssevhstrotemropèa Oa`hunhoi `krezkis. Ot Wonh fk Gkrik, gkreistoiah, M. Zbyszhwsle (?567), òs fhsarebhf o shquhiah

kg 5 strotemropèa uiets, a`rkiknkmeaonny krfhrhf grkc t`heieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (akivhitekion "Ceifhn") tk t`heieteon Noth Tnhestkahih (horny "]urc", rhprhshithf byaknnuveon fhpksets). V`h begoah eifustrehs kaaur ei onnshquhiahs: grkc t`h boson mrovhns (nhvhn 2), w`hrh t`hywhrh iochf "Anoatkik-obbhvenneoi" (@. Brhuen's oifM. Zbyszhwsle's thrcs), tk t`h upphr sent oif anoy fhpksets.Rhahit VN foths gkr t`h upphr nhvhns, w`hrh "hvknvhf"

Oa`hunhoi oif "Ceakqueoi" osshcbnomhs orh prhshit,akigerchf t`h efho (Ropksk ht on. ?508) kg ets rhnotevhnyrhahit omh (geion Ceffnh Tnhestkahih oif eieteon NothTnhestkahih). @kwhvhr, t`h bosh kg t`h shquhiah es fothfkiny by anossea mnoaek-hustotea arethreo, wèa` colhs etecpkssebnh tk akigerc t`h horny foth prkpkshf gkr t`h gerstbegoah eifustrehs kg tès rhmeki.

1.6. V@H QKXV@HRI CHQHVO

Ei akitrost tk t`h ikrt`hri orho, t`h skut`hri subchshto eso akcpnhx rhmeki grkc o struaturon pkeit kg vehw. Boseaonny,et es akcpkshf kg twk hikrckus shfechitory boseis - t`hVomus, eianufeim t`h Cofref rhmeki, oif t`h Muofeoio,eianufeim No Coiaò oif Aonotrovo. V`hsh boseis orhshporothf by oiaehit rhneìgs (Vknhfk ckuitoeis) oif necethfby Ahitron, Ebhreoi oif Thiebhtea systhcs.

Ei t`h Cofref rhmeki, t`h thrroahs kg Coizoiorhs (wet`netèa eifustrehs coeiny cofh ei gneit) oif Joroco (wetòsshcbnomhs ckstny cofh ei quortzeth) akistetuth kih kg t`hckst anossea orhos gkr t`h stufy kg t`h Oa`hunhoi ei t`h

w`knh kg Ebhreo (v. Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554). Xigkrtuiothny,onckst onn kg t`hsh seths òvh bhhi fhstrkyhf byurboiezot eki (Qoitkijo oif _uhrkn ?504) oif ikih aoi bhottrebuthf tk oi eieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih pòsh. V`h knfhstseths ei t`h orho, Qoi Esefrk (nkwhr nhvhn) oif Orefks(porteaunorny ecpkrtoit bhaoush kg t`h gouion osskaeotekisoif t`h hxahptekion prhshrvotekion akifetekis kbshrvhf ei oihnhpòit buta`hry nhvhn (Qoitkijo oif _uhrkn ?504),prkbobny foth tk o rhnotevhny noth Ceffnh Tnhestkahih pòsh.Coiy kt`hrs, sua` os Orreomo oif Orhihrk fh Kxgmhiekbhnkim tk cua` ckrh rhahit phrekfs, eianufeim t`h eieteonNoth Tnhestkahih.

Grkc t`h Joroco/Vomus akignuhiah up tk t`h Tkrtumuhshthrretkry, iuchrkus seths wet` Oa`hunhoi netèa eifustrehsòvh bhhi nkaothf onkim t`h Vomus vonnhy oif ei etstrebutorehs (coeiny t`h Onomñi-Jhrths systhc oif t`hTkisun). Qkch orh strotemropèa geifs, gkuif wetèi t`hceffnh oif upphr thrroah nhvhns. V`h knfhst osshcbnomhs, eit`h Vomus + =4-c thrroah (Hn Hspeior) oif ei t`h + ?24-cOnomñi thrroah (No Chso), òvh kiny o ghw uiaòroathresteaorthgoats. V`h ckst semiegeaoit netèa osshcbnomhs orh gkuifkiny ei rhnoteki wet` t`h ceffnh thrroah nhvhns. V`hshosshcbnomhs akrrhspkif tk twk fegghrhit a`rkiknkmeaonpòshs kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, wèa` orh whnnrhprhshithf by t`rhh ecpkrtoit seths:

- Teihfk (Gem. 8) (Vomus vonnhy, + 22-c thrroah) (_uhrknoif Qoitkijo ?5=5), opporhitny grkc t`h knfhr pòsh,hvhi eg ihw foto ki t`h nkaon thrroah systhcs wkunf bhihahssory tk fhthrceih t`h hxoat a`rkiknkmeaon pksetekikg tès seth<

- Hn Qortonhjk (Onomñi vonnhy, + 26/27-c thrroah) (Qoitkijo?508)oif



?6 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

• Q i

Gem. 6. Quppkshfny "ora`oea" ("prh-Oa`hunhoi") osshcbnomhs.?,1, ?4, ?2 oif ?1: a`kpphrs< 2, ??: a`kppeim-tkkns< 6, 8: pshufk-nhvonnkes pkeits< 7 tk 0: sarophrs< 5: fesakef akrh.Onn ei quortzeth, hxahpt 6 oif 7 ei gneit.Trkvhioiah - ?: Comketk< 2 oif 1: Qhexkso< 6 tk ?1: Hn Oaunofhrk.Ogthr N. Ropksk ?508 (? tk 1), C.O. _uhrkn oif C. Qoitkijo ?501 (6 tk ?1). Qaonh ei ac.



?8 NXEQ ROTKQK OIF COIXHN QOIVKIJO - V@H EBHREOI THIEIQXNO

Ckith fk Gocoak (Gem. 7) (MHTT ?5==< Ropksk ?50=),grkc t`h ykuimhr kih.

Teihfk es o seth ei shakifory pkseteki wet` kiny o ghw

iki-feomiksteh gouion rhcoeis (Kryatknomus auieaunus,

Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus, Hquus, @eppkpktocus

ocpèbeus, Ahrvus hnopùs, hta.), but et òs ihvhrt`hnhssbhhi pkssebnh tk aknnhat onckst 7444 orthgoats. Vès vost

eifustry onnkwhf t`h prhaesh typknkmeaon fhgeieteki kg wòtòs bhhi eithrprhthf os oi oiaehit stomh ei t`h hvknuteki kg

t`h Oa`hunhoi, but w`hrh t`h eignuhiah kg nkaon row

cothreons (coeiny quortzeth akbbnhs oif phbbnhs) akunf onskpnoy oi ecpkrtoit rknh.

Hn Qortonhjk es o seth w`hrh skch 744 orthgoats whrhaknnhathf ei o systhcotea surgoah survhy, onnkweim t`h

hstobnes`chit kg oi hvknvhf typknkmeaon stomh wetèi t`h

Oa`hunhoi.Ckith fk Gocoak es onsk o surgoah seth, w`hrh oi

eithisevh survhy nhf tk t`h fhgeieteki kg oi opporhitnyspoteon potthrieim ei t`h festrebuteki kg t`h netèa eifustry,

wèa` akisesthf kg ckrh tòi ?844 orthgoats.\g, ei offeteki tk t`hsh seths, wh tolh eitk akisefhrotekiskch seths nkaothf ei fegghrhit thrroahs, oif eg wh onsk lhhpei ceif onn thrroah shquhiahs kg ofjoahit vonnhys, et wenn bh

pkssebnh tk buenf o a`rkiknkmeaon grochwkrl, ei mhihronefhiteaon tk t`h kih onrhofy prhshithf gkr t`h ikrt`hriChshto (hsphaeonny ei t`h Vkrchs revhr vonnhy): t`h knfhstgeifs grkc t`h upphr nhvhn thrroahs aoi bh pnoahf ei t`h

bhmeiieim kg t`h Ceffeh Tnhestkahih: Teihfk, os whnn os

skch kt`hr seths ei t`h soch mhkckrp`knkmeaon pkseteki(sua` os Ckith fk Gocoak, wkri shrehs, Ropksk ?50=), orh

fothf tk o ckrh rhahit pòsh kg t`h Ceffeh Tnhestkahih, but

ihw kbshrvotekis ki t`h hxoat pkseteki kg t`h fegghrhit

thrroahs wetèi hoa` gnuveon vonnhy orh ihahssory (ei tèsrhmorf, t`h hxoat fototeki kg Teihfk, wèa` akunf bh ckrhrhahit tòi prhvekusny t`kum`t, es porteaunory rhnhvoit)<Hn Qortonhjk oif Orefks cust bh pnoahf ei o noth CeffehTnhestkahih pòsh, but omoei, knfhr tòi shvhron kt`hr seths,stenn aòroathreshf by t`h prhshiah kg begoah eifustrehsnkaothf ei t`h nkwhr thrroahs.

Ei t`h hxtrhch skut`hri port kg t`h rhmeki, oarkss t`h

hiterh Muofeoio revhr bosei, t`h nkaonetehs wet` CeffehTnhestkahih eifustrehs orh rorh. Ei No Coiaò, gkr eistoiah,t`hrh es o akisefhrobnh iucbhr kg surgoah seths, wèa` orh

kgthi vhry normh oif spoteonny hxthisevh oif prkbobny

rhprhshit wkrls`kp orhos, foteim tk fegghrhit phrekfs butcoeiny tk pkst-Oa`hunhoi techs (Qoitkijo ?507). Ot

Aonotrovo, t`h Muofeoio revhr (wet` 8 thrroahs nhvhns) oif

t`h Jobonñi revhr (wet` 0 thrroah nhvhns), bkt` òvhOa`hunhoi eifustrehs ei t`h nkwhr thrroahs (Hn Corteihth,Onobono. Tkrzuio), onn kg t`hc foteim tk t`h noth CeffehTnhestkahih kr, phròps, tk t`h eieteon Noth Tnhestkahih(Qoitkijo ?50?).

1.8. V@H HBRK FHTRHQQEKI OIF TURHIHOI ORHO

Gknnkweim t`h efho hxprhsshf hornehr obkut t`h saoraety kg

Ceffeh Tnhestkahih netèa eifustrehs ei t`h hosthri port kg t`h

ikrt`hri Chshto oif t`h Ebhreoi akrfennhro, t`h Hbrk revhrrhmeki oif t`h Tyrhihoi zkih shhc tk bh onckst fhshrthf.Osshcbnomhs pkssebny foteim tk t`h geion Ceffeh Tnhestkahihorh kiny rhpkrthf grkc t`h Iojhrenno sub-bosei (Xtrenno

?506). V`hy aoi, prkbobny, bh rhnothf tk t`h Otopuhrao sethsfuh tk t`h mhkmropèaon akiihatekis bhtwhhi t`h twk

rhmekis.Et es feggeaunt tk hxpnoei t`h saoit hvefhiah, wèa` es

stenn tk bh akigerchf by ihw oif ckrh eithisevh gehnfwkrl. @kwhvhr, kih tèim es ahrtoei: et aoiikt bh

ottrebuthf tk t`h iki-prhshrvoteki kg shfechits, seiah t`h

Hbrk oif shvhron kt`hr revhrs ei t`h rhmeki prhshit whnnfhvhnkphf Ceffeh Tnhestkahih fhpksets, kaaosekionnygkrchf ei vhry nkw hihrmy hiverkichits (sua` os t`h

Monnhmk revhr), ei wèa` oiy ùcoi kaaupoteki wkunf bh

prhshrvhf.

1.7. V@H HOQVHRI CHFEVHRROIHOI NEVVKRON

Omoei ei tès rhmeki, t`hrh orh ikt coiy CeffehTnhestkahih oraòhknkmeaon geifs. Ei Aotonkieo, t`h hxesthiahkg oraòea phbbnh eifustrehs òs bhhi rhpkrthf, foteim tk t`h

bhmeiieim kg t`h eieteon Ceffeh Tnhestkahih kr hvhi tk t`h

geion Horny Tnhestkahih. V`hsh osshcbnomhs, ei t`h Vhr revhrvonnhy (Tuem f'hi Rkao) oif ei t`h No Qhnvo orho (Aorbkihnnht on. ?5=0), orh coeiny surgoah geifs oif, akishquhitny,ecpkssebnh tk foth prhaeshny. Ikr aoi t`h osshcbnomh kg t`h

Aou fhn Fua aovh (Nucnhy-]kkfyhor ?5=?) bh fothfhxoatny. Ei tès aovh top`kikcea prkahsshs coy òvh cexhfopporhitny knf Oa`hunhoi tkkns wet` kt`hr, anhorny ckrh

rhahit, kihs.V`h hxesthiah kg oi Oa`hunhoi aovh kaaupoteki ei tès

rhmeki es, `kwhvhr, kih kg ets ckst streleim osphats. Ei t`h

Aosthnnñi oif Wonhiaeo orhos tk t`h skut` kg t`h Hbrk revhr,t`h kaaurrhiah kg skch Ceffeh Tnhestkahih ùcoikaaupotekis ei ot nhost t`rhh aovhs òs bhhi rhpkrthf: Aou

f'hi Bkrros, Vksson fh no Gkit (Aorbkihnn ht on. ?5=5< MuseJhihr ht on. ?501< Orsuomo oif Bhrcufåz fh Aostrk ?506)

oif, ckrh ecpkrtoitny, ot Bknkckr, prhshitny uifhrhxaovoteki (Ghrioifhz Thres ?554), w`hrh rhahit VN oif

oceik-oaef foths summhst tòt t`h boson port kg t`h

shfechitory shquhiah akunf bh knfhr tòi KEQ 5.

Whry ghw kg t`hsh geifs òvh bhhi gkuif ei t`h rhcoeieimorho kg t`h Chfethrroihoi nettkron, up tk Mebrontor. @hrh,t`h Ceffeh Tnhestkahih seths orh hxtrhchny saorah oif kinyei skch vhry rhstreathf pnoahs, ckstny ei gnuveon akithxts(sua` os t`h upphr Muofon`krah vonnhy, ihor Conomo), t`hrhorh o ghw rhghrhiahs tk sconn osshcbnomhs kg quortzethbegoahs oif anhovhrs, wet`kut anhor foths `kwhvhr (Borrkskht on. ?551).



?(? V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. 8. Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs prhsucobny knfhr t`oi KEQ 5.?: sarophr< 2 oif 1: fhiteaunoths< 6: anhovhr< 8 tk =, ?4 oif ??: begoahs< 0 oif 5: tre`hfrons.Onn ei quortzeth, hxahpt 8 ei gneit.Trkvhioiah - ? tk 5: Teihfk (ogthr C.O. _uhrkn oif C. Qoitkijo ?5=5)< ?4: No Coyo EEE (ogthr C. Qoitkijo oif O. Tårhz-Mkizonhz ?506)<?: Nomuio Chfeio (ogthr G. Menhs Toa`hak ht on. ?551). Qaonh ei ac.



?= NXEQ ROTKQK OIF COIXHN QOIVKIJO - V@H EBHREOI THIEIQXNO

Gem. 7. Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs prhsucobny ykuimhr t`oi KEQ 5.

?, 2 oif =: anhovhrs< 1: akrh ushf tk kbtoei o normh anhovhr gnolh< 6 tk 7: begoahs< 0: tre`hfron< 5: Nhvonnkes ahitrephton akrh.Onn ei quortzeth.Trkvhioiah - ?: No Coyo EE (ogthr C. Qoitkijo oif O. Tårhz-Mkizonhz ?506)< 2 oif 1: Hn Qortonhjk (ogthr C. Qoitkijo ei prhss)< 6 tk 5: Ckithfk Gocoak (ogthr N. Ropksk ht on. ?551o). Qaonh ei ac.



?0 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOV?4I KG HXRKTH

1.=. V@H ONMORWH, OIFONXQEO OIF V@H QHMXRO

BOQEI

Ei t`h skut` kg t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno, t`h cojkr mhkmrop`-eaon uiet es t`h `yfrkmropèa bosei kg t`h Muofonquever revhr.En es o akcpnhx zkih bhaoush kg ets mhknkmeaon substrotucoif ets ckrp`kstruaturon aòroathresteas, wèa` òs oiucbar kg porteaunoretehs tk bh trhothf shporothny grkc t`h

hosnhri Tnek-Tnhestkahih fhprhssekis.V`h knfhst ùcoi kaaupotekis anoechf tk bh fkauchithfei tès rhmeki orh rhnothf tk t`h nettkron orhos, hsphaeonny eit`h Aofez zkih. V`h ckst semiegeaoit seth es Hn Oaunofhrk(Bkrfhs oif Vèbount ?5==), w`hrh o vost phbbnh-eifustrygkuif ei strotemropèa krfhr òs bhhi stufehf ei fhtoen(_uhrkn oif Qoitkijo ?501) (ckrh tòi 22,444 orthgoatsei ghwhr tòi ?44 hxaovothf sq. chthrs). Vès seth woseieteonny akisefhrhf tk bh t`h hquevonhit kg stomh EEE kg t`hCkrkaaoi "aevenesoteki fu monht ocåiomå" (Bebhrski ?57?).Xigkrtuiothny, et òs sk gor ikt bhhi pkssebnh tk fothprhaeshny oiy kg t`hsh suppkshfny oiaehit seths, eianufeimHn Oaunofhrk, wèa` shhcs cua` ckrh rhahit (geion CeffnhTnhestkahih kr o nettnh hornehr) tòi wos eieteonny suppkshf.Ei akishquhiah, nelh ei t`h Tkrtumuhsh whsthri nettkron, t`hopporhit thaìk-typknkmeaon oraòesc kg t`hsh netèaeifustrehs, cofh ki sconn sezhf phbbnhs, s`kunf rot`hr bhottrebuthf tk row cothreon necetotekis tòi tk oiy porteaunormrhot oitequety.

V`h efho kg t`h ikihxesthiah kg oi oraòea HornyTnhestkahih kaaupoteki ei tès rhmeki òs onsk bhhirheigkrahf by rhahit wkrl aorrehf kut ihor Qhvenno ei t`hMuofonquever nkwhr oif ceffnh akursh, ei oi orho w`hrhobuifoit Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs orh likwi. V`h nkaonckrp`kstrotemropèa gnuveon shquhiah òs bhhi fhsarebhf ei

fhtoen by Fgoz fhn Knck oif Wonnhspg (?505, ?551),onnkweim t`h efhitegeaoteki kg o tkton kg ?6 thrroah nhvhns,wet` o a`rkiknkmy suppkrthf tk o ahrtoei hxthit by shvhronobsknuth foths (X/V` oif ponohkcomihtesc). Ei brehg, t`hgknnkweim shquhiah aoi bh prhshithf:

- bht whhi t`h V1 thrroah nhvhn (+ ?75-c) oif t h V6 nhvhn(+ ?62-c) t`h Jorocennk hvhit (584/054 Lyr BT) aoi bhpnoahf<

- t`h V7 nhvhn, wet` o ikrcon pknor ety, es fothf tk t`hBrui`hs hpka`<

- skch noaustreih fhpksets rhnothf tk t`h V?4 nhvhn (+ 88-c)òvh bhhi fothf tk t`h Bewo pòsh (144 Lyr BT)<

- oif t`h Nos Jorennos aorbkiothf fhpkset, ot t`h tkp kgnhvhn VE4 (+ 25-c), es fothf tk 04 Lyr BT (X/V`)(Feozfhn Knck ht on. ?505 oif ?551).

V`h gerst netèa eifustrehs gkuif ei strotemropèa pksetekiwetèi tès shquhiah, orh rhnothf tk t`h V7 nhvhn, fothf tk t`heieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. Akishquhitny, t`hy fk ikt akigerct`h suppkshfny hornehr kaaupoteki rhghrrhf tk ei t`h nettkron,

ikr aoi t`hy bh ckrh eigkrcotevh obkut o aunturon oggeneotekibhaoush kg t`her saoraety. V`h gerst oif rorh begoahs opphor einhvhn V0, fothf tk t`h gerst òng kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih,prekr tk KEQ 5. @kwhvhr, kiny grkc nhvhn Vn ? kiworfs orht`h Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs hxthisevhny rhprhshithf, wet`normh iucbhrs kg rhtkua`hf tkkns: begoahs, anhovhrs,tre`hfrons, anhor gnolh-tkkns oif, gkr t`h gerst tech, t`h ush kg

t`h Nhvonnkes cht`kf. Ei offeteki, et s`kunf bh ikthf tòt uptk nhvhn V?4 quortzeth es ushf ei onn eifustrehs< gneit es kinyushf ei t`h nothr nhvhns. Vès aòimh es prkbobny rhnothf tkvoryeim row cothreon ovoenobenety os o rhsunt kg aòimhs eishfechitory gnuveon prkahsshs.

Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs whrh onsk gkuif ei t`h Muofonhthrevhr, oi oiaehit Muofonquever broia`, wèa` bhmoi tk gkrcets kwi thrroah systhc fureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Zozkht on. ?508). V`hsh eifustrehs, cofh ki akcpoat nechstkihoif quortzeth, whrh nkaothf ei 6 suaahssevh thrroah nhvhns(G. Menhs Toa`hak ht on. ?552). V`h knfhr kih (+ 68/84-c)aoi, phròps, bh ottrebuthf tk oi hornehr pòsh kg t`h CeffnTnhestkahih oif rhvhons t`h hxesthiah kg Oa`hunhoieifustrehs (sua` os t`h Nomuio Chfeio seth, Menhs Toa`hakht on. ?505 oif ?551) hquevonhit tk t`ksh kg Teihfk.

Ei t`h Tkrtumuhsh Onmorvh, ei t`h whsthri shatkr kg t`hrhmeki, t`h kiny semiegeaoit Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs orh gkuifei t`h Muofeoio hstuory. Qkch kg t`hsh eifustrehs orh eistrotemropèa pkseteki ei t`h 0-?2-c thrroah nhvhn (sua` osOnfheo Ikvo - Ghek ?567). V`hsh orh, `kwhvhr, sconnosshcbnomhs oif ikt prhaeshny fothf.

Geionny, t`h ecpkrtoit hosthri thrteory fhprhssekis cust bchitekihf: Mroiofo, Muofex-Bozo-Krah. @uhraon-Kvhrooif Whro. V`h fhpksets ei t`h nost twk fhprhssekis krem-eiothf coeiny ei coreih hiverkichits wènh t`h kt`hrs orh

aòroathreshf by froeiomh oif Akiteihiton fhpksets. V`hecpkrtoiah kg t`hsh fhprhssekis fhrevhs coeiny grkc t`hvhry akcpnhth fhpksetekion shquhiah t`hy prhshit, rhvhoneimoi onckst shfechitory akiteiuþc grkc t`h Noth Cekahih tt`h Noth Tnhestkahih, eianufeim fegghrhit whnn-fothfponohkitknkmeaon seths.

Ihvhrt`hnhss, t`h oit`rkpkmhiea hvefhiah es saorah(Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554). ]et`kut akisefhreim, bhaoush kgt`her ocbemuety, t`h suppkshfny ùcoi rhcoeis gkuif otWhito Ceahio oif fothf, by bekstrotemropèaon arethreo, tkckrh tòi 544 Lyr BT, t`h knfhst seth ei t`h orho es Aþnnor-Bozo E (Ruez Bustks oif Ceaòux ?5=7). Et es fothf, boshfki bekstrotemropèaon ormuchits (gouion osskaeotekieianufeim ockim coiy kt`hrs Oaoit`kfoatynus hretrurus,

Hnekcys quhraeius, Opkfhcus synvoteaus, Orveakno

cksboa`hises (3 O. thrrhstres aoiteoio), Cearktus

brhaaehises, Aoies htrusaus, Coccutùs trkmkit`hree,

Hquus suhsshibkchises, Hquus ontefhis, Feahrkrèius

htrusaus, Trohchmoahrks vhrteakries) tk t`h eieteon CeffnhTnhestkahih, phròps prekr tk Teihfk. V`h sconn netèa



\5 NXEQ ROTKQK OIF COIXHN QOIVKIJO - V@H EBHREOI THIEIQXNO

eifustry grkc tès seth (kiny sex gnolhs oif twk a`kpphrs)fkhs ikt onnkw o typknkmeaon feomikses (Whmo-Vksaoik?505), but et es ihvhrt`hnhss vhry ecpkrtoit bhaoush etfkauchits bhykif oiy fkubt t`h ùcoi kaaupoteki kg tèsorho (oif. t`hrhgkrh, nkr t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno) ei o phrekfw`hrh et es vhry feggeaunt tk geif whnn-fothf seths.

Qknoio fhn Zocbkreik, oikt`hr oif trkc oi oraòhknkme-

aon pkein kg vehw ahrtoeiny t`h ckst ecpkrtoit CeffnhTnhestkahih seth ei t`h soch fhprhsseki (Bkthnno ht on. ?5=8),prkbobny foths grkc o nothr pòsh. nts gouio (Omuerrh'smrkup "H") akitoeis. ockim kt`hrs, Hnekcys quhraeius,

Hnekcys nusetoieaus, Orveakno sopefus, Opkfhcus gnoveaknnes,

Toit`hro nhk sphnoho, Ghnes nyix porfeio, Ghnes synvhstres,

Coaoao synvoius, Hnhpòs (Tonohknk.xkfki) oitequus, Hquus

aobonnus tkrronboh, Feahrkrèius `hcetkhaùs, @eppkpkto

cus sp.. Ahrvus hnopùs, Foco sp., Aoprhknus aoprhknus,

@ks precemhieus, Beski presaus (Cortei Thihno ?50=). V`hoit`rkpkmhiea hvefhiah, oport grkc oi obuifoit netèaeifustry (Gem, =) coeiny ki quortzeth oif quortz (but onskki skch nkaon gneit), wet` sarophrs, fhiteaunoths oif o ghw

begoahs, eianufhs onsk skch òbetotekion ghoturhs: o`ypkt`hteaon "trhia`", eithrprhthf os o ùiteim trop, oif oiopporhitny akiveiaeim `hort`. fhgeiaf by o aeranh kg gevhquortzeth phbbnhs, wet` oi ecprhssevh ockuit kg aòrakonoif os` ei t`h ceffnh.

6. Akianusekis]h òvh rhvehwhf t`h ckst ecpkrtoit seths oif ckrp`k-

strotemropèa Ebhreoi shquhiahs, wèa` coy eifeaoth t`hpkssebnh kaaurrhiah kg ùcoi kaaupotekion troahs prekr tkKEQ 5. V`h mhihron akianuseki es tòt t`hsh kaaurrhiahs fkhxest, ont`kum` t`hy orh vhry saorah oif kgthi fubekus.

Vk bhmei wet`, et òs bhhi kbshrvhf ei shvhron rhmekistòt ik rhon hvefhiah aoi bh fothf bhykif oiy fkubt tksua` oi oiaehit phrekf. Vès oppnehs tk ikrt`hri Tkrtumon,Moneaeo oif Aoitobreo, oif onsk tk t`h Hbrk revhr fhprhssekioif t`h Tyrhihoi zkih. Ei skch kt`hr rhmekis, sua` os t`hTkrtumuhsh whsthri nettkron oif t`h Chfethrroihoi hosthrizkih, t`hrh es skch hvefhiah wèa` aoi bh rhoskiobny fothftk t`h eieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. but wet`kut obsknuthahrtoeity. Kiny ei t`h Akiteihiton eithrekr (ikrt`hri oifskut`hri Chshto) oif ei t`h Muofonquever vonnhy fef whgeif prkkg kg sua` oi oiaehit kaaupoteki, ont`kum` hvhi eitès aosh t`hrh es ik anhor hvefhiah kg oi knfhr ùcoiprhshiah foteim boal tk t`h Horny Tnhestkahih.

Ei akishquhiah, t`h knfhst ùcoi troahs ei t`h Ebhreoiphieisuno cust bh fothf tk t`h eieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.V`her hxoat foth, `kwhvhr, es ikt whnn hstobnes`hf, seiahckst seths orh fothf by rhnotevh ckrp`kstrotemropèaonarethreo. Hvhi ei t`h ghw seths grkc wèa` obsknuth fothswhrh kbtoeihf, ikt kih kg t`her oraòhknkmeaon `krezkis òsbhhi fothf ferhatny.

Et es wkrt`wènh tk ikth, `kwhvhr, tòt t`hsh knfhst netèaeifustrehs, ei speth kg t`her rorety. fk opphor ei onn t`h ckstecpkrtoit revhr vonnhys kg t`h Akiteihiton eithrekr: Fkurk,Vomus oif Onomñi, Muofeoio oif Muofonquever, t`hrhbyfkauchiteim oi hxthisevh ùcoi kaaupoteki. V`h noal kgsknef hquevonhit hvefhiah ei t`h w`knh nettkron es puzzneim,but tès coy pkssebny bh ottrebuthf tk t`h a`rkiknkmeaonuiahrtoeity kg t`h geifs nkaothf ei oiaehit roeshf bhoa`hs.

V`h knfhst netèa osshcbnomhs kg t`h Ebhreoi phieisuno orhvhry saorah. Ei mhihron, t`h seths pnoahf ot t`h tkp kg gnuveonckrp`kstrotemropèaon shquhiahs prhshit kiny o ghworthgoats, usuonny ghwhr tòi thi (gnolhs oif phbbnh tkkns).Begoahs òvh ikt yht bhhi fesakvhrhf but tès coy bh fuhtk t`h socpnh sezh. V`h gerst semiegeaoit oif rhnotevhny whnn-fothf Ebhreoi eifustrehs òvh onrhofy t`h leif kg normhautteim tkkns ushf tk fhgeih t`h Oa`hunhoi (shisu notk).

Akishquhitny, t`h efho, oaahpthf ei t`h nost twk fhaofhs, kgt`h hxesthiah kg o prh-Oa`hunhoi eifustreon stomh ei Ebhreo,ei t`h gkrc kg t`h sk-aonnhf "phbbnh-aunturhs", cust bhtrhothf wet` aouteki.

Akitrory tk wòt òs bhhi summhsthf kaaosekionny, t`hbegoah eifustrehs ei Ebhreo orh ikt onn rhnotevhny rhahit. Ei onncojkr gnuveon shquhiahs rhvehwhf, oif onsk ei skch sethsnkaothf ei kt`hr mhknkmeaon hiverkichits (Otopuhrao, gkreistoiah), wh sow tòt t`h gerst normh autteim tkkns, eianufeimbegoahs, tre`hfrons oif anhovhrs, opphor prekr tk KEQ 5.Omoei, t`hy opphor ei vhry sconn iucbhrs oif t`h sethsfkauchiteim tès eieteon eifustreon begoaeon pòsh orhrhnotevhny rorh - oi kaaurrhiah ei mrhot akitrost tk t`hobuifoiah oif vorehty kg Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs oif sethsfothf tk t`h shakif port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih oif, eiskch rhmekis ot nhost, tk t`h eieteon Noth Tnhestkahih.

V`h vhregeaoteki kg sua` o vost a`rkiknkmeaon festrebuteki,oif t`h eignuaiah kg skch mhihron ckfhns buent hnshw`hrh(ei Groiah, by @. Brhuen oif G. Bkrfhs< ei Ckrkaak. byT. Bebhrski< ei Onmhreo, by @. Onechi< hta), nhf tk o shora`gkr mhihron hvknutekiory trhifs ei t`h Ebhreoi Oa`hunhoi.V`h hxesthiah kg o shquhiah kg sthpphf neihor stomhs òsbhhi fhghifhf: "nkwhr", "ceffnh", "upphr" oif "geion"Oa`hunhoi, skch kg wèa` gurt`hr fevefhf ei krfhr tk kbtoeimrhothr "prhaeseki". ]h bhnehvh tòt tès leif kg fhtoenhffeveseki shrvhs ik purpksh, fuh tk t`h ikihxesthiah kg sknefoif iuchrkus obsknuth a`rkiknkmeaon rhghrhiahs oif tk t`hsaoraety kg coiy osshcbnomhs. Ei vehw kg t`h necetotekisecpkshf by t`h rhnotevh thcpkron grochwkrl aurrhitny ushf,

ei porteaunor w`hi eithr-gnuveon akrrhnotekis cust bh cofh,wh tèil tòt ot prhshit et es ikt pkssebnh tk osahrtoei tkwèa` aoushs t`h netèa fevhrsety oif voreobenety s`kunf bhossemihf: tech, spoah, row cothreon ovoenobenety, aunturonoggeietehs, hta. Et es truh tòt wetèi t`h ghw gnuveonckrp`kstrotemropèaon shquhiahs w`hrh fegghrhit oifsuaahssevh a`rkiknkmeaon Oa`hunhoi stomhs òvh bhhi




Gem. =. Xpphr/Geion Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs (geion Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kr eieteon Noth Tnhestkahih).

?: Voyoa pkeit< 2 oif ?=: hifsarophrs< 1, 6 oif ?6: sefhsarophrs< 8 tk 0 oif ?2: noiahknoth, ceakqueoi, kvonor oif akrfegkrc begoahs< 5 oif

?4: anhovhrs< ??: bepyrocefon ahitrephton akrh< ?1, ?7, ?0, ?5 oif 24: fhiteaunoths oif ikta`hs< ?8: boalhf liegh.?, ?2 tk 24: gneit< 2 tk ??: quortzeth.Trkvhioiah - ? tk ??: Cen`orks (Onpeormo) (ogthr N. Ropksk ht on. ?508)< ?2 tk 24: Qknoio fhn Zocbkreik (ogthr C.A. Bkthnno ht on. ?5=7).

Qaonh ei ac.



2? NXEQ ROTKQK OIF COIXHN QOIVKIEO - V@H EBHREOI THIEIQXNO

hstobnes`hf wet` skch ahrtoeity, t`h hornehst begoaheeueuserehs prhshit ckrh "precetevh" thaìeaon oiftypknkmeaon aòroathresteas (shh t`h succory prhshithf eiQoitkijo oif Wenno ?554:0=). V`hy orh, `kwhvhr, iktsuggeaeìit tk suppkrt oiy mhihronezoteki. ]et` t`h prhshitfoto bosh, wh bhnehvh tòt et es kiny pkssebnh tk festeimuesò geion stomh kg t`h Oa`hunhoi ei onn begoah eifustrehs,grhquhitny iochf "Ceakqueoi" (Coi/.orhs revhr, nkwhrVomus froeiomh, ot Onpeorao, Muofeoio, oif nettnh hnsh), oiffothf. ot nhost porteonny, tk t`h eieteon Noth Tnhestkahih. Eirhnoteki tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih pòshs, t`h sknh osphat tkbh rhtoeihf es t`h saoraety kg begoahs prekr tk KEQ 5 oif t`herobuifoiah tàrhogthr. Vès es oi kbshrvoteki wèa` akunf bhsubjhat tk sphaunoteki ei vehw kg t`h ckfhns tòt summhst oieithrcetthit eieteon kaaupoteki kg Hurkph oif tùs quhstekit`h aòroathr kg t`h rhnotekisèp (akiteiuety/brhol) bhtwhhit`h nerse òifoxh eifustrehs (Oa`hunhoi 'Obbavenneoi') oift`h ckrh rhahit Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Oa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs.

V`h fhvhnkpchit kg obsknuth foteim prkmrocchs, het`hrkg oraòhknkmeaon seths kr kg mhknkmeaon gkrcotekis, ei

gnuveon akithxts (os òs onrhofy bhhi eieteothf ei t`hMuofonquever revhr oif es ikw bheim hxhauthf ei t`hQpoies` Vomus bosei), anhorny s`kunf bh kih kg t`h gerstprekretehs kg t`h Ebhreoi Ceffnh Tnhestkahih rhshora`. Etwkunf onsk bh ecpkrtoit tk foth skch kg t`h akoston seths,hsphaeonny kg t`h whsthri Tkrtumuhsh nettkron oif kgt`h Aofez rhmeki. ]et` sua` o remkrkus oif fhtoenhfa`rkiknkmehon grochwkrl, wèa` wenn onnkw o jufeaekusshnhateki kg porteaunor seths oif shquhiahs, et wenn bh ushguntk rh-hvonuoth, ockim kt`hr quhstekis, t`h hxesthiah kgmhihroS hvknutekiory trhifs wetèi t`h Oa`hunhoi, t`hguiatekion oraòhknkmeaon ioturh kg hoa` seth, t`hmhkmropèaon festrebuteki kg fegghrhit seths (wetèi hoa`rhmeki oif onn kvhr Ebhreo), t`h rhnotekis hxesteim bhtwhhiEbhreo oif ofjoahit orhos, oif sk ki. V`hsh orh vhryecpkrtoit quhstekis. porteaunorny seiah, wòthvhr ckfhn es

ushf, et shhcs anhor tòt kiny ei skut`hrickst Hurkph whaoi hxphat o akiteiukus Ceffnh Tnhestkahih oraòhknkmeaonrhakrf, grhh grkc semiegeaoit hiverkichiton akistroeits.Qua` es t`h aosh kg t`h Ebhreoi subakiteihit.

Geion rhcorl

Bhtwhhi t`h eieteon hnobkroteki kg tès pophr (Qhpthcbhr

?551) oif ets geion rhveseki (Cora` ?558) skch ihwkbshrvotekis summhsthf kiah omoei t`h pkssebnh kaaurrhiahkg o saorah ùcoi kaaupoteki ei Ebhreo, foteim boal tk t`hgeion Horny Tnhestkahih. Ihor Whito Ceahio, ei t`h Muofex-Bozo bosei, o seth akitoeieim o sconn, but eiquhstekiobnh,netèa eifustry, Guhithiuhvo 1, òs bhhi nkaothf (OnoeiVurq, phrskion akccuieaoteki, tk bh pubnes`hf ei t`h"Akcpth Rhifu fh n'Oaofåceh fhs Qaehiahs", Tores),opporhitny fothf tk t`h Jocorennk hvhit (a. 584/054 Lyr BT)ki t`h boses kg mhkckrp`knkmeaon, shfechitory oif gouio!arethreo. Vès efho shhcs tk bh rheigkrahf by ihwa`rkiknkmehon foto ki t`h nkwhr bhfs kg t`h Otopuhraoshquhiah (VF6 tk VF7 nhvhns) oif ki t`h ceffnh-upphr

thrroahs kg t`h Fkurk revhr. Ei tès rhmorf, t`h `ypkt`hses kgo geion Horny Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki ei Ebhreo rhcoeis oikphi quhsteki, hsphaeonny bhaoush et shhcs anhor ikw tòtorkuif ? Cyr omk ùcois whrh onrhofy ot t`h skut`hrigrkitehrs kg Hurkph, grkc t`h Aouaoseoi orho tk t`h nettkronkg Ckrkaak. V`h areteaon opprkoa` ushf ei tès pophr pnoysoi ecpkrtoit rknh, os et bhaoch aurrhit ei t`h nost twkfhaofhs tk oaahpt uiareteaonny onckst onn eifeaotekis kgoiaehit ùcoi kaaupotekis ei Ebhreo, oif hnshw`hrh. But, os]. Rkhbrkhls onrhofy ikthf (?556, 142), kih kg t`hofvoitomhs kg t`h "s`krt a`rkiknkmy" sahiorek, govkurhf bykurshnvhs oif ckst kg t`h porteaepoits ei t`h "Voutovhnchhteim", es tòt "et es hosy tk gonsegy". Coybh t`h rhahit

geifs grkc Ebhreo, eg prkvhi tk bh vonef ei t`h guturh, aoiyehnf t`h hvefhiah wèa` es aurrhitny stenn cesseim.




rhghrhiahs

Omuerrh, H. ?505 Whrthbrofks fhn Tnhestkahik Akiteihiton. Ei: Copo fhn Auothriorek fh Hspoio, 6=-75,Eistetutk Vhaiknñmeak Mhk-Ceihrk fh Hspoio, Cofref.

?55? Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeis fh no Thieisuno Ebårequh. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif

B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?61-?84, Tores: [email protected].

?50= Hn @kcbrh gñsen fh nbhos y hn Tnhestkahik fh no Qehrro fh Otopuhrao, Juito fh Aostenno yNhñi, Wonnofknef.

Onechi. @.

?554 V`h Otopuhrao seths oif t`h nbhos `kceiefs, @ucoi Hvknuteki 8(?), 88-=1, Gnkrhiah.

?5=8 Nhs est`chs èspoik-corkaoei ht seaenk-teiesehi oux thcps oa`hunåhis, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh =155-617, Tores.

Oituihs. C.V..J.N. Aorfksk,C. Gourh

?500 Tråshiah fh @eppkpktocus eiakmietus ou Tkrtumon ht Rhcorquhs sur nhs Qeths _uothrioerfh Chonòfo, Akcuieaoa÷hs fks Qhrveaks Mhknñmeaks fh Tkrtumon =6, ?78-?=2, Nesbko.

Orioëz. C.O. ?554 Nos kaupoaekihs fh Qoi _uerah fhn rek Tesuhrmo< rhgnhxekihs skbrh no kaaupoaeki fhn hspoay sus ecpneaoaekihs. Bkn. Qhc. fh Orth v Orquhknkmeo fh no Xiev. fh Wonnofknef NWE, 28-1=

Orsuomo. J.N.,J.C. Bhrcufhz Fh Aostrk

?506 Hstufek fh nks rhstks ùcoiks fhn yoaecehitk fh no Akvo fhn Vksson fh no Gkit (Wenno-gocås, Aosrhnnñi), Auofhriks fh Trh est. y Orquhkn. Aosthnnkihish ?4, ?0-16, FeputoaeñTrkveiaeon fh Aosthnnñi.

Borrksk, A,J.J. Furoi,G. Chfeio,O. Ckrmofk

Bebhrski. T.

?551 Hn mnoaes-thrrozo fh Onjoeco (Conomo) y su eifþstreo oa`hnhish , Hn Auothriorek hi Hspoi

y Tkrtumon ?, 105-15=, hf. EVMC oif OH_XO, Cofr ef.

?57? Nh Tonåkne tèquh eigårehur fu Corka otnoit equh, Tubn. fhs Qhrveahs fhs Oitequetås fu

Corka, gosh. ?=, Robot.

Bkrfhs. G.

Bkrfhs, G..An. Wemuehr

?5=? Kbshrvotekis sur ?'Oa`hunåhi fhs mrktths hi Fkrfkmih, Cuiebh 21, 8-21.

?575 Tråshiah fh monhts toennhs fh typh oiaehi fois no råmeki fh Aorckio (Qhvenno, Hspomih),Akcpths r. fh E'Oaofåceh fhs Qaehiahs fh Tores, 275 (F), ?567-?56=.

Bkrfhs, G.,An. Vèbounn

?5== V`kum`ts ki t`h eieteon Ofoptoteki kg @kceiefs tk Hurkphoi Mnoaeon Anecoths, _uonhrio

Rhshora 0, ??8-?2=.

Bkthnno, C.A.,J.O. Whro,J. Tkrto

?5=8 Hn yoaecehitk oa`hnhish fh Qknoio fhn Zocbkreik. Gkihnos (Mroiofo), Auofhriks fh

Trhèstkreo fh no Xievhrsefof fh Mroiofo ?, ? -67.

Brhuen. @..

M. Zbyszhwsle

?562-68 Akitrebuteki o n'åtufh fhs eifustrehs ponhknetèquhs fu Tkrtumon ht fh nhurs roppkrts ovha

no mhknkmeh fu _uothrioerh, Akcuieaoa÷hs fks Qhrveaks Mhknñmeaks fh Tkrtumon 21 oif27, Nesbko.

Aoik Toi, J.O. ?55? Nos eifustreos Etteaos tonnofos hi no aksto fh no Muorfeo o Boekio. Feputoaeñi Trkveiaeonfh O Akruio.

Aorbkihnn, H.,J. Aoion.I. Qobaèz

?5=0 Hn Oa`hnhish suphrekr fh Tuem f'Hsaonts, No Qhnvo (Mhrkio), Auofhriks fh Trhèst. y Orquhkn. Aosthnnkihish 8, 8-25.



21

Aorbkihnn, H.


?5=5 Rhsuntofks prhneceiorhs fh nks trobojks hghatuofks hi hn yoaecehitk fhn Tnhestkahik chfekfh 'Aou f'hi Bkrros' (Krkphso, Aosthnnñi), Auofariks fh Trhèst. y Orquhkn. Aosthn-

nkihish 7, =-?=, Aosthnnñi no Tnoio.

Auiò-Rebherk, J.T.

Feoz Fhn Knck. G. ht onneo

Ghek, C.

Ghrioifhz Thres, J.

M.H.T.T.

Mebhrt, J.

Menhs Toa`hak, G.,O. Qoiteomk,J.C. Muteårrhz,H. Coto N. Omuenhro

Menhs Toa`hak, G.,J.C. Muteårrhz Nñphz,O. Qoiteomk Tårz,H. Coto Onckinh.Omuenhro Rkfi'muhz

Muse Jhihr, G.,H. Aorbkihnn Rkuro,J. Hsthvhz Hsaonhro,R. Ckro.J. Coothu Bhnnhs,R. Unn

?502 Auhvo Weatkreo (Curaeo, Hspogeo): numor fh kaupoaeñi ùcoio cos oitemuk fh noThieisuno ebåreao, Hifeis 0, 6=-8=, Tonco fh Connkrao.

?552 Hxaurseki on nks yoaecehitks chskpnhestkahieaks fh no Qehrro fh Otopuhrao, Est Eithr

iotekion Chhteim ki Vhaìeaon systhcs tk Akigemurh Netèa Kbjhts kgQaorah Hnobkroteki,20-78, Vorromkio.

?554/5? Eithrvhiaok orquhknñmeao io hstoaok oa`hunhish fo _ueito fk Añihmk/Tkus eos, Tkrtumoneo,

ikvo såreh, PE-PEE, =-27, Eist. fo Orquhknkmeo, GNXT, Tkrtk.

?552 K Tonhkneteak ik vonh fk rek Nes, Rhvesno fo Goaunfofh fh Nhtros EP(EE), 64?-672, Tkrtk.

?552/51 Akitrebueaok poro k hstufk fk Tonhkneteak fk vonh fk rek Nes ik shu akithxtk arkik-hstrotemrogeak, Tkrtumfneo, ikvo såreh, PEEE-PEW, =-?1=, Eist. fo Orquhknkmeo, GNXT, Tkrtk.

?505 Vhrrozos pnhestkahios fhn Muofonqueve r kaaefhiton: mhkckrgknkmgo, suhnks, ponhksuhnks yshauhiaeo aunturon. Ei: Hn Auothriorek hi Oifonuaeo kaaefhiton, 2=-1?, Qhvenno: OH_XO.

?551 Auothriorek y shquhiaeo ponhkne'teao hi nos thrrozos fhn bojk y chfek Muofonquever:onuvekiocehitks. aknuvekihs, suhnks y ponhksuhnks. WE Jkcofos fh Orquhknkmeo Oifonuzo,

Juito fh Oifonuaeo, @uhnvo.

?567 Ks thrroaks fk Muofeoio o jusoith fk Orfeno, Akcuieaoa÷hs fks Qhrveaks Mhknñmeaks fh

Tkrtumon PPWEE, 1-01, Nesbko.

?554 Hn Tonhkneteak eighrekr hi hn Toes Wonhiaeoik, Xiev. fh Wonhiaeo (t`hses).

?5== K hstufk fk Tonhkneteak fo orho fk Rñfok, K Orquhñnkmk Tkrnumuês, shreh 1, =-5, 1?-6=.

?508 Whito Ceahio: ui fhns joaechits ùcois chs oiteas f'Hurkpo, Vrebuio fy orquhknkmeo

?501-06, 81-80, Borahnkio: Ferhaaeñ Mhi. Totreckie Orestea.

?505 Hn pkbnocehitk ponhkneteak hi hn vonnh fhn rek Muofonh th, Hn Auothriorek hi Oifonuaeo

kaaefhiton, 61-8=, OH_XO, Qhvenno.

?552 Qhquhiaeo ponhkne'teao fhn vonnh fhn Muofonhth: prechrks rhsuntofks, Orquhknkmeo ?18,?7-27, Cofref.

?551 Hn Tonhkneteak Eighrekr fh no Nomuio Chfeio (Jhrhz fh no Grkithro, Aofez), Hn Auothriorek

hi Hspogeo y Tkrtumon ?, 671-6=1, hf. EVMC oif OH_XO, Cofref.

?501 Ovoiah prhneceior skbrh hn yoaecehitk fhn Tnhestkahik chfek fh no Akvo fhn Vksson fh noGkit (Wennogocås, Aosthnnñi), Auof. fh Trhèst. y Orquhkn. Aosthnnkihish ? (?504), =-25,Aosthnnñi no Tnoio.

Nouthisoa`. @. ?57= Mhkmrogeo fh Hspogeo y Tkrtumon, hf. Weahis Wevhs, Borahnkio.




Nucnhy-]kkfyhor, @. fh

Cortëi-Thihno, O.

Cherhnas. J.

Ckneio, H.

Tårhz Mkizonhz, O.

?5=? Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fu Cefe cåfethrroiåhi fois ski aofrh måknkmequh.t. EE, Bos-Noimuhfka, Rkussennki, Aotonkmih, Monneo-Tråèstkerh W suppn., Tores.

?50= Tonhkitknkmeo fh nks mroifhs cocnghrks fhn yoaecehitk oa`hnhish fh no Qknoio fhn

Zocbkreik (Gkihnos, Mroiofo), Mroiofo Xievhrsety (t`hses).

?507 Trkbnhcos h phrsphatevos fk _uothcorek fk netkron cei`ktk o ikrth fk rek Neco, Aofhr

fh Orquhknkmeo ??(1), ??-?6=.

?55? Mhkckegknkmeo y mhkqueceao fhn poesojh, Xiev. fh Qonocoiao.

?502 Ihñmhik y Auothriorek fh no Nnoiuro coia`hmo y sus rhnoaekihs aki no auhiao

fhn Vojk, Xiev. Akcpnuthish fh Cofref (t`hses).

Tårhz Mki/onhz. O..C. Qoitkijo,J. Monnorfk

?502o Hn Auothriorek fh no rhmeñi ahitron fh no auhiao fhn Fuhrk, Oatos ? Rhuieñi skbrh

Mhknkmeo fh no Auhiao fhn Fuhrk EE, =?=-=64, Eist. Mhkn. y Ceihrk. Cofref.

?502 _uothriory @estkry kg Cojkr Revhr Wonnhys kg t`h Aosteneoi Boseis - Ahitron Qpoei. PEEI_XO Akimrhss Obstroats EE, 261, Cksakvk.

_uhrkn, C.O.,C. Qoitkijo

Ropksk, N.

?5=5 Hn yoaecehitk oa`hnhish fh Teihfk (Vknhfk), Hxa. Orquhkn. hi Hspoio ?47, Cofref,Ceiesthrek fh Aunturo.

?501 Hn yoaecehitk fh aoitks trobojofks fh Hn Oaunofhrk (Tuhrtk fh Qoito Coreo, Aofez), Hxa

Orquhkn. hi Hspoio ?14, Cofref, Ceiesthrek fh Aunturo.

?508 Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur oraòequh ou Tkrtumon : benoi fhs akiioesssoiahs, Buen. fh no

Qkaeetå Tråèstkrequh Groiaoesh 02 (7), ?=1-?02.

?50= Ks coes oitemks vhstemeks fh kaupoaok ùcoio ponhk`'teao io rhmeok fh Rñfok, Fo Trå-

@estñreo f @estñreo (vknuch fh @kchiomhc o Katovek fo Whemo Ghrrhero), ?81-?=0, hf.Fhnto, Nesbko.

Ropksk, N.,J.R. Aorrhero,C. Qonvofkr

?508 O hstoaok oa`hunhish geion fh Cenòrñs, Wonh fk Gkrik, Onpeorao, Oatos fo E Rhuieok fk

_uothcorek Ebåreak 2, =5-54.

Ropksk. N. ?551 N'Oa`hunåhi fois no vonnåh fu Vomh, ou Tkrtumon, Tu`n. fu AHRT 6, Xiev. fhs Qaehiahs Vhaìknkmehs fh Nennh (ei prhss).

?551o K Oa`hunhish ik vonh fk Vhjk, hc thrretñrek pkrtumuês, Orquhknkmeo h @estñreo P(EEE),?8-6?, Nesbko.

Ropksk, N.,J.R. Aorrhero

Rkfremuhz Oshisek, J.O.

?507 Oahrao fo hxestêiaeo fh akcpnhxks eifustreoes prå-oa`hunhishs ik thrretñrek pkrtumuês,K Orquhñnkmk Tkrtumuês, 6O[(6), =-54, Nesbko.

?501 No prhshiaeo ùcoio cos oitemuo hi Ostureos. Hn Tonhk`'teak eighrekr y chfek, Hstufeks

Orquhkn. Ostureoio 2, Guif. Tþbneao fh Auhvos y Uoaecehitks Trhèstkreaks fh Ostureos,Kvehfk.

Rkhbrkhls, ].

Rknnoif. I.

Ruez Bustks. O..J. Ceaòux

?556 Xpfoteim t`h Hornehst Kaaupoteki kg Hurkph, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 18, 14?-148.

?552 V`h Tonohknetèa aknkiezo teki kg Hurkph: Oi oraòhknkmeao n oif bekmhkmropèaphrsphatevh, Vrobojks fh Trhèstkreo 65, 75-???.

?5=7 Nh seth pråèstkrequh ikuvhou fh Aþnnor-Bozo E (Mrhiofh, Hspomih) , f'omh Tnhestkahihckyhi. Åtufh pråneceioerh ht oionysh fh no gouih fh Rkimhurs. Mhknkmeh Chfethrroiiåh

EEE-1, ?=1-?02.



28

Qoitkijo, C.

Qoitkijo, C.,O. _uhrkn

Qoitkijo, C.,O. Tårhz Mkizonhs

Qoitkijo, C.T. Wenno

Qoitkijo, C,H. Ckesshiht,O. Thrhz. Mkizonhz

Xtrenno, T.

Whmo Vksaoik, N.-M.

/ o / k . AJ.N. Mky,A.J. Fobrek,J. Aeves,J. Bohio

Zbyszhwsle, M.


?50? Aoroathi'steaos mhihronhs fhn Tonhk`'teak eighrekr fh no Chshto hspoikno, Iucoineo E, 5-76.

?508 Hn yoaecehitk oa`hnhish fh Hn Qortonhjk (vonnh fhn Onomñi, Aoahrhs ). Hstufek prhneceior,Qhrehs fh Orquhknkmes Hxtrhchio 2, ?-?45, Xiev. fh Hxtrhcofuro, Aoahrhs.

?552 No ofoptoaeñi on chfek hi hn Tonhknnteak eighrekr fh no Thieisuno e`åreao. Hnhchitks poro

uio rhgnhxeñi, Hnhgoiths, aehrvks y kveaopreiks, 1=-=7, hf. O. Ckurh Rkcoiennk, Xiev. fhAoitobreo, Qoitofhr.

?556 Hn Tonhk`'teak eighrekr hi no Qubchshto ikrth y hi on hitkrik fh Otopuhrao. Bonoiah fh nksakikaecehitks hi ?552, Hvknuaeñi ùcoio hi Hurkpo y nks yoaecehitks fh no Qehrro fh

Otopuhrao, vkn. 2, 62?-666 , Juito fh Aostenno y Nåki.

?504 Nos eifustreos oa`hnhishs hi no rhmeñi fh Cofref, Kaupotekihs oa`hnhishs hi hn vonnh fhn

Joroco. Ei: C. Qoitkijo ht on. (hfs), Tubn. fh no Feputoteñi Trkveiaeon, Cofref.

?502 Eifustreos fhn Tonhknnteak eighrekr oraoeak hi no Chshto hspoikno, @kchiomh o Ghrioifhz-Aèaorrk, Cofref, ?0-26, Ceiesthrek fh Aunturo.

?506 Nos eifustreos ponhk`'teaos fh No Coyo E hi su ocbetk rhmekion, H.xaov. Orquhkn. hi

Hspoio ?18, Cofref, Ceiesthrek fh Aunturo.

?554 V`h Nkwhr Tonhknetèa kg Qpoei oif Tkrtumon, Jkurion kg ]krnf Trhèstkry 6 (?), 68-56.

?552 Auhsto fh no Bojofo (Vhruhn) . Iuhvk sgtek Tonhk`'teak eighrekr. Bun. fhn Qhceioreo fh

Hstufeks fh Orth y Orquhknkmeo, NWEEE, 28-68, Xiev. fh Wonnofknef.

?506 Hn Tonhknnteak hi hn aursk chfek fhn rek Hbrk, Aono`krro y su hitkrik, Aono`krro,

Betienhiorek fh su guifoaeñi, Cofref, Ceiesthrek fh Aunturo.

?505 Kaupoaekihs ùcoios hi hn Tnhestkahik fh no Fhprhseñi Muofex-Bozo: hnhchitks fhfesauseñi. Ei: C.V. Onbhrfe oif G.T. Bkiofkio (hfs), Mhknkmeo y Tonhkitknkmeo fh no

Auhiao fh Muofex-Bozo, Vrobojks Ihñmhik-Auothriorek ??, 12=-168, Cushk fh AeêiaeosIoturonhs, Cofref, A.Q.E.A.

?508 Tonhkmhkmroggo fh no fhshcbkaofuro fhn Muofonquever on akcehizk fhn Auothriorek, Oatos fh no ? Rhuieñi fhn Auothriorek nbåreak, vkn. ?, 67?-6=2.

?567 Åtufh Måknkmequh fh no Råmeki f'Onpeorao, Akcuieaoa÷hs fks Qhrvemks Mhknñmeaks fh

Tkrtumon PPWEE, ?68-27=, Nesbko.

Nues RopkskCushu Ioaekion fh OrquhknkmeoTroao fk Ecpårek?644 NesbkoTkrtumon

Coiuhn QoitkijoCushk fh QonocoiaoTotek fh Hsauhnos, 21=440 QonocoiaoHspoio



kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: EtonyCorm`hreto Cusse 2 V`h hornehst

Vès pophr rhvehws vorekus osphats kg t`h rea` Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa rhakrf kg Etony, w`hrh ùcoi mrkups whrh

ahrtoeiny neveim by obkut 844 tk 744 Lyr BT< t`h hvefhiah

gkr oi hornehr kaaupoteki es ikn akcphnneim vht. Kphi oif

akcpkseth hiverkichits whrhgovkurhf n9y t`h getst

eiòbetoits, w`ksh orthgoats orhgkuif osskaeothf wet`

,???????,en `kihs on shvhron seths, t`kum` uiocbemXKXQ hvefhiah

gkr ùcoi eivknvhchit wet` t`hsh goiios es rorh. Tort kg

t`h neoneoi "Nkwhr Tonohknetèa suaahss" cem`t `h rhnoxhf

tk t`h reaìass oif t`h vorehty kg hiverkichits.

?. EitrkfuatekiEtony es likwi tk òvh o semiegeaoit Nkwhr Tonohknetèa

rhakrf (Gem. ?) (Cusse ?552). Ei tès pophr, wh wenn hxoceiht`h kvhronn seth prhshrvoteki, oif prhshit o survhy kg lhyseths. V`hi akitrkvhrseon osphats kg foteim wenn bh fesausshf,ponohkhiverkichits aòroathreshf, oif t`h hvefhiah rhnothftk subsesthiah, os whnn os tk skch osphats kg netèa typknkmyoif thaìknkmy, wenn bh akcchithf upki. Ceikr seths, krseths wèa` orh just pkkrny fothf, wenn onsk bh tolhi eitkoaakuit. Ei kur akianusekis, wh wenn akisefhr Etony ei obrkofhr phrsphatevh. oif put gkrworf skch `ypkt`hses ki

t`h aoushs govkureim oi horny shttnhchit ei t`h orho.Ikt eianufeim t`h coiy uiakitrknnhf surgoah aknnhatekis,

skch 64 seths orh anoechf tk bh os horny os, kr hornehr tòi,KEQ 5: tòt es, t`hy orh opprkxecothny ckrh tòi 144 Lyrknf. ]h wenn ikt fesauss `hrh wòt sua` o "seth" es: et eshikum` tk rhchcbhr tòt t`hy roimh grkc Wona`httoAortkie, wet` twk gnolh ecpnhchits, tk Whikso kr Eshrieo,w`hrh cunte-noyhrhf fhpksets orh aurrhitny hxaovothf kvhrorhos kg ùifrhfs kg squorh chtrhs.

V`h a`rkiknkmy es boshf ki fegghrhit shts kg hvefhiah,sua` os rofekchtrea foths, ponohkcomihtesc, mhk-strotemroptþaon akrrhnotekis oif hvknutekiory aòroathresteaskg osskaeothf gouios. Ei tès rhsphat, wh wenn ikt tolh eitkoaakuit rhghrhiahs tk thaìknkmeaon kr typknkmeaonaòroathresteas kg t`h eifustrehs, kgthi nhofeim tk shreotekisgrkc suppkshfny ckrh oraòea tk ckrh hvknvhf eifustrehs.

Rofekchtrea foths orh ovoenobnh ot shvhron seths, bhaoushkg t`h coiy vknaoikhs wèa` òvh bhhi oatevh fureim t`hTnekahih oif t`h Tnhestkahih (Gem. 2). Vès es ei turi rhnothftk t`h eithish thatkiea oatevety grkc t`h noth Cekahih

kiworfs, w`hi t`h Ophiieihs storthf tk roesh grkc t`hprhvekus sònnkw sho (Arhcosaè oif Aèhso ?552). V`hkrkmhihses kg t`h Ophiieihs, wèa` orh t`h boalbkih kg t`hphieisuno oif akiteiuh eitk Qeaeny, es onsk rhnhvoit tkoraòhknkmy gkr oikt`hr rhoski: wènh t`her hosthri hfmhhxphrehiahf akcprhssevh thatkieas, rhsunteim ei oionthrioteki kg fhhphihf boseis oif upnegthf orhos, t`herwhsthri hfmh hxphrehiahf festhisevh thatkieas, wèa` nothrki nhf tk t`h gkrcoteki kg gnuvek-noaustreih boseis wèa`, osot Eshrieo, Whikso, Oiomie, ottroathf `hrfs kg `hrbevkrhs

oif t`her prhfotkrs, oif ùcoi mrkups os whnn (Gem. 1).Bkih prhshrvoteki es kgthi mkkf ei sua` hiverkichits,wèa` oaakuits gkr oi ecpkrtoit port kg t`h oraòhknkmeaonrhakrf.

Tonohkcomihtea fhthrceiotekis orh kgthi otthcpthf.@kwhvhr, hvhi w`hi tès cht`kf es ghosebnh oifopprkpreoth, sphaegeh fhthrceiotekis orh choieimgun kinyeg getthf eitk o akcpnhth shquhiah kg hvhits kg likwia`rkiknkmy (shh Oetlhi, tès vknuch) - wèa` es ikt onwoyst`h aosh gkr oraòhknkmeaon seths.

Mhk-strotemropèa akrrhnotekis cust tolh eitk oaakuit t`hmhkmropèaon phauneoretehs kg Etony. V`h hnkimothf oif

iorrkw phieisuno oif t`h esnoifs òvh onckst 5444 lc kgakosts, oif gnuveon systhcs kg necethf hxthit: t`h Tk, wèaès by gor t`h cojkr revhr, es 782 lc nkim, wènh t`hrh orhfkzhis kg revhrs ei t`h roimh kg ?44 lc nkim. O normh portkg t`h mhkckrp`knkmeaon oif shfechitory prkahsshs esakishquhitny ferhatny neilhf tk sho nhvhn gnuatuotekis.Akrrhnotekis wet` esktkpea stomhs orh opprkpreoth oif ckrhsemiegeaoit tòi ei gunny Akiteihiton ports kg Hurkph.@kwhvhr, t`h "coreih akitrkn" kg t`h shfechitoteki es oprkbnhc ei etshng: einoif, hxthisevh hrkseki surgoahs fhvhnkpos o akishquhiah kg gonneim sho-nhvhns. Oiy mhk-a`rkik-nkmeaon sa`hch eianufhs o gunn sht kg hrksekion pòshs,akrrhnothf tk t`h mnoaeon kihs, akitrosteim wet` eithrmnoaeonfhpkseteki phrekfs (shh gkr eistoiah Ocbrkshtte ht on. ?5=2).Et es ik surpresh tòt t`h oraòhknkmeaon rhakrf es cua`beoshf tkworfs worc anecotea pòshs, oif kff-iucbhrhfesktkpea stomhs, w`hi shfechits whrh fhpksethf, ikthrkfhf. V`h mops aoi bh gennhf w`hrh ioturon "shfechitorytrops" kaaur, sua` os aovhs oif thatkieaonny akitrknnhfboseis.



20 V@H HORNEHQV KA'A'n TOË ËKI ()\ ?? RKn'e:

Gem. ?. Qeth nkaoteki. ?: Mr. fhn

Aknkcbk< 2: Aknneioeo< 1: Bebbkio<

6: Ckith Thmneo< 8: Vkrrh ei Tehtro<

7: Aosthn fe Muefk< =: No Tknnh-

froro< 0: Conomrktto< 5: Wona`htto

Aortkie< ?4: Reoik< ??: Gkitoio

Roiuaaek< ?2: Aknnh Coreik<

?1: Ikaeaaèk< ?6: Orah< ?8: Gki

toio Nere< ?7: Aostrk fhe Wknsae<

?=: Aovo Tkcpe< ?0: Eshrieo No

Teihto< ?5: Rksoihtk< 24: Aoshnno

fe Coefo< 2?: Weskmneoik< 22: Ckith

Tkmmeknk< 21: Nh Qvknth< 26: Wonnh

Meuchiteio< 28: Gkah fhn Vkrrhith

Rkcoifotk< 27: Mrktto Tomneaae (Rep.

hsthrik)< 2=: Othnno< 20: Whikso

Nkrhtk, Whikso Iktoraèreak.

Os t`h coiy eitro-Ophiieih boseis òvh prhshrvhf oihxthisevh orroy kg gouion osshcbnomhs, o wefhny ushfbeka`rkiknkmy òs bhhi wkrlhf kut, wèa` es coeiny boshfki t`h normhr coccons. Et es onsk ushf ot oraòhknkmeaonseths, eg bkihs orh prhshrvhf. @kwhvhr, normh coccon

avknuteki es rot`hr snkw, oif fkhs ikt onnkw èmà`rkiknkmeaon rhsknuteki. Gurt`hrckrh, et es o rhnotevhtech-saonh, wèa` cust bh oia`krhf tk obsknuth a`rkiknkmyby fothf rhghrhiah osshcbnomhs. Oiy aòimh ei t`h omh kgt`h notthr kihs òs akishquhiahs ki o normh iucbhr kgkaaurrhiahs oif aoi nhof tk o rh-eithrprhtoteki kg o w`knhshquhiah (shh Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tèsvknuch).

2. Lhy sethsV`h seths wèa` òvh bhhi ckrh oaaurothny fothf gkrc o

rhghrhiah mref gkr coiy kt`hrs. ]h wenn brehgny fhsarebh oifesauss t`h ckrh rhnhvoit kihs.

2.?. CKIVH TKMMEKNK (RKCOMIO)Ckith Tkmmeknk, bhtwhhi Bknkmio oif Receie, es setuoth

ot oi ontetufh kg 244 c obkvh sho nhvhn, skch 64 lc owoygrkc t`h ckfhri Ofreotea s`krhs (Oitkieozze ht on. ?506<Oitkieozze ht on. ?500< Oitkieozze ht on. ?551< Thrhttk?552). @kwhvhr, et es ossuchf tòt w`hi phkpnh shttnhft`hrh gkr t`h gerst tech t`h akost wos ihorhr oif t`h Tkvonnhy stenn o mung kg t`h sho.



25 CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVON U

K 244 lcK •

Gem. 2. V`h vknaoikhs (aeranhs) oatevh fureim t`h Tnhestkahih.

On t`h bosh kg t`h nkhon shquhiah, t`hrh orh coreih anoys,t`h "Ormennh Ozzurrh", ?.6-?.1 Cyr knf. V`h oraòhknkmeaon

rhcoeis orh eianufhf ei t`h kvhrnoyeim mrovhns kg o fhntoeafhpkset. Ei o seimnh nhvhn kg t`h notthr kih (nhv. ?4=),rhcioits kg ihmotevh ponohkcomihtesc whrh prhshrvhf. Vèswos eithrprhthf os choieim tòt t`h fhpkset es prh-Brui`hs,oif t`hrhgkrh ckrh tòi 4.=1 Cyr knf.

V`h fhntoea mrovhns òvh bhhi akrrhnothf wet` port kg osoify fhpkset aonnhf "Qobbeh Meonnh", o corlhr ei t`hrhmekion mhknkmehon shquhiah. Ogthr t`h conoaknkmeaonosshcbnomh gkuif ot ets bosh, t`h ponohkcomihtea shquhiahwkrlhf kut ei et, oif twk HQR foths ki quortzeth mroeis`hothf by hxpksurh tk sui nem`t, oi omh ei t`h roimh kg? Cyr òs bhhi put gkrworf gkr t`h "Qobbeh Meonnh" oif,

akishquhitny, gkr t`h oraòhknkmeaon seth ei t`h fhntoeafhpkset.

Ik bkihs orh prhshrvhf. Qkch 6444 netèa ecpnhchits,grhs` kr snem`tny poteiothf, whrh rhtrehvhf by surgoahaknnhateki. V`hy orh queth sconn ei sezh os gneit phbbnhseesuonny nhss tòi ?4 ac nkim whrh ushf. Vès osshcbnomheianufhs 224 rhtkua`hf gnolh tkkns - ckstny ikta`hs,fhiteaunoths oif sefh sarophrs. O substoiteon iucbhr kg akrh

0 ?4 ?2 ?6 ?7 ?0[

Gem. 1. Tnhestkahih gnuvek-noaustreih boseis (ogthr Fhsek ?5=1, Gem. ?=7,

wet` ckfegeaotekis).

tkkns es fhsarebhf os uiegoaeon os whnn os begoaeon a`kppeim-tkkns. Vwk pkny`hfrkis oif twk "prktkòifoxhs" orh onsk

rhakrfhf. V`hrh orh onsk ùifrhfs kg phbbnhs grkc wèa`kiny o seimnh gnolh wos strual.

Rhmunor hxaovotekis, fkwi tk 6 c bhnkw fotuc,gurt`hrckrh yehnfhf ??77 gnolh ecpnhchits, oif ?81 akrhecpnhchits, ckst kg t`hc grkc t`h upphr port kg t`hstrotemropèa shquhiah. V`h rhtkua`hf tkkns orh just ?2 :8sarophrs oif = fhiteaunoths, wènh ik anhor-aut festeiatekiwos pkssebnh bhtwhhi akrhs oif a`kppeim-tkkns. Obkut 2/1kg t`h gnolhs orh tktonny kr porteonny akrteaon, wet` pnoei krakrteaon butts, oif ckst kg t`h akrhs òvh just kih streleimpnotgkrc. Et shhcs tòt ckst kg t`h oatevety ki tès phauneorspkt wos rhnothf tk rot`hr hxphfeìit lioppeim kg t`h nkaonny

ovoenobnh phbbnhs.Kt`hr seths wet` o secenor eifustry oif ei t`h soch

mhihron shtteim òvh bhhi gkuif ei t`h orho, but ikt gunnyeivhstemothf.

2.2. EQHRIEO NO TEIHVO (CKN EQH)

Eshrieo es nkaothf gurt`hr skut`, ckrh kr nhss ei t`h ahitrhkg t`h phieisuno (Boòei ?551< Akntkrte ht on. ?502<




Arhcosaè oif Thrhttk ?500o< Meusbhrte oif Thrhttk ?55?<Thrhttk ?55?< Thrhttk ht on. ?501). V`h oraòhknkmeaonfhpkset hxthifs wet` o voryeim fhisety kvhr oi hstecothforho kg ckrh tòi 14,444 squorh chtrhs. V`rhh shporothoraòhknkmeaon noyhrs whrh eivhstemothf ot gerst, wèa` orhbhnehvhf tk bh anksh ei tech. Hxaovotekis whrh uifhrtolhiei twk fegghrhit eg ihorby orhos, shttkre kr "shatkrs". Eishttkrh E t`hrh orh twk oraòhknkmeaon noyhrs - t.1a, t`hhornehst, gknekwhf by t.1o. Ei shttkrh EE t`hrh es kiny kihnoshr onsk iochf t.1o wèa` es t`h ckse rhahit kih kgt`h shquhiah. V`hrhgkrh, grkc t`h hornehst tk t`h nothst, whòvh: Qhtt. E t.1a, Qhtt. E t.1o, Qhtt. EE t.1o. O gurt`hroraòhknkmeaon `krezki òs rhahitny bhhi fesakvhrhf ei ostrotemropèaon pkseteki ei bhtwhhi t`h nhvhns onrhofy likwi(Oiakihtoie ht on. ?552). V`h ckst sphatoaunor noyhr esQhtt. E t.1o, wèa` es oi ostkiesèim oaaucunoteki kg gouionrhcoeis (ckstny beski, rèik oif hnhpòit bkihs) oif netèaecpnhchits. V`h oraòhknkmeaon nhvhns orh soifwea`hfbhtwhhi t`h geion fhpksets kg o shrehs kg noaustreih kremeioif gnuveon fhpksets.

V`h gknnkweim oiecon sphaehs whrh gkuif, ckstny ei"Qhtt.E t.1o", but wet`kut cojkr fegghrhiahs bhtwhhi kihoraòhknkmeaon noyhr oif t`h ihxt, t`h beski bheim t`h ckstgrhquhit oiecon: Toit`hro nhk gkssenes (o seimnh tkkt`),Xrsus agr. fhieimhre, Hnhpòs oitequus, Qthpòikrèius

`hcetkhaùs, @eppkpktocus ocpèbeus, Qus sarkgo,

Chmoahrks sp., Foco sp., Ahrvefoh, Beski sa`khthisoale,

@hcetromus agr. bkione, Nhpus sp. Qhvhron rkfhit sphaehswhrh onsk rhakmieshf: Tnekcys hpesakpones, T. nhile, T. agr.nhile, Anht`rekikcys sp., Orveakno cksboa`hises (3 Orveakno

thrrhstres aoiteoio), Cearktus orvones/C. omrhstes, C. brha-

aehises, Tetycys sp.

]hnn kvhr ?4,444 netèa ecpnhchits òvh bhhi aknnhathffureim hxaovotekis. V`h eifustry es queth secenor ei t`hvorekus noyhrs, hxahpt gkr t`h noal kg phbbnh tkkns ei "Qhtt.EE t.1o", w`hrh t`hrh es onsk o vhry necethf ockuit kg bkihs.V`h row cothreon wos ovoenobnh ihxt tk t`h seth. Gneit esckstny kg pkkr quonety, oif spnets gknnkweim ioturon gessurhs.Coiy kg t`h ecpnhchits orh oaakrfeimny feggeaunt tkrhakmiesh, oif et aoiikt bh soef eg t`hy orh, kr ikt, brklhiports kg kiah normhr kihs. Nechstkih phbbnhs whrh onskhoseny nkaothf ei t`h surrkuifeims, oif ushf gkr a`kppeim-tkkns.

O fhtoenhf fhsarepteki es ovoenobnh gkr t`h eifustry kg"Qhtt. EE t.1o" w`hrh, os soef, t`hrh orh ik phbbnh tkkns.

64% kg tkkns orh ki "iuanhegkrc" suppkrts, e.h. hxòusthfakrhs oif pnoquhtths, oif gromchits kg t`hc. Iktakisefhreim kaaosekion rhtkua`hs, òng kg t`hc orh anossegehfos bkrhrs, wet` coiy vorehtehs, eianufeim "ckiknothron"kihs - e.h. ecpnhchits wet` rhtkua`hs kr ikta`hs ofjoahittk groaturhs, butts hta... Ihxt akch t`h fhiteaunoths (12.7%),oif t`hi t`h hifsarophrs (=.?%).

V`h obsknuth omh kg t`h oraòhknkmeaon fhpkset woswkrlhf kut t`rkum` fegghrhit cht`kfs. V`hy eianufh L/Orki soiefeih arystons grkc t`h onnuveon fhpkset akvhreim"Qht t. E t.1o" - oif oaakrfeimny ei o rhwkrlhf pkseteki -wèa` wos fothf tk =17 + 6 Lyr BT. Kt`hr socpnhs, grkcfegghrhit eg akrrhnothf fhpksets, strotemropèaonny kvhrnyeimt`h Tonohknetèa nhvhn, whrh akisesthitny fothf tk 704 + 7

Lyr BT oif =14 ¿ = Lyr BT. @em`hr up ei t`h shquhiaht`h rhsunts orh ei t`h roimh kg 844 Lyr BT.

Qhvhi socpnhs, e.h. hnhpòit, rèik oif bhor thht` grkct`h oraòhknkmeaon noyhr, whrh fothf by oceikoaefroahcezoteki, oif gkuif tk bh 884 ¿ ?64 Lyr knf, wet` ochoi vonuh kg 868 Lyr BT. Gevh thht` kg hnhpòit, rèikoif beski, òf oi HQR omh ei t`h roimh kg ?84-?44 Lyr BTrhneceiory ponohkcomihtea eivhstemotekis pkeit tk eivhrthfpknorety. Voleim eitk oaakuit t`h rofekchtrea foth kg=14 Lyr BT, t`h seth wos ossemihf tk o tech anksh tk t`hCotuyoco-Brui`hs troiseteki.

2.1. WHIKQO (BOQENEAOVO)

Whikso es nkaothf ei skut`hri Etony, wetèi t`h OphiieihOgthr rhahit rhshora`, t`h bosei kg Whikso es o fhpksetekionsurgoah kg noth Tnekahih omh, hrkfhf fureim t`h HornyTnhestkahih by nkaon strhocs eitk o nkim oif iorrkw vonnhy?44 c fhhp (Nhgàvrh ht on. ?551o< Qkpreithifhizo Qphaeonon Cushk Iozekionh Trhestkreak Htikmrogeak "N. Temkreie"?55?). Orkuif t`h troiseteki bhtwhhi t`h Horny oif t`hCeffnh Tnhestkahih, t`h hggusevh oatevety kg C. Wunturh,o vknaoik festoit skch 24 lc, prkfuahf normh ockuitskg shfechits tòt t`h strhocs whrh uiobnh tk aorry owoy.V`h `yfrkmhknkmeaon bonoiah wos cua` onthrhf. Os oakishquhiah, wènh t`h vknaoiea oatevety akiteiuhf, sònnkw

nolhs oif cors`hs fhvhnkphf kvhr oi orho kg opprkxecothny84 by 1 lc. V`h fhprhsseki wos prkmrhssevhny ge ? nhf up by14 tk 84 c kg shfechits. V`h notthr whrh hvhituonny hrkfhfogthr ihw thatkiea oatevety fureim t`h Noth Tnhestkahih oiforh ikw gkuif os thrroahf rhcioits.

V`hrh orh shvhron ecpkrtoit seths ei t`h Whikso Bosei.]h wenn akisefhr `hrh t`h shquhiahs gkuif ei twk ihorbynkaonetehs, Nkrhtk oif Iktoraèrehk. V`hy whrh hxaovothf ofegghrhit techs by fegghrhit thocs, oif et es ikt yht pkssebnhtk akrrhnoth oaaurothny t`h twk kg t`hc, wèa` prhshit quethfesteiat shquhiahs.

Whikso - Nkrhtk

O strotemropèa shquhiah kg 14 c. eianufeim 62 nhvhns, wofhsarebhf grkc tès seth (Boëssos ?504< Borron oif Qeckih?501). Oraòhknkmeaon rhcoeis whrh gkuif ei nhv. 2? (3O),nhv. ?0 (3B), oif nhv. 1 (3A) (Gem. 6). ]h wenn ikt gurt`hrakisefhr nhvhn A, wèa` es nothr oif kutsefh kur a`rkikekmeaoroimh. Ckst kg t`h rhshora` akiahitrothf ki noyhr O, 64 tk74 ac tèal, wèa` wos hxaovothf kvhr 28 squorh chtrhs.



1? CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVONU

Onthr Boëssos (?504), ot Nkrhtk t`hrh es oi hxahnnhit oifckst akcpnhth ponohkcomihtea shquhiah. V`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory wos nkaothf ei nhvhns 10-1=, t`h Nhvoiteihvhit ei nhvhns 5-0, oif t`h Jocoeao hvhit ei nhvhns 6-2.Onnhr shfechitknkmeaon oionyshs, `h onsk efhitegehf oshquhiah kg 0 aknf hpeskfhs, onthcoteim wet` cenfhr kihs.@h hvhituonny akrrhnoths kaaupoteki noyhr O wet` KEQ ?1.oif kaaupoteki noyhr B wet` KEQ E ?.

Gouio! rhcoeis orh obuifoit, eg vhry gromchithf. Ei oprhneceiory stufy kg t`h gouio, C-G. Bkiegoy (?5==)rhakmieshf shvhron oraòea, e.h. Wennogroiaèoi, sphaehs.O rhveseki kg t`h gouio, `kwhvhr, runhf kut t`her prhshiah(Onbhrfe ht on. ?500< Oimhnhnne ht on. ?5=0< Aonke oifTonkcbk ?5=5< Aonke oif Tonkcbk ?504). V`h coiy `krshrhcoeis orh ikw efhitegehf os bhnkimeim tk Hquus ogg.sþsshibkrihises oif Hquus ontefhis. V`h bkvefs orh Bks

precemhieus oif oi oraòea beski, e.h. Beski sa`khthisoale

agr. vkemtsthfthises. V`hrh es o aoief wet` coiy oggeietehswet` joalon. @eppks, hnhpòits, shvhron rèiks, coiy fhhroif o ghw bhors orh onsk prhshit.

V`h coiy gnolh ecpnhchits orh ckstny kg gneit, kgthi kgpkkr quonety (Arkvhttk ?55?). Fhiteaunoths cofh byofjoahit anoatkieoi ikta`hs gkrc 68% kg t`h rhtkua`hfgnolhs, fhiteaunoths cofh wet` akiteiukus rhtkua` 22%,ikta`hs nn9'(. sarophrs 5%, pehrahrs 7% (Gem. 8).

Xiegoaeon a`kppeim-tkkns whrh gnolhf grkc nechstkih krseneaekus nechstkih phbbnhs. V`hrh es o seimnh ocymfonkefòifoxh, kg gneit, oif coiy brklhi phbbnhs.

V`h rhveshf gouio! oionyses uifhrneihs a`rkiknkmeaonprkbnhcs. Ogthr Onbhrfe ht on. (?500), t`h hquef osskaeotekies evnonevhny oraòea, oif wkunf eifeaoth oi horny CeffnhTnhestkahih omh. Vès es ei akitrost wet` oi ottrebuteki

(k KEQ ?1 kr E ?. oif tk oi omh ei t`h roimh kg 844 tk684 Lyr BT. e.h. onckst efhiteaon tk Gkitoio Roiuaaek(shh bhnkw), w`hrh t`h gouio es cua` ckrh ckfhri.Gurt`hrckrh t`h beski es nhss hvknvhf ot Nkrhtk tòi otEshrieo, wènh t`h rèikahrks es rhnotevhny precetevh (Aonkeoif Tonkcbk ?504).

Whikso-IktoraèreakEi tès orho ckrh tòi 844 squorh chtrhs òvh bhhi

hxaovothf (Bhnne ht on. ?55?< Aosskne ht on. ?551< Nhgàvrhht on. ?551b< Tephrik ht on. ?554< Qkpreithifhizo Qphaeonhon Cushk Iozekionh Trhestkreak Htikmrogeak "N. Temkreie"? 55 E). Vwhnvh nhvhns whrh gkuif ei o strotemropèa shquhiah

kg = c. Hoa` es shporothf grkc t`h kt`hr by ?4 tk ?44 ac kgsthrenh fhpkset. Ckst kg t`h bkih rhcoeis bhnkim tk Hnhpòs

oitequus oif tk Ahrvefs (Foco anoatkieoio oif Chmoahrks

sknenòaus). gknekwhf by Bks sp. oif Beski sa`khthisoale.

Ogthr o prhneceiory oionyses, netèa thaìknkmy oiftypknkmy orh rot`hr secenor ei nhvhns O, B, A, F, G, M oifEE. E'hbbnh tkkns. kg nechstkih oif seneaekus nechstkih, orh

• • • • • • •

• ' . ' • ' 9 • • : : • . - ' : .

• . - • < • • . •

? c

Gem. 6. V`h strotemrop ea shquhiah kg Whikso-Nkrhtk (secpnegehf ogthr

Borron oif Qeckih ?501).




Gem. 8. Net ea ecpnhchits grkc Whikso-Nkrhtk nhvhn O (rhfrowi ogthr Borron oif Qeckih ?501).Qaonh ei ac.

prhfkceioit: t`hrh orh ckstny a`kppeim-tkkns, oif skchrkbkts oif tèal hifsarophrs os whnn. Coiy phbbnhs orh

just brklai. V`hrh orh o ghw gneit oif quortzeth òifoxhs,rot`hr tèal oif wet` seiukus hfmhs. Gnolh tkkns, ei onecethf iucbhr, orh usuonny queth sconn. Butts orh pnoeioif wefh.

Ei nhvhns Ongo, H oif Hn, ki t`h kppkseth, rhtkua`hf oifuirhtkua`hf gnolhs orh prhfkceioit, oif gneit es t`h ckstgrhquhit row cothreon. V`h osskaeothf phbbnh tkkns orh kgnechstkih. Qk gor, òifoxhs òvh ikt bhhi rhtrehvhf.

Obsknuth foteim wos otthcpthf useim shvhron cht`kfs.O nhvhn kg pyrkanostea soifs aoppeim t`h w`knh oraòhknkm

aon shquhiah wos fothf by VN ki quortz arystons tk 274+64 Lyr BT. O ùcoi bkih, gkuif ?8 ac obkvh nhvhn Ongwos fothf by X/V`, X/To, oif To/V`: t`h ovhromh omh es185 +?86/-5= Lyr. O Bks precemhieus tkkt` grkc nhvhn Onwos fothf by esknhuaeih hpechrezoteki, wet` o rhsunteim omhkg 844 Lyr ¿28-14%. Oikt`hr pyrkanostea soif nhvhn,kvhrnyeim kih kg t`h nkwhrckst noyhrs, e.h. nhvhn G, wosfothf by VN ki quortz arystons tk =81¿74 Lyr BT.



11 CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVONU

V`h cearkcoceions trkc nhvhn Hn, `kwhvhr, just obkvhtès vknaoiea nhvhn, orh eifeaotevh kg o substoiteonny nothromh: t`h osshcbnomh kg Opkfhcus sp., Tnekcys hpesakpones,

Orveakno thrrhstres, Cearkies mr. orvones-omrhstes, Cearktus

ievones, Cearktus (Vhrreakno) sp., summhsts, ogthr Qono (?505),o anecoth hkknhr oif ckesthr tòi tkfoy, oif oi omh ei t`hceffnh pore kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

2.6. GKIVOIO ROIXAAEK (NOZEK)

Gkitoio Roiuaaek es oikt`hr kphi-oer seth ei t`h eiihrport kg t`h phieisuno, ot skch 74 lc skut`host kg Rkch,oif hxaovothf kvhr obkut 74 squorh chtrhs (Gem. 7). Os t`horho es o vknaoiea kih, L/Or foteim wos pkssebnh (Beffettuht on. ?5=5< Beffettu oif Qhmrh ?502< Beffettu oif Qhmrh?506< Motte ?551< Qhmrh oif Osahize ?506< Qhmrh ht on.

?50=). V`h kiny oraòhknkmeaon nhvhn wos gkuif tk bh 680 ¿8.= Lyr knf. Vès foth es broalhthf by o fhthrceioteki kg177 ¿ 6.8 Lyr BT èm`hr up ei t`h strotemropèa shquhiah,oif by 60= ¿ =.8 Lyr BT ot o nkwhr nhvhn. Aonke oifTonkcbk (?507), ei o t`krkum` rhvehw kg gouios grkc

n.oteece, akrrhnoth t`h gouion osshcbnomh, wèa` pkeits tk o

Gem. 7. V`h oraòhknkmeaon fhpkset ot Gkitoio Roiuaaek, mref ei squorh chtrhs (ogthr Motte ?551, wet` ckfegeaotekis).

?: bkih gromchit, 2: wkkf gromchit, 1: stkih orthgoat.

thcphroth oif rot`hr kphi hiverkichit wet` KEQ ??.V`h gknnkweim sphaehs whrh fhthrceihf ei t`h gouion

osshcbnomh: Auki agr. onpeius, Xrsus fhieimhre, Toit`hro nhk

sphnoho, Hnhpòs oitequus, Hquus agr. cksòa`hises, Qthpòik-

rneeius `hcetkhaùs. @eppkpktocus agr. ocpèèus, Qus sarkgo

ghrus, Chmoahrks agr. vhrteakries, Foco anoatkieoio, Ahrvus

hnopùs, Aoprhknus aoprhknus. Bks precemhieus, Beski sp.V`h netèa eifustry es ikt obuifoit, wet` sarophrs, ikta`hs

oif fhiteaunoths ki teiy gnolhs (Gem. =). Gneit oif novo whrhushf os row cothreons. Gevh òifoxhs oif o a`kppeimtkke whrh onsk gkuif. V`hrh orh onsk bkihs wet` rhpkrthfnyrhtkua`hf hfmhs, eianufeim bkih òifoxhs, eithrprhthf ost`h rhsunt kg t`h saoraety kg mkkf netèa row cothreon.

2.8. V@H QEVHQ KG WEO OXRHNEO (NOZEK)

Ei t`h surrkuifeims kg Rkch, o mrkup kg seths anusthrsonkim t`h akost ei t`h veaeiety kg t`h Rkcoi Weo Ourhneo.V`hy orh eianufhf ei fhpksets likwi os t`h "GkrcozekihOurhneo" kr "Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki" (Akiotk ht on. ?504)(Gem. 0). V`h Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki es nothr tòi t`h rknnhf

gromchits kg vknaoieths eianufhf ei et: t`h notthr orh t`h



16 V@H HORN?HQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Z2Y9

Gem. =. Net ea eifustry trkc Gkitoio Roiuaaek (otthr Beffettu oif Qhmrh ?506, oif Motte ?551).

Qaonh ei ac.

"tugk rkssk o sakreh ihrh", ikw fothf tk 662 + = Lyr BT,oif t`h "tugk netkefh", wet` oi omh anksh tk 177 ¿ 6.8 LyrBT (Gkrioshre ?508). V`h Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki wos ferhatnyfothf by HQR ki Mnyaechres s`hnns ot 124-148 Lyr BT(Roftla hn on. ?50?). Os o w`knh, et es akrrhnothf wet` KEQ 5(Aonke oif Tonkcbk ?507).

Vkrrh ei TehtroQkch 244 squorh chtrhs `ovh bhhi hxaovothf ot "Vkrrh

fhn Tomneoaahttk", ei t`h thrretkry kg Vkrrh ei Tehtro.Oa`hunhoi ecpnhchits whrh gkuif ot t`h bosh kg t`h shrehsbhnkimeim tk t`h Gkrcozekih Ourhneo, oif rhghrrhf tk osgrkc "nhvhn c" (Conothsto ?5=0). V`es nhvhn eianufhs




Gem. 0. V`h seths ei t`h vknaoiea surrkuifeims kg Rkch. ? : Vkrrh ei Tehtro< 2 : Aosthn fe Muefk< 1: No

Tknnhfroro< 6: Conomrktto< 8: Wona`htto Aortkie< 7: Reoik< =: Gkitoio Roiuaaek< 0: Aknnh Coreik< 5:

Ikaeaaèk< ?4: Aovo Tkcpe< ??: Aostrk fhe Wknsae< ?2: Orah< ?1: Gkitoio Nere. V`h akost es

opprkxecothny 244 lc nkim, os t`h arkw gnehs. (Ckfegehf ogthr oi kremeion froweim by C.Torkttk).

anhchits kg o rhfhpksethf vknaoiea tugg likwi os "tugkrkssk o sakreh ihrh" (shh obkvh). Et wos gerst fothf ei opekihareim wkrl by Hvhrifhi oif Aurtes (?578), w`khrrkihkusny movh t`h Oa`hunhoi fhpkset oi omh anksh tk t`hkih kg t`h vknaoiea hnhchits: t`h oraòhknkmeaon noyhr es

oatuonny substoiteonny nothr (shh obkvh).V`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhn es ikt o neveim gnkkr: et gkrchf

E`rkum` t`h rafhpkseteki kg hrkfhf rhcioits kg kih kr ckrhseths. Ckst kg t`h gouioS osshcbnomh akisests kg `krsh, rhffhhr, ourka`s oif hnhpòit, wet` skch rèik bkias oifspkrofea aorievkrhs, eianufeim neki.

Qcon! pabbnhs kg nechstkih, seneaekus nechstkih oif@eit whrh ushf tk colh orthgoats (Tephrik oif Beffettu?5=0). Rhtkua`hf tkkns iucbhr ?=1, oif eianufh 8?òifoxhs, 26 a`kppeim- tkkns, 10 sarophrs (ckstny secpnhsefh sarophrs). ?2 ikta`hs, ?4 fhiteaunoths, rhtkua`hfgnolhs oif o ghw bkrhrs, ioturonny boalhf lievas oif

hifsarophrs.

Aosthn fe MuefkOi hxthisevh ponohksurgoah wet` Oa`hunhoi eifustry òs

bhhi hxaovothf ei twk fegghrhit eg anksh orhos, kvhr skch184 squorh chtrhs ontkmht`hr (Oizefhe oif Qhbosteoie ?506<Bksaèoi ?551< Connhmie ht on. ?501< Rofcenne ?506).Oraòhknkmeaon rhcoeis orh ckstny akiahitrothf wetèi oi

hrkseki aòiihn, skch 24 c wefh oif o ghw c fhhp. V`hywhrh akvhrhf by o vknaoiea fhpkset.

Ei t`h hxaovothf cothreon, hnhpòits (kgthi ykuim kreccoturh), `krshs oif ourka`shi orh t`h ckst grhquhitoiecon sphaehs, gknekwhf by fhhr, wènh wenf bkors oif

bhors orh queth rorh.Opprkxecothny 144 netèa ecpnhchits whrh gkuif

ontkmht`hr fureim hxaovotekis. Os ot No Tknnhfroro (shhbhnkw), w`hrh fegghrhiteon prhshrvoteki wos summhsthf, t`hyeianufh ckstny akrh tkkns: ckikgoaeon oif begoaeon a`kppeim-tkkns, òifoxhs oif spnet phbbnhs, onn kg t`hc ei nechstkih krseneaekus nechstkih. V`hi t`hrh es o rhstreathf iucbhr kg gnolhtkkns kg gneit, ckst kg t`hc bheim fhiteaunoths. Ik fåbetomh

wos rhtrehvhf. Qkch gnolhf bkihs whrh fhsarebhf oseithitekionny ckfegehf, oif eianufh bkih òifoxhs.

No Tknnhfroro

V`h seth es aurrhitny uifhr hxaovoteki, oif ckrh tòi184 squorh chtrhs òvh bhhi hxaovothf sk gor (Oizefhe ht

on. ?500< Oizefhe ht on. ?505< Oizefhe oif Oriknfus-@uyzhifvhnf ?552< Oizefhe ht on. ei prhss< Oriknfus-@uyzhifvhnf oif Oizefhe ?551).

V`h fhpkset es o gkrchr ponufon bosei ei oi hsshiteonnygnot noifsaoph kg nolhs, ckkrs oif hp`hchron strhocs. Kihsua` strhoc aoushf t`h nkaon sònnkw ponohk-eiaeseki, oif




gkrceim o aurvh mrofuonny fespnoahf et nothronny grkc host tkwhst. O akiahitroteki kg normh coccon bkihs oif kg netèaeifustry es gkuif ki tès ponohksurgoah (Gem. 5).

V`h strhoc wos tkk whol tk ckvh normh slhnhtonhnhchits, wèa` whrh nhgt uifesturbhf oif skchtechsporteonny orteaunothf, but et wos strkim hikum` tk akiahitrothsconnhr kihs ei t`h fhhphr port kg t`h bosei, kr tk penh t`hc

up ki normhr rhcoeis. Kvhr 7444 oiecon bkihs òvh bhhifesakvhrhf sk gor. V`hrh orh o fkzhi kr sk kg hnhpòits,wet` coturh oif eccoturh oiecons, oif tusls up tk 1.8 cnkim, oif coiy Bks precemhieus rhcoeis kg mrhot sezh, kt`hrsphaehs bheim nhss obuifoit.

Qkch 284 netèa ecpnhchits whrh rhakvhrhf. Qconn gneitphbbnhs whrh ckstny ushf, oif t`hrh orh o ghw normhrseneaekus nechstkih phbbnhs. Row cothreon wos pkssebnyfeggeaunt tk prkaurh, bhaoush kg t`h vknaoiea ioturh kg t`horho oif t`h akishquhit noal kg gneit.

Xirhtkua`hf gnolhs orh queth sconn (=-1? cc) oif prhshitei o vhry necethf ockuit (?2%), prkbobny fuh tk t`hfyioceas kg t`h ponohkhiverkichit. Ckst kg t`h tkkns,eianufeim sarophrs oif fhiteaunoths, orh akrh tkkns, usuonnyki phbbnhs. V`hy kgthi òvh ckrh tòi kih rhtkua`hf hfmhoif cuntepnh tkkns orh grhquhit.

Qarophrs orh prhvonhit. V`hrh orh shvhron hifsarophrs,coiy ikta`hs oif fhiteaunoths, o ghw bureis oif pehrahrs,oif coiy a`kppeim-tkkns. Qkch gnolhf bkihs orh pkssebnhbkih tkkns.

Foteim kg ourka`shi thht` yehnfhf oi omh kg 684 ¿?24Lyr BT by oceikoaef roahcezoteki, oif kih kg ?07 ¿68Lyr BT by HQR. V`h rhsunts orh bnurrhf by t`h èm` ioturonrofekoatevety kg t`h orho.

1. A`rkiknkmy oif a`rkiknkmeaon prkbnhcsO gerst sht kg prkbnhcs nehs wet` seths gkr wèa` o Horny

tk horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih omh òs bhhi anoechf.

V`h hornehst Etoneoi seth wkunf bh Ckith Tkmmeknk.Foteim feggeauntehs sthc grkc t`h hgghatevhihss kg t`hakrrhnoteki bhtwhhi t`h "Qobbeh Meonnh" oif t`horaòhknkmeaon fhpkset: oi omh kg ? Cyr oif ckrh wos putgkrworf gkr t`h "Qobbeh Meonnh", wènh t`h notthr wos iktferhatny fothf.

V`h hvefhiah grkc Eshrieo es skuifhr. @kwhvhr, t`hrh orhprkbnhcs wet` t`h cearkgouio, wèa` eianufhs Orveakno

cksboa`hises, o juiekr syikiyc kg Orveakno thrrhstres

aoiteoio: t`h notthr es oi ecpkrtoit bekstrotemropèaoncorlhr wèa` es fhgeiethny nothr ei omh ot oiy kt`hr Hurkphoiseth (Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tès vknuch< WkiLkhiemswonf oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, ei prhss). Gurt`hrckrh,t`h beski es ckrh hvknvhf tkworfs ckfhri gkrcs tòi otWhikso-Nkrhtk, o seth suppkshfny 244 kr 144 Lyr nothr tòiEshrieo (Aonke oif Tonkcbk ?504). O nothr omh gkr tèssuphrb seth wkunf bhtthr get bekstrotemropèaon akrrhnotekis.

Ot Whikso-Iktoraèreak, oi omh ei hxahss kg =44 Lyr Bgkr t`h nkwhrckst port kg t`h shquhiah wkunf onsk bh quethorny, eg akcporhf wet` kt`hr Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs kgHurkph (shh Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch) , oif tèshorny foth stenn òs tk bh akigerchf by gurt`hr eivhstemotekiEt es onsk ei akitrost wet` t`h a`rkiknkmeaon eifeaotekismevhi by t`h cearkcoccons, wèa` eianufh Orveakno

thrrhstres.

V`h a`rkiknkmy kg kt`hr suppkshfny vhry horny seths escua` nhss whnn osshsshf. Ckith Thmneo, ei Ahitron Etony,yehnfhf cearkgouion osshcbnomhs fkceiothf by Ceckcys

bnoiae oif Onnkpòekcys sp. oif rhghrrhf tk t`h HornyBeòreoi (Woi fhr Chunhi ?5=1). Gevh netèa ecpnhchitswhrh rhtrehvhf kut kg strotemropèaon akithxt, oif et es ikthvhi prkvhf bhykif oiy fkubt tòt t`hy whrh oatuonnygnolhf by ùcois (Tephrik ?5=2). Ot Orah oif ihorbyGkitoio Nere, skut`-host kg Rkch, phbbnh tkkns oif gnolhswhrh pealhf grkc fhpksets fhvkef kg vknaoiea hnhchits, oit`hrhgkrh ossuchf tk prhahfh t`h nkaon vknaoiea oatevety(Beffettu ?5=2< Tephrik ht on. ?506) (Gem. 0). V`h notthr, ei

t`h sk-aonnhf @hrieaoi vknaoiea festreat, storthf ot =44 +24Lyr BT (Gkrioshre ?508). V`h osshcbnomhs grkc AknnhCoreik oif Ikaeaaèk, ikt gor owoy, onsk ossuchf tk bhknfhr tòi =44 Lyr, orh fothf t`rkum` rhmekion akrrhnotekiwèa` òvh bhhi ckfegehf shvhron techs (Beffettu oif Qhm?502< Beffettu ht on. ?5=5< Qhmrh ht on. ?50=< Motte ?551)

Kt`hr seths orh anoechf tk bh ei t`h roimh kg 844 Lyr BOt Aovo Tkcpe, ei skut`hri Noteuc omoei, netèaecpnhchits, os whnn os ùcoi oif oiecon bkihs, whrhaknnhathf oif hxaovothf. V`hy orh soef tk bh strotemropè-aonny kvhrnoei by o bosont gnkw kg a. 644 Lyr BT (Tephrikht on. ?506). Vès akrrhnoteki wos ihvhr ennustrothf ei oiy

fhtoen. Ei o prhvekus pubneaoteki, et wos uifhrneihf tòt etwos o rot`hr fubekus kih, gkr rhoskis eianufeim t`h festoiabhtwhhi t`h kutarkp oif t`h oraòhknkmeaon seth (Beffettuoif Qhmrh ?5=0). Ei t`h Othnno Bosei - anksh tk Whikso -oi omh prhahfeim t`h oatevety kg t`h Wunturh vknaoik, e.h.hornehr tòi 844 Lyr BT, es put gkrworf gkr seths wet` oiOa`hunhoi eifustry (Bkrzotte vki N÷whisthri ht on. ?554).Xigkrtuiothny, t`hrh es ik fhtoenhf mhkstrotemropèaon stufykg t`h oraòhknkmeaon fhpksets. Ki t`h akost kg Vusaoiy, otBebbkio oif Aknneioeo, aknnhathf netèa osshcbnomhs whrhfothf tk KEQ ??, ogthr nkim-festoiah oif s`krt-festoiahmhkstrotemropèaon akrrhnotekis (Monebhrte ?502< Conothstooif Zornhimo ?500< Qorte oif Qtkfute ?502). V`h

typknkmeaon aòroathresteas kg t`h eifustry, fhvkef kgòifoxhs, orh ossuchf tk foth t`h fhpkset, oif t`hrh es ikeifhphifhit anuh gkr obsknuth a`rkiknkmy.

Et es ikt tòt t`h obkvh-chitekihf seths aoiikt bh os knfos summhsthf ei t`h nethroturh, but t`h pkeit es tòt t`hera`rkiknkmy es ikt gunny osshsshf. Coiy ckrh akunf bhchitekihf, eianufeim t`h hornehst seths kg Qeaeny oif



1= CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVONU

Gem. 5. Torteon vehw kg t`hhxaovotekis ot No Tknnhfroro.

Ki t`h nhgt, oi orho focomhf by

pnkum eim. (Akurthsy kg t`h

Qkpreithifhizo ora`hknkmeao feRkco).

Qorfeieo: netèa shrehs wet` a`kppeim-tkkns oif gnolh tkknsòvh bkhi aknnhathf ei Qeaeny, oif osshcbnomhs wet` gnolhtkkns kiny òvh bhhi hxaovothf ei Qorfeieo (Brkmnek ht on.

?552< Corteie ?552< Qhmrh ht on. ?502). but ei ihet`hreistoiah es t`hrh oiy skuif hvefhiah gkr t`her suppkshfmrhot oitequety.

Oi omh ei t`h roimh kg 744 tk 644 Lyr es rhoskiobnysuppkrthf by t`h hvefhiah grkc Whikso-Nkrhtk, port kgWhikso-Iktoraèreak, Gkitoio Roiuaaek, oif hvhi t`hceikr seth kg Wona`htto Aortkie ei t`h surrkuifeims kg

Rkch: ei ?517 twk gnolhs whrh nkaothf by O.A. Bnoia,H. Vkimekrme oif @. Brhuen bhnkw t`h "tugk rkssk ot sakrehihrh", oi emiecbreth ikw fothf ot 662 ¿= Lyr BT (Bnoia?518-?51=: Gkrioshre ?508).

Nothr seths, ei t`h roimh kg 184-144 Lyr BT, orh bhtthrhxhcpnegehf by t`ksh onkimsefh Weo Ourhneo, wènh coiyckrh kg prkbobny secenor omh orh pkkrny fothf. Qkch wennbh chitekihf bhnkw.

6. Trhghrrhf hiverki chitsV`hrh es skch omrhhchit tòt t`h coiy rhcoeis kg

`hrbevkrhs ot shvhron seths cust bh rhnothf tk o rot`hr kphi

hiverkichit, wèa` prkvefhf hikum` posturh gkr t`h `hrfs(Onbhrfe ht on. ?500< Bksaèoi ?551< Aonke oif Tonkcbk?5=0< Qono ?501). @kwhvhr, s`rubs oif tèalhts whrh onskmrkweim, oif `hrbevkrh osshcbnomhs fk ikt pkeit tk trhhnhssmrossnoifs kr sthpphs. Gkr eistoiah, t`h ubequetkus Hnhpòs

oitequus es ossuchf tk òvh bhhi o gkrhst oiecon, boshf kioiotkceaon aòroathresteas eianufeim t`h vhry nkim stroem`ttusls, ikt opprkpreoth gkr mrozeim. Vusls 1 tk 1.8 c nkim orh

kgthi chitekihf, akcporhf wet` t`ksh kg ckfhri Ogreaoihnhpòits wèa` kiny hxahptekionny rhoa` 2.8 c (@oyihs?55?). Et es ossuchf tòt et wos boseaonny o brkwshr, ei mkkfoaakrfoiah wet` ckuiteim hvefhiah kg t`h iutretekionecpkrtoiah kg s`rubby oif orbkrhon gkromh gkr ckfhrihnhpòits (@oyihs ?55?).

Ckrh aeraucstoiteon hvefhiah es ovoenobnh ot skch seths.Ot Ckith Tkmmeknk, o rot`hr necethf ockuit kg pknnhi grkct`h oraòhknkmeaon fhpkset summhsts o akkn kr hvhi aknfanecoth, oif kphi vhmhtoteki (Aottoie ?552): iki-orbkrhon

pknnhi orh fkceioit, oif eianufh sthppea hnhchits, wènhTeius oif Obehs orh whnn rhprhshithf ockimst t`h trhhs.V`h mostrkpkfs - wet` Aka`nkfeio noceioto, ikw o ckuitoeisphaehs - onsk pkeit tk o rot`hr aknf anecoth.

Ot Eshrieo, o socpnh grkc t`h ponohksurgoah "Qhtt. E t.1o"eianufhs 04% iki-orbkrhon pknnhi, Mroceihoh bheimfkceioit. V`h ghw orbkrhon pknnhi orh grkc Onius, Qonex agr.

pkpunus. Tnotoius. Teius. Ahfrus oif kols (Oaakrse ?508).

Trhneceiory rhsunts orh ovoenobnh gkr t`h upphr port kg t`hshquhiah kg Whikso-Iktoraèreak, bhtwhhi nhvhns A oifOngo (Qkpreithifhizo Qphaeonh on Cushk IozekionhTrhestkreak Htikmrogeak "N. Temkreie" ?55?). V`h

hiverkichit wos o mrossnoif, wet` o vhry necethf ockuit kgtrhhs, sua` os ger, peih, kols. Ot Whikso-Iktoraèreak, t`hconoaknkmeaon osskaeotekis grkc t`h nkwhrckst oraòhknkmeaon nhvhn (nhvhn O), orh eifeaotevh kg o rot`hr ùcef oifgkrhsthf hiverkichit, but t`h pknnhi pkeit tk oi oref oifworc anecoth ei osskaeoteki wet` nhvhn B, t`h ihxt ùcoikaaupoteki (Furoith oif Qhtthposse ?5=0). V`h normhcoccons kg nhvhn O, `kwhvhr, eianufh coiy hquefs, os




whnn os kt`hr sphaehs kg kphi hiverkichit (Onbhrfe ht on.

?500): t`h cknnusas orh prkbobny eifeaotevh kg nkaonakifetekis kiny.

Qkch gurt`hr hvefhiah akchs grkc o aovh seth, MrkttoTomneaae (Repork hsthrik) ei Opuneo (Bortknkche ?504<Chzzhio oif Tonco fe Ahsikno ?5=?). V`h cearkcocconosshcbnomh, wet` Kryatknomus sp., Hnekcys sp., Onnkareahtus

bursoh, Opkfhcus sp., Cearktus fhitotus, C. brhaaehises,

C. orvones, oif Tetycys sp., es eifeaotevh kg oi oref oifsthppea noifsaoph. Xigkrtuiothny, t`hrh es ik skuifa`rkiknkmeaon hvefhiah gkr t`h oraòhknkmeaon fhpkset,wèa` yehnfhf skch geih begoahs, but oi omh anksh tk t`hseths kg t`h Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki wkunf bh o mkkf hstecoth.V`h hiverkichit, `kwhvhr, es akcpnhthny fegghrhit oifpkssebny mnoaeon (shh Geion Rhcorls).

Tonohkbktoieaon eivhstemotekis òvh ikt bhhi aorrehf kutei t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns kg t`h seths onkimsefh Weo Ourhneo,wènh o mhihron rhakistruateki kg t`h hiverkichit esovoenobnh (Joakboaae ?5=0< Conothsto ?5=0< Akiotk ht on.

?504< Oizefhe ht on. ?505< Oizefhe oif Oriknfus-

@uyzhifvhnf ?552< Oriknfus @uyzhifvhnf oif Oizefhe?551). Fureim KEQ 5, t`h reseim sho-nhvhn oif vknaoieaoatevety ogghathf t`h noifsaoph. V`h orho wèa` wosonrhofy rot`hr gnot bhaoch aòroathreshf by sconnfhprhssekis oif ckkrs gennhf by t`h oatevety kg hp`hchronchoifhreim strhocs. Cuffy orhos whrh ubequetkus, oifonthriothf wet` soifs oif kt`hr onnuveon fhpksets, os whnn oswet` vknaoiea fhpksets. Ankshr tk t`h akost nomkkisfhvhnkphf. V`h coiy bkfehs kg wothr, grkc grhs` tkbroales` oif grkc stomioit tk ruiieim, orh rhgnhathf ei t`hgouio: èppks ot Aosthn fe Muefk oif Conomrktto, o ceikrseth (Aosskne ht on. ?502) (surgoah aknnhatekis kiny), bhovhrs

ot Conomrktto, oquotea berfs ot Vkrrh ei Tehtro oifConomrktto omoei.

Vès fhishny shttnhf orho aoi bh akcporhf wet` oikt`hrkih, fhvkef kg ùcoi kaaupoteki fureim tès soch techspoi. e.h. t`h Reoik nolh bosei, just ikrt` kg Rkch, wèa` esonsk port kg t`h Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki. (Oaakrfe oifCoaaomik ?572< Ocbrkshtte ht on. ?5=2< Ocbrkshtte ht on.

?504< Bkiofkiio ?578< Gknnehre ?57?-?571< Nhkiorfe oifThtrkiek ?5=6< Nhkiorfe oif Thtrkiek ?5=7< Coaaomik?572). Boshf ki t`h akuit kg oiiuon nhvhns ei vorvhffeotkceths, t`h nettnh nolh wos ei hxesthiah gkr ?8,444 tk24,444 yhors. Et prkmrhssevhny s`roil grkc o coxecuceieteon hxthiseki kg 784x284 c. Wknaoiea tuggs hcbhffhf eit`h feotkceth fhpkset whrh fothf tk 228 ¿74 Lyr BT byL/Or, oif tk 204 ¿14 Lyr BT by gesseki troals. Oieconrhcoeis whrh gkuif ot fegghrhit nhvhns, ei t`h bosei etshng oswhnn os ei ets ecchfeoth surrkuifeims. V`hy eianufh whnnprhshrvhf oif stenn orteaunothf rhcoeis kg o necethf roimh kgsphaehs: twk onckst akcpnhth slhnhtkis oif o slunn kg

Hnhpòs oitequus, gromchits kg Qthpòikrnþius agr.

lhcetkhaùs, gevh akcpnhth kr porteon slhnhtkis kg Ahrvus

hnopùs, o seimnh kih kg Foco anoatkieoio, oif esknothfbkihs.

V`h gnkro es likwi bkt` by pknnhi oionyses, oif by t`hstufy kg coarkbktoieaon rhcoeis, os nhovhs, gruets oif shhwhrh hxtrhchny whnn prhshrvhf. Et es t`hrhgkrh pkssebnh tkarkss-a`hal t`h rhsunts kg fegghrhit neihs kg oionyshs, oif kbtoei o ferhat likwnhfmh kg t`h nkaon vhmhtoteki. O vhryfhish gkrhst kg brkof-nhovhf trhhs wos ei hxesthiaht`rkum`kut t`h strotemropèa shquhiah, wènh t`h mross akvwos hxtrhchny rhstreathf. V`h gkrhst wos kg kahoiea-thcphroth typh bhnkw t`h fothf tugg nhvhn, wet` cuaÀorpeius oif Tthrkaoryo, oif kg kahoiea akkn typh obkvhet, wet` eiarhoseim phrahitomhs kg bhha` oif ger.

Os chitekihf obkvh, t`hrh orh sk gor ik oraòhknkmeaonrhcoeis grkc t`h gkrhsts kg t`h Reoik bosei: o saoity shrekg netèa orthgoats wos kiny aknnhathf grkc t`h hort`y brkwtugg wèa` tkps t`h noaustreih feotkcetea shrehs (Oaakrfe oCoaaomik ?572).

Hvefhiah kg shttnhchit ei gkrhsthf hiverkichit es gkuif

ot Weskmneoik, o lorstea fhprhsseki anksh tk Vrehsth, w`hrht`hrh orh onsk t`h rhcoeis kg o aknnopshf rkals`hnthr. Vwkstrotemropèa shquhiahs (O oif B) orh likwi, but t`hera`rkiknkmeaon rhnotekisèps òvh ikt bhhi wkrlaf kut. V`homh kg t`h fhpksets es nkkshny broalhthf bhtwhhi =44 oif144 Lyr BT (Aottoie ht on. ?55?). Tknnhi wos prhshrvhf eiskch nhvhns kiny. O brkof-nhovhf gkrhst wos ei hxesthiah,wet` oi osskaeoteki kg Aorpeius, Groxeius oif _uhraus

(Aottoie ?552< Aottoie ht on. ?55?). Ei t`h upphr port kgshquhiah O, `kwhvhr, wèa` es fhvkef kg pknnhi, t`hcearkcoccons orh typeaon kg sthpphs kr mrossnoifs(Bortknkche ?504). Oiy`kw, t`h oraòhknkmeaon rhcoeis o

hxtrhchny saorah ot Weskmneoik, oif pkeit tk fesakiteiukusoif s`krt-nevhf kaaupoteki t`hrh.

Os o akianuseki, t`h ovoenobnh hvefhiah summhsts tòtkphi kr akcpkseth hiverkichits whrh govkurhf by t`h gerseiòbetoits, wènh fhishny gkrhsthf kihs whrh opporhitnyrot`hr ovkefhf. Noaustreih kr hvhi cors`y boseis whrhnkklhf gkr, pkssebny just bhaoush mrhmorekus `hrbevkrhsakimrhmothf t`hrh tk wothr oif tk feh. @kwhvhr, wh custonsk rhchcbhr tòt seth prhshrvoteki es bhtthr ei sua` boseios fhpksets oaaucunoth rot`hr quealny, sk tòt wh aoiiktrunh kut t`h pkssebenety tòt t`hy orh kvhr-rhprhshithf.

8. Qaovhimeim oif ùiteim

V`hrh es ik quhsteki tòt stkih tkkns orh gkuif osskaeothwet` oiecon bkihs ot shvhron seths. Tksetevh hvefhiah kgeithroateki bhtwhhi ùcois oif oiecons, `kwhvhr, es rot`rorh.

Ot Eshrieo (Qhtt. E t.1o), t`h ùmh oaaucunoteki kg bkihscoeiny akisests kg hnhpòit, rèik oif beski rhcoeis.Oaakrfeim tk M. Meusbhrte ht on. (?55?), t`h hnhpòit rhcoe




tianufh coiy nkim bkihs oif tusls, oif o ckrh necethfockuit kg thht`, phnvhs, rebs oif vhrthbroh< beski bkihs orhckstny aroieon kihs - sphheonny `kris - kckpnoths oifeneoa bkihs< rèiks orh rhprhshithf by slunns, thht` oif ònt'coifebnhs. V`her akianusekis orh tòt t`h bkihs whrh skrthfby ùcois oif noef ki t`h mrkuif ki purpksh. Gurt`hrckrh,skch rhcoeis whrh brklhi eitk pehahs w`hi grhs`, oiffesnkhothf kvhr o rhstreathf orho (sk tòt rhgetteim espkssebnh). Vès, tkk, es soef tk òvh bhhi t`h rhsunt kg ùcoioatevety. V`h mhihron akianusekis orh tòt t`h rhcoeis orheeuneaotevh bkt` kg o fwheneim struaturh oif kg buta`hreimoatevetehs.

Tksetevh hvefhiah, `kwhvhr, es saorah. Fwhnneim struaturaskg Nkwhr Tonohknetèa omh orh prkbnhcotea. tk put et cenfny(Gorezy ?500-?505), oif sua` oi eithrprhtoteki s`kunf baprhshithf ei akisefhrobnh fhtoen, ei krfhr tk onnkw t`h rhofhrtk hvonuoth ets chrets. Os gor os buta`hreim es akiahrihf,t`hrh es ik prhshrvhf aut corl (Meusbhrte oif Thrhttk ?55?).Ckst kg t`h bkih surgoahs whrh ogghathf by oiecoStrocpneim os whn! os by obroseki by wothr oif soif ei o

cuffy fhpkset. Ortegeaeon brholomh saors òvh bhhi oatuonnyfhthathf ki o fkzhi kg t`h t`kusoifs kg bkihs kg t`hvorekus nhvhns (Oiakihtoie ht on. ?552< Oiakihtoie ht on.

?551< Meusbhrte oif Thrhttk ?55?). V`h shnhathf hnhchitsorh Hrkc beski gkrhquorthrs. Qk gor, et es soghr just tk ossuchtòt corrkw wos nkklhf gkr oif akisuchf.

Ot Whikso-Nkrhtk nhvhn O, bkihs orh mhihronny brklhi,ckst e)n' tàc baeim `hrbevkrh rhcoeis. Brklhi feop`yshsskchtechs òvh aut corls oif saors nhgt by stkih tkknswèa` sarota`hf t`h bkih surgoah. V`h seth es aoutekusnyeithrprhthf os o pkssebnh buta`hreim orho (Borroe oif Qeckih?501).

Ot Whikso-Iktoraèreak, t`h slunn kg o ykuim hnhpòitwos gkuif turihf upsefh fkwi, wet` t`h coifebnh fhtoa`hfoif brklhi: ogthr et, t`h orho kg t`h fesakvhry wos iochf"Orho fh@'Hnhgoith", e.h. "Hnhpòit Orho". Gurt`hr portskg t`h slhnhtki orh hxphathf tk noy kutsefh t`h orho sk gorhxaovothf. Qkch fkzhis kg òifoxhs oif a`kpphrs, oif justgkur gnolh tkkns, whrh ei ferhat akitoat wet` t`h aoraoss,anhorny osskaeothf wet` et. V`h "Hnhpòit Orho" seth eseithrprhthf os o prkbobnh buta`hreim seth (Aosskne ht on. ?551).

O top`kikcea stufy kg No Tknnhfroro es uifhr woy oifortegeaeon brholomh potthris òvh bhhi fhthathf (Oizefhe hn

on. ei prhss). Os o prhneceiory `ypkt`hses, et shhcs tòt otnhost port kg t`h oiecons fehf o ioturon fhot` ei t`h sconncuffy bosei oif tòt ùcoi bheims tkkl ofvoitomh kg tès(Oizefhe ht on. ?500). @uiteim oatevetehs orh ikt runhf kut:lenneim whol oiecons tropphf ei t`h cuf oif saovhimeimaoraosshs kg fhof kihs whrh twk pkssebnh kptekis.

Qkch pkssebnh buta`hreim corls òvh bhhi fhthathf kihnhpòit bkihs kg Aosthn fe Muefk, but kiny prhneceiorykbshrvotekis orh ovoenobnh gkr tès seth (Bksaèoi ?551).

V`hrh es t`hrhgkrh skch hvefhiah tòt, grkc t`h nerstprhshiah kiworfs, ùcoi mrkups whrh eithroateim wetòiecons, toleim t`her sòrh kg chot oif corrkw.

7. Fevhrs ety ei netèa tkkns]h wenn akiahitroth ki twk osphats kg netèa thaìknkmy

oif typknkmy: t`h prhshiah kr obshiah kg òifoxhs, oif t`h

oppaoroiah kg t`h Nhvonnkes gnoleim thaìequh.@oifoxhs sk gor orh t`h kiny prhrhqueseth tk fhgeih oiOa`hunhoi eifustry os sua`. Ei Ogreao, eifustrehs fhvkef kgòifoxhs orh likwi tk prhahfh Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs fureimo phrekf kg obkut kih cenneki yhors. Ei Hurkph, os oakishquhiah, Nkwhr Tonohknetèa eifustrehs wet`kutòifoxhs orh usuonny ossuchf tk bh hornehr tòi Oa`hunhoieifustrehs. Ei Etony, t`h noal kg òifoxhs ot seths sua` osCkith Tkmmeknk, Eshrieo, Bebbkio, Aknneioeo, Orah, AknnhCoreik, Gkitoio Nere, Aoshnno fe Coefo os whnn os ei Qeaenyoif Qorfeieo, òs bhhi wefhny oaahpthf os summhsteim omrhot oitequety. Gurt`hrckrh, et es kgthi ckrh kr nhssecpneaetny ossuchf tòt òifoxhs orh just ckrh rhgeihf

a`kppeim-tkkns, rhnothf tk t`h soch kr secenor oatevetehs. V`horaòhknkmeaon hvefhiah, `kwhvhr, es ikt tòt anhor-aut.

Ckith Tkmmeknk es oi orho w`hrh row cothreon wos hosenyovoenobnh ei t`h gkrc kg gneit phbbnhs. Cua` precorylioppeim wos phrgkrchf, os et aoi bh shhi ei t`hkvhrw`hnceim rotek kg uirhtkua`hf tk rhtkua`hf gnolhs, t`hèm` ockuit kg akrthx ki ecpnhchits oif t`h coiy akrhswèa` orh feggeaunt tk fesareceioth grkc a`kppeim-tkkns(Oitkieozze ht on. ?551). O necethf sht kg oatevetehs wosmkeim ki, oif rhtkua`hf tkkns whrh saorahny ihhfhf.

Ot Eshrieo, tkk, gneit wos obuifoit ei t`h ecchfeothsurrkuifeims kg t`h seth, but kg vhry pkkr quonety: et es

gkuif os sconn bnkals oif pnoquhtths, wèa` orh cua`gessurhf oif spnet hoseny, sk tòt et es just ecpkssebnh tkrhakmiesh ioturon grkc coi-cofh groaturhs (Ghrrore ht on.

?55?). Nechstkih phbbnhs whrh ushf gkr a`kpphrs oifa`kppeim-tkkns. Thbbnh tkkns, `kwhvhr, orh noaleim grkcQhtt. EE t.1o, hxaovothf kvhr oi orho kg ?0 c x 6 c (Ghrroreht on. ?55?). Eithrhsteimny, oiecon rhcoeis, wèa` orhusuonny obuifoit, orh saoity ei tès port kg t`h fhpkset.

Ot Whikso-Iktoraèreak, eifustrehs wet` oif wet`kutòifoxhs orh eithrstrotegehf: begoaeon tkkns orh ikt obuifoit,oif orh obshit ei nhvhn Ongo, ot t`h tkp kg t`h nkaonshquhiah, oif ei nhvhns H oif Hn, ei t`h ceffnh port kg et.Onn nhvhns òvh bhhi hxthisevhny hxaovothf. Ei t`h HnhpòitOrho, ei anksh osskaeoteki wet` t`h bkihs, t`hrh orh coiyòifoxhs oif a`kpphrs, oif vhry ghw gnolh tkkns (Aosskneht on. ?551).

Ockimst t`h seths kg t`h Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki, Vkrrh eiTehtro, Aosthn fe Muefk oif Conomrktto yehnfhf òifoxhs,wènh t`hsh whrh ikt gkuif ot No Tknnhfroro. Kiah omoei,t`h hxaovotekis whrh hxthisevh, oif socpneim beos es




prkbobny ikt eivknvhf. Ot No Tknnhfroro hnhpòit slhnhtkiswhrh gkuif porteonny orteaunothf (Oizefhe ht on. ?505). V`hbkih oaaucunoteki aoiikt bh ferhatny akcporhf wet` t`hkihs grkc Vkrrh ei Tehtro oif Conomrktto, wèa` orhfhgeiethny festurbaf oif pkssebny rhfhpksethf, wènh kinyprhneceiory eigkrcoteki es ovoenobnh gkr Aosthn fe Muefk.

V`h quonety kg row cothreon wkunf oaakuit, ei port kr

tktonny, gkr t`h noal kg òifoxhs ot seths sua` os Eshrieo.V`hrh es onsk skch summhsteki tòt phbbnh tkkns whrhprhghrrhf w`hi normh aoraosshs whrh ovoenobnh oif corrkwwos tk bh hxtroathf grkc `hoveny-buent bkihs. @kwhvhr, whihhf gurt`hr rhshora` bhgkrh uifhrstoifeim t`h choieim kg"òifoxh seths" akcporhf wet` "a`kpphr seths" - t`h twkbheim usuonny ikt hxanusevh kg hoa` kt`hr. V`h kiny fhgeiethhvefhiah es tòt. ei t`h Etoneoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèa, t`hy fkikt gknnkw hoa` kt`hr ihotny ei oiy a`rkiknkmeaon shquhiah.

Vurieim tk t`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh, "Trktknhvonnkeseoi"eifustrehs, e.h. osshcbnomhs kg gnolhs òveim fkrson saorsrhnothf tk skch leif kg akrh prhporoteki, oif uigoahtthf

btetes. orh skchtechs chitekihf ei t`h Etoneoi nethroturh(Rofcenne ?5==< Tonco fe Ahsikno ?502). V`h "Trktknhvonnkeseoi" suppkshfny fhrevhs grkc t`h Anoatkieoi, eianufeima`kpphrs oif gnolhs wet` normh oif eianeiothf butts. Ei skchseths kiny o òifgun kg ecpnhchits orh rhtrehvhf, wènhhnshw`hrh normhr aknnhatekis orh ovoenobnh, os ot Nh Qvknthoif Wonnh Meuchiteio ei Obruzzk, oif Gkah fhn VkrrhithRkcoifotk ei Opuneo. Qua` eifustrehs, `kwhvhr, orh gkuifei rhwkrlaf akifetekis, oif orh eivoreobny rknnhf. V`her omhes oi kphi quhsteki.

Arhcosaè oif Thrhttk (?500b) hxoceihf "Trktknhvonnkeseoi" aknnhatekis kg ikrt`hri Etony oif prhshithf hvefhiah

tòt t`hy òf bhhi skrthf by strhoc oatevety tk skchQtoiforf sezh oif whem`t, oif tòt òifoxhs whrh eianufhfei shvhron sua` osshcbnomhs. V`hrhgkrh, t`hy orh bhtthrfhsarebhf os Oa`hunhoi, wènh t`h gnoleim thaìequh òs iktyht bhhi prkphrny fhsarebhf. Ki t`h boses kg mhk-strote-mropèa akrrhnotekis t`hy foth t`hc tk "oi horny port kg t`hCeffnh Tnhestkahih".

Os o runh, gnoleim es rot`hr arufh ei Nkwhr Tonohknetèaosshcbnomhs. Ot seths sua` os Ckith Tkmmeknk, Orah, AknnhCoreik, Whikso-Nkrhtk kiny o seimnh gnolh wos kgthifhtoa`hf, wènh bepknor gnoleim thaìequh wos akccki.V`h notthr wos onsk ei ush ot Eshrieo, oif es grhquhit ei t`hOa`hunhoi osshcbnomhs aknnhathf ei t`h bosei kg Othnno(Bkrzotte vki N÷whisthri oif Weoihnnk ?551). V`hrh orhfesakefon akrhs ot Gkitoio Roiuaaek, but t`hy orh rorhnychitekihf hnshw`hrh. V`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh es ikt gkuifot oiy seth prekr tk KEQ 5. By t`hi, seimnh Nhvonnkes gnolhs,kr Nhvonnkes akrhs, orh kaaosekionny chitekihf kr justennusnrothf ei t`h nethroturh. Ot Mrktto fhn Aknkcbk ei Nemureo,gkr eistoiah, ckrh tòi 244 gnolh ecpnhchits whrh gkuif ei

nhvhn ??: twk orh Nhvonnkes gnolhs, oif kih es oi otypeaonNhvonnkes bnofh (Vkzze ?578). Ogthr skch ofcetthfny thitotakrrhnotekis wet` o fothf stonomceth ei t`h rhor kg t`h aovhoif shfechitknkmeaon oif ponohkitknkmeaon stufehs, t`h noywos fhpksethf fureim KEQ 5 (Boëssos ht on. ?507).

V`h kiny seth ot wèa` t`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh es gunnyrhprhshithf oif fhvhnkphf es Rksoihtk, ei Aonobreo.

Xigkrtuiothny, t`h ?444 kr sk aknnhathf ecpnhchits orh kilikwi t`rkum` prhneceiory pubneaotekis (Tephrik ht on.

?506). Ogthr Conothsto oif Zornhimo (?500) t`h thrroah kgRksoihtk bhnkims tk wòt t`hy aonn "Qhakif CeffnhTnhestkahih ayanh fhpksets", oif tk KEQ 5. @kwhvhr, t`heifustry etshng es o cojkr foteim hnhchit ei t`herrhakistruateki, wèa` nhofs tk aeraunor ormuchits. V`hfhvhnkpchit kg t`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh ot tès seth esuiporonnhnhf hnshw`hrh ot tès stomh oif wh summhst tòt t`goat pkeits tk o nothr omh.

=. Geion akisefhrotekisV`h omh kg t`h gerst ùcoi shttnhchit kg Etony òs bhhi

anoechf tk bh ei t`h roimh kg ? Cyr. Ei kur kpeieki, et esikt gunny substoiteothf ot tès vhry horny foth. @ucoimrkups whrh ahrtoeiny neveim ei t`h phieisuno by 744 tk844 Lyr BT, wènh t`h omh kg t`h Qeaeneoi oif Qorfeieoisuppkshf Nkwhr Tonohknetèa es stenn oi kphi quhsteki.

V`h aknkiezoteki kg Qeaeny es rhnhvoit gkr t`h gerstshttnhchit kg Hurkph, os t`h `ypkt`hses kg o fesakiteiukusnoif brefmh bhtwhhi Ogreao oif Hurkph t`rkum` Qeaeny òsbhhi put gkrworf, onbhet gkr o nothr pòsh kg t`h NkwhrTonohknetèa (Onechi ?5=8).

]h ossuch tòt ioturon akifetekis onnkweim t`h arksseikg orcs kg t`h sho by oraòea ùcois wkunf òvh govkurh

kt`hr normh coccons os whnn. @kwhvhr, t`h ckst rhahiteccemrotekis kg oiecon sphaehs grkc Ogreao òpphihffureim t`h Ceffnh Tnekahih, eg ikt fureim t`h noth Cekahia(Tonkcbk ?508). Fureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, t`hQeaeneoi gouion osshcbnomhs orh aòroathreshf by t`h whnnlikwi fworg poa`yfhrcs, oif ckstny by t`h nettnhhnhpòits, Hnhpòs cioefrehises oif Hnhpòs gonakihre. Ot`h shakif sphaehs es hvhi ckrh rhfuahf tòi t`h gerst kihet òs nkim bhhi ossuchf tòt et wos nothr, oif fhrevhf grkt`h snem`tny normhr sphaehs. Hnhpòs cioefrehises, ei turi,wkunf òf hvknvhf grkc o subsphaehs kg t`h Hurkphoi

Hnhpòs oitequus, e.h. Hnhpòs oitequus nhkiorfee.

V`h peaturh aòimhf ogthr obsknuth foteim kg shvhronosshcbnomhs t`rkum` esknhuaeih hpechrezoteki (Bofo oifBhnnukceie ?508< Bofo ht on. ?55?): t`h foths anusthr eitktwk fegghrhit eithrvons, ot 688 ¿ 54 Lyr BT, oif ot 244 ¿64 Lyr BT rhsphatevhny. Bkt` t`h teiy H. gonakihre oif t`hsnem`tny normhr H. cioefrehises orh gkuif ei t`h hornehrmrkup, wènh kiny t`h shakif kih es ei t`h nothr kih. Et esikw ossuchf tòt t`h twk fworg sphaehs orh ikt ei o



6 ? CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVONU

p`ynhtea rhnoteki, oif tòt t`h sk-aonnhf H. cioefrehises kgt`h nothr mrkup es pkssebny o stenS fegghrhit sphaehs, rhnothf tko ihw eccemroteki kg hnhpòits. V`h sphaehs grkc wèa` H.gonakihre fhrevhf es akishquhitny uilikwi. Et aoiikt bhrunhf kut tòt o rhakisefhroteki kg t`h prkbnhc, os whnn ost`h stufy kg ihw oif uipubnes`hf gouios, akunf nhof tk oihw eithrhst ei Ogreaoi akiihatekis (V. Lktsoles phrs. akc.?556). Eg wh oaahpt o s`krt a`rkiknkmy gkr t`h gerstshttnhchit kg Hurkph - e.h. ei t`h roimh kg 744 tk 844 LyrBT - oi eccemroteki kg hnhpòits grkc Ogreao orkuif tèstech, ofcetthfny sk gor uisubstoiteothf oif just`ypkt`hteaon, wkunf kphi ihw oif eitremueim phrsphatevhsgkr t`h orrevon kg ùcois os whnn.

V`h hiverkichitsS aòimhs orh rhakrfhf ei ofesakiteiukus woy prekr tk 144 Lyr BT. @kwhvhr, t`hakrh hxtroathf grkc Wonnh fe Aostemnekih, 24 lc host kgRkch, mkhs boal tk a. 284 Lyr BT (Gknnehre ht on. ?500).Ei tès akrh, sthppea osshcbnomhs orh prhshit fureim ckstkg t`h tech, eithrrupthf by pòshs kg gkrhst hxpoiseki.

]h orh eianeihf tk bhnehvh tòt t`h setuoteki wos ikt tòtfegghrhit ei oi hornehr port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.? EL- kiny hvefhiah kg sthppea hiverkichit grkcoraòhknkmeaon seths es grkc t`h uifothf upphr port kg t`hshquhiah kg Weskmneoik oif grkc Mrktto Tomneaae. ]hsummhst tòt t`hy bkt` gkrchf fureim gunny mnoaeon phrekfs.Os soef ei t`h Eitrkfuateki, bhaoush kg fegghrhiteonprhshrvoteki kg seths t`h Etoneoi rhakrf es cua` beoshftkworfs eithrmnoaeons, oif et es ik akeiaefhiah tòthvefhiah kg mnoaeon phrekfs es gkuif ei aovhs. Hvefhiah kgaknf anecoth oif kg skch sthppea hnhchits wos onskprhshithf gkr Ckith Tkmmeknk.

Hvhi ei t`h eithrmnoaeon seths, t`h hiverkichit eseivoeëobny fhsarebhf os rot`hr kphi - wèa` es kg eithrhst,ei vehw kg t`h kimkeim fesausseki ki t`h Tonohknetèashttnhchit kg Ikrt`hri Hurkph (Mocbnh ?507< Rkhbrkhls ht

on. ?552). ]`hi akcporeskis orh pkssebnh wet` fhishnywkkfhf orhos, os wetèi t`h seths kg t`h Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki,t`h nothr kihs orh gkuif tk bh fhvkef kg ùcoi kaaupoteki.

Fegghrhit hiverkichits hxesthf hvhi fureim gunneithrmnoaeons. Vès es bhtthr uifhrstkkf eg wh akisefhr t`hmhkmropèaon shtteim: Etony hxpoifs ei o ikrt`-whsthri tkskut`-hosthri ferhateki kvhr skch ?4 fhmrhhs kg notetufh, e.h.

grkc t`h Onps tk t`h notetufh kg Ikrt`hri Onmhreo, Vuieseooif Qyreo. V`h anecotknkmeaon hgghats kg tès mrofeìit orhakitrosthf by t`h roimhs kg ckuitoeis, wèa` gknnkw t`hsoch ferhateki, onn t`h woy nkim: fureim kur ckfhrieithrmnoaeon weithrs, t`h ckuitoeis kg Aonobreo oif Qeaenyakvhrhf by sikw orh o akccki sem`t. Ot t`h soch tech, t`hcetemoteim hgghat kg t`h sho chois tòt, ei ikrt`hc Etony, t`hRevehro kg Nemureo ikwofoys hijkys worc oif suiiyweithrs, oif poncs orh grhhny mrkweim.

Os o akishquhiah, hxthisevh haknkmeaon zkioteki òsihvhr bhhi pkssebnh, oif cksoea hiverkichits prhvoenhf.Vès aoi bh shhi ot Wonnh fe Aostemnekih: t`h mrkwt` kgpnoit pkpunotekis wos hxpkihiteon w`hi anecotea akifetekisaòimhf, oif wh ossuch tòt coiy rhgumeuc orhos whrhonwoys ei hxesthiah. Hvhi ikw, t`h vhmhtoteki kg Noteuc eslikwi tk bh bkt` hxtrhchny rea` ei sphaehs oif corlhfny`hthrkmhihkus (Aonke ht on. ?505).

Haknkmests òvh kgthi neilhf t`h Tnhestkahih hxteiateki kgoiecon oif pnoit sphaehs ei Hurkph tk t`h goat tòt shos oifckuitoeis prhvhithf t`h ikrt`-skut` cemrotekis oif

rhaknkiezotekis wèa` whrh pkssebnh ei Ochreao kr Ogreao.V`h pota`y hiverkichit kg Etony pkssebny hxpnoeis t`h nothfesopphoroiah, fureim t`h nost mnoaeon, kg hnhpòits, èppks,rèiks, os whnn os kg pnoit sphaehs sua` os Tthrkaoryo oif

Zhnlkvo. ]h akisefhr t`h teiy phieisuno, oif ets cojkresnoifs, os o pkssebnh rhgumeuc gkr coiy Hurkphoi sphaehsfureim t`h Tnhestkahih.

V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa rhakrf es ecprhssevh ei Etony, egakcporhf wet` kt`hr ports kg Hurkph. ]h summhst tòt portkg tès "Nkwhr Tonohknetèa suaahss" wos neilhf tk t`hreaìhss oif vorehty kg hiverkichits kvhr s`krt festoiahs,

oif tk t`h goat tòt uisphaeoneshf ùithr-mot`hrhrs whrh obnhtk tolh ofvoitomh kg tès.

OalikwnhfmhchitsE oc mrothgun tk C. Torkttk, Feportechitk fe Qaehizh fhnno

Vhrro, Xievhrseto fe Rkco "No Qopehizo", gkr onnkweim ushkg oi kremeion neih froweim kg akoston Noteuc. O.T. Oizefhe,Qkpreithifhizo ora`hknkmeao fe Rkco, leifny prkvefhf oiuipubnes`hf peaturh kg No Tknnafroro.




rhghrhiahs

Oaakrfe. B..

O.C. Coaaomik

?572 Rhshora`hs ei t`h Tnhestkahih kg Reoik (Rkch), Mhknkmeao Rkcoio ?, 28-12.

Oaakrse, AO. ?508 V`h akitrebuteki kg ponyiknkmy ei t`h rhakistruateki kg t`h hiverkichit. Ei: A. Thrhttk(hf.), @kck, Jkurihy tk t`h Kremei's kg Coi @estkry, ?52-24?, Whihzeo: Corsenek.

Oetlhi, C.J., tès A`rkikchtrea thaìequhs gkr t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

vknuch

Onbhrfe, C.-V.,N. Aonke,C.R. Tonkcbk

?500 V`h _uothcory gouio kg Whikso: Hquefs, Bunnhtei fu Cusåh f'Oit`rkpknkmeh pråèstk-

vequh fh Ckioak 1?, 8-15.

Onechi. C.@. ?5=8 Nhs "es t`chs" èspoik-corkaoei ht seaunk- tuiesehi oux thcps oa`hunåhis, N'Oit`rkpk-

nkmeh =5, 155-617.

Ocbrkshtte. T..

O. Ozzorkne,G.T. Bkiofkiio,C. Gknnehre

?5=2 O sa`hch kg Tnhestkahih a`rkiknkmy gkr t`h Vyrr`hieoi sefh kg Ahitron Etony, Bknnhtteik

fhnno Qkaehtf Mhknkmeao Etoneoio 5?, ?75-?06.

Ocbrkshtte, T.,

G. Aemono Gunmkse,

A. Thtrkiek

?504 Cocceghre fhn Tnhestkahih chfek. Ei: / vhrthbrote gkssene etoneoie - Aotonkmk fhnno Cks

22=-212, Whrkio: Cushk Aeveak fe Qtkreo Ioturonh.

Oiakihtoie, T.,A. Arkvhttk,C. Ghrrore,M. Meusbhrte,N. Nkimk,

A. Thrhttk,G. Weoihnnk

?552 Iukvh reahra`h ihn meoaechitk fe Eshrieo No Teihto, Revesto fe Qaehizh Trhestkrea`h 66,1-6?.

Oiakihtoie, T..

(e. (þusbhrte,

A. Thrhttk

?551 Qu onauie iukve rhphrte fe beskith (Beski sa`khthisoale Grhufhibhrm) aki troaahfe grotturozekih eithizekionh fhn meoaechitk ponhkneteak fe Eshrieo No Teihto, Otte

fhnno PPP´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, 2?2?0.

Oimhnhnne. G..N. Aonke,O. Conothsto,C.R. Tonkcbk

?5=0 Gouio quothrioreo fe Whikso: ahiie prhneceiore, Otte fhnno PP´ Reuiekih saehitegeao

fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, ?11-?64.

Oitkieozze, O.,

N. Aottoie,C. Arhcosaè,N. Gkitoio.M. Meusbhrte,A. Thrhttk,R. Tkshiotk,G. Trkne,Q. Ximork

?506 Treeie resuntote fhnnh reahra`h ihn meoaechitk fhn Tonhkneteak eighrekrh fe Ao ' Bhnvhfàrh

(Ckith Tkmmeknk, Gkrte), Trhestkreo onpeio 24, =-?6.



6> CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVONU

Oitkieo/./.e. O..E . Aotnoie,

C. Arhcosaè,N. Gkitoio,

A. Thrhttk.R. Tkshiotk,G. Trkne,

Q. Ximoek

?500 Nh meshchit fu Tonhknetèquh eigårehur fh Ao' Bhnvhfàrh fe Ckith Tkmmeknk (Gkrte, Etoneì)

(Råsuntots pråneceioerhs), N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, 725-762.

Oitkieozze, O.,C. Ghrrore,A. Thrhttk

?551 EE meoaechitk fe Ao' Bhnvhfàrh fe Ckith Tkmmeknk fhn Tnhestkahih eighrekrh aki eifustreoneteao (Gkrte), Bunnhtteik fe Tonhtiknkmeo etoneoio 06, ?-87.

Oizefhe, O.T.,O. Oimhnhnne,O. Oriknfus-@uyzhifvhnf,N. Aonke.C.R. Tonkcbk,

O.M. Qhmrh

?505 Nh meshchit pnåestkaàih fh No TkXhfroro fe Ahaoiebbek (Rkch, Etoneì) , N'Oit`rkpknkmeh

51, =65-=02.

Oizefhe, O.T.,

G. Oimhnhnne,N. Aonke.E. Foceoie,

C. Toaaeorhnne.C.R. Tonkcbk.

O.A. Qonteie,O.M. Qhmrh

?500 EE meoaechitk pnhestkahieak fh "No TkXhfroro" fe Ahaoiebbek (Rkco)

prhneceiorh, Ora`hknkmeo Nozeonh 5, 17?-170.

Rhnozekih

Oizefhe. O.T.,O. Oriknfus-@uyzhifvhnf

?552 V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth kg No TkXhfroro fe Ahaoiebbek (Rkch, Etony). Ei: H. @hrreim,

R. ]èth`kush, J. ]enleis (hfs), Ihw fhvhnkpchits ei Etoneoi Oraòhknkmy, Tort ?,

Tophrs kg t`h Gkurt` Akighrhiah kg Etoneoi Oraòhknkmy, ?6?-?81, Nkifki: OaakrfeoRhshora` Ahitrh.

Oizefhe, O.T.,R. Qhbosteoie

?506 Qomme fe saovk ihn fhpksetk pnhes tkahieak on Lc. ?5,144 fhnno Weo Ourhneo (Aosthn feMuefk). Ei: O.C. Behtte Qhstehre (hf.), Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo ihn thrretkreo fe Rkco,

07-51, Rkco: Fh Nuao.

Oizefhe. O.T.,T. Wenno, T.,

H. Ahrenne

(ei prhss) No TkXhfroro fe Ahaoiebbek (Rkco). Fote prhneceiore sun n'oionese togkikceao fhe rhphrte

gouiesteae. Otte fhn Akivhmik Gorihsh Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo ei Htrureo, Wethrbk 2? -21 commek ?551.

Oriknfus-@uyzhifvhnf, O.,O.T. Oizefhe

?551 Reakstruzekih fe ui ocbehith gnuvek-noaustrh ihnno rhmekih vunaoieao fe Rkco (No TkXhfroro fe Ahaoiebbek). Otte fhnno PPP´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'nstetunk Etoneoik fe

Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, ?8?-?78.

Bofo, J.N.,(?. Bhnnukceie

Bofo, J.N.,

te . Bhnnukceie,

N. Bkigemnek.C. Broiao,

H. Burmek,N. Fhnetoto

?508

?55?

Esknhuaeih hpechrezoteki omhs kg t`h fworg hnhpòits kg Qeaeny, Mhknkmy ?1, 68? -682.

Esknhuaeih hpechrezoteki omhs kg _uothriory coccons grkc Qeaeny, // _uothriorek 6,

65-86.




Boòei, J.-J.

Boëssos, T.

Boëssos, T.,

N. Borron,T. Qecki,

Q. Qeckih

?551 Fototeki por råskioiah fh Qpei ånhatrkiequh (HQR) fu aorbkioths ht f'åcoen fhitoerh

quothrioerhs: pkthitehn ht prkbnàchs. V`hsh fh Fkatkrot fu Cusåuc Iotekion f'@estker

Ioturhnnh, Tores: Eistetut fh Tonhkitknkmeh @ucoeih.

?504 Fkiiåhs ponåkcomiåtequh ht såfechitknkmequh sur nhs fåp÷ts fh no akuph fh Nkrhtk,

Bunnhtei fu Cusåh f'Oit`rkpknkmeh pråèstkrequh fh Ckioak 26, ?1-87.

?507 Nh Tnhestkaàih ckyhi o no mrktth fu Aknkcbk (Vkeroik, Nemureh etonehiih), Bunnhtei fu

Cusåh f'Oit`rkpknkmeh pråèstkrequh fh Ckioak 25, 8-26.

Borron, N.,

Q. Qeckih

?501 Nh bossei gnuvek-noaustrh fh Whikso , Bunnhtei fu Cusåh f'Oit`rkpknkmeh pråèstkrequh

fh Ckioak 2=. 8-?5.

Bortknkche, M. ?504 Cearkcocceghre fhn Tnek-Tnhestkahih. Ei: / vhrthbrote gkssene etoneoie, Aotonkmk fhnno

Ckstro, 265-280, Whrkio.

Bhnne. M.,M. Bhnnukceie.T.G. Aosskne,Q. Ahaaè,

C. Auaorze,N. Fhnetono,M. Gkrioaeore,G. Connhmie,C. Tephrik,O.M. Qhmrh,H. Qhmrh Ionfeie

Beffettu, E.

?55? Fåakuvhrth f'ui gåcur ùcoei oa`hunåhi o Iktoraèreak (Wåikso, Boseneaoth), N'Oit`rk

pknkmeh 58, 6=-00.

?5=2 Tnhestkaàih h eifustr eh netea`h prh-oa`hunhoih of Orah h Gkitoio Nere, _uothrioreo PWE,

18-82.

Beffettu, E.,T.G. Aosskne,G. Rofeaote fe Brkzknk,

O.M. Qhmrh,H. Qhmrh Ionfeie,E. Wenno

?5=5 Oiomie, o L-Or fothf Horny oif Ceffnh Tnhestkaàih Qeth, Ahitron Etony: prhneceiory rhpk

_uothrioreo PPE, 81-=?.

Beffettu. E..

O.M. Qhmrh

?5=0 Tonhkne teak eighrekrh o Aovo Tkcpe prhssk Tkge (Grkseikih) , _uofhrie fhn Ahitrk Qtufe p

WOra`hknkmeo Htrusak-Etoneao ?, ==-=5.

?502 Tnhestkaàih chfek-suphrekrh aki eifustreo oraoeao su aekttknk ihn boaeik fe Oiomie(Nozek), Otte fhnno PP?EE´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'nstetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h

Trktkstkreo, 87=-8=7.

?506 Eifustreo su sa`hmmeo h begoaaeo ne: iukve rhphrte fhn Tonhkne teak eighrekrh of Oiomie-Gkitoio Roiuaaek, Grkseikih, Otte fhnno PPEW´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'nstetutk Etoneoik

fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, ?48-??6.

Bnoia, O.A.

Bkiofkiio, G.T.

Bkiegoy, C.-G.

?518-

?51=

?578

?5==

Qa`hmmeo fe thaieao anoatkieoio reivhiuto ei setu ihn _uothriorek fhnno Wona`htto-Aortkie

(Rkco), Revesto fe Oitrkpknkmeo PPPE, 281-277.

Gurt`hr eigkrcoteki ki t`h rhshora` ei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkaàih feotkceth quorry kg WonnhfhnnVighrik (Reoik, Rkch), _uothrioreo WEE, 2=5-255.

Nesth pråneceioerh fh no mroifh gouih fu meshchit pråèstkrequh fh Whikso, Bunnhtei fu

Cusåh f'Oit`rkpknkmeh pråèstkrequh fh Ckioak 2?, ??8-?28.




Bkrzotte vki N÷whisthri, H.,

C. Qkzze,Q. Woiiuaae.G. WeoeL'nnk

?554 N'Oa`hunhoik fhn aecethrk fe Othnno (TZ). Trech eifomeie sunno strotemrogeo fhn shfechitk

h sunnh eifustreh netea`h, Qtufe phr n'Haknkmeo fhn _uothriorek ?2, 5-25.

Bkrzotte vki N÷whisthri, H.,G. Weoihnnk

?551 Nukmè fe sksto h h fe eishfeochitk nuimk Eh revh fhn nomk pnhestkahieak fe Othnno

(Tkthizo), Otte fhnno PPP´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhesnkreo h

Trktkstkreo, ?15-?84.

Bksaèoi, M. ?551 Aosthn fe Muefk - Qaove ?504-?55?, Oc' fhnno PPP´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk

Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, ?7=-?=0.

Brkmnek, O.,

?. Fe Mhrkieck,H. Fe Courk.J.L. Lkznkwsle

?552 Ikuvhnnhs akitrebutekis o no akiioessoiahs fu Tonåknetèquh eigårehur fh no råmeki fh

Aotoieo fois Eh aofrh fu Tonåknetèquh fh no Qeaenh. Ei: A. Thrhttk (hf.), / prece obetoite

fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk, ?05-227. Cenoik: Joao Bkkl.

('onke. E...M.B.N. Akaakneie,C. Cusse,

C.R. Tonkcbk,Q. Wetomneoik,F. Zocphtte

?505 Nh Ckustårehi fu Noteuc (Etoneì ahitronh): ora`åknkmeh, cenehu ioturhn, a`rkiknkmeh, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 51, =1-50.

Aonke. N.,

C.R. Tonkcbk

?5=0 Oigebe, rhttene h cocceghre fe Vkrrh fhn Tomneoaahttk (Vkrrh ei Tehtro, Rkco), _uothrioreo

PP, 1?8-664.

?5=5 No gouio quothrioreo fe Whikso: "Aoie s sp ." , _uothrioreo PPE, ??8-?20.

?504 No gouio quothrioreo fe Whikso: Bkvefe, Bknnhtteik fhn Qhrvezek mhknkmeak f'Etoneo A,

?4?-?64.

?507 Nh cocconkgouih pnek-pnhestkahiea`h fhnn' orho nozeonh: prkbnhce bekstrotemrogeae hf

ecpneaozekie ponhkanecotea`h, Chckreh fhnno Qkaehtf mhknkmeao eeoneoio 18, 55-?27.

Aosskne, T.G.,A. Fh Meune.

O.C. Rofcenne,O.M. Qhmrh

?502 Meoaechitk fhn Tonhkneteak eighrekrh o Conomrktto (Rkco), Otte fhnno PPEEV Reuiekih

saehitegeao fhnn' Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, 81?-865.

Aosskne, T.G.,F. Nhtêvrh,

C. Tephrik.J.-T. Royion,O. Vomneoakzzk

?551 Xio ponhksuphrgeaeh aki rhste fe Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus h eifustreo oa`hunhoio

ihn setk fe Iktoraèreak (Whikso, Boseneaoto), Otte fhnno PPP" Reuiekih saehitegeao

fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, ?4?-??7.

Aottoie, ?.. ?552 EE reakprechitk vhmhtonh ihnn' orho pofoio furoith en Tnhestkahih eighrekrh h chfek. Ei:A. Thrhttk (hf.), Eprece obetoite fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk, 25?-142, Cenoik:

Joao Bkkl.

Aottoie, N.,

C. Arhcosaè,C.R. Ghrrores,G. Connhmie.

G. Coseie.W. Qakno,A. Vkzze

?55? Nh meshchit fu Tnhestkahih ckyhi fh Weskmneoik (Vrehsth): rhsths ùcoeis, eifustrehs,hiverkiihchit, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 58, 5-17




Akntkrte, C.,C. Arhcosaè,C.A. Fhnetono,F. Hsu,C. Gkrioshre,

O. CaT`hrrki,

C. Ieaknhtte,

R. voi Ktthrnkk,

A. Thrhttk,B. Qono.

W. Qa`ceft,J. Qhveil

?502 Rhvhrshf comihtea pknorety ot oi horny Nkwhr Tonohkn etèa seth ei Ahitron Etony, Ioturh

144, ?=1-?=7.

Akiotk, W.,F. Hsu,O. Conothsto,G. Zornhimo

?504 Ihw foto ki t`h Tnhestkahih kg Rkch, _uothrioreo PPEE, ?1?-?=7.

Arhcosaè, C..

Q. Aèhso

?552 Ocbehith h aneco. Ei: O. Muefe, C. Tephrik (hfs), Etoneo prhestkreao, 1-68, Rkco:

Nothrzo.

Arhcosaè, C.,A. Thrhttk

?500o Nhs skns f'òbetot fu seth ponåknetèquh f'Eshri eo No Teihto (Cknesh, Etoneì ahitronh).

N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, ?4?=-?464.

Arkvhttk, A.

?500b Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur fh no pnoeih kreìitonh fu T÷, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, 761-702.

?55? Råsuntots pråneceioerhs fh no akcporoeski fhs eifustrehs f'Eshrieo No Teihto ht fhWhikso-Nkrhtk. Ei: A. Thrhttk (hf.), `hrieo No Teihto - Iukve akitrebute saehitegeae,

=5-58, Eshrieo: Estetutk rhmekionh phr mne stufe stkreae fhn Cknesh "W. Aukak".

Fhsek, O. (hf.)

Furoith, Q.,G. Qhtthposse

?5=1 Mhknkmeo fhnn'Etoneo, Vkgeik: XVHV.

?5=0 Ikto sunnh osskaeozekie conoaknkmea`h fhn meoaechitk gnuveknoaustrh fe Nkrhtk, Whikso.

Otte fhnno PPE??´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo,

?6?-?68.

Hvhrifhi, J.G.,

@. Aurtes

?578 V`h pktosseuc-ormki foteim kg Noth Ahikzkea rkals ei Host Ogreao oif Etony, Aurrhit

Oit`rkpknkmy 7, 161-175.

Gorezy, A. ?500-

?505

Qpoteon krmoiezoteki oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa kphi oer seths, Kremeie ?6, 15-84.

Ghrrore, C’A. Thrhttk,

G. Weoihnnk

?55? Osphtte thaik-tepknkmeae h festrebuzekih orhonh fh@'eifustreo fhn EE shttkrh fe EshrieoNo Teihto (Cknesh, etoneo). Ei: Thrhttk A. (hf.), Eshrieo No Teihto, iukve akitrebute

saehitegeae, 65-=0 , Eshrieo: Estetutk rhmekionh phr mne stufe stkreae fhn Cknesh "W .Aukak".

Gknnehre, C. ?57?- No gkrhsto aknaèao gkssenh fe Reoik Rkcoik. EE. Oionese pknn eiea`h, Oiione fe Bktoieao.

?571 268-204.

Gknnehre, C.,F. Comre,N. Qofkre

?500 284,444-yhor pknnhi rhakrf grkc Wonnh fe Aostemnekih (Rkco), Tknnhi ht Qpkrhs 14, 125-

187.

Gkrioshre, C. ?508 Mhka`rkiknkmy kg vknaoiea rkals grkc Noteuc (Etony), Rhifeakite fhnno Qkaehtf etoneoio

fe Ceihronkmeo h Thtrknkmeo 64, =1-?47



6=

(eonebhrte, O.

CORM@HREVO CXQQE - EVONU

?502 N'eifustreo fe tepk "Thbbnh Auntu rh" fe Bebbkio (Nevkrik) (Ikto prhneceiorh), Otte

fanno PPEEE" Reuiekih saehiteg eao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, 671-6=5.

Mocbnh, A.

Motte, Q. (hf.)

Meusbhrte, M.,

C. Ghrrore,

A. Thrhttk

Meusbhrte, M..A. Thrhttk

nnoyihs. (e.

Joakboaae, O.

?507 V`h Tonohknetèa Qhttnhchit kgHurkph. Aocbrefmh: Aocbrefmh Xievhrsety Trhss.

?551 Fevhs Oiomieo - Ora`hknkmeo ihþo vonnh fhn Qoaak. Rkco: "N'Hrco" fe Brhtsaìhefhr.

?55? Vepknkmeo, grhquhizo h festrebuzekih fhe rhphrte ponhkitknkmeae h ponhtiknkmeae fhnnoponhksuphrgeaeh V.1o fhn E shttkrh fe saovk fe Eshrieo No Teihto (Eshrieo, Cknesh). Ei:

Thrhttk A. (hf.), Eshrieo No Teihto, iukve akitrebute saehitegeae, 8-62, Eshrieo:Estetutkrhmekionh phr mne stufe stkreae fhn Cknesh "W. Aukak".

?55? Hvefhiahs fh no groaturoteki eithitekiihnnh f'ksshchits oiecoux ovha ckìnnh fois Eh

meshchit fh "No Teihto" fh Eshrieo (Cknesh), Etoneì, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 58, =78-==0.

?55? Cocckt`s, Costkfkits & Hnhpòits. Aocbrefmh: Aocbrefmh Xievhrsety Trhss.

?5=0 EE renhvochitk mhknkmeak fhe feitkrie fe Vkrrh ei Tehtro (G ?65 Ahrvhthre), _uonhrioreo PP,

245-226.

Lkhiemswonf, ]. vkiV. voi Lkngsa`kthi

Nhgàvrh, F.,

J.-T. Royion.

M. Whriht

Nhgàvrh, F.,

J.T. Royion,

V. Tennhyrh,M. Whriht

ei prhss V`h Ceckcys-Orveakno bkuifory oif t`h hiochn tèalihss qukteìit (QF_) kg Orveaknoos strotemropèa corlhrs ei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Trkahhfeims kg t`h QH_Q Arkchr

Qycpkseuc, ?554.

?551o Qhfechitory fyioceas oif thatk-vknaoiesc ei t`h Whikso Bosei (Boseneaoto). Ei:

C. Cknnehre, K. Merktte, V. Lktsoles, O. Voffhuaae, A. Vurihr (hfs), Obstroats. Qycpkseuc

"_uothriory strotemrop`y ei vknaoiea orhos" , 61, Rkch: EI_XO QH_Q, AIR, Xievhr-seto fhmne Qtufe fe Rkco "No Qopehizo".

?551b Akitrebuteki o no a`rkikstrotemropèh fh no såreh fh Whikso-Iktoraèreak (Boseneaoto),

Otte fhnno PPP´ Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo,

??7-?20.

Nhkiorfe, M.,A. Thtrkiek

Coaaomik. O.C.

Conothsto, O.

Conothsto, O.,

\•". Zornhimo

Connhmie, G.,R. Coreoie-Akstoiteie.

M. Gkcoaeore,H.V. Nkimk,K, Meoakbeie,

O.C. Rofcenne

?5=6 E ahrve pnhestkahieae fhn boaeik feotkceteak fe Reoik (Rkco), Otte fhnno Oaaofhceo

Iozekionh fhe Neiahe - Chckreh (Anossh Qa. ges. cot. iot.), Qhreh WEEE, ?2, ?45-240.

?5=7 V`h Gonnkw Fhhr kg Hurkphoi Tnhestkahih, Mhknkmeao Rkcoio ?8, ?-7=.

?572 Mne hnhgoite gkssene fe Reoik, Mhknkmeao Rkcoio ?, 11-?12.

?5=0 No shreh fe Vkrrh ei Tehtro ihn quofrk fhn Tnhestkahih Rkcoik, _uonhrioreo PP, 81=-8==.

?500 Hvefhiah kg Ceffnh Tnhestkahih troismrhssekis onkim t`h Chfethrroihoi akost, Tonohk-

mhkmrop`y, Tonohkanecotknkmy, Tonohkhaknkmy 70, 1??-1?8.

?501 Ihw Hurkphoi gkssen `kceief cothreon grkc oi Oa`hunhoi seth ihor Rkch (Aosthn fe

Muefk), Ochreaoi Jkurion kg T`yseaon Oit`rkpknkmy 72, 271-2=6.

Cor tei e. G, ?552 En peþ oiteak pkpknochitk ucoik fhnnh esknh: no Qorfhmio. Ei: Thrhttk A. (hf.), / prece

obetoine fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk, ?=8-?0=. Cenoik, Joao Bkkl.



6Q V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Chunhi, O.J. voi fhr

Chzzhio, G.,O. Tonco fe Ahsikno

Cusse, C.

?5=1 Ceffnh Tnhestkahih sconnhr coccons grkc t`h Ckith Thmneo (Krvehtk, Etony) , wet` spha

rhghrhiah tk t`h p`ynkmhiy kg Cearktus (Orveak`foh, Rkfhiteo), _uothrioreo PWEE, ?-?

?5=? Eifustreo oa`hunhoio ihe fhpksete hsthrie fhnno Mrktto Tomneaae, Revesto fe Qaehizh

prhestkrea`h 27, 1-25.

?552 // Tonhkneteak h en Chskneteak ei òneo. Tkpkne h Aevento fhnn'Etoneo oiteao vkn. ?4. Bknkmio

Qtenus.

Tonco fe Ahsikno, O. ?502 EE Tonhkne teak eighrekrh ei Tumneo, Otte fhnno PP?EG Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'`tetutk Etone

fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, 228-260.

Tonkc`k, C.R.

Thrhttk, A. (hf.)

?508 E mroife cocceghre pnhestkahieae fhnnh esknh fhn Chfethrroihk: thcpe h veh fe cemrozeki Bunnhtteik fhnno Qkaehtf Tonhkitknkmeao Etoneoio 26, 24?-226.

?55? Eshrieo No Teihto, iukve akitrebute saehitegeae. Eshrieo: Estetutk rhmekionh phr mne stufe

stkreae fhn Cknesh "W. Aukak".

Thrhttk, A,A. Vhrzoie,

C. Arhcosaè (hfs)

Tephrik, C.

Tephrik, C,E. Beffettu

Tephrik, C.,CM. Bunmorhnne,G. Zhve (hfs)

Tephrik, C,G. Connhmie,U. Uklkyoco

Rofcenne, O.C.

?552 / prece obetoite fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk. Cenoik: noao Bkkl.

?501 Eshrieo No Teihto, ui oaaocpochitk peþ oiteak fe =44.444 oiie. Bknkmio: Aonfhreie.

?5=2 V`h Ckith Thmneo netèa eifustry, _uothrioreo PWE, 81-78.

?5=0 Qtufek tepknkmeak h eithrprhtozekih fh@'eifustreo oa`hunhoio h prh-custhreoio fhe nevhnne

c h f fe Vkrrh ei Tehtro (Rkco), _uothrioreo PP, 66?-817.

?506 / prece obetoite f'Hurkpo. Rkco: Fh Nuao.

?554 Fåakuvhrth f'ui gåcur ùcoei fois nhs ievhoux oa`hunåhis fh Iktoraèreak (Whikso,

Boseneaoto, Etoneì), Akcpths Rhifus fh E 'Oaofåceh fhs Qaehiahs fh Tores 1?? (shr. EE),?45=-??42.

?5== Qtkreo fhnn'Obruzzk fonnh kremeie onn'hto fhn Brkizk. Teso: Meorfeie.

?506 Qaove ihn meoaechitk fhn Tonhknet eak eighrekrh fe Aosthn fe Muefk prhssk Rkco. Ei:

O.C. Behtte Qhstehre (hf.), Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo ihn thrretkrek fe Rkco, =8-08, Rkco:

Fh Nuao.

Rofnlh, X.,M.J. @hiiem,]. Neilh,J. Cþimhrsfkr

Rkhbrkhls, ].,

I.J. Akiorf,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

?50? 214 V` /216 X- oif HQR- foteim prkbnhcs kg gkssen s`hnns ei Tnhestkahih coreih thrroahs(Ikrt`hri Noteuc, Ahitron Etony), _uothrioreo PPEEE, 1=-84.

?552 Fhish Gkrhsts, Aknf Qthpphs, oif t`h Tonohknetèa Qhttnhchit kg Ikrt`hri Hurkph, Aurrh

Oit`rkpknkmy 11, 88?-807.

Rkhbrkhls, ]

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph : O rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaonvknuch hvefhiah.

Qono, B. ?501 No gouio fhn meoaechitk fe Eshrieo No Teihto. Ei: A. Thrhttk, A. Vhrzoie, C. Arhcosaè(hfs), Eshrieo No Teihto, ui oaaocpochitk peþ oiteak fe =44.444 oiie, =?-=5, Bknkmio:Aonfhreie.



65 CORM@HREVO CXQQ? - EVONU

?505 O Trhneceiory Rhpkrt ki t`h Cearkvhrthbroths kg Iktoraèreak, Whikso, Trhestkreo Onpeio

28,=-?6.

Qorte, O.

?'. Qtkfute

?502 Qtozekih neteao reghrebenh onno "Thbbnh Aun turh" sakphrto ihn Nevkrihsh, Otte fhnno PP??G

Reuiekih saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, 66=-67?.

Qhmrh, O.

W Osahee/e

Qhmrh, O.M.

E. Beffettu,G. Muofomikne

Qhmrh, O.M.?. Beffettu,C. Tephrik

Qkpreithifhizo Qphaeonh on CushkIozekionh Trhestkreak Htikmrogeak'*N. Temkreie".

Vkzze, A.

?506 Gkitoio Roiuaaek: Etony's Hornehst Ceffnh Tnhestkahih @kceief Qeth, Aurrhit Oit`rk-

pknkmy 28, 214- 211.

?50= Iukve fote sun meoaechitk fhn Tonhknet eak eighrekrh fe Oiomie -Gkitoio Roiuaae k,

Ora`hknkmeo Nozeonh WEE, 215-261.

?502 ?? Tonhkneteak eighrekrh ihn Nozek, ihnno Boseneaoto h ei Qeaeneo, Otte fhnno PPE] Reuiekih

saehitegeao fhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo, ?==-247.

?55? Hsaursekie o Iktoraèreak h `hrieo No Teihto, Nebrk Muefo, PPP´ Reuiekih saehitegeaofhnn'Estetutk Etoneoik fe Trhestkreo h Trktkstkreo.

?578 No Mrktto fhn Aknkcbk o Vkeroik, Revesto fe Qtufe nemure 1?, 8-61.

Vuggrhou, O.T. Oitkeih

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Akiteihiton Ikrt`whsthri Hurkph.

vknuch

Corm`hreto Cusse

Fep. fe Qaehizh Qtkrea`h, Ora`hknkmea`h h

Oitrkpknkmea`h fhnn'Oiteaèto

Xievhrseto fe Rkco "No Qopehizo"

Weo Tonhstrk 71

44?08 Rkco, Etony



Oifrhos Foreos 1 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Bonlois

V`h sconn iucbhr kgNkwhr Tonohknetèa seths ei t`h

Bonlois, kih kg t`h ckst prkbobnh pot`woys gkr `kceiefs

hithreim Hurkph, es pksse`ny t`h rhsunt kg t`h necethf ockuit

kg rhshora` ei tès orho. nsknothf geifs oif hxaovothf seths

os Uorecburmoz (Vurlhy), Thtronkio (Mrhhah) oif Mojtoi

(Onòieo) onnpkeit tk ùcoi kaaupoteki grkc t`h bhmeiieim

kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kiworfs.

?. EitrkfuatekiO ghw yhors omk t`h Bonlois, oif obkvh onn t`her

Qkut`hri port, rhprhshithf o bnoil ki t`h cops kg NkwhrTonohknetèa Hurkph. Uat tès rhmeki es akisefhrhf tk bhsetuothf ki t`h ckst prkbobnh pot`woy tòt `kceiefs tkklot t`h tech kg t`her 'akiquhst' kg t`h Hurkphoi akiteihit.V`h obshiah kg likwnhfmh kg prhèstkreh coi ei t`hBonlois es oaeuonX fua tk t`h noal kg prhèstkreh rhshora`wetèi tès orho. Eigkrcoteki ki t`h Tonohknetèa kg t`hBonloi akuitrehs storthf tk bhakch ovoenobnh kiny ei rhahityhors. Foto hkiahrieim t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa orh vhrysaorah oif seths likwi grkc tès phrekf orh ikt iuchrkus(ag. Gem. ?). V`h kiny hxaovotaf seths wèa` foth tk t`h hornehrports kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih orh t`h aovhs kg Uorecburmoz

(Vurlhy), Thtronkio (Mrhhah), Mojtoi (Onboieo) oif Qoifonjo(Arkoteo< shh L. Wonka`, tès vknuch).

2. VurlhyV`h kiny seth ei t`h Hurkphoi port kg Vurlhy wèa` neos

yehnfhf Ceffnh Tnhestkahih orhòhknkmeaon geifs es t`h aovhkg Uorecburmoz, w`hrh orhòhknkmeaon rhshora` storthfrhahitny. V`h aovh kg Uorecburmoz es setuothf 28 lc tk t`hwhst kg Estoibkun ki t`h Corcoro Qho. Et òs iuchrkusònns, stommhrhf ot fegghrhit nhvhns, wèa` akitoei ecpkrtoit_uothriory fhpksets wet` iuchrkus Ceffnh Tnhestkahihkaaupoteki nhvhns (@kwhnn ?505). V`h osskaeothf gouio

akisests kg: Aoies cksboa`hises, Wunphs vunphs ssp..AukiEPhikayki sp., Xrsus fhieimhre, Ghnes synvhstres, Ghnes

nhk, Ghnes mkcboszkhmhises, Ghnes (A) aoroaon, Hquus

cksboa`hises, Trohchmoahrks ogg. vhrteakries, Foco sp.,Ahrvus hnopùs ssp., BksnBeski, Mozhnno sp., Aopro sp.

V`h eifustry akcpreshs o iucbhr kg phbbnh tkkns oif onormh vorehty kg gnolh tkkns (fhiteaunoths, ikta`hs, sefhsarophrs, akcpkseth tkkns). Ki t`h kt`hr òif, òifoxhs orh

obshit, os whnn os prkfuats kg t`h Nhvonnkes gnoleim

thaìequh.

1. MrhhahV`h kiny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih seth hxaovothf ei Mrhhah es

Thtronkio aovh. Oport grkc tès seth, hvefhiah gkr CeffnhTnhestkahih ùcoi kaaupoteki akisests kg esknothf geifs.

1.?. THVRONKIO

Thtronkio aovh es setuothf ot Aònaefequh (Ikrt`hriMrhhah), opprkxecothny 18 lc skut`-host kg V`hssonkiequhoif ihor t`h vennomh kg Thtronkio. Et es o vost aovhri cofhup kg o iucbhr kg monnhrehs ckrh tòi ?844 c. ei tktonnhimt`.

Eisefh t`h aovh o rhcorlobny whnn prhshrvhf oithihoi-fhrtòneoi slunn wos fesakvhrhf ei ?574. Et wos stual, by oaonaeth gnkw, omoeist t`h wonn kg o fevhrteaunh o ghw fkzhi acobkvh t`h surgoah. V`h slunn es kg o normh sezh, wènh etsaroieon aopoaety es opprkxecothny ?244 ac' . Xigkrtuiothny,t`h goat tòt t`h slunn wos ikt gkuif wetèi o strotemropèaonakithxt prhvhits o anhor ossemichit tk oiy kg t`h nhvhnshstobnes`hf wetèi t`h fhpksets ei t`h aovh. Vùs t`h omh

hstecoths vory bhtwhhi 244 oif 744 Lyr BT (@hiiem ht on.?50?< O. Tkuneoiks ?502).

V`h quothriory fhpksets ei skch pnoahs ei t`h aovh orh uptk ?8 c ei fhpt` (shateki B ag. Gem. 2) oif 2= nhvhns òvhbhhi festeimues`hf. Oi ecpkrtoit stonomcetea gnkkr shons t`hshfechits, wènst o shakif kih shhcs tk bh prhshit ei t`hceffnh kg t`h fhpksets.

V`h fegghrhit nhvhns orh vhry rea` ei gouion rhcoeis. V`hsconn vhrthbroths (onn t`h nhvhns akcbeihf) orh rhprhshithfby Tesahs eif., Bugk sp. eif, Thnkboths gusaus, Wor oius

eithrchfeus, Noahrto sp. eif., Noahrto ag. treneihoto, Noahrto

ogg. verefes, Vhstufk mrohao, Vhstufk sp., Kpèfeo sp. eif.,

Oishr oishr, Oyt`yo ghreio, Guneao otro, Butèhrox pkuneoie,Gonak teiiuiaunus, Onhatkres mrohao chf., Onhatkres sp.,Thrfex he. jurh sole, Qaknkpoaefoh eif., Nocs sp., Aknucbo

khios ssp., Aknucbo neveo ssp., Aknucbo ponucbus. Qtrex

onuak, Mnouaefeuc posshreiuc, Bubk (;) sp. eif., Akrvus

akrox, Tyrr`kakrox mroaunus vhtus, Vurfus sp., Noieus

ceikr, Truihnno aknnoreo, Tosshregkrchs eif. E., Tosså -regkrchs eif. EE., Toa`yuro ag. htrusaus (3 Quiaus



82 VXE- E• OR E.E E-Q VKA AE VOE ËKI >)n ?? RKE'L

Gem. ?. Qeths chitekihf ei t`h thxt.

?: Uorecburmoz, 2: Thtronkio, 1: Moj-toi, 6: Lkresseo, 8: Lklleikpenks,7: Wroìhëlo.

htrusaus), Qkrhx ceiutus, Qkrhx sp., Vonpo ceiuto,

Hreioahus hurkpohus prohmnoaeones, Rèiknkpùs sp. eif.E., Rèiknkpùs sp. eif. EE., Rèiknkpùs ghrruchmetectc

tkponhises, Cyktes cyktes, Cyktes `nytè kxymi., Cyktes sp.eif. E., Cyktes sp. eif. EN, Hpthseaus sp. eif., Tepestrhnnus

(;) sp. eif., Iyatonus ag. ikatuno, Nhpus sp., Kryatknomus

sp., Xrkaethnnus precemhieus fogioh, Toroscetùs

`rhvefhis, Frykceius hnekcykefhs orese, Qponox aòn-

lefeloh, Onnkareahtus ùrsoh secpnhx, Cearktus prohmuhi-

t`hre, Opkfhcus sp., Opkfhcus (Lostkrcys) cystoaeius,

Cys (Bufocys) seioit`rkpus, @ystrex sp. (Lrhtzke oifI. Tkuneoiks ?50?). Qubshquhitny I. Tkuneoiks (?554)offhf Nomurus (Hknomurus) ormyrkpunke zozèmèie,

Nomurus tcuseaus oif Orveakno aoiteoio (3 O. thrrhstres

aoiteoio) tk tès nest.

V`h normh vhrthbroths orh rhprhshithf by: Aoies nupus

cksòa`hises, Wunphs ag. prohmnoaeones, Auki presaus, Xrsus

faieima`, Xrsus tè`htoius chfethrroihus, Chnhs chnhs,

Arkauto arkauto prohsphnoho, Arkauto arkauto phtronkioh,

@yohio phrrehre, @yohio `rhverkstres, Ghnes synvhstres

òcofrvos, Toit`hro nhk gkssenes, Toit`hro ag. mkcòszkh-mhises, Toit`hro porfus, @kckt`hreuc sp., Hquus ag.cksòa`hises, Oseius `yfruiteius ssp., Feahrkrèius

`hcetkhaùs, Qus sarkgo, Trohchmoahrks vhrteakries, Foco

sp., Ahrvus hnopùs ssp., Bks precemhieus, Aopro ebhx

coahfkieao (Lutthi oif O. Tkuneoiks ?5==< Lurtåi oifO. Tkuneoiks ?50?< Lrhtzke oif I. Tkuneoiks ?50?< Lurtåi?501).

V`h gouion osshcbnomh (t`h aorievkrhs ei porteaunor) eseithrprhthf os aòroathrestea kg t`h gerst òng kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih. Ckrh prhaeshny @. phrrehre, @. `rhverkstres oiT. mkcòszkhmhises eifeaoth t`h horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahihos t`h ceiecuc omh, w`hrhos C. chnhs oif T. porfus mevt`h soch phrekf os t`h coxecuc omh (Lurtåi ?501). Vùtès gouio es aòroathrestea kg t`h gerst port kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih oif onnkws ottrebuteki kg oi omh kg 844 tk =84

Lyr BT tk t`h Thtronkio fhpksets. V`h gouio òs ikt bhhisphaegehf gkr hoa` nhvhn yht, but t`h vorekus out`krs eifeaotòt t`hrh orh ik semiegeaoit aòimhs wetèi t`h tktonshquhiah. @kwhvhr, t`rhh gouion shquhiahs whrh festei-mues`hf ki t`h bosh kg t`h `yhio cothreon (Lurtåi oifO. Tkuneoiks ?50?< Lurtåi ?501): t`h Arhieoi (nhvhns ?0tk ??) aòroathreshf by oi osskaeoteki kg @yohio phrrehre

oif Arkauto arkauto prohsphnoho, t`h Thtronkieoi (nhvhns tk 2) aòroathreshf by t`h rhpnoahchit kg @yohio phrrehre

by @yohio `rhverkstres oif t`h akiteiuoteki kg Arkauto

arkauto prohsphnoho, w`hrhos t`h V`hrcohaeoi (upphrstonomcetea @kkr) es aòroathreshf by t`h prhshiah kg kiny

Arkauto arkauto phtronkioh.Worekus foths òvh bhhi put gkrworf gkr t`h fhpksets,

roimeim grkc 244 tk ?,444 Lyr BT, but t`h ckst ak`hrhitkg t`hsh akiahri kiny t`h upphr stonomcetea gnkkr (Elhyo?504< ]eitnh oif Joakbs ?502< Q`hi oif Uklkyoco ?50Foteim kg tès stonomcetea gnkkr by t`h uroieuc feshqueneb-reuc cht`kf rhsunthf ei oi omh kg ckrh tòi 184 Lyr BT t`h necet kg tès cht`kf (Q`hi oif Uklkyoco ?507).



81 OIFRHOQ FORNOQ - V@H BONLOIQ

Thtronkio: Qhateki B strotemrop`y (ogthr O. Tkuneoiks ?502)

Os ponyiknkmeaon oif shfechitknkmeaon oionyshs fef iktrhsunt ei mkkf eifeaotekis ki t`h anecotea oif hiverkichiton

akifetekis fureim t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h fhpksets, kiny t`hgouio! rhcoeis orh `hnpgun `hrh. I. Tkuneoiks (?554) òsfesteimues`hf iuchrkus anecotea pòshs oif òs frowi upo bekstrotemropèa tobnh kg t`h fhpksets (Vobnh E). V`h`hrbevkrhs rhakvhrhf ei t`h fegghrhit nhvhns whrh ckstnyùithf by coi, ont`kum` skch fk opphor tk òvh bhhibrkum`t ei by aorievkrhs. V`h Thtronkio `kceiefs coeinyùithf `krsh (6=.?% kg t`h `hrbevkrhs), ahrvefs (2?.0%)

oif ckuitoei mkot (2?.6%) (Lrhtzke oif I. Tkuneoiks?50?).

V`h netèa cothreon es obuifoit t`rkum`kut ihorny onn t`hnhvhns (O. Tkuneoiks ?502). Ihvhrt`hnhss, os o rhsunt kgo noal kg fhtoenhf stufehs, kiny skch saorah foto oif skchfroweims oif peaturhs kg o ghw orthgoats orh ovoenobnh(Gem. 1.? oif 1.2).

V`h eifustry nkkls rot`hr 'oraòea' oif es onckst onwoyscofh kut kg quortz< kaaosekionny uickfegehf bouxethgromchits whrh ushf os ecpnhchits. Vwk gneit pehahs whrh




gkuif ki t`h surgoah kg t`h fhpksets os whnn os o ghw wetèit`h fhpksets wèa` ankshf t`h hitroiah tk t`h aovh. Thbbnhnkkns orh rorh oif òifoxhs obshit. V`h bosh kg tès eifustr)es gkrchf by sconn tkkns, cofh by useim fhbres, oif ckrhrorhny gnolhs. Qefh sarophrs (ckst kgthi gkrchf by useim o

tèal rhtkua`), ikta`hs oif fhiteaunoths orh onsk grhquhit,wènh kt`hr tkke typhs orh rorh.

1.2. LKRREQQEO

O a`kpphr (Gem. 1.1) wos fesakvhrhf ei setu ei o autteimanksh tk t`h Lkrresseo nomkki ei t`h skut`-whst kg t`h esnoifkg Akrgu (Ikrt` ]hst Mrhhah) (Lkurthsse-Tèneppoles ?554).V`h orthgoat akchs grkc o anoy bhf setuothf bhtwhhi twk

coreih nechstkih `krezkis wèa` rhst ei strkim uiakigkr-cety ki o ceffnh Tnekahih soify fhpkset. V`h anoy bhf ios

o ikrcon comihtea pknorety oif òs bhhi ottrebuthf tk t`h

gerst port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Jocht ?502). V`h

a`kpphr akunf, t`hrhgkrh, bh akithcpkrory wet` t`h

Thtronkio eifustry.

1.1. LKLLEIKTENKQ

V`h kphi oer seth kg Lklleikpenks nehs ei Hperus (Ikrt`]hst Mrhhah) (Boenhy ht on. ?552). O gkrcoteki kg CeffnhTnhestkahih rhf sents, ckrh tòi 64 c tèal, yehnfhf o

Ceakqueoi òifoxh (Gem. 6.?), gkuif ei setu ?7 c bhnkw t`h

tkp kg t`h rhf sents. V`h oifoxh es, oaakrfeim tk t`h

rhshora`hrs w`k gkuif et, 284,444 tk 144,444 yhors knf

(Ruiihns oif Woi Oifhn ?551). Ei oiy aosh tès òifoxh,wet` whnn rhtkua`hf bkorfs, wkunf get vhry whnn eitk o

Ceffnh, kr eifhhf hvhi Xpphr, Oa`hunhoi eifustry.

1.6. KV@HR QEVHQ

O ghw esknothf tkkns aknnhathf ei revhr thrroahs òvh bhhiottrebuthf tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, h.m. geifs grkc t`h

ceffnh thrroah kg Oneolcki (Ikrt`hri Mrhhah) oif t`h upphrthrroah kg Terks (Oaòëo, whsthri Mrhhah) (Fornos ?556).

O rhahit fesakvhry ihor t`h vennomh kg Wroìhëlo (rhmekikg Oaòëo) kg twk gnolhf pehahs osskaeothf wet` o coreihbhoa` òs bhhi ottrebuthf tk t`h KEQ 5 troismrhsseki. O nechstkih snob rhsts uiakigkrcobny ki Tnekahih soifs ot ?17 c

kg ontetufh oif es akvhrhf ei turi by oi kggs`krh bor wetàkorsh mroeihf soifs. V`h twk rhtkua`hf gnolhs whrh gkuifwetèi tès kggs`krh bor.

6. OnboieoEi Onboieo, prhèstkreh rhshora` storthf kiny vhry rhahitny

oif t`h rhshora` es coeiny necethf tk t`h rhmeki kg Q`lkfhr,ei t`h ikrt`hri port kg t`h akuitry. Ei t`h kt`hr rhmekisTonohknetèa fesakvhrehs orh proateaonny iki-hxesthit. NkwhrTonohknetèa cothreon es gkuif ei t`h aovh kg Mojtoi oif t`h

kphi oer seth kg Boroi, nkaothf kiny 044 c grkc t`h aovh kg

Mojtoi (Gestoie ?551o oif b).

Gem. 1. ? oif 2: Thtronkio: quortz tkkns (ogthr O. Tkuneoiks ?5=0)

1: Lkrresseo: phbbnh tkke (ogthr Lkurthsse-Tèneppoles ?554).

Qaonh ei ac.

Vwk gnuveon thrroahs orh hxpkshf ot t`h seth kg Boroi.Kiny surgoah geifs kg stkih orthgoats, wet` ik strotemropèa

akithxt, òvh bhhi aknnhathf. O "prh-Ceifhn" omh wosottrebuthf tk t`h netèa cothreon fesakvhrhf ki t`h upphrthrroahs, bhaoush t`h osshcbnomh akitoeis oraòea tkkns oi

rkum` òifoxhs, a`kpphrs, a`kppeim-tkkns, oif normh gnolhNhvonnkes gnolhs oif fesakëfon akrhs onsk prhshit wetèi t`

osshcbnomh orh eithrprhthf os akceim grkc o ckrh hvknvhshakif eifustry, wèa` rhprhshits oi ei setu hvknuteki(tñ: ?81).




Vobnh ?: Quccory kg bekstrotemrop ea oif ponohkanecotea foto kg t`h Thtronkio Aovh. V`h gerst opphoroiah kg o toxki ei t`h Thtronkio Aovhshfechits es eifeaothf by o fos`< t`ksh toxo gkuif kiny ei kih noyhr orh eifeaothf by o pkeit< t`ksh wèa` orh kbshrvhf ot onckst onn noyhrs orh

eifeaothf by oi osthresl< oif, geionny, t`ksh sphaehs wèa` orh gkuif wetèi ahrtoei noyhrs, orh eifeaothf by o + (pnus) (ogthr I. Tkuneoiks ?554).

Vèalihss(ac)

Noyhrs ThrekfsOmhs

(ly)Bekstrotemrop`y Hiverkichit

28 ? V`hrcohaeoi (tkp stonomceth)884 .Auki presaus Akknhr

288 2 Thtronkieoi +Arkauto a. prohsphnoho

+Feahrkrèius ag. `hcetkhaùs ;

?44 1+ Xrsus tèbhtoius

=8 6Qovoiio

54 814 7 *Xrsus fhieimhre

*Aoies nupus cksboa`hises

14 =

68 0 Akknhr?4 5

?4(24) ?4 V`roaeoi 7?4 .@yohio brhverkstres

(trovhrteih stonomceth)QovoiioQub-trkpea

244 ?? +Arkauto a. prohsphnoho

Arhieoi 784 +@yohio phrrehre Qovoiio/Gkrhst= ?2 *Oraòit`rkpus hurkphus

24 ?1 +Nomurus troisehis

?8 ?6 •Feahrkrèius ag. `hcetkhaùs

22 ?854 ?7 +Xrsus tèbhtoius

-Hquus ag. cksboa`hises

14 ?= +@yohio phrrehre

Orveakno aoiteoio

Akiteihiton gkrhst/aknf ùcef sthpph

14 ?0+Nomurus troisehis

74 ?5 Hnohka`kreoi -Onnkareahtus bursoh secpnhx

=44 -Opkfhcus sp. ]ht oif worchr

14 24=8 2?14 2254 21

=14.Vonpo ceiuto

54 26 Aknf ùcef sthpph(¿0Á)

74 28 ¿Nomurus troisehis

?44 27 Aònlefeleoi N. (Hktomurus) o. zuzèmèie

Whry aknfsthpph (6Á)

2 2= =84-20- Ohmhoi (boson trovhrteih)

Vkton

fhpt`?72?

@kwhvhr, t`h toat tòt t`hsh tkkns orh surgoah geifs,

evakvhevf kutsefh o strotemropèaon akithxt, colhs et

ecpkssebnh tk akitërc tès omh, w`hrhos t`h prhshiah kg

Nhvonnkes gnolhs oif fesakëfon akrhs shhcs tk eifeaoth o

Ceffnh Tonohknetèa omh. V`h phbbnh tkkns oif t`h normh oif

errhmunor gnolhs fk ikt phr sh eifeaoth o èm` omh, os sua`

pehahs orh grhquhit ockimst eifustrehs fesakvhrhf ei gnuveon

thrroahs.




Gem. 6.?: Lklleikpenks: `oifoxh (ogthr Ruiihns oif Woi Oifhn ?551), 2 oif 1: Mojtoi: phbbnh tkkns(ogthr Gestoie ?551b). Qaonh ei ac.



8= OIFRHOQ FORNOQ - V@H BONLOIQ

6.?. MOJVOI

V`h aovh kg Mojtoi es setuothf tk t`h skut`-host kgQ`lkfhr bhtwhhi t`h vennomhs kg Rhia oif Mur e ze. V`haovh es port kg o lorstea ihtwkrl wet` o iucbhr kg aovetehswèa` akccuieaoth by akrrefkrs. V`h aovh òs twkpkra`hs. Hxaovotekis ot t`h gerst kih (Mojtoi E) rhvhonhfecpkrtoit _uothriory fhpksets, wèa` aoi bh fevefhf eitk

2 osshcbnomhs: t`h upphr osshcbnomh akitoeis o Ckusthreoieifustry w`hrhos t`h nkwhr òs yehnfhf o Ceffnh Tnhestk-ahih gouio oif o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa netèa eifustry. Kt`hrbkih racoeis kg t`h soch omh os t`ksh kg t`h nkwhrosshcbnomh whrh onsk gkuif ei o sefh aòcbhr kg t`h aovh.

V`h gouio kg t`h nkwhr osshcbnomh akitoeis: Vhstufk sp., Nhpus an', hurkpohus, @ystrex ag. veikmrofkve, Aoies nupus

cksboa`hises, Xrsus ag. fhieimhre, Xrsus tèbhtoius,

Feahrkrèius ag. chrale, Qus sarkgo, Ahrvus hnopùs,

Aoprhknus aoprhknus, Foco foco, Beski presaus (;), Coaoao synvoio pnekahio (Gestoie ?551o, Gestoie ?551b,Gestoie oif Aråmut-Bkiikurh ?551).

Vès Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gouio es eifeaotevh kg thcphrothanecotea akifetekis oif o coeiny gkrhsthf hiverkichit. V`hosshcbnomh òs bhhi fotaf tk t`h @knstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon.O normh iucbhr kg t`h bkih rhcoeis s`kw troahs tòt orhottrebuthf tk ùcoi eithrghrhiah, sua` os fhgnhsèim,eithitekion gromchitoteki oif nerh.

V`h eifustry fesakvhrhf ei tès osshcbnomh akisests gkrt`h ckst port kg quortzeth. Et es aòroathreshf by t`h rorety kgsconS tkkns, obshiah kg t`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh oif o èm`prkpkrteki (64%) kg a`kpphrs oif a`kppeim-tkkns (Gem. 6.2oif 6.1) os whnn os by t`h prhshiah kg o ghw otypeaonòifoxhs kr prktk-òifoxhs.

8. AkianusekiGrkc t`h prhshit stoth kg Tonohknetèa rhshora` ei t`h

Bonlois et es kiny pkssebnh tk soy tòt t`hrh wos ùcoi

kaaupoteki grkc t`h gerst òng kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahihkiworfs, ont`kum` t`h likwi seths orh vhry necethf oiffesphrshf ei tech oif spoah.

V`h kiny seths os yht fesakvhrhf oif hxaovothf gkr tèsphrekf orh t`h aovhs kg Uorecburmoz, Thtronkio oif Mojtoi.Ckst stufehs akiahrieim t`hsh seths òvh bhhi akiahitrothfki t`h gouio oif foteim kg t`h fhpksets. Oport grkc t`h

gouion hvefhiah, t`hrh es vhry nettnh eigkrcoteki obkutanecotea oif hiverkichiton akifetekis, oif t`hrh es onskproateaonny ik hvefhiah akiahrieim t`h òbetot kr oatevetehskg prhèstkreh `kceiefs.

Ot kt`hr seths tkkns òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf ei o strote-mropèaon akithxt (Lkrresseo, Lklleikpenks, Wroìhëlo) buttkk ghw tk sphol obkut Tonohknetèa 'aocp'seths. Geionnyt`hrh orh o ghw sconn tkke shrehs, wet` fkubtgun foths, grkcsurgoah seths.

Ei succory, twk akianusekis aoi bh frowi:?. Vroahs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki foteim grkc bhgkrh t`h

geion pòsh kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih òvh bhhifesakvhrhf ei t`h skut`hri Bonlois ei speth kg t`h roretykg geifs. Bhaoush kg t`hsh geifs tès port kg Hurkph esik nkimhr o bnoil ki t`h cop kg ùcoi kaaupoteki kgtès phrekf.

2. V`h saoraety kg seths es preiaeponny fuh tk t`h rorety kgrhshora`: troahs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki kg CeffnhTnhestkahih omh òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf ei ihorny onnrhmekis w`hrh prhèstkreh rhshora` òs bhhi akifuathf.Vès nhofs us tk eighr tòt guturh rhshora` wenn ei onnprkbobenety nhof tk t`h fesakvhry kg kt`hr oif hvhituonnywhnn-prhshrvhf seths. Qua` fesakvhrehs wenn hiobnh us tkprhshit o ckrh syit`htea stufy kg t`h gerst kaaupotekis kg

tès phieisunor, phròps kih kg gerst rhmekis kg Hurkph tkbh kaaupehf by `kceiefs.




rhghrhiahs

Boenhy, M., ?552W. Topoakistoiteiku,F. Qturfy

Fornos, O. ?556

Gestoie, O.B. ?551o

Osprkaònelk oif Lklleikpenks: VN Foteim oif Rheithrprhtoteki kg Ceffnh Tonohknetè

Qeths ei Hperus, Ikrt`-]hst Mrhhah, Aocbrefmh Oraòhknkmeaon Jkurion 2(?), ?17-?66.

Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fh no Mràah, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 50(2-1), 148-120.

@ucoi Hvknuteki ei Onboieo gkr t`h _uothriory Threkf. Ei: Bhaly O. Qemcki (hf.),

Bhgkrh t`h ]onn Ghen: V`h Qaehiah kg Coi ei Qkaeonest Hurkph, ?6?-?=0, Vkrkitk.Aoiofeoi Qa`knors' Trhss Eia.

?551b Fhakuvhrth f'ui ùchrus f'urs efå o ?'knåkaroih phrgkrå fois nh seth fh Mojtoi E (Q`lkf

hi Onboieì fu Ikrf, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 5=(2-1), 221-210.

Gestoie. O.B.

H. Aråmut-Bkiikurh

?551 Fhakuvhrth f'Xrsus tèbhtoius (Cocconeo, Aorievkro. Xrsefoh) fois nh seth pnåestkaài

ckyhi fh Mojtoi (Q`lkfìr, Onboieì), MHKBEKQ 27(2), 26?-271.

@hiiem, M.J.

]. @hrr,H. ]hbhr,

I.E. Perkteres

?50? HQR-foteim kg t`h gkssen `kceief aroieuc grkc Thtronkio Aovh, Mrhah, Ioturh 252,

811-817.

@kwhnn, G.A. ?505 Uorecburmoz ui ikuvhou seth fu Tnåestkaàih ckyhi o kaaupoteki ùcoeih fois ?'Kuhst

fh no Vurqueh (Råsucå). Ei: H. Bkiegoy ht B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hf), Nhs Trhcehrs

Hurkphhis, Oaths fu ??6' akimrhs iotekion fhs skaeåtås sovoiths, 211-216, Tores, Hfetekfu AV@Q.

Elhyo, C.

Jocht, C.

?504 HQR Foteim kg Aorbkioths ot Thtronkio Aovh, Oit`rkpks =, ?61-?8?.

?502 Htufh ihkthatkiequh fh Akrgku ht åtufh ponåkcomihtequh fh såfechits iåkmàihs fhs enh

fh Akrgku, Ahpònkieh ht Zoit`h, V`hsh fh 1h ayanh, Xievhrsetå fh Tores-Quf.

Lkurthsse-Tèneppoles, M. ?554 Nhs pnus oiaehiihs kaaupotekis ùcoeihs fois nh thrretkerh åperkth ht oux akigeis fhrennyreh chrefekionh. Ei: T. Aoboihs (hf): N'Ennyreh chrefekionh ht ?'Hperh fois

WOiþquetå-nn, Oaths fu nnh Aknnkquh eithriotekion fh Anhrckif-Hhrroif (28-2= Katkbr

?554), ?4-?7, Tores, fh Bkaaorf.

Lran/ke, C.I. Tkuneoiks

?50? Rhcorls ki t`h Ceffnh oif Nkwhr Tnåestkaàih Whrthbronh Gouio ei t`h Thtronkio Aovh(wet` sphaeon rhghrhiah tk ihw Cearkgouio - up tk ?50?). Oit`rkpks 0, 8=-=2.

Lurtåi, B.

Lurtåi, B.O. Tkuneoiks

?501 Gouion shquhiah ei Thtronkio Aovh, Oit`rkpks ?4, 81-85.

?5== Ihw strotemropèa oif gouion cothreon grkc Thtronkio Aovh, wet` sphaeon rhghrhiah tkaorievkro, Oit`rkpks 6(?-2), 6=-?14.

Tkuneoiks, O.

?50? Gkssen aorievkro kg Thtronkio Aovh : Qtotus kg ?504, Oit`rkpks 0, 5-87.

?502 V`h Aovh kg t`h Thtronkieoi Oraòit`rkpeioh: o muefh tk t`h saehiaa bhèif t`h

hxaovotekis, Ot`his, Nebrory kg t`h Oit`rkpknkmeaon Osskaeoteki kg Mrhhah.

?]() Thtronkio: t`h Lhy tk t`h Huroseoi Nkwhr-Ceffnh Tnåestkaàih, Oit`rkpks ?2, 78-05.

Ruiihns, A,

@Vj. voi Oifhn

?551 O @oifoxh grkc Lklleikpenks, Hperus, oif ets Ecpneaotekis gkr t`h Tonhknetèa kg Mrhha Jkurion kg Gehnf Oraòhknkmy 24, ?5?-241.




Q`hi M.U. Uklkyoco

?507 V-214OJ-216 Foteim kg Thtronkio Qphnhkt`hcs, Oit`rkpks ??, 21-12.

Wonka , L. t`es V`h horeehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Hosthri Ahitron oif Qkut`hosthc Hurkph.vknuch

]eitnh, O.J. Joakbs

?502 O Areteaon Rhvehw kg t`h Foteim Hvefhiah gkr Thtronkio Aovh, Jkurion kg Ora`ohknkmyQaehiah 5, 15-6=.

Oifrhos FornosXievhrsetå f'Oex-Corshennh EENobkrotkerh f'Oit`rkpknkmehBkunhvorf Tehrrh Frocorf?15?7 Corshennh Ahfhx 24Groiah



Ielkeoe F Trosekv 6 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei:o s`krt ikth

V`h Russeoi Tnoei hxthifs grkc t`h ]èth Qho oif

Borhits Qho ei t`h ikrt` tk t`h Aospeoi oif Bnoal Qho ei

t`h skut`. Et es bkrfhrhf by t`h Aorpotèoi ckuitoeis ei t`h

QKXt`-whsn oif t`h Xron ei t`h host (Gem. ?). Grkc tès

ecchish orho wh likw kiny o sconn iucbhr kg Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa seths, boseaonny gkr twk rhoskis. Ei t`h gerst

pnoah, et ushf tk bh mhihronny bhnehvhf tòt t`h Russeoi Tnoei

wos ikt kaaupehf by ùcois bhgkrh t`h Ceffnh

Tonohknetèa, oif t`hrhgkrh ik systhcotea survhy oif

rhshora` tkkl pnoah, wènh t`h ghw pkssebnh Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa geifs whrh subjhat kg `hothf fesaussekis.

Qhakifny, fesakvhreim Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths es vhry

feggeaunt os o rhsunt kg semiegeaoit aòimhs ei noifsaophs

seiah t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa. V`h einoif mnoaeotekis akvhrhf

normh ports kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei, oif tweah t`h eah whit

fkwi tk 84´ notetufh ei t`h Fki oif Fihpr vonnhys. V`h

hikiikus ockuit kg chnteim wothr akceim grkc t`h

mnoaehrs nhf tk troismrhssekis kg t`h Aospeoi oif t`h Bnoal

Qho. Hsphaeonny normh saonh troismrhssekis orh rhprhshithf by

t`h Olaomyn `krezki fureim t`h Noth Tnekahih, t`h OpQhrki

`krezki fureim t`h Horny Tnhestkahih, oif t`h Bolu `krezki

fureim t`h gerst port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (gkr t`h

Earceiknkmy shh Njubei oif Bkseisle, tès vknuch). V`hshnormh troismrhssekis arhothf o akiihateki kg t`h Aospeoi oif

t`h Bnoal Qho t`rkum` t`h Coiya fhprhsseki, oif o

shporoteki kg t`h Aouaosus rhmeki grkc t`h Russeoi Tnoei

(Gem. 2). Vès yehnfs t`h quhsteki w`ht`hr t`h knfhst

kaaupoteki kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei aoch grkc t`h Aouaosus

rhmeki kr grkc Hurkph.

V`h Horny Tnhestkahih shfechits orh ckstny akvhrhf by

ykuimhr fhpksets up tk 24-64 c tèal. Ei t`h ceffnh

notetufhs t`h gkrchr prhshiah kg mnoaehrs onckst hxanufhs t`h

prhshrvoteki kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths, wènh ei t`h skut`

t`h seths whrh onsk fhstrkyhf by t`h Aospeoi oif Bnoal Qho

troismrhssekis. V`hrhgkrh t`hrh es kiny o iorrkw strep kgnoif w`hrh Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths coy bh fesakvhrhf

(Gem. 2). Qurgoah geifs oif orthgoats grkc uiahrtoei

strotemrop`y aoi ikt prkvh t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa

kaaupoteki kg t`h rhmeki. Oport grkc akithsthf surgoah geifs

oif orthgoats wet`kut o anhor strotemropèaon akithxt

(Bkreslkvslej ?581), t`hrh orh kiny o ghw geifs wèa`

coy bh akisefhrhf Nkwhr Tonohknetèa, oif onn kg t`hc orh

grkc t`h skut`hri port kg t`h rhmeki, skut` kg 84´ notetufh

(Gem. ?-2).

Mhroseckvlo

Vès seth es nkaothf ki t`h s`krh kg t`h Mung kg Vomoirkm

(Ceus) ihor t`h vennomh kg Mhroseckvlo (Trosekv ?570).

Oi knf thrroah 68 c obkvh t`h prhshit sho nhvhn es akvhrhf

by t`h gknnkweim fhpksets (grkc tkp tk bkttkc):

- Rhahit A`hrikzhc

- Nkhss-nelh nkocs, ei t`h upphr port o tèi noyhr kg

vknaoiea os`.

- Nost eithrmnoaeon (Celunei) sken

- Akcpoat-rhffes`-brkwi sken os et es likwi onn kvhr

t`h Russeoi Tnoei oif aòroathrezeim t`h Nea`vei

Eithrmnoaeon.

- 8 c kg noceiothf nkocs oif soifs wet` coiy sontwothr

cknnusas, prhfkceioitny Aospeoi typhs kg Fefoaio(Fefoaio boheëarosso, F. pshufkarosso, F. ceusseao, F. porvuno). Ei offeteki, t`hrh orh skch grhs`wothr

cknnusas: Xiek arossus, en. botovus pshufkarossus, Oikfkito pesaeiones, Qpòhreuc reveakno, Weveporus gosaeotus.

V`h sontwothr cknnusas foth t`h noyhr tk t`h Bolu trois-

mrhsseki kg t`h Aospeoi Qho, rhsphatevhny t`h Aoufo

troismrhsseki kg t`h Bnoal Qho.

- Qoifs akitoeieim grhs`wothr cknnusas oif sconn

coccons eianufeim Ceckcys, Hnnkbeus, Cearktus, Nomurus.

- Ei o akorsh mrovhn wet` coiy gneit phbbnhs ot t`h bosh

kg t`h soifs rhcoeis kg Coccutùs trkmkit`hree. Grkc

tès `krezki wet` gneit phbbnhs obkut o fkzhi `hovenywhot`hrhf oif shvhrhny obrofhf, rknnhf orthgoats wos

aknnhathf (Gem. 1). O bemmhr akrh grkc quortzeth

(Gem. 1,1) es wkrlhf ki bkt` goahs oif nkkls nelh o

a`kppeim tkke. Ei offeteki t`hrh orh t`rhh sefh-sarophrs

grkc gneit (Gem. 1,?-2) os whnn os gnolhs. V`h strotemrop`y

kg t`h seth summhsts tòt tès sconn osshcbnomh foths grkc

t`h Nkwhr tk Ceffnh Tnhestkahih troiseteki.




Gem. ?. Festrebuteki kg NkwhrTonohknet ea seths chitekihf ei t`hthxt. (?. Mhroseckvlo< 2. A`rjosae,1. Tkmrhby oif Fubkssory).

Gem. 2. Coxecon mnoaeoteki oifcoxecon troismrhsseki ki t`hRusseoi Tnoei, oif festrebuteki kgNkwhr Tonohknet ea seths chitekihfei t`h thxt (? . Mhroseckvlo<2. A`rjosae, 1. Tkmrhby oif Fubks-sory).



71 IELKNOE F. TROQNKW - V@H RXQQEOI TNOEI

?8

?4

<>&PYP&

O O O / ^ / ^ / ^ Y ^ / ^

• K ' k k k k a

iomsi§*T

@

27

Gem. 6. A`rjosae prkgenh.

?5

24

Gem. 1. Mhroseckvlo orthgoats. Qaonh ei ac.

A`rjosae

A`rjosae oif t`h ihem`bkureim seth kg Ceaòjnkv orh

nkaothf ki t`h nhgt boil kg t`h ikrt`hri Fkihz, obkut ?4 lc

grkc ets akignuhiah wet` t`h Fki (Gem. ?). Ki t`h sthhp

revhrboil ki tkp kg t`h substrotuc revhr fhpksets (soifs) orh

hxpkshf akvhrhf by o ?8 c èm` suaahsseki kg nkocy-soify

shfechits (Gem. 6< Trosnkv ?570). Vès thrroah aoi bhakiihathf tk t`h gkurt` thrroah kg t`h nkwhr Fki (Coreeislo

thrroah), wèa` es rhnothf tk t`h Horny Hvlsei troismrhsseki

kg t`h Bnoal Qho (Tkpkv ?56=). Ot t`h ceffnh Fki tès

thrroah es akvhrhf by ckroeih fhpksets grkc t`h Fki-nkbh

kg t`h coxecuc mnoaeoteki (Fihpr< Tkpkv, Mresahilk ht on.

?576). Vès foths t`h thrroah tk t`h Nea`vei Eithrmnoaeon.

Grkc t`h Coreeislo thrroah grhs`wothr cknnusas orh likwi:




Gem. 8. A`rjosae. Orthgoats grkc nhvhn 26. Qaonh ei ac.

focomh ot t`her hfmhs (Gem. 8). V`hrh orh onsk 6 akrhs oif

= rhtkua`hf tkkns eianufeim o quortzeth kih wet` o begoaeonn

sòphf wkrleim hfmh (Gem. 7,2). Ei t`h shfechits obkvh t`

thrroah soifs t`rhh ponohkskns orh prhshit (Gem. 6). Ot t`h

Ceaòjnkv geif spkt, 2 lc grkc A`rjosae, Ceffnh

Tonohknetèa orthgoats whrh gkuif ei t`h nkwhrckst sken

(Trosnkv ?570). Ot A`rjosae etshng t`h ceffnh sken (nhvhn ?0akitoeihf obkut 24 orthgoats, eianufeim 6 rhtkua`hf tkkns

(Trosnkv ?570).

Tkmrhby oif Fubkssory

Kt`hr pkssebny Nkwhr Tonohknetèa geifs akch grkc

Cknfoveo ei t`h skut`whsthri akrihr kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei

(Gem. ?) (Oiesjutlei ?50=< ?505). Ihor t`h tkwi kg

V`hkfkxus gnuveotenes, Wonvoeo ioteaeio, Tnoikrboreus

akrihus, Tnoikrès pnoikrès, Monò ponustres, W. veveporus,W. akithatus, Akrèauno gnuceiones, Qpòhreuc reveauno,

Tesefeuc ocieauc. Hsphaeonny Akrèauno gnuceiones.

V`hkfkxus gnuveotenes oif Net`kmnypùs ioteakefhs orh

sphaehs aòroathrestea kg Ceffnh Tnhestkahih eithrmnoaeons.

Ei offeteki Akrèauno gnuceiones kaaurs ei tès rhmeki kinyei t`h fhpksets kg t`h Coreeislo thrroah oif t`h Horny Hvlsei

shfechits kg t`h Bnoal Qho.

Ot A`rjoQae, soifs (nhvhn 26< Gem. 6) akrrhspkifeim tk t`h

Coreeislo thrroah yehnfhf obkut 74 quortzeth oif gneit

orthgoats (Gem. 8-7). V`h geifs whrh aknnhathf grkc t`h

shatekis< sex gnolhs whrh gkuif fureim hxaovoteki ei nhvhn

26. V`h orthgoats orh ckstny gnolhs, skchtechs wet` ush



78 I?LKNOE F. TROQNKW - V@H RXQQEOI TNOEI

Gem. 7. A`rjoê÷e. Orthgoats grkc nhvhn 26. Qaonh ei ac.

Gem. =. Tkmrhby orthgoats . Ogthr I. L. Oiesjutlei . Qaonh ei ac.

Fubkssory orthgoats whrh fesakvhrhf ei o sken kg t`h akvhr

shfechits kg t`h 7t` Fihstr thrroah. V`h rhffes`-brkwi sken

es setuothf obkvh t`h soif kg t`h revhr thrroah oif akvhrhf

by tèal nkhss fhpksets. V`h sken es ossemihf tk t`h Nea`vei

Eithrmnoaeon.

Ot Fubkssory ckst kg t`h geifs orh grkc t`h surgoah. Ot

t`h ihem`bkureim seth kg Tkmrhby t`h orthgoats (Gem. =) akch

grkc t`h sken etshng. Vkmht`hr wet` t`h netèa orthgoats o tkkt`

gromchit kg Coccutùs trkmkit`hrþ wos fesakvhrhf

(Oiesjutlei ?50=< ?505).




rhghrhiahs

Oiesjutlei, I.L. (Oiesjutleih)

Oiesjutlei, I.L.

Bkreslkvslej, T.E.

Njubei, W.T.

M. Bkseisle

Tkpkv, M.E.

Tkpkv, M.E.

C.I. Mresahilk,

Ju.G. Fhhv,I.T. Vhrhsahilk

Trosnkv, I.F.

?50=

?505

?581

tès

vknuch

?56=

?576

Fh ikuvhnnhs fkiiåhs sur Eh Tonåknetèquh oiaehi fh no Cknfoveì, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 5?,

75-=6.

Fkcust'hrslkh chstkioa`ksfhieh u shno Tkmrhbojo io Iezihc Fihstrh, e pknkzhieh hmk

eifustrej v roiihc ponhkneth Hvrkphjslkj aoste QQQR e skprhfhn'iea` thrrettkrej. Ahtvhr-teeiyj phrekf. Tonhkitknkmejo e ora`hknkmejo, ?26-?68.

Tonhknet Xlroeiy. Cothreony e essnhfkvoiejo pk ora`hknkmee QQQR 64.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Aouaosus rhmeki.

Ahtvhrteaiyh e lkiteihiton'iyh pnekahikvyh ktnkzhiejo Iezihmk Fkio e Qhvhrk-Wkstkaik

Treozkv'jo, Cothreony pk mhknkmee e pknhziyc eslkpohcyc Ozkvk-×hrikckr'jo 22.

L svkfikj strotemrogk-mhihteahslkj sa`hch ahtvhrteaiya` ktnkzhiej bosshjikv r. Fkio e

Iezihj Wknme, Mhknkmejo e ceihron'iyh rhsursy thrretkree Iezihmk Fkio e Ieeihmk

Tkvknz'jo.

?570 Roiiej ponhknet Qhvhrk-Wkstkaikmk Treozkv'jo e Iezihmk Fkio. Nhieimrof.

?506 Roiiej ponhknet Russlkj rovieiy e lryco, Tonhknet QQQR. Ora`hknkmejo QQQR ?, ?0-64.

Ielknoe F. Trosnkv

Eistetuth kg Oraòhknkmy

Fvkrzkvojo Iob. ?0

Qt. Ththrsburm ?524 6?

Russeo



Lorhe Woeka` 8 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:Hosthri Ahitron oif Qkut`hosthri Hurkph

Worekus shrehs kg precetevh orthgoats aknnhathf grkc HornyTnhestkhhih fhpksets pkeit tk o èm` oitequety gkr t`hhornehst kaaupoteki kg hosthri ahitron oif skut`hosthriHurkph. V`h hornehst hxaovothf osshcbnomhs (Tghznhteah oifQtrfislo slfno) foth grkc hornehr ports kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkhhih. V`h iuc`hr kg seths eiarhoshs akisefhro`ny einothr ports kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkhhih.

?. Ei nr kf e e e n e ei e

Vès pophr mevhs o s`krt rhvehw kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèankaoneteas ei hosthri Ahitron Hurkph, coeiny grkc t`h Azha`Rhpubnea but onsk grkc Tknoif, @uimory, Xlroeih, Arkoteooif Rkcoieo (Gem. ?). Eigkrcoteki obkut t`h mhkmropèaonpkseteki kg seths es mevhi os whnn os o s`krt aòroathrezotekikg t`h oraòhknkmeaon osshcbnomhs oif t`her strotemropèaonakithxt.

2. Azha` Rhpubne a2.? . BHRKXI, CKVKR]OU AXVVEIM (BHRKXI FEQVREAV,

BK@HCEO)

V`h seth Bhrkui es setuothf bhtwhhi t`h vennomhs kg

Bhrkui oif Wroz, ki t`h nhgt boil kg t`h revhr Bhrkuilo,obkut 14 lc QWW kg Tromuh. V`h seth, =4-54 c obkvh t`hoatuon revhr, wos nkaothf ei o autteim wet` o nhimt` kg obkut844 c ei wèa` o bkfy kg shfechits up tk 20 c tèal woshxpkshf.

V`h nkwhr port kg t`h shquhiah akisests kg gnuveotenhfhpksets kg t`h sk aonnhf Wroz-thrroah< mrovhn oaaucunotekiwos gknekwhf by t`h gkrcoteki kg o Ghrrhtk-sken, ei ets turiEbnnkwhf Ei boalswocp fhpksets oif oikt`hr phrekf kg skengkrcoteki. V`h upphr port kg t`h shquhiah akisests kg onkhssea aknnuveuc wet` gkur eithraonothf brkwihort`ponohkskns. Vès shquhiah wos hrkfhf kiah ckrh by t`hrevhr wèa` gkrchf t`h sk-aonnhf Bhrkui-thrroah, ikwakvarhf Ei soifv aknnuveon shfechits.

J. Grefrea` aknnhathf t`rha orthgoat osshcbnomhs grkc t`hhxpksurhs: kih (O EEE) grkc t`h surgoah kg t`h Wroz-thrroah(tès osshcbnomh es prkbobny kg t`h soch omh os t`h Ghrrhtk-sken). o shakif kih (O EE) grkc t`h upphr port kg t`hnkwhrckst brkwihort` H oif oi esknothf geif (O E) grkcferhatny obkvh t`h ykuimhr Bhrkui-thrroah.

O tkton kg 02 orthgoat-nelh phbbnhs wos aknnhathf grkc obrehgny hxpkshf mrovhn surgoah kg obkut 2444 c2. V`hosshcbnomh (O EEE) wos fhsarebhf by Grefrea` (?55?o<?55?b) (Gem. 2:?-6), oif t`h prhshit out`kr stufehf ?2pehahs grkc tès aknnhateki. Grefrea` festeimues`hf vorekustyphs kg a`kpphrs, prktkbegoahs, twk anhovhrs, akrhs, kihpehl, kih pkny`hfrki, o fesakef oif o subsp`årkef, os whnnos shvhron sarophrs oif ?0 nothronny rhtkua`hf gnolhs. Bhsefhphbbnhs skch ockrpèa stkihs whrh ushf. Thtrkmropèaonnywh orh fhoneim wet` shvhron quortzeths, tk o nhsshr fhmrhh

wet` nyfeth, quortz oif kt`hr senezeths. Onn hfmhs orh ckrh krnhss eithisevhny rkuifhf fuh tk gnuveon os whnn os ohkneoiprkahsshs. Tort kg t`h phbbnhs òvh o rhf-brkwi aknkureifeaotevh kg oi kremeion pkseteki wetèi t`h Ghrrhtk-sken.Ckst kg t`h phbbnhs E stufehf s`kw coxeconny t`rhhuiegoaeon gnolh saors, t`rhh s`kw ckrh ihmotevhs oif kinykih phbbnh wos gnolhf ki bkt` sefhs.

Osshcbnomh O EE akitoeis 5 pehahs. E wos obnh tk stufy= kg t`hc oif ikih kg t`h sphaechis orh gemurhf skgor. V`hphbbnhs s`kw t`h soch fhmrhh kg rkuifeim os t`ksh grkcosshcbnomh O EEE. Gkur pehahs fespnoy prkbobny ckrh tòit`rhh saors oif kih kg t`hsh s`kws kiny troahs kg ioturon

brholomh, ik akia`kefon groaturhs. Onn orh gnolhf ki kihsefh kiny. Osshcbnomh O E akisests kg kiny o sconn a`kpphr.

V`h Bhrkui hxpksurh òs bhhi stufehf by o cuntefesaepne-iory mrkup, w`k pubnes`hf t`her rhsunts ei Oit`rkpkzkeluc(Wkn. 24 ?55?). V`h foteim es, oport grkc mhkckrp`knkmeaonarethreo, coeiny boshf ki t`h rhsunts kg t`h eivhstemoteki kgt`h ponohkskns (Qcknglkvo ?552) oif t`h ponohkcomihteaoionyshs (Lkae ?55?). Ei t`h orho kg t`h Bk`hceoi Cossegt`hrh orh ik brkwihort` skens ykuimhr tòi TL WEE, gkrchffureim oi eitro-Ceifhn eithrmnoaeon. Vès sken cem`takrrhspkif wet` t`h upphrckst brkwihort` O' kg t`hBhrkui shquhiah. V`h gkrcoteki kg Ghrrhtk-skens hifsfureim t`h noth Arkchreoi s.?., wèa` ecpnehs tòt onn skens kgt`h Bhrkui shquhiah foth grkc t`h horny Ceffnh kr HornyTnhestkhhih (Qcknglkvo ?55?).

V`h nkwhr oif upphr bkuifory kg t`h Knfuvoe-Hvait òsbhhi gkuif ei t`h nkwhr port kg t`h Wroz-thrroah, wènh t`hCotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory wos efhitegehf ei t`h fhpksetskg t`h ykuimhr Bhrkui-thrroah (Lkae ?55?). Vès ecpnehstòt osshcbnomh O EEE foths tk t`h Knfuvoe-Hvhit, O EE tk



70 VXE- @ORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG @XRKTH

Gem. ?. Nkaoteki kg t`h seths chitekihf ei t`h thxt:

E . Bhrkui< 2. Tghznhteah< 1. Bhakv< 6. Lornsthji< 8. Cuskv, Evorë< 7. CEofha aovh< =. Brik: Ahrvhiy

lkpha, Qtroislo slono, Qvhfslå soiah, Ahrikveah< 0. Vrzhbieao< 5. Whrthssz÷nn÷s< ?4. Lkrknhvk<

E E . Qoifonjo E< ?2. Vhtkeu< ?1. Vrovhrteih seths ei IH Qnkvoleo.

t`h gknnkweim port kg t`h Cotuyoco-Hpka` oif O E tk t`hbhmeiieim kg t`h Brui`hs-Hpka`. Tonohkitknkmeaon rhcoeisòvh ikt bhhi gkuif skgor.

V`h net`kstrotemropèaon os whnn os t`h a`rkikstrotemropè-aon pkseteki kg t`h geifs es anhor. V`her orthgoatuon aòroathres `kwhvhr, quhstekiobnh. Osshcbnomh O EEE akisests kg oshnhateki grkc t`h surgoah kg mrovhn fhpksets oif et es uianhorw`ht`hr sua` groaturhf phbbnhs kaaur onn t`rkum` t`h mrovhnfhpksets. V`h osshcbnomh O EE akchs grkc o ponohkskngkrchf ei nkhssea snkph fhpksets tòt orh soef tk òvh bhhifhvkef kg kt`hr stkihs. Gurt`hrckrh t`h p`yseaon opphoroiah(poteio, rkuifeim oif gnoleim aòroathresteas) kg t`h akbbnhs

fkhs ikt fegghr grkc phbbnh tkkns aknnhathf ki t`h surgoah.V`h ùcoi eithrvhiteki ki t`hsh akbbnhs es ikt hxanufhf.

2.2. BHAKW, QEVH E-B (C KQ V FEQVREAV, BK@HCEO)

Obkut =4 lc I] kg Tromuh, wetèi t`h orho kg t`hvennomh Bhakv, nehs o prkckitkry aonnhf Teshaiy vra`(soifènn) w`hrh quortzeth wos quorrehf seiah èstkreaontechs. Rhcoeis kg Ceffnh oif Xpphr Tonohknetèa

kaaupoteki whrh fkauchithf ot shvhron seths, wènh seth E-cem`t fkauchit o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa kaaupoteki.

V`rhh orthgoat bhoreim `krezkis whrh gkuif ei o aovetygennhf wet` Tnhestkahih shfechits. V`h upphrckst orthgoats(E) whrh setuothf ei o brkwihort` sken, t`h ceffnhosshcbnomh akchs grkc t`h soify nkwhr port kg t`h sken oit`h nkwhrckst orthgoats grkc t`h boson tugget nkoc.

V`h orthgoats, hxanusevhny coiugoathrhf kut kg quortzethfhbres, òvh ikt bhhi pubnes`hf yht< Grefrea` (?5=2< ?5=7?505) chitekis grkc noyhr E ?4= pehahs, grkc noyhr EE ??5oif grkc EEE 14 orthgoats, coeiny sarophr-nelh gkrcs.A`kpphrs, pkny`hfhrs oif prktk-begoahs orh prhshit tk o

nhsshr fhmrhh.Boshf ki t`h kaaurrhiah kg o brkwihort` sken ei t`h upph

port kg t`h shquhiah o thrceius oithquhc kg noth Arkchreois.?. aoi bh ossuchf (Grefrea` oif Qcknelkvo ?5=7).

V`h orthgoats grkc t`h Bhakv seth orh uigkrtuiothny stennòrfny pubnes`hf. V`h mkkf gnoleim prkphrtehs kg t`hquortzeth wkunf colh t`h hxesthiah kg anhor troahs kg ùcognoleim oatevetehs pkssebnh.



75 LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

Gem. 2. Bhrkui, O EEE. ?. pkny`hfrki< 2. prktk-begoah< 1. anhovhr< 6. pehl. Qaonh ei ac.

2.1. TRHZNHVEAH (TROMXH-HOQV, BK@HCEO)

O sconn, ikwofoys vhry rhfuahf nyfeth anegg (aonnhf"Znoty lkphh" 3 "mknfhi ckuitoei"), es nkaothf ot t`hikrt`hosthri bkuifory kg Tromuh, ikrt` kg t`h vennomhTrhznhteah. Tnhestkahih, coeiny noaustreih fhpksets orhprhshit ot t`h nkkt kg t`h anegg.

V`h bosh kg t`hsh fhpksets akisests kg hrkfhf saèst(noyhrs 2?-?0), soify oif nkocy fhpksets oif senty anoys(noyhrs ?=-EQ). Ki tkp kg t`hsh es o shquhiah kg cornynkocs oif soify, rhsphatevhny nkocy grhs`wothr corns(noyhrs ?6-7) wet` errhmunor noyhrs (?2) oif nhishs (ei ?1) kg

sken shfechits kg t`h Rhifzeio Qhrehs oif nkocegehf quortzsoifs wet` skca nyfeth fhbres. Noyhr 8 akisests kg geihnyfeth fhbres wet` nun rhf aknkurhf sken-shfechits. V`hshquhiah es akvhrhf by o gkssen sken (6), rhwkrlhf nkhss oifohkneoi nkhss (1) wet` o pknymhihtea sken kg @knkahih omh(2-?) (Qebrovo ht on. ?5=5).

V`h noaustreih shfechits yehnfhf o gouio wet` vorekussconnhr coccons (gkr hxocpnh Qkrhx soveie, Fhscoio

comio, Vrkmkit`hreuc sa`chrneime, Tnekcys hpesakpones, Ceckcys soveie, Cearktus roteahpkefhs, C. mrhmonkefhs oif C. orvonefhis) os whnn os normhr coccons (gkr hxocpnh Coccutùs trkmkit`hree oif Feahrkrèius htrusaus).Cknnusa- oif kstroakf-osskaeotekis, rea` ei sphaehs, os whnnos rot`hr pkkr pknnhi-sphatro orh onsk rhakrfhf.

Ortegeaeonny brklhi bkihs os whnn os bkihs wet` semis kgush, o ghw aòrakon rhcoeis, burit bkihs oif stkihs os whnnos o gerhpnoah orh chitekihf grkc tès seth. Rhcoeis kg ofwheneim wet` kuthr fechisekis kg 6 x 1 c oif eiihrfechisekis kg 1 x ?,8-2 c wet` ei t`h ihem`bkur`kkf o

gerhpnoah wos gkuif ei Eh vhn 1 (Grefrea` ?505< ?55?b).Grefrea` festeimues`hf gkur geif nhvhns wet` vhry secenor

ponohknetèa orthgoats< nhvhn ? wet` ==, nhvhn 2 wet` 67,nhvhn 1 wet` 764 oif nhvhn 6 wet` ?4= orthgoats (Grefrea`?5=7< ?5=5< ?505). V`h row cothreon akisests coeiny kg t`hnkaonny ovoenobnh nyfeth, skch pehahs orh cofh kut kg vheiquortz, quortzoif quortzeth phbbnhs grkc mrovhns ei t`hveaeiety orh rorh (Gem. 1).



=4 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

V`h bekstrotemropèaon pkseteki kg t`h seth es rot`hr anhorki t`h boses kg t`h gouio, wèa` foths tk t`h Noth BeòreoiVhcpnkc`hmy Tòsh (Ghjgor ei: Qebrovo ht on. ?5=5), e.h.

bhgkrh Eithrmnoaeon EEE kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx(Rkabrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tès vknuch). Tonohk-comihtea stufehs mevh foths kg 4.85 - 4.77, 4,72 - 4.77 oif

4.=8 - 4.05 cy tk t`h fhpksets (Qebrovo ht on. ?5=5).

V`h prkbnhc kg t`h nkaonety nehs ei t`h ortegeaeon aòroathrkg t`h geifs (shh Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tèsvknuch). V`h ovoenobnh nyfeth òs pkkr gnoleim prkphrtehs:akia`kefon groaturhs orh ikt gkrchf, kiny secpnh brholomhpotthcs onkim t`h geihnoyhrhf struaturh kg t`h stkih, oif

kih aoi kiny rhakmiezh ckrh kr nhss ikta`hf hfmhs wet`kutbunbs. Et es t`hrhgkrh òrf eifhhf tk aòroathrezh t`h

orthgoats grkc o typknkmeaon pkeit kg vehw. @kwhvhr, fhspethkg tès oif fhspeth kg t`h vomuh troahs kg gerh E phrskionnyfk bhnehvh ei t`h hxesthiah kg wkrlhf oimunor fhbres oif

coiupkrts ei t`h nkaonety Tghznhteah. @kwhvhr gunnpubneaoteki os whnn os o fhtoenhf stufy kg onn t`h cothreon esihhfhf gkr o ckrh kbjhatevh osshsschit kg t`h "orthgoat kr

pshufk-orthgoat "-prkbnhc.

2.6. CuQkv OIF EWOI (BRHANOW FEQVREAV, CKROWEO)

V`h twk nkaonetehs, t`rhh lenkchtrhs oport, orh setuothfobkut 64 lc skut` kg Brik. Cuskv E es o gkrchr mrovhn pet

ki t`h rkof tk Wehiio, Evoi E o buent kvhr prkckitkrywetèi t`h vennomh.

V`h mhknkmeaon shtteim kg Cuskv E es rot`hr akcpnhx. V`h

soify mrovhns òvh o thrteory kremei oif whrh rhmorfhf os ei

setu. V`h fesakvhry kg orthgoat-nelh phbbnhs fureim t`h horny=4's nhf tk oi hxthisevh mhknkmeaon stufy wèa` eifeaothftòt t`h upphr oif t`h nkwhr port kg t`h shquhiah akisests kg

rhfhpksethf Ihkmhih shfechits. Ei bhtwhhi t`hrh wos o ghw

chthrs kg geih soifs kg Tnhestkahih noaustreih/gnuveotenhkremei. V`hsh shfechits neh ki tkp kg oi (horny) CeffnhTnhestkahih mrovhn fhpkset wèa` akvhrs t`h ei setu Ihkmhihfhpksets. V`h orthgoat-nelh geifs orh coeiny grkc t`h nkwhrrhfhpksethf Ihkmhih shfechits, prhshit obkvh t`h gnuveonmrovhns.

Ei Evoi E et wos kiny pkssebnh tk eivhstemoth shatekis ei

buenfeim pets, w`hrh orthgoat-nelh phbbnhs whrh gkuif ei

secenorny rhfhpksethf but soify-anoyhy shfechits wet` skchmrovhns, wet` rhnehs kg horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gnuveonfhpksets ki tkp.

V`h osshcbnomh grkc Cuskv E akisests kg shvhronùifrhf ethcs, Evoi E kg kiny sex. Thtrkmropèaon oionyses kg

t`h phbbnhs anhorny s`kws t`her Ihkmhih kremei. V`h

cojkrety kg t`h pehahs òs ot ckst t`rhh uiegoaeon saors, but

t`hrh es onsk o iucbhr kg phbbnhs wet` ckrh uiegoaeonihmotevhs oif onsk skch begoaeon kihs (Gem. 6: 6, 8, ??),

t`kum` truh begoahs orh obshit. Bhsefhs o sconn iucbhrkg akrteaon gnolhs wet` anhor aòroathresteas t`hrh es kih

bnofh-nelh gnolh wet` ot nhost t`rhh fkrson gnolh saors, ovhitron sefh wet` o bunb oif o pnoei streleim pnotgkrc. V`h

nhgt port kg t`h vhitron sefh s`kws gkur sthhp gnolh saors o

o bet kg akrthx. V`h gnolh (Gem. 6.1) wos gkuif ot t`h bosht`h soify fhpksets fureim o jkeit hxaovoteki by C. Knevo

Gkr bkt` nkaonetehs et es kiny pkssebnh tk put gkrworf o

ceiecuc omh, o thrceius oith quhc. Lrykmhihtea struatu

wet` rhcoeis kg o Ghrrhtk-ponohkskn akunf bh kbshrvhf eit`h upphr port kg t`h noaustreih oif gnuveon fhpksets ei

Cuskv (Wonka` oif Zhcoi ?5=5). Ei tès orho t`h

gkrcoteki kg t`h Ghrrhtk-skens tkkl pnoah bhgkrh t`h hif k

t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx (Qcknglkvo oif Zhcoi ?50?<

?502), wèa` ecpnehs o Arkchreoi omh kr knfhr. V`h

setuoteki ei Evoi es secenor. V`hrh t`h orthgoat-nelh geifswhrh aknnhathf grkc shfechits wet` lrykmhihtea struaturhoif pkalhts gennhf wet` soifs oif mrovhns. V`hsh mrovhns o

rhnehs kg o ykuimhr akvhr kg soif oif mrovhn fhpksethfbhgkrh t`h hif kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx s e . (Zhcoi ?5=

?50?).

Ei suc, t`h akcpneaothf mhknkmeaon oif strotemropèaonpkseteki kg t`h suppkshf orthgoats, wèa` kremeioth grkcrhfhpksethf Cekahih shfechits, colhs o anhor jufmhchit t`h osshcbnomhs feggeaunt. Et es òrfny pkssebnh tòt t`h

Cuskv E gnolh chitekihf obkvh wos gkrchf by ioturonprkahsshs, wènh o iucbhr kg phbbnhs s`kw ihmotevhs wèakunf bh t`h rhsunt kg ùcoi oatevetehs. V`h Cekahihshfechits òvh ikt bhhi rhwkrlhf by o revhr, but whrhrhfhpksethf fkwisnkph kvhr o s`krt festoiah kiny. V`h noriucbhr kg groaturhf phbbnhs aoiikt òvh bhhi gkrchffureim tès prkahss kg rhfhpkseteki. V`hrh orh kiny twk

pkssebnh hxpnoiotekis: het`hr wh orh fhoneim wet` pshufk-orthgoats gkrchf ei t`h Cekahih sho kr wet` rhon orthgoats

cofh w`hi t`h shfechits whrh oaahssebnh ot t`h surgoah.Et s`kunf bh ikthf tòt t`h osshcbnomh fkhs ikt rhprhshit shnhateki grkc o ùmh iucbhr kg phbbnhs, os wh orh ikt

fhoneim wet` oi oatuon quorry stenn ei hxpnketoteki `hrh:Hgghibhrmhr oif t`h prhshit out`kr aknnhathf t`h pehahs by

secpny shoraèim t`rkum` t`h nkwhr port kg t`h fhpksetswèa` whrh hxpkshf ei oi oboifkihf quorry.

2.8. BRIK - AHRWHIU LKTHA (RHF @ENN)

Vès es t`h normhst nkhss hxpksurh ei t`h orho kg Brik, ot`h shquhiah wet` ets iuchrkus gkssen skens oif thrroahmrovhns òs bhhi fhsarebhf shvhron techs by M. Lulno

(h.m. ?5=4< ?5=8).Fureim prksphateki kg t`h hxpksurhs wet` W. Mhbouhr, w

gkuif o quortz phbbnh, tktonny akvhrhf wet` akiarhtekis, eit`h ponohkskn TL P bhnkw t`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hsbkuifory.

Ogthr anhoieim et turihf kut tk bh o pkny`hfrki (Gem. 6.

gnolhf grkc vorekus ferhatekis. nts hfmhs orh strkimnyrkuifhf os o rhsunt kg ohkneoi prkahsshs.



=? LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

Gem. 1. Tghznhteah. ?, 8, =, 5: prktk-begoahs, 2-6, 7, 0: sarophrs. Qaonh ei ac.



= : V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. 6. ?. CEofh÷ aovh< 2. Brik-Ahrvhiy lkpha (TL P)< 1-8, ??. Cuskv E< 7-5. Qvåfslå soiah< ?4. Evoi. Qaonh ei ac.



=1 LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

Os t`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory es nkaothf bhtwhhit`h ponohkskns TL P oif TL EP t`h TL P òs tk akrrhspkiftk t`h eithrmnoaeon just bhgkrh t`h ponohkcomihtea troiseteki.

V`h quortz phbbnh grkc Brik-Ahrvhiy lkpha wos gkuifei o sken gkrchf ei stkih grhh nkhssea shfechits, wet` kinyaonaeth akiarhtekis. Mrovhn `krezkis grkc wèa` t`h phbbnhhkunf òvh tucbnhf fkwi orh onsk obshit ei èm`hr ports kg

t`h shquhiah. Ei t`h veaeiety kg t`h geif spkt wh onsk gkuifo gromchit kg oi oitnhr oif o pehah kg bkih. Et es onckstaartoei tòt t`h phbbnh es o coiupkrt.

2.7. CNOFHA AOWH (NEVKWHN FEQVREAV, IKRV@HRI

CKROWEO)

O aovh-systhc (gkrchrny Gþrst-Jkòiis @÷`nh) ei onechstkih ènn ei t`h vennomh kg Cnofha (gkrchrny Noutsa`),yehlnhf t`h gockus upphr ponohknetèa ùcoi rhcoeis grkcCnofhA. Fureim t`h ?585-?57? hxaovotekis `hrh o quortzpkny`hfrki wos gkuif ei o sefh monnhry, hcbhffhf ei t`haonaeth akvhr wèa` kvhrnehs Horny Tnhestkahih shfechits.

V`hrh es ik fkubt obkut t`h eithitekion ckfegeaoteki kgt`h pkny`hfrki (Gem. 6.?). Qògt EEE kg t`h coei aovh yehnfhft`rhh pkssebnh orthgoats< o gnolhf pehah kg a`hrt (@kristhei),o normh neckieth gnolh oif o sconn quortz phbbnh wet` kihgnolh saor (Wonka` ?551).

V`h Bmh kg t`h pkny`hfrki es uilikwi< gromchits kgt`h aonaeth arust wèa` akvhrhf t`h orthgoat whrh rhahitnysubcetthf gkr obsknuth foteim. Jufmeim grkc ets gouionakithit, t`h shfechit wèa` yehnfhf t`h t`rhh quhstekiobnhorthgoats foths tk t`h Horny Tnhestkahih.

]ènh et es phròps pkssebnh tk mht oi eifeaoteki kg t`hobsknuth omh kg t`h Cnofha pkny`hfrki, et es uigkrtuiothnyecpkssebnh tk oaahpt t`h kt`hr t`rhh pehahs os uiquhsteki-

obnh orthgoats.

2.=. QVROIQLO QLONO E, QWÅFQLÅ QOIAH, AHRIKWEAH -

MROWHNTEV (BRIK FEQVREAV)

V`hsh t`rhh nkaonetehs orh setuothf ot t`h hosthri bkuiforykg t`h aety kg Brik. V`h ckst ecpkrtoit kih es o jurosseanechstkih anegg Qtroislo slono E, o shakif kih es o cua`sconnhr nechstkih rkal, Qvåfslå soiah, obkut 2,8 lc skut`kg Qtroislo slono E. Ahrikveah es setuothf 644-844 c tk t`hwhst kg tès gkrchr rkal, ki t`h hfmh kg o ùmh soifpetwèa` es stenn ei hxpnketoteki.

Qtroislo slono (1?4 c obkvh sho nhvhn) tkwhrs obkvh o

pnoei (264 c obkvh sho nhvhn), wèa` hxthifs tkworfst`h skut`, oif ei wèa` Qvåfslå soiah - wet` o `hem`tkg 284 c obkvh sho nhvhn - es òrfny festeimuesòbnh.V`h pnoei es cofh up kg o tèal shrehs kg gnuveon fhpksets(t`h sk-aonnhf Vugoiy-thrroah kg ykuimhr soif oif mrovhnakvhr shisu Zhcoi ?5=6< ?50?). V`hsh gnuveotenh fhpksetsort hxpnkethf ei t`h soifpet kg Ahrikveah. Oumhreim òss`kwi tòt t`h gnuveotenh fhpksets hxthif just uitk t`h

veaeiety kg Qvåfslå soiah, wènh Cekahih fhpksets surgoahei orhos ckrh tk t`h host.

2.=.?. Qtroislo slono EEi t`h ikrt`whsthri snkph kg Qtroislo slono E, wèa` es

eithrrupthf by o normh gkrchr quorry, kremeionny shvhronpossomh-nelh aovhs whrh prhshit, kg wèa` aovh ik. 6 oif

ik. 0 orh rhnhvoit ei t`h akithxt kg tès pophr. Anksh tk aovhik. 0 t`hrh es o whnn fhvhnkphf bkfy kg shfechits, fhpksethfomoeisn oi hsaorpchit oif akitoeieim oi horny CeffnhTnhestkahih gouio (hxaovothf by R. Cusen ei t`h phrekf?587-?5=2). Oport grkc rhcoeis kg ]þrceoi (3]hea`sh-neoi) nkhss oif o @knkahih sken ot t`h tkp (noyhrs ?=-2?),t`hrh orh Horny oif horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih shfechitswèa` aoi bh fevefhf eitk gkur akcpnhxhs. V`h upphr kihakisests kg o sarhh fhpkset wet` ponohkskns oif skenshfechits (noyhrs 7-?7< t`h noyhrs ?1-?8 orh oraòhknkme-aonny ecpkrtoit). V`h shakif akcpnhx es coeiny gkrchf byohkneoi nkhsshs (noyhr 8). V`h ponohkcomihtea Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory wos rhakmiezhf ei t`h tkp kg noyhr 8 kr ot

t`h bkttkc kg noyhr 7. V`h Jorocennk Hvhit wos gkuif ei oshakif sarhh fhpkset (noyhr 6 oif 6o). V`h nkwhr port kg t`hshquhiah (noyhrs 2, 1o oif 1b) akisests kg gnuveotenh fhpksetswèa` akvhr oi hrksekion rkal-thrroah. Tonohkitknkmeaonrhcoeis orh prhshit ei onn t`h vorekus noyhrs.

Xseim tès gouio, t`h sconn shatekis ei bkt` aovhs, kgwèa` t`h grkit ports whrh fhstrkyhf fureim quorryeimoatevetehs, akunf bh akrrhnothf wet` prkgenhs èm`hr up ki t`hsnkph. J. ]knfgea` hxaovothf aovh ik. 0 fureim t`h gerst twkfhaofhs kg tès ahitury (Cusen ei: Cusen oif Wonka` ?570).

V`h noyhrs ?1 oif ?6 grkc t`h upphr sarhh fhpksetsyehnfhf o ghw stkih orthgoats, skch burit bkih-gromchits

oif skch brklhi bkihs, eianufeim o pehah wet` shvhronporonnhn streotekis ki o akiaovh surgoah. Qhvhron orthgoatswhrh gkuif ei t`h aovhs ik. 6 oif 0 oif o burit a`hrt gnolhei aovh ik. 0. @hrh ]knfrea` mot`hrhf o rea` coarkgouio,w`hrhos Cusen akunf kiny geif o sconn iucbhr kg gkssens kgnormhr coccons. Aovh ik. 6 yehnfhf cearkgouion rhcoeiskiny. Ckst orthgoats orh cofh kut kg a`hrt (@kristhei)ikfunhs, grkc t`h nkaonny kaaurreim Jurossea nechstkih.Orthgoats whrh kiny gkuif ei t`h noyhrs ?1 oif ?6 fhspetht`h goat tòt t`h sarhh fhpksets bhnkw oif obkvh t`h noyhrs?1 oif ?6 akitoei nechstkih - os whnn os ioturonny brklhia`hrt gromchits.

V`h shfechits ei aovh ik. 6 akitoei akuitnhss a`hrtikfunhs oif coiy stenn prktrufh grkc t`h wonn. @kwhvhr,t`her mhihron ckrp`knkmy fkhs ikt akrrhspkif tk t`horthgoats aknnhathf ei tès aovh. Rhcorlobnh orh o normhakrh-nelh bnkal oif gnolhs grkc a`hrt wet` nechstkih vheis(Gem. 8.?6). V`hsh gnolhs aoiikt bh t`h rhsunt kg ioturonrkal-fhseithmroteki kr grkst oateki. V`hsh prkahsshs wkunfgknnkw t`h struaturh kg t`h stkih oif rhsunt ei o shporoteki




Gem. 8. Qtroislo slono E?, 1, 6, ?1. gnolhs wet` bunbus< 2. akrh-nelh tkke wet` rhtkua`h< 8. sarophr< 7 oif ??. betoaeonny wkrlhf akrh-nelh tkke< =. pehl< 0 oif 5. a`kpphki phbbnhs< ?4. nechstkih gnolh< ?2. gromchit wet` sthhp rhtkua`hs< ?6. pkeithf gnolh wet` boifs kg nechstkih (`ota`hf), ?8. betoaeonny wkrlhfakrh-nelh bnkal. Qaonh ei ac.



=8 LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

kg nechstkihoif a`hrt fhbres. Os eifeaothf by Lkuthl(?524) t`hrh orh ei Qtroislo slono ot nhost t`rhh a`hrt`kre/.kis wet` a`hrt ikfunhs kg fegghrhit akifetekis< t`hnkwhrckst `krezki es setuothf ot t`h soch nhvhn os t`h twkaovhs. Ot nhost port kg t`h orthgoats shhcs tk òvh bhhicofh kut kg a`hrt grkc o èm`hr nhvhn. Nechstkih gnolhs(Gem. 8.?4) orh rorh.

Os gor os thaìknkmy oif typknkmy kg t`h osshcbnomh esakiahchf, t`hrh orh kiny o ghw gnolhs wet` o rhon bunb kgphrausseki, o pnoei kr akrteaon butt oif o typeaonny "swoyhf"vhitroS sefh. Akiahitrea uifunotekis orh òrfny vesebnh(Gem. 8:?,1,6,?1). Ioturon fhbres os whnn os akrhnelh pehahs(Gem. 8:2,7,??) whrh kgthi ushf. ]h eithrprht t`h obkvhchitekihf bnkal (Gem. 8.?8) os o rhon akrh, oif o spnetphbbnh os o òcchrstkih, bkt` geifs grkc aovh ik. 6.Vwk sconnhr phbbnhs - quortz oif quortzeth - nkkl nelha`kpphrs (Gem. 8:0-5). Rhmunor rhtkua` aoi bhhi rhakmiezhfki gkur orthgoats (eianufeim o sarophr oif o pehl nelh kbjhat(Gem. 8:8,=), porteon oif uirhmunor rhtkua` aoi bh kbshrvhfckrh grhquhitny. V`h eighrrhf eithitekionety kg t`h poronnhn

mrkkvhs chitekihf obkvh oif kg t`h shvhi streotekis ki oihnhpòin vhrthbro (hxaovoteki ]knfgea`) oif t`h troahs kgwhor kg bkih gromchits, wenn bh rheivhstemothf oifhvonuothf by cearksakpea oionyshs ei o jkeit prkjhat wet`Crs. C. Totku-Cotès. Choiwènh, a`hceaon oionyshs kgskch bkih gromchits òs s`kwi t`hsh whrh burit, wet`thcphroturhs kg 244-844Á'.

V`h orthgoat `horeim noyhrs ?1 oif ?6 orh setuothf rot`hrèm` obkvh t`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory. V`h nothBeòreoi gouio grkc Qtroislo slono es akrrhnothf wet` t`hIomvòësoiy`hmv-Tòsh (@kroahl oif Nkzhl, ?500) oifwet` t`h phrekf bhtwhhi Eithrmnoaeon ?? oif EEE kg t`h

Arkchreoi akcpnhx (Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tèsvknuch). Gkr t`h rhmekion strotemrop`y et s`kunf bh ikthftòt t`h nkwhrckst gnuveotenh fhpksets (Noyhrs 2 oif 1) kgt`h sk-aonnhf Qtroislo thrroah orh setuothf kih sthp obkvht`h oaaucunoteki kg Ahckveah.

2.=.2. Qvåfslå soiahO ikrt`-skut` krehithf trhia`, 0 c fhhp oif obkut 244 c

nkim, wos fum ot t`h hosthri gkkt kg t`h Qvåfslå soiah. V`hwhsthri wonn kg t`h trhia` s`kwhf o prkgenh ei wèa` ?8noyhrs akunf bh rhakmiezhf. Oport grkc t`h upphrckstohkneoi nkhss wet` t`h @knkahih sken ki tkp, t`hrh orh t`rhh

sken-akcpnhxhs ei setu, rhfhpksethf sken shfechits, soify-nkocy cothreon oif o noyhr kg fhbres. Lrykmhihtea ghoturhswhrh vesebnh ei t`h noyhrs 1-?4 wèa` akvhr twk soify-nkocy noyhrs (?? oif ?2). V`h nkwhst kih akitoeis jurosseaa`hrt-fhbres. esknothf phbbnhs oif skch orthgoats. V`h boshkg t`h shquhiah (?1-?8) es gkrchf by gnuveon soify fhpksets.Noyhr ?6 s`kws troahs kg sken-gkrcoteki (ghrretesoteki)(Wonka` oif Qhetn ?556).

Gkur orthgoats akch grkc noyhr ?2< t`rhh kg t`hc orhgromchits kg jurossea a`hrt wet` troahs kg ckfegeaoteki oifporteon rhtkua`hs (Gem. 6:7,0,5), akcporobnh tk t`ksh kgQtroislo slono. V`h gkurt` pehah es o quortzeth phbbnh,begoaeonny strual grkc vorekus ferhatekis eitk o pkny`hfrki,wet` o normh port kg t`h akrthx prhshrvhf (Gem. 6.=).Offetekionny, t`h noyhrs 1, 5 oif ?6 yehnfhf ei tkton gkurphbbnhs wet` kih gnolh saor, but t`her ortegeaeon kremei es iktsurh (Wonka` oif Qhetn ?556).

Xigkrtuiothny wh òvh kiny mhkckrp`knkmeaonkbshrvotekis ot kur fespkson tk foth t`h geifs grkc tès seth.V`h boson soifnoyhrs (?1-?8) orh ahrtoeiny rhnothf tk t`hVugoiy thrroah oif aoi prkbobny bh akrrhnothf tk t`h nkwhrport kg t`h oaaucunoteki ei t`h mrovhn-pet Ahckveah. V`hgkrcoteki kg t`h orthgoat bhoreim noyhr ?2, os whnn os t`hkvhrnyeim noyhr ?? wet` pkalhts kg geih soifs, tkkl pnoahferhatny ogthr fhpkseteki kg t`h boson soify noyhr, prkbobnyuifhr phrekfeaon eignuhiah kg wothr. ]etèi tès grochwkrlet aoi bh stothf tòt t`h orthgoats grkc Qvåfslå soiah cem`tbh kg t`h soch omh os t`ksh grkc Qtroislo slono kr snem`tny

knfhr.

2.=.1. AhckveahO shquhiah kg 0 tk ?4 c kg soif oif mrovhn es setuothf

ki tkp kg Cekahih soifs oif es akvhrhf by oi eithisevhGhrrhtk-sken oif o goerny whnn fhvhnkphf Ao-`krezki wet`lrykmhihtea struaturhs. Oi eithraonothf anoy-noyhr yehnfhf orot`hr rea` cknnusa (wothr- os whnn os noif-cknnusas) oifkstroakf gouio os whnn os rhcoeis kg Xrsus fhieimhre.

Nost yhor (?551) t`h mrovhn pet `hrh yehnfhf o ghw kbjhatswèa` cem`t bh orthgoats. V`hy whrh aknnhathf by t`hocothur oraòhknkmest R. Lne'co, w`k òs bhhi eisphateim

t`h pet gkr shvhron yhors. V`rhh kg t`hsh orh uifesputhf, gkurkt`hrs s`kw nhss anhor troahs kg ckfegeaoteki. V`h bhst pehahes o pkeithf gnolh cofh kut kg mrhy a`hrt. Et fespnoys oprkikuiahf bunb kg phrausseki wet` o bunbor saor oif ogoahtthf streleim pnotgkrc, shvhron gnolh saors ki t`h fkrsonsefh oif ki t`h nhgt hfmh prkbobny eithitekion rhtkua`hs.Onn t`h hfmhs oif refmhs orh snem`tny rkuifhf, oif t`hrh esik akrthx (Gem. 7.2). V`h shakif pehah (Gem. 7.?) es o nkimgnolh, wet` o prkikuiahf bunb kg phrausseki, o bunbor saoroif o akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc, cofh grkc o wèthpoteiothf snem`tny rkuifhf a`hrtstkih. V`h fkrson sefh kg t`hgnolh s`kws o normh gnolh saor oif o sconn rhst kg t`h akrthx.Bkt` hfmhs s`kw ioturon pshufk-rhtkua`hs. V`h tèrforthgoat es o sub-prescotea akrh wet` t`rhh poronnhn oif kiherrhmunor gnolh saor cofh grkc o nem`t mrhy a`hrt phbbnhwet` eithisevhny rkuifhf refmhs (Gem. 7.1).

V`h gkrcoteki kg t`h Vuroiy thrroah hifhf bhgkrh t`h hifkg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx, os eifeaothf by t`h prhshiah kgo whnn fhvhnkphf Ghrrhtk sken ki tkp kg t`h thrroah fhpksets(Zhcoi, ?5=6< ?50?< Tghegrkvo oif Zhcoi ?5=5<




Gem. 7. Brik-Ahrikveah, mrovhn-

Qcknglkvo oif Zhcoi ?50?< ?502). Oaakrfeim tk t`hocothur aknnhatkr, t`h stroy geifs (stkihs os whnn os gouionrhcoeis, h.m. `krsh oif bkvef cknors, bkih oif tuslgromchits) kremeioth grkc t`h nkwhr port kg t`h mrovhn-noyhrs, os eighrrhf grkc t`h prkmrhsseki kg t`h quorryeimoatevetehs.

2.=.6. QuccoryQtkih orthgoats, troahs kg gerh (burit bkihs oif o a`hrt

gnolh) os whnn os brklhi bkihs s`kw ei cy kpeiekiuiocbemukusny t`h prhshiah kg ùcoi bheims ei Qtroisloslono E. Ot nhost t`h quortzeth pkny`hfrki grkc Qvåfslåsoiah oif t`h t`rhh pehahs grkc t`h mrovhnpet Ahrikveah

òvh tk bh rhmorfhf os orthgoats. Onn t`rhh nkaonetehs foth tkrkum`ny t`h soch phrekf kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx, ophrekf ei wèa` t`h revhr mrofuonny fhpksethf t`h shfechitskg t`h Vugoiy thrroah. Kih s`kunf rhchcbhr tòt t`h gouiogrkc Qtroislo slono akitoeis o normh iucbhr kg wothr oifcors` berfs. V`h orthgoats grkc t`h mrovhnpet orhrhfhpksethf kvhr o sconn festoiah (grkc Qvåfslå soiah;).V`h phkpnh ot Qtroislo slono eiòbethf sconn aovhs. Cusensusphats t`h gkrchr hxesthiah kg o tèrf aovh obkvh t`hhxpkshf snkph fhpksets, fhstrkyhf fuh tk quorryeimoatevetehs. V`h noyhr ?1 oif ?6 orh rhnothf tk t`h kremeionakithit kg t`h aovh. Vòt eifeaoths tòt t`rhh aovhs whrheiòbethf.

2.0. ORVHGOAVQ KG XILIK]I OMH GRKC BK@HCEO OIF

CKROWEO

Ei vehw kg t`h normh iucbhr kg surgoah aknnhatekis kgphbbnh-tkkns grkc Bk`hceo (Zhbhro ?582), skut`hri Ckroveooif rhahitny onsk grkc Nkwhr Oustreo (Zwhrifkrg ecCora`ghnf) oif ihor Brotesnovo ei Qnkvoleo tès prkbnhc es

geifs. Qaonh ei ac.

brehgny chitekihf `hrh. Bhaoush ckst kg t`hsh phbbnh-tkkorh aknnhathf grkc t`h surgoah kg mrovhn fhpksets kr rhnehskg mrovhn-noyhrs, t`hrh es kiny o thrceius pkst quhc, boshfki t`h pkseteki kg t`h thrroah. Ei skut`hri Ckroveo wh orhcoeiny fhoneim wet` t`h ykuimhr soif oif mrovhn s`hht, ror(h.m. Tkuzfgoiy) wet` t`h knfhr kih. O rhnotevh foteim arethrees t`h obshiah kg weif pknes` ki Noth Tnhestkahih (Ceffnhoif Xpphr Tonohknetèa) orthgoats aknnhathf grkc t`h surgoaV`h eithisevh rhffes` brkwi aknkur kg t`h ponh quortzphbbnhs - t`h rhsunt kg ecprhmioteki kg ghrrk-kxefhs -eifeaoths t`h eignuhiah kg a`hceaon prkahsshs fureim t`hgkrcoteki kg t`h Ghrrhtk-sken (Wonka` ht on, ?5=0).

Kih aoi t`hrhgkrh susphat tòt t`hsh phbbnh tkkns (prktk

begoahs, pkny`hfrkis, hpoiihnås, a`kppeim tkkns oif gnolhfoth tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, porteonny hvhi tk t`h hornyCeffnh Tnhestkahih. V`h geifs orh ecpkrtoit bhaoush t`hyshhc tk fkauchit o rhnotevhny eithish kaaupoteki kg t`horho, wet` iuchrkus shttnhchits onkim t`h boils kg t`h revfureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

2.5. '@KNQVHEIEOI' GEIFQ

Orthgoats grkc t`h nothst pòsh kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetè- t`h @knstheieoi akcpnhx - orh ei t`h nkhss orhos likwigrkc t`h skens TL WE oif W. Bk`hceo oif Ckroveo yehnfhkiny esknothf gnolhs oif phbbnh tkkns grkc tòt phrekf,

gkuif fureim quorryeim oatevetehs ei t`ksh skens. Hxocpnhsorh t`h brealpets Brik-Ahrvhiy lkpha, Brik-Zefhieah E oiEE, Qhfnhskveah ihor Zikjck, Nhtly ihor Tromuh (Wonka`?5==< Wonka` ei: Cusen ht on. ?588< Trkshl ?567). Grefreaaknnhathf oi osshcbnomh kg obkut 14 orthgoats grkc t`h TLWE sken ei Lornsthji ihor Bhrkui. V`h osshcbnomh akitoeisoi hpoiihnå, o akrh, sarophrs oif sconn uirhtkua`hf gnolh(Qcknglkvo oif Grefrea` ?506). Thròps snem`tny knfhr es t



== LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

osshcbnomh trkc E`h brealpet Qhfnha ihor Tromuh, aknnhanhfby L. Zhbhro. Ei o aòrakon noyhr ot t`h bosh kg o nkhssprkt'enh wet` eithraonothf ponhkskns, just obkvh mrovhns kg t`h'Ceifhn'-thrroah (Zorubo ?562) `h gkuif shvhron mkkfa`kpphrs, a`kppeim-tkkns oif pkny`hfrkis wet` rot`hr sòrphfmhs (Zhbhro ?575, Tnoth WEE-PWEEE). Qkch strkimnyrkuifhf peaahs (Zhbhro ?575, Tnoth EEE-W) orh rhmorfhf os

bheim knfhr ("@hefhnbhrmeoi"). Qhvhron '@knstheieoi'trovhrteih fhpksets ei Qnkvoleo yehnfhf orthgoats ot@roikvieao, Wysiå Ruzboa`y oif, pkssebny, t`h nkwhrnhvhns ot @krlo (Borto ?5=6).

1. Vrzhbieao (Qenhseo, skut`whst Tknoif)

V h nkoc pet Vrzhbieao 2 es nkaothf obkut ?8 lc ikrt` kg]rkanow, ei t`h ikrt`hri port kg t`h vennomh Vrzhbieao, ott`h "veihyorf ènn" (]eiio Mñro).

Ei t`h skut`hri shateki kg t`h pet nkocy nkhss-nelhshfechits wet` o tèalihss kg obkut 7 c (Jory ht on. ?554)kvheeeh o mrovhn fhpkset. Ei t`h ikrt`hri prkgenhs Vhrteoryanoys orh prhshit bhihot` mnoaemhiea fhpksets, wèa` aoi bh

fevefhf ei t`rhh uiets: oi upphr tenn, soifs oif sents wet`noyhrs kg vorvh anoys, soifs oif n'nuvekmnoaeon phbbnh bhfsoif o nkwhr tenn (noyhrs 1-8) (]eiieale ?554). V`hmnoaemhiea port kg t`h shquhiah bhnkw t`h nkocy nkhss-nelhshfechits es ei t`h hiterh orho o nettnh ckrh subfevefhf. V`hnkwhr (enn akvhrs os o ckroeih rhneat o mrovhn povhchit(noyhrs ? oif 2), t`h upphr tenn (noyhr 8) es setuotaf bhtwhhignuvekmnoaeon fhpksets (Burfulehweaz oif ]eiieale ?505).

Orthgoats whrh gkuif ot shvhron pnoahs ei t`h pet.Akiahitroteki B wos aknnhathf grkc o ckroeih povhchit krgrkc t`h soify-nkocy fhpksets uifhchot` (Burfulehweazoif ]eiieale ?505), akiahitroteki A obkvh t`h povhchit

ot t`h bosh kg t`h upphr tenn (Burfulehweaz oif ]eiieale?505).

V`h prhneceiory rhpkrts (Burfulehweaz ?554< ?55?<Burfulehweaz oif ]eiieale ?505) eifeaoth tòt wh orhfhoneim wet` oi eifustry wet` sconn orthgoats (sarophrs,ikta`hs, fhiteaunoths. otypeaon bkrhrs (bhasj), akrhs oif oghw a`kpphrs, coeiny cofh grkc gneit, rorhny grkcFhvkieoi nechstkih oif bosont. O sconn iucbhr kg bkih-gromchits es onsk prhshit, `krsh oif rèikahrks akunf bhefhitegehf os whnn os o tkkt` gromchit kg pelh.

V`h upphr tenn es akrrhnothf wet` t`h Frhit`h eah-ofvoiah,t`h nkwhr kih wet` t`h skut`hri Tknes` Hesthr eah-ofvoiah.

V`h knfhr osshcbnomh t`hrhgkrh foths tk t`h Ghrfyioifñw-Eithrmnoaeon (Hnsthreoi E/EE), t`h ykuimhr osshcbnomh tk t`h@knstheieoi (Burfulehweaz ?554: ?55?< Burfulehweaz oif]eiieale ?505< Burfulehweaz oif Chyhr ?55?).Le/yszlkwsle (?551) òs oikt`hr kpeieki obkut t`h omhkg t`h osshcbnomhs, os `h akrrhnoths t`h soify fhpksets wet`t`h ]ort`h stomh oif bkt` tenns wet` t`h Frhit`h eah-ofvoiah.

Ei suc, t`h eifustry shhcs tk bh akcporobnh wet` t`heifustry grkc Benzeimsnhbhi. Qkgor, t`hrh es ik uiocbemukuseifeaoteki gkr t`h omh kg t`h osshcbnomhs oif gurt`hreivhstemotekis orh ihahssory tk anoregy tès prkbnhc.

6. Wårthssz÷nn÷s (ikrt`whsthri @uimory)

V`h vennomh kg Wårthssz÷nn÷s es nkaothf ei t`h vonnhy kg t`h

revhr Otonår ei t`h sòfh kg t`h Mhrhash ckuitoeis obkut?8 lc skut` kg t`h revhr Foiubh. Ki t`h hfmh kg t`h vennomhes oi hxthisevh trovhrteih nechstkih quorry ki t`h 74 crevhr thrroah. V`rhh fegghrhit seths whrh efhitegehf ei t`hquorry orho: t`h ponohknetèa seth (E), oi hxanusevhnyponohkitknkmeaon seth (EE) oif o seth w`hrh ponohknetèaorthgoats oif gkktpreits kg oiecons whrh rhakvhrhf (EEE). Gkurgeif `krezkis whrh festeimues`hf ot seth E, t`rhh ot seth EEE.

Ot Qeth E t`h trovhrteih fhpksets rhoa` o tèalihss kg obkut?4 c oif neh ki tkp kg gnuveotenh shfechits. V`h geif-`krezkis orh nkaothf ot o fhpt` kg 1-8 c. Noyhr ? wosnkaothf ei bhtwhhi twk trovhrteih bhfs. Noyhr 2, ei t`hceffnh kg t`h upphr trovhrteih bhf, es kiny nkaonny prhshit

oif wos nhss rea`. Aunturon rhcoeis grkc noyhr 1 whrhsaotthrhf kvhr tès trovhrteih bhf. Obkvh t`h trovhrteihfhpksets wos o nkhss noyhr, t`h upphr port kg et akitoeieim`krezki 6 wèa` es vhry pkkr ei geifs.

V`h rea` oif whnn-likwi gouio grkc tès seth eianufas Coaoao synvoio, Xrsus fhieimhre, Coaòerkfkiteioh eifht.,Qthpòikrèius htrusaus, Hquus cksboa`hises. @eppkpktocus oitequus, oif skch `kceief rhcoeis: o ùcoikaaepeton bkih oif twk fhiton gromchits whrh gkuif einoyhr ? (V`kco ei: Lrhtzke oif Fkbkse ?554).

Normh netèa osshcbnomhs, thaìknkmeaonny os whnn osckrp`knkmeaonny vhry secenor, whrh gkuif ei onn noyhrs

(?/? 1?71 pehahs, ?/2 847, ?/1 855, ?/6 82, EEE/n 74=, EEE/6-87==). V`h eifustry akisests kg sconn-sezhf phbbnhs cofh kgquortz/quortzeth (84,0 %), gneit (66,= %), nechstkih (6,1 %)oif kt`hr row cothreons (4,?2 %). Vypknkmeaonny kih aoirhakmiezh a`kpphrs, a`kppeim tkkns, prktk-òifoxhs, vorekussefh sarophrs, bkrhrs, bureis oif hif sarophrs os whnn ospkeits oif skch kt`hr tkkns (Fkbkse ei: Lrhtzke oif Fkbkse?554). N. Whrths (?578) anossegehf t`h osshcbnomh os oceark-a`kpphr eifustry oif aonnhf et t`h 'Bufo eifustry'(shh Fkbkse, ei: Lrhtzke oif Fkbkse ?554 gkr o fhtoenhffhsarepteki).

Noyhr E yehnfhf shvhron bkih gromchits, eithitekionny

brklhi oif ushf. Qkch kg t`h gromchits s`kw aut corls(Fkbkse ?501< Lrhtzke oif Fkbkse ?554).Vroahs kg gerh whrh rhakmiezhf ot seths E oif EEE. ?/?

yehnfhf bnoal spkts (18 x 68 ac oif 8 ac tèal) wet` sconnos whnn os normhr burit bkih gromchits wet`kut aòrakon(Fkbkse ei: Lrhtzke oif Fkbkse ?554).

Bekstrotemropèaon stufehs kremeionny fothf t`h seth tk oieitro-Ceifhn pòsh (Lrhtzke oif Whrths ?578). Tonohkcom-



=Q V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

iheea oionyshs s`kwhf ikrcon pknorety, suppkshfny t`hBrui`hs Hpka`h (Notòc oif Qa`woraz ei: Lrhtzke oifFkbkse ?554). Rofekchtrea foteim yehnfhf vorekus porteonnyakitrofeatkry rhsunts wet` knfhr omhs rhakrfhf obkvh ykuimhrkihs. Gkr t`h trovhrteih bhtwhhi t`h Noyhrs E oif EEE omhs kg268 oif 184 lyr BT òvh bhhi kbtoeihf (ei: Lrhtzke oifFkbkse ?554).

Ei suc, t`h Wårthssz÷nn÷s seths eifeaoth o rhphothfkhaupoteki kg t`h ceihron wothr spreim fureim t`h gkrcotekikg trovhrteih fhpksets. @kceiefs brkum`t moch tk t`h seth,prkfuahf o sphaegea ceieoturh phbbnh eifustry wet` o nkwnhvhn kg stoiforfesoteki, ushf bkih gromchits os tkkns oifwhrh obnh tk lhhp o gerh mkeim. V`h hxoat omh kg t`hkhaupoteki es uilikwi but es by ik chois ykuimhr tòi t`h@knstheieoi akcpnhx.

8. Lkrknhvk (Vroi saorp oteo i Xlroeih)Lkrknhvk es nkaothf ei t`h vonnhy kg t`h revhr Veszo, ei

t`h ckst skut`whsthc port kg t`h Xlroeih, òrfny ?4 lcgrkc t`h Rkcoieoi oif obkut 24 lc grkc t`h @uimoreoi

bkrfhr. Orthgoats whrh gkuif ei shvhron noyhrs ei prkgenhswèa` whrh hxpkshf ei oi hxthisevh oifhseth quorry kit`h ènn "Mkstryj vhra`", ki t`h nhgt boil kg t`h revhr.

Worekus shquhiahs wet` up tk sex poroutka`tkiea ponohksknakcpnhxhs akitoeihf ei tkton ?7 ponohknetèa `krezkis.V`h gkur nkwhrckst `krezkis (Wa, WE, WEE oif WEEE) òvhahrtoeiny o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa omh. Wa oif WE orh setuothfwetèi sken-fhpksets, WEE ei nkocy fhpksets oif WEEE einkocy fhpksets wet` gnuveotenh mrovhns (Mnofenei ?505).

V`h hiterh eifustry es coiugoaturhf grkc oifhseth.Akcpnhx Wa akitoeis aèps, sconn gnolhs oif fhbres,Akcpnhx WE ckrh tòi 5144 orthgoats eianufeim 56 akrhs

oif ?17 tkkns (ockimst kt`hrs a`kpphrs, prktk-begoahs,betoahs, anhovhrs, sarophrs, lieghs oif fhiteaunoths.

Akcpnhx WEE akisests kg ?815 orthgoats eianufeim ?1 akrhsoif ?2 tkkns (7 a`kpphrs , 2 prktk-begoahs oif ? begoah),wènh Akcpnhx WEEE akisests kg 627 orthgoats eianufeim?? akrhs oif ?2 tkkns (wet` 8 a`kpphrs oif 2 prktk-begoahs).

Onn osshcbnomhs orh ossemihf tk t`h Oa`hunhoi, t`kum` osconn iucbhr kg akrhs oif gnolhs wet` Nhvonnkes ghoturhsorh prhshit ei t`h osshcbnomh (Mnofenei oif Qetnevyj ?554).

V`h ?'eif `horeim shfechits orh akcpnhthny fhaonaegehf,oif krmoiea rhcoeis orh òrfny prhshit, t`kum` ponyiknkme-aon oionyses yehnfhf skch rhsunts. O xhrkpènh gnkro wet`

Zhnlkvo, `kribhoc oif Tthrkaoryo es gkuif ei noyhr ?8(Akcpnhx Wa). V`h noyhrs ?7 oif ?= (wet` Akcpnhx WE)whrh fhpksethf fureim o aknf pòsh, os eighrrhf grkc t`hkaaurrhiah kg Bhnueo vhrruakso, B. pubhsahis, B. tkrbukso,

B. ùcenes oif Onius verefes. Noyhr ?0 foths tk o worcpòsh fureim wèa` orhos wet` oi kphi vhmhtoteki kaaurrhfboshf ki t`h prhshiah kg A`hikpkfeoahoh, Osthroahoh oifAea`kreoahoh, Gretennoreo oif hxktea trhhs sua` os Zhnlkvo

sp. oif Tthrkaoryo. Noyhr ?5 corls oikt`hr aknf pòsh<ikteahobnh es t`h fharhosh kg trhhs oif o gnkro wetÀ`hikpkfeoahoh, shfmh, Osthroahoh oif ahrhons oif gkrhxocpnh Tknhckieuc oaubegnkruc. O s`krt worc pòshwet` o bkrhon sthpph vhmhtoteki (14-68% bkrhon pknnhi) esrhprhshithf ei t`h noyhrs 24-2?, oif noyhr 22 eifeaothsoikt`hr aknf pòsh wet` bera` oif peih trhhs. Noyhr 21 wehnc, woniut, kol, Zonlkvo oif `kribhoc es eifeaotevh gkr worc pòsh. Akcpnhx WEE òs bhhi aknnhathf grkc noyhr wet` pknnhi grkc bera` oif peih trhhs oif skch fhcoifeisphaehs wèa` eifeaoth cenf akkn anecotea akifetekis.Noyhr 27 akitoeihf kiny o sconn ockuit kg pknnhi grkchnc, woniut, bhha`, Tthrkaoryo oif wothr pnoits (Ozknno,Thfeostruc phiionhs). Orthgoats kg Akcpnhx WEEE os whnn o ghw peih oif bera` pknnhi orh gkuif ei Noyhr 2=, ot t`hbosh kg t`h shquhiah.

V`hrcknuceihsahiah os whnn os ponohkcomihtea oionysòvh bhhi aorrehf kut. Noyhr ?7 òs o VN foth kg 174 + 8Lyr BT, noyhr ?5 o foth kg 784 ¿ 54 lyr BT oif noyhr 28 084 + ?44 Lyr BT. V`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory es

eifeaothf bhtwhhi t`h noyhrs 2? oif 22, gor obkvh orthgoatAkcpnhx WEE (Mnofenei ?505). V`h nkwhrckst shrehs kgLkrknhvk orh wet`kut oiy fkubt Nkwhr Tonohknetèaeifustrehs, oif bkt` strotemropèaon oif gnkron oif gouionhvefhiah summhst o rot`hr èm` omh. V`hy prkbobny bhnkimt`h Oa`hunhoi s.?. Otthcpts ot foteim t`h vorekus shrehsòvh ikt yehnfhf uiocbemukus rhsunts sk gor.

7. Qoifonjo E (ihor Tuno, Estreh, Arkote o)Vwk fhmrofhf aovhs, nkaothf anksh tk hoa` kt`hr, whrh

hxpkshf ei o quorry obkut 6 lc IH kg Tuno.V`h nkwhrckst fhpksets ei t`h gerst aovh akisesthf kg oi

Horny Tnhestkahih brhaaeo wet` o rea` gouion osskaeoteki.eianufeim o nhgt gerst nkwhr eiaesevh wèa` wos t`kum`t tk bkg ùcoi kremei. V`h upphr fhpksets akitoei o noth ]þrceo]hea`shneoi Mrovhtteoi eifustry. V`h shakif aovh akitoeikiny noth ]þrceoi/]hea`shneoi fhpksets wet` ùcoi slunnrhcoeis oif oi Ouremioaeoi oif o Mrovhtteoi eifustry.

O sconn phbbnh (N 76 cc, ] 81 cc, V` 16 cc) cofkg knevh-mrhy gneit wos gkuif ei t`h brhaaeo. V`h iorrkwsefh kg t`h phbbnh s`kws t`rhh normh gnoleim saors wèa`hxthif tk òngwoy t`h fkrson sefh. V`h hfmh òs bhhickfegehf by iuchrkus rhtkua`hs. V`h refmhs orh snem`tnyrkuifhf, prkbobny by ohkneoi oatevetehs (Gem. =). Qkchbkihs s`kw troahs kg gerh wènh aòrakon rhcoeis orh onskprhshit. V`h fkceioiah kg eccoturh `hrbevkrkuscoccons ei t`h gouio cem`t eifeaoth o shnhateki byùcois.

V`h gouio grkc Qoifonjo E es akrrhnothf wet` gouios suaos Qt. Wonnehr, Thrrehr, Qhiàzh, Aòmiy oif t`h upphr Wonf'Orik gouio foteim tk t`h Ceffnh-noth Wennogroiaèoi(Conhz< ?5=6, ?5=8, ?5=7).



=') LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

Gem. =. Qoifonjo E, a`kpphr. Qaonh ei ac.

V`h a`kpphr os whnn os t`h troahs kg gerh pkeit tk o ùcoiprhshiah, o stothchit wèa` cem`t geif skch suppkrt ei t`hgouio! hvefhiah. Ei t`h akithxt kg t`h aovh t`h a`kpphr oswhnn os o shakif phbbnh wet`kut anhor troahs kg ckfegeaotekiòvh tk bh coiupkrts. @kwhvhr, t`h sconn iucbhr kg geifsfkhs ikt onnkw oi uiocbemukus eithrprhtoteki kg tès knfseth oif et aoi t`hrhgkrh ikt bh oaahpthf os uiocbemukushvefhiah gkr ùcoi kaaupoteki.

=. Vhtkeu (Lumeunh$te, Kntåieh, Rkcoieo)

Onkim t`h ceffnh Kntht revhr (o trebutory kg t`h Knt) eiskut`hri Rkcoieo, whnn fhvhnkphf gnuveknoaustreih fhpksetsorh prhshit bhtwhhi t`h vennomhs Vhtkeu oif Erech§te, wet`shvhron noyars akitoeieim rea` noth Tnekahih gouios.

V`rhh noyhrs wet` gouioS rhcoeis òvh bhhi efhitegehf:t`h nkwhrckst nhvhn (V-n), obkut 24 c tèal, akisests kg

soifs oif anoyhy soifs wet` mrovhn noyhrs. V`h ceffnh nhvhnV-2 es obkut 64 c tèal oif akisests kg soifs oif nhishs kgmrovhn oif pkalhts kg anoy. V`h upphrckst nhvhn (V-1), uptk 18 c tèal, akisests kg akorsh soifs wet` iuchrkuspkalhts kg mrovhn.

O sconn iucbhr kg @eit oif quortzeth phbbnhs wet`pkssebnh troahs kg ckfegeaoteki òvh bhhi gkuif ei oihxpksurh, Faonun Cejnkaeu, ei o mrovhn- oif soif noyhr wetò tèalihss kg ?,8 c. V`h noyhr es nkaothf ei t`h shquhiahV-?, bhtwhhi t`h gksseneghrkus `krezkis No Tehtres (bhnkw)oif Wonho Mrouiahoiunue (obkvh).

Kg t`h 'orthgoats' gkuif `hrh t`rhh sconn a`kppeim tkknsorh chitekihf, oif twk kg t`hc òvh bhhi gemurhf.Xigkrtuiothny t`hrh orh ik fhtoenhf fhsareptekis yht oif t`hpeaturhs orh ikt anhor hikum` tk mht o mkkf efho obkut t`hpehahs. V`h twk gneit phbbnhs òvh obkut t`h soch sezh(? : nhimt` 81 cc, weft` 10 cc, tèalihss 26 cc< 2: nhimt`81 cc, weft` 15,8 cc, tèalihss 27,8 cc), t`h tèrf kih,o quortzeth phbbnh, es snem`tny normhr. V`h twk orthgoatswèa` òvh bhhi gemurhf s`kw skch gnolh saors.

V`h geif `krezki cem`t bh akrrhnothf wet` t`h Knfuvoehvhit orkuif ?,= Cyr BT. Vès es boshf ki t`h prhshiah kgo ceffnh sezhf Vrkmkit`hùc (V. foaeauc) ei t`hgksseneghrkus `krezkis No Tehtres bhnkw, oif WonhoMrouiahoiunue obkvh t`h geif`krezki. V`h soch sphaehskaaurs ei Qnoteio-1 (t`h typh-nkaonety kg Vrkmkit`hreucfoaeauc). Qnoteio 1 òs o ikrcon pknorety, ossemihf tk t`hKnfuvoe Hvhit (Rofunhsau oif Qocski ?55?).

V`h ortegeaeon aòroathr kg bkt` gemurhf pehahs aoiikt bhhvonuothf ki t`h boses kg t`h pubneaotekis ovoenobnh. V`horthgoats s`kunf òvh oi omh kg obkut ?,= Cyr BT. V`hout`krs gurt`hrckrh chiteki geifs grkc Fhonun Weenkr wetò ykuimhr omh kg ?,2 Cyr BT (Rofunhsau oif Qocski?55?).

0. Akianusekis

Vès pophr òs mevhi o s`krt slhta` kg t`h NkwhrTonohknetèa kaaupoteki kg hosthri Ahitron Hurkph. Vèsorho òs o rot`hr normh iucbhr kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèankaonetehs. Foteim hvefhiah summhsts tòt `kceiefs whrhonrhofy kaaupyeim tès port kg t`h wkrnf ei t`h HornyTnhestkahih. Grkc t`h hornehr ports kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih kiworfs t`hrh orh vorekus seths wet`

uiocbemukus troahs kg ùcoi prhshiah, t`rhh kg wèa`- Qtroislo slono, Tghznhteah oif Lkrknhvk - òvh bhhihxaovothf. Ot Qtroislo slono oif Tghznhteah t`h orthgoatswhrh osskaeothf wet` o rea` Ceckcys-gouio grkc t`hshakif òng kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx oif t`h pophr òshxpneaetny fhont wet` t`h hvefhiah gkr ùcoi kaaupoteki ott`h seths (akitro Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tèsvknuch oif Rkhbrkhls ?556). Grkc tès phrekf kiworfst`hrh orh ckrh Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths ei hosthri AhitronHurkph, onn foteim tk t`h shakif òng kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih.




ikths

? Qeiah ik gerhpnoah wos gkuif ei noyhr ?1 ot Qtroislo slono, etwos ihahssory tk oionysh t`h bnoal bkihs, bhnehvhf tk òvh bhhiburit. Kur prkke kg burieim es boshf ki t`h ossucpteki tòt bkihs‖ bhsefh t`h ceihron akcpkihit `yfrkxyopoteth (Tksihr ?508) ‖mhihronny akisest kg krmoiea cotthr onsk oif tès òf tk bh portnyrhckvhf fureim t`h stoy kg bkihs ei o gerhpnoah. Oaakrfeim tkaxphrechiton chosurachits, t`h thcphroturhs ot kphi gerhpnoahs

peavonhitny vory bhtwhhi 14()-844Á. Vòt es w`y wh ushf t`hfegghrhiteon t`hiion oionyses FVO (Coalhizeh ?5=4) oif t`hRKAL HWON pyrknyses (Åspetoneå hn on. ?5==) tk prkvh t`h burieimkg t`h bkihs. Gkur shts kg socpnhs whrh oionyshf by bkt` cht`kfs,hoa` san grkit t`h soch geifspkt ei noyhr ?1 oif akitoeieim o bkihkg usuon wèth opphoroiah (iki-burit) oif o bnoal bkih bhnehvhf tkòvh bhhi burit. V`h soch quoitetehs kg bkt` bkihs uifhr t`h sochakifetekis whrh oionyshf.V`h rhsunts kg t`h oionyshs òvh bhhi vhry secenor ei onn gkur shts.V`h FVO aurvhs òvh s`kwi tòt os o akishquhiah kg struaturhbrholeim, t`h burit bkihs òvh o èm`hr akithit kg ckesturh ki t`hkih òif, ki t`h kn`hr òif o port kg krmoiea cotthr es cesseim otthcphroturhs bhtwhhi 284-684Á os akcporhf tk iki-burit (wèth)bkihs.V`h rhsunts kg t`h RKAL HWON pyrknyses òvh bhhi hvhi ckrh

uiocbemukus. V`h ockuit kg precory vknotenh krmoiea akcpkihit

up tk 284Á es onwoys èm`hr ei t`h wèth bkihs tòi ei t`h bnoabkihs). O secenor peaturh es mevhi by t`h Q2 phols: t`h akithit kiki-vknotenh krmoiea cotthr es omoei èm`hr ei t`h wèth bkihsbhaoush ei t`h bnoal bkihs et wos portny aroalhf fureim t`herakitoat wet` gerh. V`h eifhx kg prkfuateki (ET, e.h. rhnotevhobuifoiah kg vknotenh akcpkuifs precoreny prhshit ei t`h socpnhxprhsshf by t`h rotek QE tk t`h suc Q?+Q2) kg onn wèth bkihs eèm`hr tòi ET kg akrrhspkifeim bnoal kihs. V`h rhsefuon krmoieacotthr ei t`h bnoal bkihs t`hrhgkrh mevhs èm`hr Vcox vonuhs tò

t`h krmoiea cotthr kg wèth (iki-burit) bkihs. V`h hxahpteki ei oif Vcox kbshrvhf ei t`h gkurt` socpnh akunf bh t`h rhsunt kg oshakifory (oiohrkbea cearkbeon) oatevety, wèa` es ckst rhcorlobei t`h fhhphst `krezki.]h aoi akianufh tòt t`h bnoal bkihs grkc noyhr ?1 ot Qtroisloslono òvh bhhi eifhhf ogghathf by akitoat wet` gerh, fureim wèao port kg krmoiea cotthr wos rhckvhf ot thcphroturh bhtwhhi 24oif .]A.

Oitkigi Tgea`ystonFhpt. kg Mhknkmy oifTonhkitknkmyCosoryl XievhrsetyLktnogslo 27?? 1= Brik

Azha` Rhpubnea

Ckjce'r QtriofAzha` Mhknkmeaon QurvBrik shatekiNhetihrkvo 22742 44 BrikAzha` Rhpubnea



QE LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

rhghrhiahs

Borto, J.

Burfulehweaz, C.

Burfulehweaz, C..L.-F. Chyhr

Burfehlehweaz, C.J. ]eiieale

?5=6 Qefneslo proankvhlo io Qnkvhislya` trovhrteika`, Ikvå Kbzkry ?7, ?11-?=8.

?554 ]yiele boforë stoikweslo fknikponhkn etyazihmk Vrzhbieao 2. Qnoslh Qprowkzfoieo Ora`hknkmeazih 1? , =-26.

?55? Bofoieh ksofieatwo fknikponhknetyazihmk w Vrzhbieay, Qnoslh Qprowkzfoieo Ora`hk

nkmeazih 12, =-?5.

?55? V`h Oionyses kg Hrroteas grkc Mnoaeon Fhpksets ei Vrzhbieao (Qenhseo), Qnoslh Qprowkzfoieo Ora`hknkmeazih 12, 25-62.

?505 Ikwh cothreony ponhknetu fknihmk z Vrzhbieay, wkj. ]rkanow, Qenhseo Oitequo 1?, 5-?0.

Fkbkse, W.

Åspetoneå, J.,

J.N. Nopkrth,C. Cofha.G, Cort|eees.E'. E hpnot.J. Tounht

?501 Feh Lika`hiorthgolth vki Wårthsz÷n÷s, Htìkmropèsa`-Oraòkn. Zhetsa`. 26, 165-17?.

?5== Cht`kfh ropefa fh aoroatår esoteki fhs rka`hs càrhs fh nhur pkthitehn påtrknehr ht fh nhur

fhmrå f'åvknuteki, Rhv. Eist. Groia, fu Tåtrkn 12(?), 21-61.

Grefrea`, J. ?5=2 Tonhkne tealå kse'fnhie v Bhåkvê, k.Ckst, Ora`hknkmealå rkz`nhfy 26, 265-285.

?5=7 V`h gerst eifustrehs grkc Hosthri oif Qkut`-Hosthri Ahitron Hurkph. Ei: L. Wonka` (hf.) , Nhs prhcehrs eifustrehs fh WHurkph, 0-21. EP akimr. XEQTT, Aknnkquh WEEE: Ieah.

?5=5 Ontponoknetèsa`h Eifustreh. Ei: W. Qebrovo ht on., Hrgkrsaùim fhr Tnhestkzoiobnomhruimhioug fhc @þmhn "Znoty lkpha" bhe Tghznhteah (IK-Roif vki Trom) E. Vhen, Oit`rkpk-

zkeluc ?2, ??=-?27.

?505 Tghznhteah: O Nkwhr Tonohk`tèa Qeth ei Ahitron Bk`hceo (Hxaovotekis ?575-?508).Tromuh: Gkiths Ora`. Trom. ?0, Cus. Iot. Trom.

?55?o V`h Knfhst Tonohk`tèa stkih eifustry grkc t`h Bhrkui èm`woy akcpnhx, Oit`rkpkzkeluc 24, ???-?20.

?55?b Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeih hi bk`àch. Ei: H. Bkiegoy, B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hf.), NhsTrhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?58-24?: Tores, [email protected].

Grefrea`, J.,N. Qcknglkvo

?5=7 Qtory ponhknet v prkgenu B, Bhìkv E, (Nkuislå Qtghfk`kgg), Ora`hknkmealå rkz`nhfy 20,1-?=.

Mnofenei, W.I. ?505 V`h Lkrknhvk Tonohk`tèa Qeth: Rhshora`, cht`kfs, strotemrop`y, Oit`rkpknkmeh 2=(2-1),51-?41.

Mnofenei, W.I.,W.I. Qetnevyj

?554 Oehn Ahitron 'ikj Hvrkpy. Lejhv: Ioulkvo fuclo.

@kroìhl, E’W. ? k/hl

?500 Tonohkzkknkmy oif t`h Cef-Hurkphoi _uothriory post: sakph kg t`h opprkoa` oifshnhathf rhsunts, Rkzprovy Asn. Olof. Wêf. Rofo Cot.-p`'r. vìf, 50 (6), Troò Oaofhceo.



s: V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Jory, Z.,V. A`kfol,F. Lrzyszlkwsle

?554 Xtwkry pykwh io stoikweslu ora`hknkm eaziyc Vrzhbieao 2, Qe. Qprow. Ora`. 1?, 1?-65

Lkag, O. ?55? Tonohkcomihtea eivhstemoteki kg t`h Bhrkui èm`woi shateki, Oit`rkpkzkeluc 24, ?41-

?45.

Lkuthl, J.

Lrhtzke, C,N. Whrths

?527 Akitrebuteki o no akiioessoiah fhs aonaoerhs o senhx fu Jurossequh supårehur fh no Qtrois

slono prås Brik (Ckroveo), Wìstiel Qt. mhkn. þstovu Asn. rhpubnely 2, ?=2-?02.

?578 Xpphr Beòreoi (Eithrceifhn) Thbbnh Eifustry Kaaupoteki Qeth ei ]hsthri @uimory,Aurrhin Oit`rkpknkmy 7(?), =6-0=.

Lrhtzke, C,W. Fkbkse (hf.)

?'e'Ln Wårthssz÷n÷s - Coi, seth oif Aunturh. Bufophst: Olofåceoe Leofñ.

Lrzyszlkwsle, F. ?551 V`h ]ortoieoi Qehfnha Qoifur (Zhfnetzhr Qoifur) skut`worfs t`h Vrzhbieao @enns, QenhseNkwnoif, Q]-Tknoif: rh-hxoceioteki ogthr gegty yhors, Heszhetonthr uif Mhmhiwort 61.81-77.

Lulno, M.J.

Lulno, M.J.

Nholhy, C.F.

?5=4 Akrrhnotekis bhtwhhi Nkhsshs oif fhhp-sho shfechits , Mhkn. G÷rhieimhi e Qtkal`kncG÷ròifneimhi 52(2), ?60-?04.

?5=8 Nkhss Qtrotemrop`y kg Ahitron Hurkph. Ei: L.]. Butzhr, M.N. Esooa (hfs), Ogthr t`h Oustronkpet`hht'ihs. 55-?00, V`h @omuh: Ckutki Tubnes`hrs.

?5=? Knfuvoe Mkrmh 1: Hxaovotekis ei Bhfs E oif EE, ?574-?571. Aocbrefmh: AocbrefmhXievhrsety Trhss.

Coalhizeh, R.A.

Conhz, C.

?5=4 Fegghrhiteon V`hrcon Oionyses. Nkifki oif Ihw Ukrl: Oaofhceh Trhss .

?5=6 Þbhr feh Bhfhutuim fhr Hitfhaluim vki Mhr÷nnmhrothi ei fhi Wennogroiaèhi Qaèa`thifhr Qoifonjo E ei Estrehi (Lrkotehi), Buen. Qae. Qhat. O, ?5(1-6), =5-04.

?5=8 Ki t`h Qemiegeaoiah kg t`h Mhius @kck fesakvhry ei t`h Wennogroiaeoi shfechits kg

Qoifonjo E ihor Tuno, ROF Jumksn. olof. zioi. ei uchti., rozrhf zo prerkfksn. zioi. ?=,?0?-24?.

?5=7 Hxaovoteki kg t`h vennogroiaèoi seth Qoifonjo E ihor Tuno (Jumksnovejo) . Ei: L. Wonka`(hf.), Nhs prhcehrs eifustrehs fh WHurkph, ?46-?21, EP Akimr. XEQTT. Aknnkquh WEEE,Ieah.

Cusen. R..L. Wonka`

?570 Qtroislo slono: ets Choieim gkr Tnhestkahih Qtufehs, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 5, 816-815.

Cusen, R.,L. Wonka`,W. Ihåhsoiy

?588 Tnhestkahiie shfechity klk`' Brio, Oit`rkpkzkeluc EW, (?586), ?4=-?7=.

Tghegrkvo, O.O. Zhcoi

?5=5 Ahrikveah. Ei: W. Qebrovo (hf.), _uothriory Mnoaeotekis ei t`h Ikrt`hri @hcesp`hrh,7t` Qhss. Kstrovo, Muefh tk Hxlursekis, 72-76, Tromuh.

Tksihr, O.Q.

Trkshl, G,

?508 V`h Ceihron kg Bkih, Aneieaon Krt`kpohfeas I.244, 0=-55.

?567 Ionhz anoatkiehislå`k þstìpu v Nhtloa` iof Wntovku, Tocotly Ora`hknkmealå 62,?515/67, ?12-?17.



01 LORHN WONKA@ - HOQVHRI AHIVRON OIF QKXV@HOQVHRI HXRKTH

Rofunhsau, A, ?55??'. Qoeiski

Rkhbrkals. ]. ?556

Rkhbrkhls, ]’ tèsV. voi Lkngsa`kthi, vknuch

Qcknelkvo. N.. ?55?

Qcknelkvo. E... ?506J. Grefrea`

Qcknelkvo. N.. ?50?O. Zhcoi

Vroahs f'oatevetå ùcoeih o no neceth Tnekaàih/Tnåestkaàih fois Eh Bossei Foaequh(Rkucoceh). Ei: H. Bkiegoy, B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs). Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis, 241-24=,Tores: [email protected].

Xpfoteim t`h Hornehst Kaaupoteki kg Hurkph, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 18(1), 14?-148.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: O rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaonhvefhiah.

Nkwhr Tnhestkahih Qkens kg t`h Bhrkui èm`woy shateki. Oit`rkpkzkeluc 24, =?-?4?.

@knstheisly eithrmnoaeon io nklonets Lornsthji v Ahslåc Lrosu: Tonhkphfknkmealy vyvkjo pkseah ponhknetealå eifustreh, Ora`hknkmealå rkz`nhfy 17, 1-?5.

V`h strotemropèaon semiegeaoiah kg Ghrrhtk-typh skens. Ei: W. Qebrovo, G.]. Q`kttki (hfs),_uothriory Mnoaeotekis ei t`h Ikrt`hri @hcesp`hrh, Qhss. Kstrovo ?5=5, Rhpkrt Ik. 7,227-214.

Qebrovo, W. ht on.

?502 Bhfhutuim fhr Ghrrhtk-B÷fhi gþr feh _uortorstrotemropèh, Oit`rkpkzkeluc ?6, 8=-00.

?5=5 Hrgkrsaùim fhr Tnhestkzoiobnomhruimhi oug fhc @þmhn "Znoty lkpha" bhe Tghznhteah

(IK-Roif vki Trom) E. Vhen. Oit`rkpkzkeluc ?2. 8=-?67.

Wonka`, L. ?5== Ihuh ont- uif cetthnponoknetèsa`h Guifh ous fhr Xcmhbuim vki Brik, Oit`rkpkzkeluc

??.51-??1.

?50= V`h Horny Tonohknetèa Qeth Qtroislo slono E ihor Brik (Azha`ksnkvoleo), Oit`rkpknkmeh28(2), ?28-?62.

Wonka`, L..N. Qhetn

?551 Qtory ponhknet v Cnofhìslya` jhslyiëa`. Aos. Ckrovslå`k cusho, sh. skh. =0, 1-5.

?556 Qtorkponhknetealo nkloneto Qvåfslå soiah v Briì-Qnoteiì, Ños. Ckrovslå`k cusho, sh.

skh. =5, 1-?6.

Wonka`. L...N. Qcknglkvå, N., ^. Zhcoi

?5=0 V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Qeth Tgebeah E ei Qkut` Ckroveo, Oit`rkpknkmeh ?7(1), 225-26?.

Wonka`, L’O. Zhcoi

?5=5 Cu§kv. Ei: W. Qebrovo (hf.), _uothriory Mnoaeotekis ei t`h Ikrt`hri @hcesp`hrh,7t` Qhss. Kstrovo, Muefh tk Hxaursekis, 72-76, Tromuh.

Whrths, ? ?578 Vypknkmy kg t`h Bufo-nifustry, o Thbbnh-tkkn Eifustry grkc t`h @uimoreoi NkwhrTonohknetèa, _uothrioreo ?. ?08-?57.

]eiieale, J. ?554 Bufkwo mhknkmeazio pkikaihj saeoiy ahmehnie w Vrzhbieay-stoikweslk Vrzhbieao 2,Ån. Qprow.Ora`. 1? , 28-14.

Zorubo, _. ?562 Tkfåniy prkgen vntovslyce throsoce chze Locylhc o Whntrusy, Rkzprovy As. Olof. vìf ouceie, cot.-pger. 82, ?-15.

Zhcoi, O. ?5=6 _uothriory kg t`h surrkuifeims kg Qtroislo slono, Oit`rkpkzkeluc ?4, 6?-=2.

?50? V`h fhvhnkpchit kg t`h _uothriory revhr oif nolh potthri ei Ahitron oif Qkut`hriCkroveo. Ei: W. Qebrovo, G.]. Q`kttki (hfs), _uothriory mnoaeotekis ei t`h Ikrt`hri

@hcesp`hrh, Qhss. Kstrovo ?5=5, Rhpkrt Ik. 7, 254-258.




Zhbhro. L. ?582 Nhs pnus oiaehis ckiuchits fh trovoen ùcoeih hi Bk`àch, Rkzprovy Xstr. þst. mhkn

Troò.

?575 Feh onthsthi Zhumhi fhr chisa`nea`hi Orbhet ei B÷`hchi, Rkzprovy Xstr. þst. mhkn. 1Troò.

Lorhn Wonka`Ckrovslå Zhcslh CuzhucZhniy Vr` 7785 1= BrikAzha` Rhpubnea



Fehtrea` Coieo 7 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki (Mhrcoiy)

V`h knfhst Tonohknetèa geifs grkc t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki

foth tk t`h phrekf bhtwhhi t`h Hnsthreoi oif t`h Qooneoi

Mnoaeotekis. Os eifeaothf ei t`h shquhiahs ot Benzeimsnhbhi

oif Qa`÷ieimhi, t`hrh orh t`rhh eithrmnoaeons wetèi reis

phrekf. aòroathreshf by portehunor sconn vhrthbronh,

cknnusaoi oifgnkron osskaeotekis. V`h ckst ecpkrtoit seth

es Benzeimsnhbhi EE, wet` o rofekchtrea omh kg 184-644 Lyr BT,

w`hrh `kceief rhcoeis, ossemihf tk o noth rhprhshitotevh kg

@kck hrhatus òvh bhhi gkuif.

?. EitrkfuatekiV`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki, t`h orho bhtwhhi t`h ikrt`hri

upnoifs {Cetthnmhbermh: Vèereimhr ]onf, Hrzmhbermh, @orz)oif t`her ikrt`hri gkrhnoif, es setuothf bhtwhhi 84 c oif??(P) c obkvh sho-nhvhn, w`hrhos t`h ontetufh kg t`h boseis oift`h ènny ramekis roimhs grkc ?84 c tk 184 c obkvh sho nhvhn.

V`h Ghiiksaoifeioveoi mnoaehrs rhoa`hf t`h ikrt`hrihfmh kg t`h Cetthnmhbermh shvhron techs fureim t`hTnhestkahih oif akvhrhf t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki, t`h typh orhokg t`h Hnsthreoi oif Qooneoi mnoaeoteki. V`h strotemropèashquhiah oif t`h a`rkikstrotemrop`y kg t`h Hnbh-Qoonhrhmeki aoi bh eighrrhf grkc t`h eithrnoaeim kg mnoaeon

shquhiahs wet` phremnoaeon fhpksets.Ei ?540, H. ]þst (]ehmhrs ?520) frhw otthiteki tk troahs

kg ùcoi kaaupoteki ei t`h Benzeimsnhbhi trovhrteih. @hrhakmieshf ets èm` omh oif ossemihf t`h trovhrteih tk t`hsk-aonnhf "mrhot eithrmnoaeon" (@knstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon,"@knsthei akcpnhx"). ]knfsthft (?518), `kwhvhr,akrrhnothf t`h Benzeimsnhbhi trovhrteih wet` t`h nosteithrmnoaeon, tùs hstobnesèim oi eiakrrhat efho wèa`muefhf shvhron mhknkmests oif oraòhknkmests gkr o phrekf kgobkut 64 yhors (h.m. Vkhpghr ?574, ?5=4< Ximhr ?5=6).Eskèthf geifs oif sconn eivhitkrehs kg stkih orthgoats whrhstenn ossemihf tk t`h @knstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon, h.m. ]oimhi,

]onnhifkrg oif kt`hr seths ei t`h revhr mrovhns kg t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki. V`hsh geifs whrh rhmorfhf os o strkimhvefhiah gkr t`h hxesthiah kg t`h sk-aonnhf "Anoatkieoi" eit`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki (Aknneis ?570< Vkhpghr ?5=4).Qphaegea akiahptekis kg t`h chaòiesc kg t`h anecoteaonnyeifuahf oaaucunoteki kg revhr mrovhns oif subshquhithrkseki nhf tk t`h ossemichit kg t`hsh geifs tk t`h hornyQooeh mnoaeon oif tk akrrhnoteki wet` t`h Ceffnh Oa`hunhoi

kg Corllnhhbhrm, tòt uiocbemukusny bhnkims tk t`h hornyQooneoi (Boucoii oif Coieo ?501< Mro`coii ?588).Oport grkc t`h Corllnhhbhrm eivhitkry, t`hsh geifsrhprhshithf t`h kiny hvefhiah kg t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kgt`h ceffnh Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki gkr o nkim tech.

Gehnf rhshora` aorrehf kut fureim t`h nost twk fhaofhs òsrhsunthf ei o ckrh fhtoenhf subfeveseki kg t`h phrekfbhtwhhi t`h Hnsthreoi oif t`h Qooneoi mnoaeoteki (Ahphl?507< Hrf ?5=1, ?5=0< Coieo ?5=1< Coieo oif Onthrcoii?5=4< Coieo oif Coe ?575< Ruslh ?576, ?578), oifeivhitkrehs kg t`h sk-aonnhf Anoatkieoi aoi ikw bh ossemihftk fegghrhit pòshs kg t`h "@knsthei akcpnhx". Gurt`hrckrh,ei ?575, oikt`hr geif `krezki ei t`h trovhrteih kg Benzeimsnhbhi wos gkuif (Mrecc ht on. ?5=6< Coieo ?5=6). Os orhsunt, o seth wet` pkssebnh kaaupoteki struaturhs, wetòrthgoats oif, obkvh onn, wet` `kceief rhcoeis wos t`hihxaovothf oif ot t`h soch tech o rhvehw kg ets strotemropèaonpkseteki uifhrtolhi. V`h trovhrteih kg Benzeimsnhbhi prkvhftk bh os knf os H. ]þst òf onrhofy summhsthf ei ?540 oift`h seth òs bhakch kih kg t`h ckst ecpkrtoit seths kg tèsphrekf ei Hurkph (Gesa`hr ht on. ?55?< Coe ht on. ?501<Coieo oif ]hbhr ?507< Coieo ht on. ?504).

Rhahitny, oi ecpkrtoit seth wos fesakvhrhf ei CeffnhTnhestkahih eithrmnoaeon fhpksets hxpkshf ei t`h brkwi-akonceih ot Qa`÷ieimhi, ei t`h ikrt`hri @orz gkrhnoif (Gem. ?)(Vèhch ht on. ?552, ?551). Kt`hr sconnhr geif akcpnhxhswet` o Ceffnh Tnhestkahih omh grkc t`h Qooeh rhmeki aoi bhoffhf tk tès nest.

O pkssebnh hxpnoioteki gkr t`h obshiah kg knfhr orthgoatsei t`h ceffnh Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki coy bh tòt uiten rhahitnygneit orthgoats whrh t`h precory kbjhats kg eithrhst gkroraòhknkmests. Vès cothreon wos gerst troispkrthf eitk kurwkrleim orho wetèi t`h mrkuif-ckroeihs kg t`h Hnsthreoimnoaeoteki. @kwhvhr, ei t`h akithxt kg t`h hornehst

kaaupoteki-fhboth et ihhfs tk bh strhsshf tòt kbjhatsrhshcbneim typeaon phbbnh tkkns coy bh gkrchf ei o ioturonwoy, by chaòieaon oateki ki phbbnhs gkuif ei fhbres oifmrovhns wet`kut oiy ùcoi eithrghrhiah. O nkt kg pshufk-orthgoats whrh aknnhathf oif fhsarebhf os ùcoi aunturonrhcoeis ei t`h post (h.m. Oifrhh ?515< Ofreoi ?502) butonsk, rhmrhttobny, tès es stenn t`h aosh tkfoy (h.m. t`h Ont-

ponoknetèluc kg ]effhrstott ihor ]hecor, Qaòthr ?505).




Gem. ?. V`h ceffnh Hnbh-Qoonh-Rhmeki wet` seths chitekihf ei t`h thxt.?: Benzeimsnhbhi, 2: Qoa`shiburm, 1: Chcnhbhi, 6: ]oimhi,8: Ihucorl-Qþf, 7: ]onnhifkrg, =: L÷a`sthft, 0: Qa`÷ieimhi,5: Nhimhghnf-Bof L÷shi, ?4: Grhyburm, ??: Hffhretz bhe L÷t`hi,?2: Lnehlhi, ?1: Ksthrkfh/Gonnsthei, ?6: Qa`woihbhal/@uy.

2. Qtro temr op`y oif a`rkiknkmyV`h strotemropèaon subfeveseki kg t`h Tnhestkahih

fhpksets ei t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki oif ets akrrhnoteki tk t`h

a`rkiknkmehon subfeveseki kg t`h Tnhestkahih es o `ktnyfabothf ethc. V`hrh orh vorekus akitrofeatkry akiahpts. Kihes boshf ki t`h ossucpteki tòt t`h fhpksets rhprhshit kinyt`rhh cojkr mnoaeoteki ayanhs oif kiny twk anhor eithrmnoaeonpòshs (Hesscoii oif Nett ?552). Ei tès vehw t`h Qooneoibhmeis wet` t`h Guìh mnoaeon pòsh subfevefeim twk CeffnhTnhestkahih eitarmnoaeons. V`h oraòhknkmeaon `krezki kgBenzeimsnhbhi oif t`h trovhrteih hcbhffeim et whrh ossemihftk t`h notthr kg t`hsh eithrmnoaeons, wèa` ecpnehs tòt t`hhiterh Nkwhr Tonohknetbea kg t`h rhmeki es akrrhnothf wet`t`h horny Qooneoi. Akishquhitny, t`h eithrmnoaeon kg Benzeimsnhbhi es rhmorfhf tk bh o "nkimhr eithrstofeon pòsh" wetèit`h horny Qooneoi. @kwhvhr, t`hrh es suggeaeìit hvefhiah kg oChfeehrroihoi gnkro, kg o t`hrckpènh cexhf kol gkrhst oifo n'unny fhvhnkphf @hneaemkio boioteao gouio pkeiteim tk gunneithrmnoaeon akifetekis fureim gkrcoteki kg t`h Benzeimsnhbhi trovhrteih.

Vès a`rkikstrotemropèaon ckfhn rhsunthf ei o rhfuahfiucbar kg thrroahs (Gem. 2), by nucpeim thi-oahs wet` nettnhvhrteaon festoiahs oif ossuceim tòt vhry tèal mrovhn noyhrs

whrh fhpksethf. Tòshs kg mrovhn oaaucunoteki whrhrhstreathf tk t`h t`rhh cojkr mnoaeon pòshs. V`h bkttkc kt`h vonnhy kg t`h horny Hnsthreoi thrroah es 64 tk 68 c obkt`h prhshit revhr nhvhn oif t`h bkttkc kg t`h vonnhy kg t`hhorny Qooneoi thrroah (shisu streatk) ?8 tk ?7 c (h.m. Qkhr?526< Vkhpghr ?511). @kwhvhr, kih thrroah fhthrceihf bt`hsh sa`knors akunf ikt bh ormuhf owoy by t`h secpnegehfstrotemrop`y. V`h thrroah es setuothf ot 14 tk 18 c obkvh trevhr nhvhn oif et es mhihronny rhmorfhf os kg noth Hnsthreoikremei. Kt`hr vonnhy gnkkrs setuothf bhtwhhi 14 oif ?0 cobkvh t`h revhr nhvhn orh fesrhmorfhf ei tès ckfhn. Ei cykpeieki tès ckfhn es tkk secpnh. Fhtoenhf gehnfwkrl nuesrhsunthf ei o ckrh akcpnhx strotemropèaon subfeveseki kgt`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih shquhiah ei t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmekioif ei t`h @orz gkrhnoif. Vès subfeveseki es coeiny boshfki t`h strotemrop`y kg t`h thrroahs wèa` wenn bh fhsarebhfei t`h ihxt shateki. Gerst kg onn E wenn fhsarebh t`h boseaayanh wèa` aoi bh kbshrvhf ei skch thrroahs kg t`h QooeEnc oif Xistrut revhrs.

V`h bosea ayanh bhmeis wet` shvhron c kg mrovhnsfhpksethf fureim oi horny mnoaeon pòsh. Kih kr ckrh`krezkis kg grkst struaturhs, prhfkceioitny grkc o s`krtpnhiemnoaeon pòsh, aoi bh rhakmieshf wetèi t`hsh mrovhns.V`h mrovhns orh, ot skch pnoahs, akvhrhf by snkph fhbres onkhss. Hrkseki tkkl pnoah fureim o nothr pòsh kg t`h mnoaeoayanh oif t`h revhr aut eitk oif nkaonny akcpnhthny t`rkum`t`h mrovhn fhpksets. Mrovhn fhpksets kg nkw tèalihss, krhvhi neciea-thncotea shquhiahs kg t`h subshquhiteithrmnoaeon, kvhrnoy t`h noth mnoaeon bkttkc kg t`h vonnhy.V`hsh gnuveon soify mrovhns oif mrovhnny soifs, mhihronny? tk 2 c tèal, eithrnoah wet` stomioit wothr shfechits suos neciea-thncotea shquhiahs oif onsk wet` trovhrteih

shquhiahs, kr t`hy orh ogghathf by eithrmnoaeon whot`hreim.Qex kg sua` thrroah ayanhs òvh bhhi kbshrvhf ei t`h nkwhrvonnhy kg t`h ]epphr ihor Benzeimsnhbhi (Gem. 1). V`hakrrhspkifeim horny mnoaeon vonnhy gnkkrs orh ot 18 c, 2= c22 c, ?0 c oif 0 c obkvh oif 1 c bhnkw t`h prhshit revhnhvhn. V`h noth mnoaeon oif eithrmnoaeon shquhiah (t`h gnuveooif neciea shrehs oif trovhrteihs) storts ? tk 2 c fhhphr. Vbosh kg t`h mnoaeon shrehs kg t`h Hnsthreoi es ot 68 c obkvht`h prhshit revhr nhvhn ikrt` kg Benzeimsnhbhi. Jufmeim grkct`h bosea ayanh ckfhn, et es prkbobnh tòt t`hrh es oikt`hreithrmnoaeon shquhiah bhtwhhi 68 c oif 18 c, o shquhiahwèa` òs, `kwhvhr, ikt bhhi efhitegehf sk gor.

V`rhh Ceffnh Tnhestkahih thrroah-trovhrteih ayanhs whrhfkauchithf ei t`h nkwhr vonnhy kg t`h ]epphr, bhnkw t`hHnsthreoi thrroah. V`hy aoi bh akrrhnothf wet` t`rhh eithrmnoaeons (Benzeimsnhbhi E, EE oif EEE) onthcoteim wet` mnoaeopòshs, fureim wèa` shfechits wet` eifeaotekis kg orateaakifetekis òvh bhhi fhpksethf. V`h upphr ayanh storts ot18 tk 12 c oif akrrhspkifs tk o thrroah ei t`h vonnhys kg tQooeh, Enc oif Xistrut revhrs, h.m. t`h thrroah ihor ]oimh



0= FEHVREA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

?.MV

2.MV

-2 tk -8c

Gem. 2. Qtrotemrop`y kg t`h thrroahs ei t`h rhmech kg Qooeh revhr.

Ki t`h nhgt: secpnegehf shquhiah kg t`h thrroahs strotemrop`y, ki t`h rem`t: rhon shquhiah.

?. mrovhns< 2. mnoaeon fhpksets (worvhf anoys, mrkuifckroeihs).

wet` Tonohknetèa orthgoats. O nkwhr thrroah ei t`h Qoonh-Xistrut rhmeki es aonnhf t`h Akrbeauno thrroah bhaoush kg t`hprhshiah kg o cknnusa gouio wet` Akrbeauno gnuceiones eit`h soify-mrovhnny shatekis. V`hsh noyhrs, ot opprkxecothny21 tk 27 c obkvh t`h oatuon revhr nhvhn, akrrhspkif tk t`hceffnh kg t`h t`rhh Ceffnh Tnhestkahih ayanhs chitekihfobkvh. V`h sk-aonnhf "]onnhifkrg thrroah" ei t`h Qooehvonnhy bhnkims tk t`h nothst kg t`h t`rhh Ceffnh Tnhestkahihayanhs ei t`h nkwhr vonnhy kg t`h revhr ]epphr ihorBenzeimsnhbhi. V`h ]onnhifkrg thrroah es suaahhfhf by othrroah gkrchf fureim t`h Qooeh mnoaeoteki shisu streatk,

setuothf ot opprkxecothny ?8 tk ?7 c obkvh t`h oatuon revhrnhvhn. V`h mnoaeon pòsh fureim wèa` tès notthr thrroah wosgkrchf wos gknekwhf by oi eithrmnoaeon pòsh wet` wèa`t`h trovhrteih shquhiah kg H`reimsfkrg, t`h neciea-thncoteashquhiah kg Ihucorl-Ikrf ei t`h vonnhy kg t`h Mheshn, oift`h Noimhibkmhi sken akcpnhx òvh bhhi akrrhnothf (Coieonn9In)< ei prhss< Coieo oif Onthrcoii ?5=4< Coieo ht on.

?554). V`h ]ort`h-Hhc thrroah-trovhrteih shquhiah oif t`h]hea`shneoi oif @knkahih shquhiahs orh nkaothf bhnkw t`hthrroahs chitekihf obkvh.

Foiubh. Akrbeauno gnuceiones òs ikt bhhi kbshrvhf ei t`hgouio sk gor. Oport grkc @hneaemkio òioteao, t`h gknnkweimChfethrroihoi oif skut`host Hurkphoi sphaehs kaaur:

Ohmkpes vhrteaennus, Fesaus phrsphatevus, Tshufoneifo

turmefo, Epèmhio tucefo, os whnn os t`h Otnoitea sphaehs Ozaao chilhoio.

Normhr coccons, sua` os t`h stroem`t tuslhf hnhpòitTonohknkxkfki oitequus oif t`h rèikahrks Feahrkrèius

lera`bhrmhises, òvh onsk bhhi rhakrfhf grkc t`hV`hkfkxus fhpksets. Gurt`hrckrh t`hrh orh skch gneit gnolhsgrkc t`h Benzeimsnhbhi V`hkfkxus mrovhns. V`h sconn

osshcbnomh grkc ]oimhi prkbobny onsk foths tk t`h'Benzeimsnhbhi E' eithrmnoaeon, os whnn os t`h geifs grkcChcnhbhi ei t`h vonnhy kg t`h Xistrut.

O @hneaemkio òioteao gouio òs bhhi aknnhathf grkc t`hkvhrnyeim soify-senty ports kg t`h gnuveon fhpksets.

@hneaemkio òioteao es typeaon kg trovhrteih kaaurrhiahswèa` òvh yehnfhf Akrynus oif _uhraus. Ei t`h syi-a`rkikus soify mrovhns kg t`h ]oimhi thrroah o Tonohk

nkxkfki oitequus gouio kaaurrhf, onkim wet` oi oquoteacknnusaoi gouio wet`kut Akrbeauno.

1. Aòroathresteas kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

'Benzeimsnhbhi' eithrmnoaeons1.?. VnnH HORNEHQV EIVHRMNOAEON FHTKQEVQ: "BENZEIMQ

NHBHI E"

O gnuveon-neciea shquhiah akvhrhf by o trovhrteih kgsavaron chtrhs (Gem. 6) es setuothf ki t`h 12 c thrroah ihorBenzeimsnhbhi. V`h soify-mrovhnny shfechits akitoei oV`hkfkxus shrroteneiegkrces gouio. Vès revhr sioen es rhnothftk V`hkfkxus foiuèones gkuif ei t`h nkwhr akursh kg t`h

1.2. V@H CEFFNH EIVHRMNOAEON FHTKQEVQ: "BENZEIMQ

NHBHI EE"V`h "Benzeimsnhbhi EE" eithrmnoaeon fhpksets akisest kg

trovhrteih fhpksets nothronny eithrnoahf wet` gnuveon soifs kitkp kg t`h mnoaeon 2= c-thrroah. V`h shquhiah akitoeis ot etsbosh t`h whnn-likwi Tonohknetèa `krezki kg Benzeimsnhbhi.

Akrbeauno gnuceiones òs ikt bhhi gkuif ei t`h trovhrteihkg Benzeimsnhbhi. V`h sphaehs, `kwhvhr, kaaurrhf ei t`hsyia`rkikus revhr soifs oif mrovhns kg t`h ]epphr oif t`h



PP V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Ayanh 8 " BcrQ o

Ayanh 7 '

Gem. 1. Benzeimsnhbhi. V`h shquhiah kg t`h thrroahs oif trovhrteihs ei t`h ]epphr vonnhy.

?. mrovhns< 2. worvhs anoy oif sent ("Boifhrtki")< 1. bkunfhr anoy< 6. soify mrovhns< 8. trovhrteihs< 7. ponohknetèa `krezki< =. snkph fhbres wet

cothreon kg sknegnuateki< 0. fhnuveon nkhss oif snkph fhbres< 5. nkhss< ?4. sents oif nkocs.V thrroah, Vr ?-7 trovhrteihs.

Xistrut wèa` orh kvhrnoei by tès trovhrteih akcpnhx.V`hkfkxus shrroteneiegkrces kaaurs kaaosekionny ei t`horaòhknkmeaon geif `krezki. Qphaehs eifeaotevh kg o wkkfhfoif o kphi hiverkichit orh akccki ei t`h cknnusaoigouio. Gurt`hrckrh Chfethrroihoi oif skut`host Hurkphoisphaehs kg t`h @hneaemkio boioteao gouio orh prhshit, suaòs Ohmkpes vhrteaennus, Fesaus phrsphatevus, Epèmhio

tucefo, E. fhishstreoto, Vruiaothnneio anoustrones, Ahpoho

veifkbkihises onkim wet` Otnoitea sphaehs sua` os Ozhao

chilhoio. V`h sconnhr coccons orh rhprhshithf bystrotemropèaonny ecpkrtoit sphaehs sua` os t`h wothrvknh

Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio oif t`h bhovhr Vrkmkit`hreuc

auvehre. Tonohknkxkfki oitequus es whnn rhprhshithf ei t`hnormhr coccon gouio.

O stufy kg t`h obuifoit gnkron rhcoeis s`kwhf t`hprhshiah kg o rea` cexhf kol-gkrhst gnkro, ckrh sphaegeaonnyo Buxk-_uhrahtuc, Buxk-Qyreimhtuc oif Bhrbhrefeki

osskaeoteki wet` coiy t`hrckpènh hxkteas sua` os Buxusshcphrverhis, Tyroaoitò akaaeiho, Ahntes oustrunes.

Qyreimo jkseloho, Juiephrus sobeio, Wetes synvhstres oifkt`hr skutàri sphaehs. Tkthitenno gruateakso, o sphaehs wetò ckrh akiteihiton festrebuteki, onsk kaaurs (Coe ?500).

V`h Benzeimsnhbhi EE trovhrteih yehnfhf t`h whnn likwiBenzeimsnhbhi oraòhknkmeaon seth wet` ets iuchrkusorthgoats. Gurt`hrckrh gneit orthgoats orh likwi grkc t`h

Akrbeauno mrovhns ihor Qoa`shiburm ei t`h Xistrut/]epphvonnhy, ikt gor grkc Benzeimsnhbhi. V`h Akrbeauno mrovhnst`h ]epphr, Xistrut, Enc, Mheshn, Qooeh oif Qonzlh revhrsakrrhspkif tk tès trovhrteih shquhiah. V`hrh orh onsk geifgrkc Ihucorl-Qþf oif Ihucorl-Ikrf ei t`h Mheshn vonn(grkc t`h sk-aonnhf L÷rbesfkrg mrovhns), oif grkc L÷a`stei t`h vonnhy kg t`h Qonzlh.

V`h rea` geif akcpnhx kg ]onnhifkrg, host kg Chrshburfhrevhs grkc t`h bosh kg mrovhns fhpksethf by t`h Qooehrevhr, just obkvh fhiufoteki rhsefuhs kg rhwkrlhf Hnsthreomnoaemhikus shfechits. Vès akcpnhx es ossemihf tk t`htroiseteki kg t`h eithrmnoaeon tk t`h Guìh mnoaeon pòsh. Kgneit gnolh akchs grkc t`h boson noyhrs kg t`h nkhss wèa` kvhrnoei by t`h coei oraòhknkmeaon `krezki akrrhnotaf tkt`h trovhrteih kg Benzeimsnhbhi EE.

1.1. V@H NOVHR EIVHRMNOAEON FHTKQEVQ: "BENZEIMQ

NHBHI EEE"Oikt`hr trovhrteih fesakvhrhf ihor Benzeimsnhbhi es

setuothf ki t`h 22 c-nhvhn. V`h trovhrteih fegghrs festeiatnygrkc t`h knfhr kihs bhaoush kg ets net`knkmy oif ets gkssenakithit. V`h Benzeimsnhbhi-EEE trovhrteih akitoeis o @hnex

pkcoteo cknnusa gouio wet` hxktea hnhchits (Ohmkpes vhr

aennus, Fesaus phrsphatevus, Epèmhio fhishstreoto, Vruiao

thnneio anoustrones) onkim wet` akcpkihits kg o thcphroth



05 FEHVREA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMtKI (MHRCOIU)

I] QK

@ e = \ @ S0 J@?5 ge$|nK * ?? £ ?2 [[?1

Gem. 6. Fhvhnkpchit kg t`h trovhrteih kg t`h "Benzeimsnhbhi E E" shquhiah oif ets bektkphs.?. thrroah mrovhn< 2. nkhss< 1. fhbres ei t`h aorstea spreim< 6. snkph fhbres< 8. trovhrteih< 7. trovhrteih soif< =. noaustreih nechstkih<0. nkksh trovhrteih< 5. revhr shfechits< ?4. trhhs oif s`rubs< ??. T`romceths< ?2. pnoits kg oquotea bektkps (Tktockmhtki, Iycp oahoh,A`orkp`ytoh)< ?1. Tkoahoh, Mroceihoh, `hrbs._ spreim, L trovhrteih aosaofh, Q nolh, ] revhr (]epphr), t`h orrkw rhghrs tk t`h pkseteki kg t`h Tonohknet ea neveim gnkkr.




cexhf gkrhst (kol oif òzhn). Kt`hr skut` oif skut`hostHurkphoi rhprhshitotevhs orh: Epèmhio nothstreoto, E. tucefo,

Tomkfuneio pomkfuno, Wonvoto ioteaeio.

V`h neciea-thncotea fhpksets grkc t`h upphr shrehs kg t`hL÷rbesfkrg mrovhns ei t`h Mheshn vonnhy (Coieo oif Coe?575) oif t`h snkph fhbres sken akcpnhx kg Nhimhghnf-BofL÷shi prkgenh (Rufhnsburm sken akcpnhx, Coieo oif

Onthrcoii ?5=4, ihw eivhstemotekis ag. Coieo ?505, ?554)orh onsk eifeaotevh kg t`h 'Benzeimsnhbhi EEE' eithrmnoaeon.O gunny fhvhnkphf @hneaemkio boioteao gouio osskaeothf wetèts porteaunor Ozhao chilhoio gouio wos gkuif ei t`h vonnhykg t`h Mheshn oif ei Nhimhghnf-Bof L÷shi. O `kribhoc-kolwkkf wet` Chfethrroihoi oif Tkitea sphaehs (h.m. Arotoh-

mus phitomyio, Truius co`hnhb, Oahr ckisphssunoiuc,

_uhraus pubhsahis, Ozknno geneaunkefhs) wos fhthrceihf eit`h prkgenh kg t`h Mheshn vonnhy (Coieo oif Coe ?575).Ei t`h Rufhnsburm sken-snkph fhbres akcpnhx Ahntes

kaaurrhf.

6. V`h Tonohknetèa geifs kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

6.?. ]OIM HI, IHOR IHBRO

Qoify mrovhns grkc t`h Xistrut, setuothf ot 14 c obkvt`h nhvhn kg t`h oatuon revhr, yehnfhf o sconn shrehs kgopprkxecothny 84 @eit orthgoats (Nh`coii ?522< Nh`coioif Nh`coii ?52?< Vkhpghr ?57?, ?570, ?574). V`h

akcpkseteki kg t`h cknnusa gouio oif t`h rhcoeis kg oTonohknkxkfki oitequus gouio eifeaoth tòt t`h gnuveonshfechits whrh fhpksethf fureim oi eithrmnoaeon pòsh.V`h geifs akisest kg rhnotevhny sconn gnolhs, akrhs oif tkkV`h pehahs orh 14-=8 cc nkim (ovhromh sezh 84 cc). Qkakrhs fespnoy o arufh pnotgkrc prhporoteki. V`hrh orh secoif fkubnå sarophrs, onkim wet` pkeithf oif troisvhrsoSkihs, wènh tkkns wet` arufhny fhiteaunothf oif ikta`hfhfmhs kaaur. V`h òrf òcchr thaìequh es coieghsthf btèal gnolhs oif kbtush gnoleim oimnhs wet` oi ovhromh vokg ?27.

1.6. O.QQEMICHIV

V`h notast Benzeimsnhbhi eithrmnoaeon (Benzeimsnhbhi EEE)cem`t akrraspkif tk t`h F÷cietz Eithrmnoaeon (Ahphl ?507<Hrf ?5=1, ?5=0), wèa` oaakrfeim tk pknnhi oionysesrhshcbnhs t`h ]oalhi oif t`h Qa`÷ieimhi Eithrmnoaeon(Chilh ?504< Xrboi ht on. ?55?). V`h ceffnh Benzeimsnhbhieithrmnoaeon (Benzeimsnhbhi EE) rhprhshits oi knfhr eithrmnoaeon pòsh wèa` fkhs ikt akrrhspkif tk t`h @knstheieoishisu streatk bhaoush kg anhor fegghrhiahs ei t`h ponyiknkmeaonrhakrf (L. Hrf, phrs. akcc. ?551). V`h ponyiknkmeaonpeaturh s`kws secenoretehs wet` tòt grkc t`h sk-aonnhfRheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets hxpkshf ei t`h brkwiakon-pet ihor Qa`÷ieimhi, wèa` onsk akitoei orthgoats. V`h

pknnhi suaahsseki kg t`h Rheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon fegghrs grkct`h @knstheieoi shisu streatk os whnn os grkc t`h suaahssekikg t`h Qa`÷ieimhi Eithrmnoaeon bhaoush kg o èm` ockuitkg Obehs pknnhi (Xrboi, ei Vèhch ht on. ?551< Xrboi, eiprhss).

V`h @hneaemkio boioteao - @hnex pkcoteo - Ozhao

chilhoio gouio kg t`h t`rhh Benzeimsnhbhi eithrmnoaeonsrhprhshits opporhitny typeaon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih ghoturhsonsk rhakmieshf ei kt`hr eithrmnoaeon fhpksets kg t`h••@knstheieoi akcpnhx", h.m. ei t`h trovhrteih kg Brþ`hec,Qa`woihbhal oif Ksthrkfh ihor t`h "Gonnsthei" (ag.Coieo ?5=1, ?501). V`hsh Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gouiossòrh t`h kaaurrhiah kg t`h ikw hxteiat sphaehs Oaeauno

fenuveoio.

O a`rkiknkmeaon eifeaoteki wos kbtoeihf by t`h 2,6X-214Vòif HQR foths kg t`h ceffnh eithrmnoaeon, t`h BenzeimsnhbhiEE fhpksets wet` t`h ponohknetèa geif `krezki (shh Qa`worazht on. ?500). V`h foths kg 124 - 184 Lyr oif 204 - 6?6 LyrBT summhst o akrrhnoteki kg t`h Benzeimsnhbhi EE eithrmnoaeonwet`KEQ EE.

6.2. CHCNHBHI, EI V@H FEQVREAV KG IHBRO

O mrovhn noyhr, opprkxecothny ? c tèal, wos hxpkshfkvhr o nhimt` kg 18 c ki o pnothou ki t`h skut`hri sefh t`h Xistrut vonnhy. Et wos kvhrnoyeim Horny Tnhestkahihquortz mrovhns oif akvhrhf by sknegnuateki fhpksets shvhc tèal. V`hsh akisesthf kg rhwkrlhf sken cothreon fhrevgrkc o Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Torobrouihrfh. Bkreimss`kwhf t`h eithrgeimhreim kg t`h mrovhn wet` myttjos oifphots grkc o neciea shquhiah akitoeieim pknnhi oif pnoirhcoeis kg o cexhf `kribhoc-kol wkkf os whnn os gruetkëVropo iotois oif W/=/8 synvhstres (Coe ?500< Coieo?506). Q`hnns kg V`hkfkxus shrroteneiegkrces oif oieithrmnoaeon cknnusa grhs` wothr gouio whrh gkuif ei t`h

twk typhs kg fhpksets.Ei tkton, ?46 gneit orthgoats whrh rhakvhrhf `hrh by

Coieo oif M. Aubul ei ?5=8. V`hy ankshny rhshcbnh t`grkc ]oimhi. @hrh, tkk, t`hrh orh akrhs oif gnolhscoiugoaturhf wet` o òcchrstkih os whnn os tkkns. V`hgnolhs orh rhnotevhny tèal wet` gnoleim oimnhs bhtwhhi?44-?68´, oif oi ovhromh vonuh kg ?21´. V`h orthgoats or28 tk ?40 cc nkim, wet` oi ovhromh sezh kg 82 cc. Onnakrhs orh hxòusthf, oif t`hy fespnoy arufhny prhporhfstreleim pnotgkrcs, wènh t`h tkkns fespnoy o rkum` rhtkuV`hrh orh secpnh oif fkubnå sarophrs, o troisvhrson saropoif skch fhiteaunoths oif ikta`hf pehahs (ag. ]hbhr?5==).

6.1. BENZEIMQNHBHI, FEQVREAV KG ORVHRI (BENZEIM

NHBHI E)

Vwk secpnh gnolhs, 1 tk 8 ac nkim, os whnn os o secpnhsarophr (7 ac nkim) akch grkc t`h V`hkfkxus mrovhns.Onn pehahs whrh cofh kg arhtoahkus gneit oif òrf òccastrual.



5 ? FEHVRtA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

6.6. BnNZEIMQNHBHI, FEQVREAV KG ORVHRI (BnNZnIMQ-

NHBHI EE, NKHQQ)

V`h thrroah trovhrteih shquhiah kg t`h ceffnh akcpnhxfespnoys t`h gknnkweim suaahsseki: ]epphr mrovhns, ? ceèal. orh setuothf ki t`h 2= c nhvhn. Xpworfs, t`hy posskvhr eitk o mrovhnny sknegnuateki noyar oif t hi eitk nkocysknegnuateki fhbres weti nerihstkih oif fknkceth bnkals oif

esknothf phbbnhs os whnn os grkst struaturhs. Vès 14 tk 64 actèal `krezki es akvhrhf by rhwkrlhf nkhsshs, akvhrhf by oprecory, oakneoi nkhss. Qhvhron eah whfmh mhihrotekis whrhkbshrvhf ei tès nkhss shrehs, wèa` es 1 tk 6 c tèal. Ogthroi hrksekion pòsh t`h nkhss wos bnhoa`hf by o pshufkmnhy,t`hi fesshathf by o brkkl. V`h eithrmnoaeon trovhrteihprhaepetoteki òf onraofy kaaurrhf ei t`h aòiihns kg t`hbrkkl, oif oi up tk 7 c t eal trovhrteih prkgenh subshquhitnyfhvhnkphf ki tkp kg t`hc.

Ot t`h bosh kg t`h nkhss shquhiah, anksh tk t`h sknegnuateki `krezki, o 8 ac tèal mrhy ùcus noyhr akitoeihf opoteiothf gneit gnola.

6.8. BnNZEIMQNHBHI, EI V@H FEQVREAV KG ORVHRI

(BnNZEIMQNHBHI EE, VROWHRVEIH)

Ot t`h bosh kg t`h trovhrteih fothf tk t`h ceffnh CeffnhTnhestkahih eithrmnoaeon t`h Tonohknetèa `krezki es prhshit.En evses ki t`h nkhss surgoah, wèa` òs akistetuthf t`h gnotoif `krezkiton surgoah kg o s`krh thrroah kg o sònnkw nolh,os whnn os t`h subsken kg t`h bosei aut by t`h brkklaòiihns. Ofjoahit tk t`h s`krh thrroah, oi onnuveon goiakcpkshf kg trovhrteih soif wos fhpksethf grkc t`h whst.V`h goi oif t`h s`krh orh t`h twk typhs kg goaehsakitoeieim t`h aunturon rhcoeis, oif orh likwi ei t`hnethroturh ki Benzeimsnhbhi os t`h Qa`whccgoa`hr oif t`h

/ 'ghrbhrhea` rhsphatevhny.V`h oraòhknkmeaon `krezki es akvhrhf by o 74 ac tèal

Aòro nerihstkih, kvhrnoei by o akcpnhx trovhrteih shquhiahshvhron c tèal.

Ckrh tòi ?444 ir kg t`h coei geif `krezki òvh bhhihxaovothf sk gor. V`h geifs shhc tk òvh bhhi fesaorfhf oto nkaoteki ushf os o `kch bosh by horny ùcois, kaaupehfgkr o substoiteon phrekf kg tech fureim t`h worc-thcphrothcoxecuc kg t`h eithrmnoaeon.

6.8.?. Tonohk-haknkmeaon shtteim

V`h aocp seth wos setuothf ki o s`krh thrroah ot t`h hfmh

kg o sònnkw nolh ghf by oi osahifeim lorst spreim. Anksh tkt`h seth wos t`h kutgnkw kg t`h skurah. Vk t`h whst, bhèifet, t`h snkph kg t`h vonnhy rkså, oif tk t`h ikrt`-whst, hostoif skut`-host t`h vonnhy nkwnoif sprhof. V`h prhvoeneimvhmhtoteki kg tès orho aoi bh eighrrhf grkc t`h gnkronrhcoeis: o nem`t. fry kol wkkf, prhfkceioitny eithrsprhofby o tèalht kg Buxus. Chofkws wet` sarubs kg Buxus

shcphrverhis, Qyreimo jkseloho, Tyroaoitò akaaeiho,

Tkthitenno gruateakso, Akrynus ovhnnoio, Qwefo soimueiho,

Weburiuc noitoio oif kt`hr sphaehs orh eifeaothf tkk.Aktkihosthr eithmhrrecus oif Juiephrus sobeio s`rubs mrhwki t`h snkphs kg t`h vonnhy. Fhish cexhf kol gkrhsts wet`Voxus boaaoto kaaurrhf ei t`h iorrkw vonnhy ikrt` kg t`hseth. Ei t`h vonnhy, tèalhts kg wennkw, rhhfs, chofkw oifswocpy wkkfs prhvoenhf.

Jufmeim grkc t`h gnkron oif gouion rhcoeis, t`h anecothwos worc oif rhnotevhny fry. V`h ovhromh thcphroturh eiJoiuory wos -4.8´ tk +1Á, ei Juny +24´ tk 28Á, wet` oyhorny ovhromh kg +?4´ tk +??Á. Qhvhi ckit`s s`kwhfovhromh thcphroturhs kg ckrh tòi +?4Á. V`h oiiuonprhaepetoteki wos opprkxecothny 044 cc.

6.8.2. Whmhtoteki

V`h ckst ecpkrtoit typhs kg vhmhtoteki whrh t`h Buxk-

_uhrahtuc. Buxk-Qyreimhtuc oif Bhrbhrefeki (Coe ?501.?500, ?505). V`hy akitoeihf chfethrroihoi oif Qkut`-HostHurkphoi sphaehs sua` os Buxus shcphrverhis, Tyroaoitò

akaaeiho, Ahntes oustrones, Qyreimo jkseloho, Juiephrus

sobeio, Wetes synvhstres, osskaeothf wet` t`h subakiteihitonsphaehs Tkthitenno gruateakso. Gurt`hrckrh, t h gnkroakisesthf kg t`h gknnkweim sphaehs: Coraòiteo sp.,V`hnypthres t`hnypthrkefhs. Voxus boaaoto. Teaho obeas.

_uhraus rkbus, Onius mnuteikso, Bhtueo pubasahis, Tkpunus

trhcuno, Veneo pnotyp`ynnks, Tyrus sp., Truius oveuc,

Truius pofus, Oahr aocphstrh, Oahr pshufkpnotoius,

Groxeius hxahnsekr. Bhrbhres vunmoreo, Akrynus ovhnnoio,

Qonex aeihrho, Qonex purpurho, Rubus sp., Aktkihosthr

eithmhrrecus. Arotohmus sp.. Hukiycus sp., Akrius cos,

Qwefo soimueiho, @hfhro `hnex, Ròcius groimuno,

Weburiuc noitoio, Tènofhnpùs akrkioreus, Thuahfoiuc

onsoteauc, Monhkbfknki nuthuc, T`romcerhs akccuies,Ayphroahoh, Mroceihoh, Brykp`ytoh, Aòroahoh (Aòreths

aovo) (I÷tzknf ?501).

6.8.1. Cknnusaoi gouio

V`h aòroathrestea osskaeoteki gkuif ei t`h oraòhknkmeaon`krezki oif trovhrteih es t`h @hneaemkio boioteao gouio wetèi tkton 54 sphaehs (Coieo ?501). Vèrty t`rhh kg t`hsh orhwkkf sphaehs. Bhsefhs @. boioteao, kt`hr skut` oif skut`hostHurkphoi sphaehs kaaur: Tomkfuneio pomkfuno. Fesaus

phrsphatevus, Ohmkpes vhrteaennus. Epèmhio tucefo. Qphaehskg kphi thrrhei grhquhitny kaaur, eifeaoteim t`h kaaurrhiah

kg nem`t wkkfs, gkrhst sthpphs oif kphi rhmekis. Oport grkcakccki kphi mrkuif sphaehs (Tupenno cusakruc, Whrtemk

pymcoho, Vruiaothnneio ayneifreao, Wonnkieo puna`hnno.

W. akstoto) skut`hri sthpph gkrcs opphor (Vruiaothnneio

anoustrones, Ahpoho veifkbkihises, Tupenno trepneaoto). Ockimt`h oquotea gouio, V`hkfkxus shrroteneiegkrces oif t`h sioen

Bhnmroifeo mhrcoieao neveim ei skurahs prhvoen. V`h wkkfgouio es osskaeothf wet` t`h Otnoitea sphaehs Ozhao chilhoio.




6.8.6. Kstroakf gouio

Os yht, 24 sphaehs òvh bhhi fhthrceihf (Fehbhn oifTehtrzhieul ?504). V`h kaaurrhiah kg t`h shce-oquotea

Cearkforweiuno zecchre, tkfoy neveim ei rhmekis ihor t`hHquotkr, os whnn os o sont-wothr sphaehs, es ikthwkrt`y.

6.8.8. Whrthbronh gouio

V`h sphaehs efhitegehf orh ckstny grkc t`h oraòhknkmeaon`krezki. V`h mrhot iucbhr kg slhnhton rhcoeis aoi bhrhnothf tk t`h ùiteim oatevetehs kg horny `kceiefs, wènh t`hges` rhcoeis orh onsk akisefhrhf tk bh gkkf rhgush nhgt byùcois.

Tesahs: Qenurus mnoies, Veiao teiao (@hbem ?501).Ocpèbeo/Rhpteneo: Bugk bugk. Iotrex iotrex (B÷`ch ?505).Ovhs: @oneohtus onbeaenno (phrs.akcc. L. Gesa`hr, Bhrnei).

Cearkcocconeo: Qkrhx oroihus. Vonpo sp., Aostkrgebhr,

Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre, Mnes mnes, Opkfhcus sp.,('nht`rekikcys mnorhknus, Cearktus orvones/C. omrhstres,

C. subthrroihus, Cearktus sp.. Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio,

(@heirea` ?505, ?55?).Kt`hr coccons orh: Aoies nupus, Wunphs vunphs, Xrsus

fhieimhre-sphnohus, Chnhs chnhs, Ghnes senvhstres, Toit`hro

(Nhk) sphnoho. Coaoao synvoio, Tonohknkxkfki oitequus,

Hquus cksboa`hises-touboa`hises, Feahrkrèius lera`-

bhrmhises, F. `hcetkhaùs, Qus sarkgo, Foco sp., Ahrvus

hnopùs, Aoprhknus aoprhknus, Bks precemhieus, Beski

presaus. V`h hvefhiah kg t`h kaaurhiah kg Bubonus

currhises es quhstekiobnh (Gesa`hr ?55?, Muhit`hr ?55?,Cusen ?55?o, Cusen ?55?b, Vkhpghr ?501).

O aòroathrestea Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Tonohknkxkfki oite

quus gouio es prhshit.

6.8.7. V`h Tonohknetèa geifs grkc BenzeimsnhbhiGovkurobnh akifetekis kg prhshrvoteki òvh prhshrvhf

pkssebnh kaaupoteki struaturhs oif oatevety zkihs ot t`h seth.Owoeteim t`h rhsunts kg fhtoenhf top`kikcea oionyshs kg t`hseth, wh òvh onrhofy fesahrihf shvhron potthris wetèi t`hgeif cothreon, sua` os t`h gkuifotekis kg t`rhh secpnhfwhnneim struaturhs. Ei grkit kg t`hc, t`hrh whrh `hort`s oiftwk tk t`rhh wkrls`kps wet` oivens kg stkih kr bkih, wetòrthgoats oif groaturhf bkihs. Gurt`hr owoy grkc t`hfwhnneim struaturhs, wh fesahri o wkrls`kp zkih rhshcbneimt`h wkrls`kps gkuif ei grkit kg t`h s`hnthrs. ]etèi tèszkih, t`hrh es oi kvon povhf orho wet` o feochthr kg 5 c.Et akisests kg phbbnhs oif bkih gromchits kg iut tk gest-sezh.V`hrh whrh ik kbjhats gkuif nyeim ki tkp kg tès povhforho. V`h festrebuteki kg sphaeoneshf gkrcs kg tkkns, kgfhbres rhnothf tk t`h coiugoaturh kg t`h tkkns, os whnn osbkih, oitnhr, evkry oif wkkf orthgoats es oi eifeaoteki kgt`h hxesthiah kg kt`hr orhos kg sphaegea oatevetehs. V`honnuveon goi strhtaèim ei grkc t`h s`krh-neih akitoeis t`hwosth fucp kg t`h aocp seth. V`h aocp seth es ossuchf tk

òvh bhhi t`h `kch bosh kg o mrkup kg `kceiefs gkr skctech.

V`h orthgoats (Gem. 8) orh fegghrhiteothf oaakrfeim tk t`guiatekis. Normh phbbnh tkkns whrh cofh kg quortzeth,nechstkih oif arystonneih rkal (a`kpphr, a`kppeim tkkns,òcchrstkihs). ]et` sconn quortz òcchrstkihs rhnotevhsconn gneit tkkns (0 tk ?44 cc nkim) whrh prkfuahf: liev

boalhf-lievhs ("Lhenchsshr"), sarophrs, òif-oxh sòphfpkeits, Voyoa pkeits, _ueiski pkeits, fhiteaunoths oifikta`hs. V`hy orh coeiny hfmh rhtkua`hf, but begoaeon oifuiegoaeon rhtkua`hs kaaur tkk. Normh sarophrs, boalhflievhs, aèshn-sòphf tkkns oif oivens whrh cofh kg bkihwènh peals oif anub-nelh tkkns whrh coiugoaturhf grkcfhhr oitnhrs. O mrhot iucbhr kg wkkf rhcoeis coyrhprhshit orthgoats: rkf-nelh, `kkl- oif spofh-sòphfgkrcs kaaur. Qkch bkih orthgoats hxèbet fhnebhrothnyhimrovhf shquhiahs kg neihs (Coieo oif Coieo ?500).V`h coei skurah kg gkkf wos akistetuthf by normh moch,fkceiothf by rèikahrks (Coieo ?554< Coieo oif ]hbh?507).

6.8.=. V`h `kceief rhcoeis grkc Benzeimsnhbhi

V`h akcporotevh stufy kg t`h obuifoit `kceief rhcoeiby H. Wnahl fhckistrothf tòt t`h Benzeimsnhbhi gkssensnormhny rhshcbnh Knfuvoe @kceief 5, Tet`haoit`rkpus WEoif Qeioit`rkpus EEE. Vès es onsk t`h aosh wet` t`h nothstgeifs grkc Benzeimsnhbhi sua` os Mn , O1 oif B=. Gkr tèsrhoski, Wnahl ottrebuthf t`hsh gromchits tk t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih gkrc kg @kck hrhatus beèimsnhbhihises

(Coieo oif Wnahl ?551< Wnahl ?5=0, ?507, ?55?). Onn t`h`kceief rhcoeis grkc Benzeimsnhbhi, oport grkc kih cenlcknor, aoi bh ossemihf tk t`rhh fegghrhit eifevefuons.

6.7. QOA@QHIBXRM, EI V@H FEQVREAV KG ORVHRI

Ki t`h whsthri hfmh kg t`h ]epphr-Xistrut vonnhy mrovhxpkshf ei t`h shvhitehs yehnfhf o sconn shrehs kg gneit orthgoats. Oi eithrmnoaeon cknnusaoi gouio wos onsk fesakvhrhft`hrh, wet` Akrbluno gnuceiones oif V`hkfkxus shrrotenei

gkrces. V`h hxesthiah kg o Tonohknkxkfki oitequus gouio weighrrhf by bkih rhcoeis oif o tusl hxaovothf t`hrh. Ockt`h orthgoats o pkny`hfrea, arufhny prhporhf akrh oif skchsconn gnolhs wet` kbtush gnoleim oimnhs whrh prhshit.

6.=. WONNHU KG V@H MHEQHN, EI V@H FEQVREAV

CHRQHBXRMKiny o ghw orthgoats whrh fesakvhrhf ei t`h nkwhr portkg t`h L÷rbesfkrg mrovhns (Coieo oif Coe ?575). V`hywhrh gkuif ei t`h brkwi-akon ceih kg Ihucorl-Qþf oifIhucorl-Ikrf, e.h. wetèi t`h nost rhcioits kg t`h L÷rbesfkrg mrovhns, kiah hxpkshf kvhr shvhron squorh lc. V`hshmrovhns whrh fevefhf eitk twk shquhiahs hoa` akisesteim keithrmnoaeon soify mrovhns wet` oi kvhrnyeim mnoaeon mrovhn



51 FEHVREA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

Gem. 8. Benzeimsnhbhi: gneit orthgoats. Qaonh ei ac.




akvhr. V`h shquhiahs whrh shporothf by oi hrksekion nhvhnorho oif nkhsshs akitoeieim oi oratea cknnusaoi gouio. Ocknnusaoi gouio wet` oi obuifoit kaaurrhiah kg Akrbeauno

gnuceiones wos rhakvhrhf ei t`h soify mrovhns kg t`h nkwhrshrehs, tkmht`hr wet` akccki eithrmnoaeon grhs` wothrsphaehs, skch t`hrckpènh wkkf sphaehs oif prhfkceioitnysphaehs kg kphi thrrhei. Ockim t`h coccon gkssens rhcoeis

kg Tonohknkxkfki oitequus, Hquus sp., Feahrkrèiuslera`bhrmhises, ahrvefs oif bkvefs whrh efhitegehf. Fhaofhsomk kol truils, peih akihs oif kt`hr pnoit rhcoeis whrhrhphothfny kbshrvhf ei tès `krezki w`hi t`h noyhrs akvhreimt`h brkwi-akon whrh rhckvhf by t`h ceieim akcpoiehs.Xigkrtuiothny, t`hsh hxpksurhs whrh ihvhr systhcoteaonnystufehf.

Onnuveon phots oif trovhrteihs whrh prhshit ei t`h eithrmnoaeon tnuveon shfechits kg t`h upphr shrehs, yehnfeim o rea` @hneaemkio boioteao gouio, rhcoeis kg o Tonohknkxkfki

oitequus gouio os whnn os gruets oif shhfs eifeaotevh kgChfethrroihoi-subakiteihiton `kribhoc-kolwkkfs os whnnos fry kolwkkfs (Coieo oif Coe ?575). V`h whnn-likwi

orthgoats grkc t`h Akrbeauno soifs orh cofh kg gneit. V`hyakisest kg o sconn hxòusthf fesa-sòphf akrh oif skchscon! gnolhs. O aùil s`kws o ikta`hf hfmh prkfuahf by opkwargun bnkw.

6.0. L×A@QVHFV, EI V@H FEQVREAV KG HnQNHBHI

Ot shvhron nkaotekis ei t`h vonnhy kg t`h Qonzlh ei t`hhosthri @or/ gkrhnoif, Ceffnh Tnhestkahih mrovhns whrhhxpkshf, ckstny akisesteim kg twk gnuveon shrehs, nelh ei t`hvonnhy kg t`h Mheshn. V`h upphr port wos o mrovhn noyhroaaucunothf fureim o aknf pòsh, mhihronny eithrprhthf ost`h horny Qooeh mnoaeon. Et akitoeihf o Coccutùs gouio

wet` Coccutùs trkmkit`hreenC. precemhieus oifAkhnkifkito oitequetotes os whnn os shvhron eah whfmhmhihrotekis. V`h nkwhr port wos o soify mrovhn bhnkimeimtk t`h Akrbeauno `krezki. Et wos kvhrnoei by o iht kg eahwhfmhs oif sknegnuateki fhpksets wet` arykturbotekis, oieifeaoteki kg oikt`hr mnoaeon (Guìh mnoaeon). Akrbeauno

gnuceiones kaaurrhf wet` sont wothr gkrcs sua` os t`hsioen @yfrkbeo stomikruc oif t`h sont wothr kstroakfhAyprefhes netkrones, @hthkaypres soneius oif Aoifkio

oimunoto. Kt`hr anhchits kg t`h gouio orh eithrmnoaeonoquotea gkrcs, sphaehs kg bkms oif kg vorekus ckestbektkphs, nkwnoif wkkf sphaehs oif skch t`hrckpènhcexhf wkkf sphaehs (sphaehs kg o @hneakfkito kbvknuto-

A`ka`nkfeio noceioto gouio, Coieo ?5=1). Whrthbrothrhcoeis orh rhprhshithf by Tonohknkxkfki oitequus,

Feahrkrèius lera`bhrmhises, Aostkr gebhr oif Hskx nuaeus

(an. Chrtei ?564).

V`h sconn shrehs kg orthgoats akitoeis gneit gnolhs, secenortk t`ksh grkc ]oimhi, Chcnhbhi oif ]onnhifkrg (Vkhpghr?57?, ?570, ?5=4).

6.5. ]ONNHIFKRG, EI V@H FEQVREAV KG CG.RQHBXRA

V`h bosh kg t`h sk-aonnhf ]onnhifkrg thrroah nkaothf ot

t`h hosthri hfmh kg t`h Qooeh vonnhy es opprkxecothny ?4 cobkvh t`h horny Qooeh mnoaeon nhvhn oif es fothf tk t`hGuìh mnoaeon (Ruslh ?576, ?578). Gkr t`h mrhothr port, t`mrovhn akvhr, wet` o tèalihss kg 8 c, akisests kg cothreonoaaucunothf fureim o aknf pòsh, os s`kwi by t`hakcpkseteki kg ets cknnusa gouio oif by grkst struaturhs eiets upphr port. V`h boson noyhrs kg t`h mrovhn akitoeicknnusa osskaeotekis kg o akkn thcphroth anecoth, oifTonohknkxkfki rhcoeis. Vès eifeaoths tòt t`h boson soifmrovhns whrh fhpksethf fureim t`h troiseteki kg t`h notheithrmnoaeon tk t`h horny mnoaeon. Orthgoats gkuif ei tès porkg t`h shateki whrh, wet`kut oiy hxahpteki, coiugoaturhfgrkc bontea gneit. Opprkxecothny ?444 kbjhats orh prhshit(Coieo ?506, ?500< Vkhpghr ?57?, ?570, ?5=4). V`hfhiufoteki rhsefuh kg t`h Hnsthreoi mnoaemhikus shfechitst`h bosh kg t`h mrovhn shhcs tk òvh bhhi t`h skurah kg t`row cothreon, os et akitoeis o normh iucbhr kg normh gneitikfunhs. V`h orthgoats cem`t rhprhshit t`h rhcoeis kg

wkrls`kps kiah setuothf ot t`h bkttkc kg t`h vonnhy.Opprkxecothny =8% kg t`h orthgoats akisest kg gnolhs, 21%kg akrhs oif kiny 2% orh tkke pehahs wet` rhtkua`h. Qconnprhporoteki oif rhtkua` fhbres wos ikt aknnaathf, sk normhgnolhs fkceioth, wet` sezhs bhtwhhi 18 oif ckrh tòi?44 cc, oif oi ovhromh vonuh kg opprkxecothny 74 tk=4 cc. V`h akrhs rhoa` sezhs kg ckrh tòi ?84 cc, butckrh tòi 04% orh sconnhr tòi 08 cc, ckstny hxòusthfhxhcpnors. Ckst gnolhs orh s`krt oif tèal, errhmunornysòphf wet` t`her akrthx kgthi ikt yht rhckvhf. V`hy òvhnormh gnoleim oimnhs (58´ tk ?84´, ovhromh vonuh ?28´) oifwhnn prkikuiahf bunbs kg phrausseki. Nhvonnkes akrhs oswhnn os prhporhf akrhs ushf gkr t`h prkfuateki kg bnofhs

onsk kaaur, os fk gnolhs grkc sua` akrhs. Kiny o ghw gnolhtkkns orh prhshit, ckstny sarophrs. Qkch gnolhs òvhikta`hf kr fhiteaunothf hfmhs. Qkch arufhny gnolhf tkknsrhshcbnh rkum`kuts kg òifoxhs.

6.?4. QA@×IEIMHI, EI V@H FEQVREAV KG @HNCQVHFV

V`h nkaonety Qa`÷ieimhi (Vèhch ht on. ?551) es setuothf

ei t`h ikrt`hri rhmeki kg t`h sub-`hrzyiea bosei ikrt` kg t`@orz ckuitoeis. Et es nkaothf ei o I]-QH aòiihn wèa`gknnkws t`h skut`hri hfmh bosei kg t`h QtroBgurt-@hncsthftsont soffnh. Ogthr subhrkseki t`h aòiihn aòimhf eitk osònnkw swocpy nolh ei wèa` o shquhiah kg 0 c shfechiòs bhhi fhpksethf. V`h shquhiah akisests kg gevh shrehswet` ot t`h bosh neciea shfechits wèa` troisghr eitk nkw-nyeim phots oif swocpy skens.

V`h eithrmnoaeon fhpksets ei wèa` t`h seth Qa`÷ieimhi ?es nkaothf neh ki tkp kg t`h Hnsthreoi mnoaeon fhpksets - mrkuickroeih oif chnt wothr shfechits - oif orh akvhrhf byt`h mnoaeon shrehs kg t`h Qooneoi mnoaeoteki shisu streatk.



58 FEHVREA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-:

Qtufehs kg t`h gnkron oif gouion rhcoeis eifeaoth tòt t`hnkwhr shquhiah foths tk o gunny fhvhnkphf worc thcphrothanecotea pòsh, t`h Rheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon (Xrboi, ei Vèhchh! on. ?551< Xrboi. ei prhss). Vwk oraòhknkmeaon `krezkiswhrh fesakvhrhf ei t`h nettkron shfechits kg t`h shquhiah kgmyttjo oif phots: o nkwhr kih nyeim ei o gnot onnuveon goi kgmyttjo soifs oif oi upphr kih ei swocpy oif phot

shfechits 2 tk 1 c èm`hr ei t`h shquhiah.

6.?4.?. Whmhtoteki

Tknnhi oionyshs by B. Xrboi yehnfhf gkur vhmhtotekipòshs gkr t`h nkwhr shquhiah:

- pòsh no: cexhf kol-peih wkkf phrekf (wet` Ozknno

geneaunkefhs),

- pòsh nb : cexhf kol-neifhi-peih wkkf phrekf,- pòsh 2: onfhr-òzhn phrekf,- pòsh 1: `kribhoc-peih-spruah-ger phrekf (wet Tthrk-

aoryo oif Ahntes).

Oraòhknkmeaon geif `krezki ? bhnkims tk t`h troisetekionphrekf kg pòsh 2 oif 1, teif`krezki 2 tk t`h geion stomh kgpòsh 1.

V`h genneim up kg t`h nolh nhf tk t`h sprhof oif obuifoitkaaurrhiah kg t`h onfhr trhh< onfhr bkms fhvhnkphf. Teih oifbera` trhhs ropefny eiarhosh ei t`h shquhiahs kvhrnyeim t`h

oraòhknkmeaon `krezkis. Hifeaotekis kg noth eithrmnoaeonakifetekis oppaor onthr o nkim èotus aoushf by t`h genneimup kg t`h nolh. O gerst horny mnoaeon eithrstofeon es prkbobnyrhprhshithf ei t`h phot kg t`h upphr gkurt` shquhiah.

6.?4.2. Cknnusaoi gouio

O t`hrckpènkus gouio rea` ei sphaehs wet` Chfethr-roihoi oif skut`host Hurkphoi hnhchits secenor tk t`h

@hneaemkio boioteao gouio òs bhhi rhakrfhf grkc t`hRheisfkrg (Qa`÷ieimhi ?2) Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets. @kwhvhr,

@hneaemkio boioteao òs ikt yht bhhi efhitegehf. V`hikrt`whsthri hfmh kg t`h festrebuteki kg t`h sphaehs esopprkxecothny ?8 tk 24 lc skut`-host kg Qa`÷ieimhi, eit`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih trovhrteihs kg Qa`woihbhal oc@uy oif t`h trovhrteihs kg Ksthrkfh oc Gonnsthei.Ecpkrtoit hxktea sphaehs ei t h Qa`÷ieimhi ?2 gouio orh

Ohmkpes vhrteaennus, Tomkfuneio pomkfuno, Epèmhio

fhishstreoto, Aka`nkfeio akstoto oif Wetrho subrecoto,

oif t`h chrefekion sphaehs Vruiaothnneio anoustrones. Onnt`hsh sphaehs aòroathresh t`h anecotea coxecuc os

corlhfny worc thcphroth wet` Chfethrroihoi eignuhiah.V`h ovhromh oiiuon thcphroturhs whrh opprkxecothny 2 tk1 fhmrhhs èm`hr tòi ot prhshit. Ei t`h cknnusaoi gouiot`hrh es o rhnotevhny èm` prkpkrteki kg sphaehs wèa` orheifeaotevh kg kphi thrroei - ei akitrost tk t h ankshfvhmhtoteki eifeaothf by t`h pknnhi oionyses. V`h cknnusaoigouio eifeaoths o rhnotevhny fry anecoth oif kphi wkkfs eit`h surrkuifeims kg t`h seth.

<-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

Ei t`h upphr shquhiah, ckrh worct` fhcoifeim hnhchitsorh cesseim. Ei porteaunor, osskaeotekis eifeaotevh kg o akknthcphroth pòsh oif wet` o èm`hr phrahitomh kg sphaehswèa` eiòbet kphi thrroei, kaaur. Cknnusas òvh ikt yhtbhhi fhthrceihf grkc t`h gkurt` shquhiah. @em`hr upworfsoratea swocpy nkhss oif nkhss osskaeotekis (Guìh mnoaeon;)onrhofy opphor.

6.?4.1. Cocconeoi gouio

Whrthbroth rhcoeis kg ges`, rhptenhs, ocpèbeois, berfs

oif coccons orh whnn rhprhshithf ei t`h eithrmnoaeonfhpksets.

V`h coccon gouio efhitegehf by V. voi Lkngsa`kthi,akisests kg t`h gknnkweim sphaehs: Qkrhx ceiutus, Qkrhx sp.(8. oroihus mrkup), Fhscoio sp., Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre,

Aostkr gebhr, Nhccus nhccus, Anht`rekikcys mnorhknus,

Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio, Cearktus subthrroihus,

C. orvonesEC. omrhstes, C. khakikcus, Opkfhcus sp. V`hsconnhr coccon gouio es o typeaon Orveakno thrrhstres

aoiteoio-Vrkmkt`hreuc auvehre osskaeoteki, onsk fhsarebhfgkr Benzeimsnhbhi.

O fevhrsh normhr coccon gouio wet`: Xrsus sp., Cus-thnefoh, Hnhpòs (Tonohknk.xkfki) oitequus. Feahrkrèius

lera`bhrmhises, Hquus sp., Qus sarkgo, Ahrvus hnopùs,

Aoprhknus aoprhknus oif Bks/Beski òs bhhi aknnhathf oswhnn. Rhcoeis kg bkvefs oif wenf `krshs prhvoen ockim t`hgouio ùithf.

6.?4.6. Aunturh

V`h hxaovothf orthgoats òvh ikt yht bhhi stufehf by

@. Vèhch ei gunn fhtoen. Orthgoats (Gem. 7) coiugoaturhf kgbontea gneit, wet` o ckrp`knkmy rhshcbneim t`ksh grkc t`h

seth kg Benzeimsnhbhi, prhvoen. Gnolhs, gnoleim fhbres oif oghw secpnh akrhs whrh gkuif. Qkch òcchrstkihs kg sconnquortz oif quortzeth phbbnhs orh prhshit. Ockim t`h tkknsfhiteaunoths oif ikta`hs prhvoen. Offetekionny, `hovy-futysconn sarophrs os whnn os gnolhs wet` akivhx rhtkua`hfhfmhs, _ueiski oif Voyoa pkeits kaaur. O normh akrh wosushf os o a`kppeim tkke. V`hrh orh skch eifeaotekis tòtwkkfhi orthgoats cem`t bh prhshrvhf ot t`h seth, wènh skchhvefhiah kg gerh es prhshit tkk.

8. AkianusekiV`h knfhst Tonohknetèa geifs grkc t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki

foth tk t`h phrekf bht whhi t`h Hnsthreoi oif t`h Qooneoimnoaeoteki (@knsthei akcpnhx) (Vobnh ?). Rhahit eivhste-motekis s`kw tòt tès phrekf aoi bh fevefhf eitk t`rhh eitar-mnoaeons. V`h trovhrteih shmchits akiihathf wet` gkrchrvonnhy bkttkcs oif thrroahs orh o strkim hvefhiah gkr tès otBenzeimsnhbhi. Et es nelhny tòt Benzeimsnhbhi EEE es efhiteaonwet` t`h F÷cietz Eithrmnoaeon, t`h @knstheieoi akrrhspkif-eim het`hr tk Benzeimsnhbhi E kr tk Benzeimsnhbhi EE.




>k

Yp-

Gem. 7. Qa`÷ieimhi - Rheisfkrg

V`h mnoaeons bhtwhhi t`hsh eithrmnoaeons whrhaòroathreshf by oratea akifetekis. V`h mnoaeon bhtwhhi

Ben/.eimsnhbhi EE oif Benzeimsnhbhi EEE akrrhspkifs tk t`hGuìeoi. Onn t`hsh Ceffnh Tnhestkahih eithrmnoaeons orhaòroathreshf by porteaunor sconn vhrthbroth, cknnusaoi oifgnkron osskaeotekis (Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio-

Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehi-osskaeoteki, @hneaemkio boioteao-

osskaeoteki akitoeieim Ozaao chilhoio, o gnkro wet Chfe-thrroihoi oif subakiteihiton anhchits: Buxus, Qyreimro,

Ahntes oif kt`hrs).

noaeon fhpksets, gneit orthgoats. Qaonh ei ac.

V`h ckst ecpkrtoit oraòhknkmeaon geif `krezki essetuothf ei t`h ceffnh trovhrteihs (Benzeimsnhbhi EE) kg

Benzeimsnhbhi, hvefhiah hikum` tk oboifki ets gkrchrottrebuteki tk t`h F÷cietz Eithrmnoaeon. Oaakrfeim tkrofekchtrea foths tès trovhrteih es 184 tk 644 Lyr knf. Kit`h mrkuif kg ckrp`knkmeaon ghoturhs, t`h `kceief rhcoeihxaovothf t`hrh orh ossemihf tk o noth rhprhshitotevh kg

@kck hrhatus. V`h hxaovotekis brkum`t tk nem`t o aocp swet` fegghrhit struaturhs oif geif osskaeotekis (oatevetyzkihs).



5= FEHVREA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

Vobnh ?. Qtrotemropèaon sa`hch.

Qtrotemrop`y kg Benzeimsnhbhi

oif Qooeh Rhmeki

Mnoaeon fhpksets Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets aòroath restea s Tonohknetèa seths

Qooneoi Akcpnhx

Mnoaeon (]ortèoi ) Nkhss

8-0c thrroah

Qooneoi Akcpnhx Eithrmnoaeon Benzeimsn. EW

?6c nhvhn

Ahntes

@hnex-gouio

Ihucorl-Ikrf

H`reimsfkrg

Qooneoi Akcpnhx

Mnoaeon (Qoone oi / Frhitè oi) Mnoaeon Qhrehs Nkhss

?8-?0c thrroah

Corllnhhbhrm

Hyt`ro (Nhepzem)

@knstheieoi Akcpnhx

Eithrmnoaeon (F÷cietz-nit.) Benzeimsn. EEE

24c nhvhn

Ahntes

@hnex-gouio

@knstheieoi Akcpnhx

Mnoaeon (Guìh- Mnoaeon ) Nkhss

22c thrroah

]onnhifkrg

@knstheieoi AkcpnhxEithrmnoaeon Benzeimsn. EE

27c nhvhn

124-6?2 Lyr BT

Ahntes

Boioteao-gouio

Akrbeauno-gouio

Ihucorl-Qþf

Benzeimsnhbhi

Qoa`shiburm

L÷a`sthft

@knstheieoi Akcpnhx

Mnoaeon Nkhss

2=c thrroah

@knstheieoi Akcpnhx

Eithrmnoaeon (@knsthei-nit.) Benzeimsn. E

12c nhvhn

Ahntes

Boioteao-gouio

V`hkfkxus-gouio

]oimhi

Chcnhbhi

Hnsthreoi Akcpnhx

Mnoaeon (Hesthr EE;) Mnoaeon Qhrehs EE ;

18c thrroah

Hnsthreoi Akcpnhx Eithrmnoaeon ;Hnsthreoi Akcpnhx

Mnoaeon (Hesthr E kr Hesthr n+nn;) Mnoaeon Qhrehs E (+EE;)

68-84c thrroah

Onkim wet` akorsh phbbnh tkkns, rhnotevhny sconn sezhfsphaeoneshf tkkns kg gneit opphorhf. Offetekionny, orthgoats kgbkia, oitnhr, evkry oif wkkf whrh hxaovothf.

O sconn orthgoat osshcbnomh kg soify mrovhns grkc t`hXistrut vonnhy ihor ]oimhi es pnoahf eitk t`h hornehreithrmnoaeon. V`h eivhitkry kg Chcnhbhi shhcs tk bh kg t`hsoch omh. Onn t`hsh orthgoats rhshcbnh t`h Benzeimsnhbhicothreon. Vès es onsk truh gkr t`h orthgoat geifs grkc t`hRheisfkrg eithrmnoaeon grkc Qa`÷ieimhi ei t`h Ikrfòrzvkr-

noif. Ot Qa`÷ieimhi, t`hrh es opporhitny o secenor shquhiahtk tòt gkuif ei Benzeimsnhbhi wet` t`rhh eithrmnoaeons.

V`h gneit orthgoats akceim grkc t`h Qooeh mrovhns kg]onnhifkrg orh ottrebuthf tk t`h ceffnh Oa`hunhoi. V`hyfhrevh grkc t`h troisetekion phrekf kg t`h ceffnh eithrmnoaeontk t`h Guìh mnoaeon. V`h normh Oa`hunhoi akcpnhx kg Corllnhhbhrm foths grkc t`h nothst port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahiheithrmnoaeon shquhiah oif bhnkims tk t`h horny port kg t`hQooeh mnoaeon.




rhghrhiahs

Ofreoi, ].

Oifrhh, J.

Boucoi, ].,F. Coieo

?502 Feh Ontstheizhet ei Kstwhstgonhi uif Nepph, Guifochito Rheà O 0, L÷ni.

?515 Fhr heszhetnea`h Chisa` ei Fhutsa`noif uif sheih Lueturhi, Qtuttmort.

?501 Feh ponoknetèsa`h Ihuguifh vki Corllnhhbhrm bhe Nhepzem, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhs

Frhsfhi ?7, Bhrnei.

B÷`ch, M. ?505 Feh Ocpèbehi- uif Rhptenehirhsth fhr Guifsthnnh Benzeimsnhbhi, Htìkmr. Oraòkn. Z. 1

1=4-1=0.

Ahphl, M.O.

Aknneis, F.C.

Fehbhn, L.,

@. Tehtrzhieul

?507 _uothriory Qtrotemrop`y kg t`h Mhrcoi Fhckaroteh Rhpubnea. _uothriory Mnoaeotekis eit`h ikrt`hri @hcesp`hrh, _uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehws 8, 185-176.

?570 Chtresa`hr uif typknkmesa`hr Bhwhes gþr feh Qhnbstoifemlhet fhs Oa`hunhhis uif Anoa-tkiehis ei Himnoif uif Fhutsa`noif. Jo`rhssa`r. cetthnfhutsa`h Wkrmhsa`. 82. 2=-10.

?504 Tnhestkzoih Kstrolkfhi ous fhc Trkgen fhs @kck hrhatus Guifkrths bhe Benzeimsnhbhi,

Htìkmr. Oraòkn. Z. 2? . 27-18.

HeMcoii, N.,

V. Nett

?552 V`h Qooneoi shquhiah ei t`h typh rhmeki (Ahitron Mhrcoiy), QH_Q Fesausseki Chhteim

?5-26.?4 ?552 ei @onnh/Qoonh, @onnh/Qoonh.

Hrf, L. ?5=1 Tknnhioionytesa`h Mnehfhruim fhs Tnhestkzois fhr Fhutsa`hi Fhcklrotesa`hi Rhpubnel,

Z.g.Mhkn. ]ess. ?, ?40=-??41.

?5=0 Tknnhistrotemropèh ec Mhbeht fhr sloifeiovesa`hi Whrhesuimhi, Qa`r.g. Mhkn. ]ess. 5, 5??5.

Gesa`hr, L.

Gesa`hr. L..H.]. Muhit`hr,].F. @heirea`,F. Coieo,R. Cusen,V, I÷tzkln

?55? ]enfreifhrrhsth (Bkvefoh, Ortekfoatyno. Cocconeo) ous fhc cetthnpnhestkzoihi @knsthei

Lkcpnhx vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 66 , ?15-?6=.

?551 Wkmhn (Ovhs) uif cetthnmrkBh bes lnheih Aorievkrhi (Cocconeo) ous fhr @knsthei-

]orczhet vki Benzeimsnhbhi (V`þreimhi), Wkrtrom W. Beneeimsnhbhi-Lknnkqueuc ?-8.?2.5

ei Jhio uif Benzeimsnhbhi.

?55? Benzeimsnhbhi EW, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 66, Bhrnei.

Mro`coii, R.

Mrecc, @..F. Coieo.W. Vkhpghr

Muhit`hr, H.].

?588 V`h nkwhr ponohknetèa seth kg Corllnhhbhrm oif kt`hr akcporobna nkaoneteas iaor Nhepzem

Vrois. Ochr. pèn. Qka. I.Q. 68 , 845-70=.

?5=6 Hei ihuhr @kceiefhiguif ei Hurkpo: Ioa`trom zuc Wkrbhrea`t þbhr Benzeimsnhbhi, Z.g.

Oraòkn. 0, ?=8-?=7.

?55? Feh Mhbessh fhr ]onfhnhgoithi vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh

66, ?65-?=6.

@hbem, ]. ?501 Feh Gesa`rhsth vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Htìkmr. Oraòkn. Z. 26, 880-875.



55 FEHVR?A@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

nnaeiia`, ].F. ?505 Bekchtresa`h Xithrsuaùimhi oi Gkssenrhsthi fhs Bebhrs (Aostkr gebhr) ous t`þreimesa`hi

Vrovhrteihi, Htìkmr. Oraòkn. Z. 14, 156-641.

?55? Bekchtresa`h Xithrsuaùimhi oi Gkssenrhsthi fhs Bebhrs (Aostkr gebhr N.) ous fhrGuifstotth Benzeimsnhbhi. Zur bekstrotemropèsa`hi Heikrfiuim fhr Guifstotth Benzeims

nhbhi oi @oif gkssenhr Lnheisoumhtehrh, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 66, 18-72,

=?-=5.

Nh`coii, R. ?522 Fos Fenuveuc fhs uithrhi Xistruttonhs vki Q÷cchrfo bes zur Cþifuim, J`. ònn. Whrb.I.G. 1, 05-?26.

Nh`coii, @.,R. Nh`coii

?52? Feh onthrh Qtheizhet ei Cetthnfhutsa`noif, Coiius ?1, 275-140.

Coe, F.nn. ?501 Feh gkssenh Tgnoizhiwhnt fhs eithrmnozeonhi Vrovhrteis vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Whr÷gg.

Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 17, 68-?25.

?500 Heiemh hxktesa`h Mh`÷nzh ei fhi Eithrmnozeongnkrhi fhr Cetthnfhutsa`hi Gnkrhirhmeki,

Ghffhs Rhphrt. 55,6?5-67?.

?505 Feh Vrovhrteignkro vki Benzeimsnhbhi. ]hethrh Guifh uif e`rh vhmhtotekismhsaèa`tnea`h

Bhfhutuim, Htìkmr. Oraòkn. Z. 14, 147-1?4, Bhrnei.

Coe. [email protected]). Coco.V. I÷tzknf,W. Vkhpghr,H. Wnahl,].F. @heirea`

?501 Benzeimsnhbhi EE, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 17, Bhrnei.

Coieo, F. ?5=1 Tonok÷lknkmeh, Gouihihitwealnuim uif Qtrotemropèh fhs Heszhetonthrs ec cettnhrhi Hnbh-

Qoonhmhbeht oug Mruif vki Cknnuslhimhshnnsaògthi, Mhknkmeh Bhe`hgt =0/=5, Bhrnei.

?5=6 Benzeimsnhbhi, Lr.Orthri. Heih ontponoknetèsa`h Vrovhrteiguifsthnnh ec i÷rfnea`hiCetthnhurkpo (Wkrbhrea`t), Z. g. Orhòkn. 0, ?8=-?=1.

?501 Feh Cknnuslhigouio fhs cetthnpnhestkzoihi Vrovhrteilkcpnhxhs bhe Benzeimsnhbhi uif e`rh

÷lknkmesa`-strotemropèsa`h Oussomh, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 17, ?1?-?88.

?506 Zur Mhka`rkiknkmeh fhs Cetthnpnhestkzois uif heiemhr ponoknetèsa`hr Guifsthnnhi ecQooeh- uif cettnhrhi Hnbhmhbeht, Orbhets- uif Gkrsaùimsbhrea`th zur soa`s. Bkfhifhil-

conpgnhmh 2=/20, ?1-80.

?500 Nh Tonhknetèquh oiaehi ht ckyhi fh no råmeki fh no Qooeh ht ?'Hnbh, Onnhcomih fh ?'Hst, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, ?48?-?452.

?505 Qtrotemropèh, ×lknkmeh uif Tonoknetèluc fhs Cetthn- uif Juimpnhestkzois ec Hnbh-Qoonhmhbeht, Htìkmr. Oraòkn. Z. 14, 717-771.

?554 Oug fhi Qpurhi fhs Xrchisa`hi. Feh Guifh oug fhr Qtheireiih bhe Benzeimsnhbhi,

Bhrnei.

ei prhss Ontponoknetèluc uif grþ`hs Cetthnponoknetèluc ec Hnbh-Qoonhmhbeht. Guifbhr. @hsshis,

(hf. N.Gehfnhr), Corburm.

Coco. F.,C. Onnhrcoii

?5=4 Zur Mnehfhruim fhs Juim- uif Cetthnpnhestkzois ec cettnhrhi Qooehton bhe Bof L÷shi,

Mhknkmeh ?5, ??7?-??01.




Coieo, F.,F.@. Coe

?575 ]orc/.hetnea`h Cknnuslhi uif Tgnoizhirhsth ous fhc Cetthnpnhestkzoi fhs Mheshntons(sþfn. vki @onnh), Mhknkmeh ?0, 7=6-754.

Coieo. E)..

X. Coieo

?500 Fhnebhroth Himroveims ki Bkih Orthgoats kg @kck hrhatus, Rkal Ort Rhshora` 8, 5?-?4(wet` akcchits).

Coieo, F.,

H. Wnahl.X. Coieo

?551 Nothst geifs kg `kceief rhcoeis grkc t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih trovhrteih kg Benzeimsnhbh

prhshit stoth kg rhshora`, N 'Oit`rkpknkmeh, ei prhss.

Coieo, F..V. ]hbhr

?507 Benzeimsnhbhi EEE, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 15, Bhrnei.

Coieo, F.,W. Vkhpghr,H. Wnahl

?504 Benzeimsnhbhi E, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 12, Bhrnei.

Coieo, F.,C. V`kcoh,V. Nett,V. ]hbhr

?554 Ihucorl-Mr÷bhri. Bhetromh zur Jomf fhs cetthnponoknetèsa`hi Chisa`, Whr÷gg. Noifhs

cus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 61 , Bhrnei.

Chilh, B.

Chrtei, @.

Cusen. R.

I÷tzknf, V.

?504 ]oalhi, Hnsthr-Mnozeon, coreihs @knsthei-Eithrmnozeon uif ]oalhi-]orczhet, _uortQr

Hxlursekihi ei Qa`nhswem-@knsthei 27-18, Lehn.

?564 Fos hrsteithrmnozeonh Wkrlkcchi vki Akrèauno gnuceiones bhe L÷a`sthft whstn. @onnh

Qooeh, Z. ƒ. Mhsaèhbhgkrsaùim u. Noa`noifmhknkmeh ?7, 81-0?.

?55no Feh Borhi vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 66, 0?-?42.

?55?b Tghrfh ous Benzeimsnhbhi, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 66, ?41-?14.

?501 Aòrkp`ythigrultegelotekihi vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus. Wkrmhsa`. @onnh 17

6?-66.

Ruslh, R. ?576 Fos Tnhestkzoi zwesa`hi @onnh, Bhriburm uif Fhssou, Mhknkmeh ?1, 8=4-85=.

?578 Zur Mnehfhruim fhr @knsthei- uif Qoonhzhet ec ×stnea`hi @orzvkrnoif, Heszhetonthr uif

Mhmhiwort ?7, 00-57.

Qaòthr, F. ?505 Hei ontponoknetèsa`hr Kbhrgnoa`higuifpnotz vkc ]effhrbhrmh bhe ]hecor, Ont V`þreim

26, =-12.

Qa`woraz, @.T.,R. Mrþi,O.M. Not òc.F. Coieo,L. Bruiioalhr

?500 V`h Benzeimsnhbhi Oraòhknkmeaon Qeth: Ihw Foteim Hvefhiah, Oraòhkchtry 14, 8-?=.

Qkhrmhn, ]. ?526

Vèhch, @., ?552

B. Xrboi,F. Coieo,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

?551

Feh fenuveonhi Vhrrosshi fhr Enc uif e`rh Bhfhutuim gþr feh Mnehfhruim fhs Heszhetonthrs. Jh

Jomfbhuthrhsth uif Qtheiwhrlzhumh fhs Xrchisa`hi. Onthsth Guifsaèa`thi Iehfhr-soa`shis ec Vomhbou Qa`÷ieimhi, Cett. Brouisa`whem. Lk`nhibhrmwarlh OM @hncsthft

u. Vka`thrmhs. ??, 1-5, @hncsthft.

Qa`÷ieimhi (Ikrfòrzvkrnoif). Heih ontponoknetèsa`h Guifsthnnh ous fhc cettnhrhi Heszhetonthr, Oraòhknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhizbnott 21 , ?6=-?71.



?4?

Vkhpghr, W.

Ximhr, L.T.

Xrboi, ne.R. Nhiòrf,F. Coieo,B. Onbrha`t

Xrboi, B,

Wnahl. H.

]hbhr, V.

]ehmhrs, G.

]knsthft, T.

F?HVREA@ COIEO - V@H HNBH-QOONH RHMEKI (MHRCOIU)

?511 Feh mnozeonhi uif promnozeonhi Qa ktthrthrrosshi ec ceiehrhi Qooehton, Ioucburm.

?574 Fos nhtzteithrmnozeonh celrknetèsa`h Tonoknetèluc vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Lr. Orthri, Ous-

mrobuimhi u. Guifh 8, =-??.

?57? Fos Ontponoknetèluc ec GnuBmhbeht fhr uithrhi Qooeh uif fhr Cetthnhnbh, Mhknkmeh ?4,

8=4-808.

?570 Fos Anoatkiehi ec Qoonh-Cetthnhnbhmhbeht. Jo`rhssa`r. cetthnfhutsa`h Wkrmhsa`. 8=, ?-27.

?5=4 Qtrotemropèh uif ×lknkmeh fhs Tonoknetèlucs, Ththrcoiis Mhkmrop`. Cei. Hrmoizuims-

`hge 2=6, 125-622.

?501 Hei Kbhrlehghrgromchit fhs N÷whi ous fhc Vrovhrteilkcpnhx vki Benzeimsnhbhi, Lr.

Orthri, uif feh Guifsthnnhi pnhestkzoihr N÷whi ec Mhbeht fhr FFR, Whr÷gg. Noifhscus.

Wkrmhsa`. @otth 17. ?71-?=1.

?5=6 _uortor, Mhknkmeh vki V`þreimhi, =62-=02.

?55? Cetthnpnhestkzoi ec Vomhbou Qa`÷ieimhi, Nlr. @hncsthft, Z. fr. mhkn. Mhs. ?62, 18?-1=2.

ei prhss Tonyiknkmeaon hvefhiah kg Ukuimhr Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Eithrmnoaeons (@knstheieoi oifRheisfkrg oif Qa`÷ieimhi) ei t`h Qa`÷ieimhi kphi aost nemieth ceih (Hosthri Nkwhr

Qoxkiy/Mhrcoiy), Chfhfhneimhi Rejls Mhknkmesa`h Fehist 82, ?-2.

?5=0 O ihw fesakvhry kg @kck hrhatus ei Ahitron Hurkph, Jkurion kg @ucoi Hvknuteki =, 215-

28?.

?507 Nhs Oithihoifhrtonehis hi Hurkph Ahitronh ht nhur akcporeski ovha ?'@kcch fh Voutovhn.

N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 54, 841-8?1.

?55? N'@k cch gkssenh hi Hurkph Ahitronh, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 58, 645-6=.

?5== Anoatkiehiguifh vki Chcnhbhi, lr. Ihbro, Ousmrobuimhi u. Guifh 22, ?58-?55.

?520 Fenuveonh Wkrmhsaèa`th fhs Chisa`hi, Qtuttmort.

?518 Feh Bhzehùimhi zwesa`hi fhi ikrfesa`hi Whrhesuimhi uif fhi ponoknetèsa`hi Qtotekihi

vki Ikrf- uif Cennanfhutsa`noif. Coiius 2=, 2=8-20=.

Fehtrea` Coieo

Ebroècstrossh 25

7544 Jhio

Mhrcoiy



Mhròrf Bkseisle = V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:]hsthri Ahitron Hurkph

?

`knothf geifs grkc t`h Lornea` pet eifeaoth o noth HornyTnhestkahih kaaupoteki. Hxaovothf osshcbnomhs orh likwi

grkc t`h ceffnh port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kiworfs, otLornea` M oif Cehshi`hec. V`h Cotthr coifebnh rkum`nyfoths tk tòt phrekf tkk. Eithrmnoaeon kaaupoteki es otthsthf,wèth geifs grkc Lornea` @ (KEQ ?2) pkeit tk kaaupoteki kgaknf sthppea hiverkichits.

?. Mhkmropèaon oif mhknkmeaon boalmrkuif

?.?. MHKMROT@EAON KWHRWEH]

]hsthri Ahitron Hurkph nehs bhtwhhi t`h Onps oif t`hIkrt` Qho (Gem. ?). V`h normhst, ckst whsthrny port kg t`hrhmeki es froeihf by t`h Rèih oif ets trebutorehs. Vk t`hQKXt`host t`h rhmeki eianufhs t`h upphr froeiomh bosei kgt`h Foiubh, wènh tk t`h ikrt`host t`h ]hshr wet` etstrebutorehs t`h Gunfo oif t`h ]hrro gkrc t`h ckst ecpkrtoitrevhr systhc.

Ei t`h skut`whst kg t`h rhmeki es t`h Xpphr Rèih mrobhi,o rhmeki kg gnot noif up tk 84 lc wefh. V`h ahitron port kgt`h rhmeki - ikrt` kg t`h revhrs Coei oif Io`h - esgkrchf by t`h R`hies` Qnoth Cosseg. V`h Rèih, tkmht`hrwet` ets trebutorehs Noì oif Ckshnnh, subfevefh t`h cosseg

eitk gkur rhmekis, t`h @uisrþal oif Vouius tk t`h skut` oift`h Heghn oif ]hsthrwonf tk t`h ikrt`. V`h ahitron Rèihrhmeki (R`hies` Qèhnf) es uifhrmkeim o prkahss kg snkwupnegt, wèa` òs aoushf eiarhoshf fkwiautteim by revhrs eirhnotevhny iorrkw vonnhys. Ot t`h ahitrh kg tès rhmeki nehst`h Ihuwehf Bosei, oi orho kg nkwnoif chosureim skch24 x 14 lc, wèa` gkrchf os o rhsunt kg o nkwhr roth kgthatkiea upnegt ot tès pkeit.

V`h ikrt`hri port kg t`h rhmeki es gkrchf by t`h ahitronport kg t`h Ikrt` Hurkphoi Tnoei, t`h gnotnoifs kg wèa` orhkiny eithrrupthf by t`h ikrt`hri upnoif hxthiseki kg t`hVhutkburmhr Gkrhst oif t`h ]eh`himhbermh. V`h Tnoei

hxthifs skut`worfs eitk t`h Xpnoif Zkih, ei t`h gkrc kgt`h Nkwhr Rèihnoif L÷nihr Bua`t. Ei akitrost tk t`h R`hies`Qèhnf, w`hrh prkahsshs kg upnegt kphroth, t`h Nkwhr Rèihnoif es o rhmeki kg thatkiea subsefhiah. Vès òs nhf tk t`hfhpkseteki kg normh quoitetehs kg shfechits, ei porteaunor kgfhhp mrovhn bhfs Eoef fkwi by t`h Rèih oif t`h Chush.Ei t`h ikrt`hri Nkwhr Rèihnoif t`h Tnhestkahih fhpksetsrhoa` tèalihsshs kg os cua` os ?,444 c.

?.2. WKNAOIEQC

Vhrteory vknaoikhs orh gkuif ei t`h @hmou rhmeki tk t`hwhst kg Nolh Akistoiah, oif ei porteaunor ei t`h @hsseoifhprhsseki, wet` t`h normh vknaoiea Wkmhnsbhrm cosseg, oifei t`h ]hsthrwonf, w`hrh t`hy eianufh t`h Qehbhimhbermagkrcoteki ihor Bkii. V`h Tnhestkahih sow t`h gkrcotekikg t`h ]hst oif Host Heghn vknaoiea gehnfs (Grha`hi ?5=7<Qa`ceialh, Nkrhiz oif Qhal ?501< Chyhr ?507). Ei t`h]hst Heghn, anksh tk Foui, orh nkaothf skch 244vknaoikhs. V`h Host Heghn vknaoiea gehnf, bhtwhhi t`h

revhrs Brk`n oif Ckshnnh, akitoeis skch ?44 vknaoikhs(Qa`ceialh ?500). Cojkr hxpnksevh vknaoiea hruptekiskaaurrhf ei tès rhmeki skch 644,444 yhors omk (Rehfhiaonfhro), omoei ot ao. 244,444 (]h`r aonfhro) oif geionnyot ??,444 BA aon. (Nooa`hr Qhh aonfhro) (T. voi fhiBkmoorf oif Qa`ceialh ?554< Qtrhht, Boonhs oif]hieimhr ?556). V`hsh hxpnksevh hruptekis akvhrhf normhorhos kg t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif wet` puceah, os esporteaunorny anhor ei t`h aosh kg t`h ykuimhst, Nooa`hr Qhhhrupteki. V`hsh vknaoiea fhpksets orh kg cojkr ecpkrtoiahtk t`h prhèstkry kg t`h rhmeki, shrveim bkt` os a`rkiknkmeaoncorlhr `krezkis (T. voi fhi Bkmoorf oif Qa`ceialh ?500)

oif os akvhr oif prkthateki tk oraòhknkmeaon seths. V`hgkrcoteki kg t`h iuchrkus sakreo akihs kg t`h ]hst oifHost Heghn wos o cua` nhss frocotea prkahss oif t`h thp`rofhpksets kg t`hsh vknaoikhs orh ikrconny kg kiny nkaonsemiegeaoiah. Ihvhrt`hnhss, t`h novo gnkws oif, ei porteaunor,t`h arothrs kg t`hsh vknaoikhs oif t`h govkurobnh shttnhchitnkaotekis wèa` t`hy kgghrhf, orh onsk ecpkrtoit gkrprhèstkreh rhshora`.

?.1. MNOAEOVEKI

V`h eah kg t`h einoif mnoaeoteki ofvoiahf ot nhost tweahoarkss t`h ikrt`hri Nkwnoif Zkih os gor os t`h bkuifory kg

t`h Xpnoif Zkih (Gem. ?< ]knfsthft ?588). V`h eah ofvoiahgkrahf t`h Rèih eitk o ckrh whsthrny froeiomh systhc. Ott`h soch tech, t`h hihrmy kg t`h Rèih froeiomh systhc oift`h akiteiuon hrkseki kg t`h mnoaehr grkit prhvhithf o ckrhskut`-whsthrny eah ofvoiah (V`kch ?580). V`h nkaoteki kgt`h fegghrhit mnoaehr grkits es porteaunorny whnn prhshrvhf eit`h whsthri Nkwhr Rèihnoif ei t`h gkrc kg shrehs kgckroeihs. Ei t`h skut` kg t`h rhmeki uifhr akisefhroteki,




Gem. ?. Nkwhr Tonohknet ea seths ei whsthri Ahitron Hurkph oif hxthitkg t`h Tnhestkahih mnoaeon coxecuc.

?. Lornea`< 2. Cehshi`hec< 1. Couhr< 6. Oa`hi`hec< 8. Lortstheitrovhrteih< 7. B÷iiem`hec< =. Cþizhibhrm rhmeki.

t`h onpeih mnoaehrs onsk ofvoiahf gor kut eitk t`h gkktènns(Thial oif Brþhlihr ?54?-45). Ei offeteki, ei skchaknfhr pòshs, t`h Xpnoif Zkih obkvh a. 544 c KF wosonsk mnoaeothf. V`h Bnoal Gkrhst oif t`h Wksmhs, eiporteaunor, òf oi eah-aop ot t`hsh phrekfs. Ei mnoaeothfrhmekis knfhr seths òvh ikrconny bhhi fhstrkyhf by t`hofvoiah kg mnoaehrs up tk shvhron ?44 c tèal. Et est`hrhgkra porteaunorny ecpkrtoit tòt o cojkr port kgwhsthri Ahitron Hurkph nehs bhtwhhi t`h onpeih mnoaehrsoif t`h ikrt`hri einoif eah, oif wos ihvhr subjhat tkmnoaeoteki.

?.6. RnWHR VHRROAHQ

Ei t`h prhshit akithxt kiny t`h revhr thrroahs kg t`hAhitron oif Nkwhr Rèih orh kg ecpkrtoiah. Ei t`h Rèinoif, thrroah gkrcoteki wos `hoveny eignuhiahf by thatkioatevety. Ei t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif rhmeki kg thatkiea upnt`h fegghrhit thrroahs orh porteaunorny anhorny fhgeihf. V`@em` Vhrroah nehs `hrh ot 144 c KF, 244 c obkvh t`h

nhvhn kg t`h Rèih tkfoy. V`h Ceffnh Vhrroahs orh onskvhry èm`, bhtwhhi ?44 c oif 244 c KF, e.h. 64-?64 cobkvh t`h prhshit revhr nhvhn (Loeshr ?57?). By akitrost,thrroah gkrcoteki ei t`h Nkwhr Rèihnoif òs bhhieignuhiahf by thatkiea subsefhiah sk tòt t`h eifevefuonthrroah gkrcotekis orh `hrh stoalhf obkvh hoa` kt`hr(Bruiioalhr, Bkhieml ht on. ?5=0< Bruiioalhr, Gorrkl` oQeferkpkunos ?502< Bruiioalhr oif Bkhieml ?501< Lnkscoii ?552).

?.8. NKHQQ

Nkhss fhpksets, ecpkrtoit bkt` gkr Tnhestkahih strote-mrop`y oif gkr t`h survevon kg oraòhknkmeaon seths, orh w

rhprhshithf ei whsthri Ahitron Hurkph oif rhoa` fhpt`s kup tk 14 c. Vypeaon nkhss rhmekis orh t`h Xpphr RèihWonnhy, t`h Rèih-@hsseoi Tnothou oif t`h R`heimou, t`hIhalornoif, Groiakieo oif t`h ]htthrou oif t`h @hsseoiFhprhsseki. Ei t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif, nkhss es gkuif ei t`revhr vonnhys oif ei t`h Ihuwehf Bosei. Ei t`h NkwhrRèihnoif, nkhss aòroathrezhs t`h skut`hri port kg t`hL÷nihr Bua`t oif gkrcs o brkof bhnt onkim t`h ikrt`hrihfmh kg t`h Xpnoif Zkih.

2. A`rkiknkmeaon grochwkrl

2.?. QXBFEWEQEKI KG V@H TNHEQVKAHIH

V`h ikrt`hri oif onpeih ckroeih shquhiahs oif t`hTnhestkahih subfevesekis boshf upki t`hc rhprhshit kinykih osphat kg Tnhestkahih p`hikchio. Gkr tès rhoski t`hgrochwkrl kg tès pophr es boshf upki ghoturhs rhakmiezhei t`h phremnoaeon orho, ei porteaunor t`h revhr thi-oahs oifnkhss fhpksets. Gurt`hr buenfeim bnkals orh prkvefhf bybekstrotemrop`y, thp`ro noyhrs oif obsknuth foteim cht`kfEi offeteki, fhhp sho esktkph aurvhs orh hxoceihf gkr t`hpurpksh kg supro-rhmekion akcporeski.

Eieteon oif Horny Tnhestkahih fhpksets orh porteaunornywhnn rhprhshithf ei t`h Nkwhr Rèih Bosei, w`hrh t`hy oroaahssebnh ei normh kphi aost nemieth ceihs (Bkhieml,Lkwonazyl oif Bruiioalhr ?5=2< Bkhieml ?5=0). V`hsubfeveseki kg t`h Ceffnh oif Noth Tnhestkahih es, byakitrost, whnn prhshrvhf ei t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif vknaoiearhmeki.

Kiny t`h phrekf grkc t`h hif kg t`h Horny Tnhestkahihuiten t`h noth Ceffnh Tnhestkahih es rhnhvoit gkr t`h NkwhrTonohknetèa kg kur rhmeki. Vès phrekf es whnn rhprhshithfby t`h suphrgeaeon fhpksets kg t`h Lornea` anoy pet, anksh tk



?48 MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - ]HQVHRI AHIVRON HXRKTH

Lkbnhiz< gkr tès rhoski t`h strotemropèa shquhiah kg tèsseth wenn shrvh `hrh os o rhghrhiah shateki (Bruiioalhr,Qtrhet oif Qaèrchr ?575< Bruiioalhr, @hnnhr oif Nkzhl?5=?< A`r. voi fhi Bkmoorf, T. voi fhi Bkmoorf oifQa`ceialh ?505< Bkseisle ?552).

2.2. V@H LORNEA@ TRKGENH

V`h bosh kg t`h Tnhestkahih shquhiah ot Lornea` esgkrchf by @em Vhrroah mrovhns fhpksethf by t`h Rèih oift`h Ckshnnh (Gem. 2). V`h uifhrnyeim Rèih goaehs mrovhnsorh mrhy, t`h upphr, Ckshnnh mrovhns orh aknkurhf rhf by t`h

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Gem. 2. Qubfeveseki kg t`h Tnhestkahih ei t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif boshf ki t`h shatekis ot Lornea` oif

Orehifkrg.




eianuseki kg Ihw Rhf Qoifstkih gkuif ei t`h rhmekifroeihf by tès revhr. Bhtwhhi t`h twk mrovhn goaehs es oiennuveothf soif noyhr. V`h comihtea gehnf es rhvhrshf ei tèsnoyhr, but ikrcon ei noyhrs obkvh t`h kvhrnyeim Ckshnnhmrovhns, pnoaeim t`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory ei t`hnhvhn kg t`h Ckshnnh mrovhn goaehs (Bkhieml, @hyh ht on.

?5=6< Bruiioalhr, Bkhieml ht on. ?5=7). Vès corls t`h

bkuifory kg t`h Horny oif Ceffnh Tnhestkahih ot =04 Lyr BToif nonns wetèi Kxymhi Esktkph Qtomh (KEQ) ?5. Venthfshfechits (Noyhr O) whrh prhshrvhf kiny nkaonny bhnkw t`h@em` Vhrroah shquhiah. V`hy akisest kg ikrconnycomihtezhf mrovhn, soif oif nkhss fhpksets wèa` pkssebnyfoth tk t`h Jorocennk Hvhit ot 544 Lyr BT (KEQ 21). Oiecpkrtoit pehah kg bekstrotemropèa hvefhiah es t`h prhshiahei t`hsh noyhrs kg @eppkpktocus, wèa` onsk gerst opphors otkt`hr Ahitron Hurkphoi nkaonetehs fothf tk t`h JorocennkHvhit (Lo`nlh ?508< ei prhss).

V`h "cexhf mrovhns" ot t`h tkp kg t`h Rèih mrovhn goaehs(Leernea` Bo) orh ogghathf by eah whfmh pshufkckrp`s oif

arykturboteki ghoturhs. Vès es t`h knfhst hvefhiah ei t`hAhitron Rèianoif gkr o prkikuiahf aknf pòsh wet`phremnoaeon p`hikchio, foteim tk t`h hif kg t`h HornyTnhestkahih oif hquevonhit tk KEQ 24. V`h @em` Vhrroahmrovhns (Leernea` B) orh gknekwhf by o gnkkf nkoc (Noyhr A)oif t`hi by nkhss fhpksets. V`h tkp kg Noyhr A es corlhfby o whol sken gkrcoteki. Qtrotemropèaonny ecpkrtoit es t`hprhshiah ei Noyhr A kg Ceckcys soveie (Woi Lkngsa`kthi,Rkt` oif Vurihr ?554< Woi Lkngsa`kthi oif Vurihr, eiprhss). V`h kvhrnyeim Nkhss F es pkkrny fhgeihf oif iktosskaeotaf wet` o sken gkrcoteki< gouio! rhcoeis orh vhryrorh.

Obkvh tès gknnkws o boifhf aknnuveon fhpkset, Noyhr H.

Noyhrs F oif H orh shporothf by o anhor bkuifory, wèa`summhsts tòt hrksekion prkahsshs whrh oatevh oif rhprhshitso pkssebnh èotus ei t`h shquhiah. Noyhr H akitoeisiuchrkus cknnusaoi rhcoeis aòroathrestea kg aknf stomhhiverkichiton akifetekis. V`h bosh kg t`h strotemropèaonnyèm`hr Nkhss G s`kws hvefhiah kg rhfhpkseteki. Eiporteaunor. sconn, rhffes`-brkwi quortz phbbnhs wetèi t`hnoyhr òvh bhhi fhrevhf grkc Vhrteory "Lehshnkknet`"thrroahs. Nkhss G es usuonny ponh yhnnkw ei aknkur oif t`htkp s`kws o anhor sken fhvhnkpcait. Tost out`krs òvhfhsarebhf o bosontea os` wetèi Nkhss G os t`h knfhstvknaoiea noyhr prhshit ei t`h Leernea` shquhiah, `kwhvhr,

tès thp`ro wos ikt nkaothf by kur rhahit eivhstemotekis.Nkhss G akitoeis rea` gouion rhcoeis (Woi Lkngsa`kthi,

Rkt` oif Vurihr ?554< Vurihr ?554, ?55?< WoiLkngsa`kthi oif Vurihr, ei prhss). Eithrhsteim ei t`hcoarkgouio es t`h prhshiah kg Chmonkahrks vhrteakries oift`h efhitegeaoteki kg hnhpòit cknors os Oraèfeslkfki

chrefekiones. V`h prhshiah ei t`h cearkgouio kg Ceckcys

soveie es ecpkrtoit. Nkhss G es t`h ykuimhst noyhr ei wèa`

Ceckcys soveie kaaurs< ei noyhrs obkvh tès, t`h sphaehs Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio kaaurs. Vès bekstrotemropèabkuifory, wèa` aòroathrezhs t`h hif kg t`h Beòreoi(Coun ?554), corls t`h hif kg t`h hornehr port kg t`h CefTnhestkahih (Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554o).

O strotemropèaonny ecpkrtoit aòimh ei t`h sphatruc k`hovy ceihrons es rhakmiezobnh ei Noyhr G. Fhhphr noyhrs

orh fkceiothf by t`h `hovy ceihrons zeraki, rutenh oifmrhhi `kribnhifh, wèa` orh fhrevhf grkc t`h Rèihmrovhns< t`h kvhrnyeim noyhr akitoeis sphatro kg vknaoieakremei fkceiothf by brkwi `kribnhifh (Zepthr ?55?).Nkhss G es akrrhnothf wet` KEQ ?7, ets sken fhvhnkpchit wKEQ ?8. V`h upphr port kg t`h gknnkweim Nkhss M es aòrhrezhf by o prkikuiahf sken fhvhnkpchit - o cojkr corl`krezki ei t`h Leernea` shateki. V`h nkwhr port kg t`h nkhsakitoeis o `hoveny whot`hrhf bosontea thp`ro (Loh-BVn)kremeioteim grkc o vknaoik kg uilikwi omh oif nkaoteki(A`r. voi fhi Bkmoorf, T. voi fhi Bkmoorf oif Qa`ceia?505). Leernea` M akitoeis o rea` cearkgouio. Qtrotemropèaonny ecpkrtoit es t`h prhshiah kg Orveakno thrrhstres

aoiteoio, o sphaehs aòroathrestea kg t`h ahitron port kg t`Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. V`h coarkgouio akitoeis rèikahrks(Feahrkrèius sp.) oif Chmonkahrks vhrteakries (Woi Lksa`kthi, Rkt` oif Vurihr ?554).

]`hrhos t`h vknaoiea `hovy ceihron sphatruc kg Noyhres fkceiothf by brkwi `kribnhifh, t`h kvhrnyeim Noyhr @òs o sphatruc kg vknaoiea `hovy ceihrons fkceiothf bypyrkxhih (Zepthr ?55?). Vès aòimh ei t`h `hovy ceihrosphatro es strotemropèaonny ecpkrtoit oif onnkws, gkrhxocpnh, t`h seth kg Cehshi`hec E tk bh fothf tk bhtwhhiLeernea` M oif @ (shh bhnkw). V`h sken fhvhnkpchit kgLeernea` M es akrrhnothf wet` KEQ ?1. Nkhss @ akitoeis tw

vknaoiea fhpksets (Gem. 1). Ei porteaunor, t`h puceah (Loh-FV?) oif kvhrnyeim bosontea thp`ro (Loh-BV2) ot t`h boshkg Noyhr @ gkrc oi ecpkrtoit corlhr `krezki, wèa` es ogkuif kvhrnyeim t`h Cehshi`hec E oraòhknkmeaon seth.Ceihronkmeaon oionyses s`kws tòt t`h thp`ro Loh-FVnkremeioths grkc oi hrupteki ahitrh kg stenn uilikwi nkaoteObsknuth foteim (64Or/15Or seimnh aryston noshr foteim)mevhs o coxecuc omh gkr tès thp`ro kg 7?0 Lyr BT (T. vfhi Bkmoorf, @onn ht on. ?50=< A`r. voi fhi Bkmoorf,T. voi fhi Bkmoorf oif Qa`ceialh ?505). Ki t`h hvefhikg t`h Lþrnea` shateki oif t`h bekstrotemropèa rhakrf ot kt`seths tès coxecuc omh opphors tk bh skch ?44,444 yhors

tkk knf oif o akivhitekion foth (64Or/15Or sthp-`hoteim) 681 ¿ = Lyr BT opphors ckrh prkbobnh (Neppknt ht on.

?507< Wknnbrha`t ?552). Qnem`tny èm`hr ei Leernea` Noyhr o puceah noyhr (Loh-FV2) kg up tk ? c ei fhpt` nehsecchfeothny obkvh o tèi bosontea thp`ro. V`h tkp kg t`hpuceah noyhr es eithrrupthf by eah whfmh pshufkckrp`s.Vhp`ro Loh-FV2 es ceihronkmeaonny secenor tk t`h Loh-FVthp`ro fhsarebhf obkvh oif òs bhhi fothf by t`h 64Or/



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Gem. 1. Wknaoiea os` ei Lornea` Nhvhn @. wet` t`her coxecuc omh boshf ki 64Or/15Or seimnh aryston noshrfoteim (shh thxt).




15Or seimnh aryston noshr cht`kf tk 687 ¿ 0 Lyr BT.Lornea` @ es aopphf by o sken akitoeieim s`hnns kg thcphrothcknnusaoi sphaehs (Rhcy ?585< Woi Lkngsa`kthi, Rkt` oifVurihr ?554< Rkt`, ei prhss o) oif t`h ecprhssekis kgnhovhs (efhitegehf es o sphaehs kg copnh) oif shhfs kg Ahntes

(Nkzhl ?5=?). V`h rea` cknnusaoi gouio es aòroathrestea kgoi eithrmnoaeon pòsh wet` snem`tny ckrh Akiteihiton

akifetekis tòi ot t`h prhshit foy (Rkt`, ei prhss o). Vèssken es shonhf by t`h "Lornea` Brkalhitugg" (Loh-BV6).Vès es o pkkrny skrthf fhpkset fhrevhf grkc oi hrupteki eit`h ecchfeoth veaeiety kg t`h seth, wèa` ot tès pkeit brklht`rkum` bkt` t`h uifhrnyeim Fhvkieoi bhfrkal oif onskVhrteory anoy noyhrs oif Tnhestkahih Xpphr Vhrroah mrovhns.Bnkals kg onn t`hsh cothreons gkrc t`h tugg reim kg t`h"Lornea` Brkalhitugg", wèa` òs bhhi fothf by t`h64Or/15Or seimnh aryston noshr cht`kf tk 157 ¿ 24 Lyr BT.V`h ceihronkmeaon akcpkseteki kg t`h thp`ro s`kws tòt etfhrevhs grkc t`h Rehfhi hruptekion pòsh. V`h hrupteki kgt`h Lornea` Brkalhitugg kaaurrhf tkworfs t`h ceffnh kg oieithrmnoaeon wèa` cem`t bh hquothf wet` KEQ ??. V`h gerstport kg tès eithrmnoaeon es rhprhshithf by t`h sken gkrchfupki Lornea` Noyhr @. Fhpksets grkc t`h shakif òng kgtès eithrmnoaeon orh prhshrvhf ei t`h skut`host kg t`hLornea` anoy pet ei o fhprhsseki gkrchf subshquhitny tk(oif prkbobny os o rhsunt kg) t`h hrupteki kg t`hBrkalhitugg. V`hsh shfechits akitoei t`h oraòhknkmeaonseth Lornea`-Qhhughr (shh bhnkw). ]et` t`h hxahpteki kgtès fhprhsseki, ei wèa` ykuimhr fhpksets orh prhshrvhf,t`h Brkalhitugg rhprhshits t`h succet kg t`h shquhiah otLornea`. Obkvh t`h precory Brkalhitugg fhpkset orh gkuifkiny tèi fhpksets kg Nost Mnoaeon nkhss oif Nooa`hr Qhhpuceah.

2.1. V@H OREHIFKRG TRKGENH

Ecpkrtoit nkr t`h ykuimhr port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahihes t`h seth kg Orehifkrg (Bruiioalhr, N÷`r ht on. ?5=8<@ohsohrts ?554< Bkseisle ?552). Ot t`h Orehifkrg mrovhnquorry t`h Fhvkieoi snoth bhfrkal es kvhrnoei by o 14 cfhpkset kg Rèih Ceffnh Vhrroah mrovhns (NhubsfkrgVhrroah), gknekwhf by o shquhiah kg nkhss fhpksets oifponohkskns (Gem. 2). V`h upphr port kg t`h gnuveotenhshquhiah akitoeis o `hoveny whot`hrhf oif arykturbothfpuceah fhpkset (Ore-FVn), wèa` es fothf tk a. 654 Lyr BToif es pkssebny hquevonhit tk t`h Lornea` puceah Loh-FVn.@emàr ei t`h shquhiah twk gurt`hr puceah noyhrs akvhr osken gkrcoteki. V`h nkwhr puceah fhpkset (Ore-FV2) òs ocoxecuc omh (64Or/15Or seimnh aryston noshr foteim) kg68? ¿ 7 Lyr BT. V`h upphr thp`ro (Ore-FV1) es skch4.04 c tèal oif akitoeis iuchrkus ecprhssekis kg nhovhs.Et tkk wos fothf by t`h 64Or/15Or seimnh aryston noshrcht`kf tk opprkxecothny 6?4 Lyr BT (T. voi fhi Bkmoorfoif Qa`ceialh ?554) oif, offetekionny, by akivhitekion

64Or/15Or sthp-`hoteim (t`h socpnh es onckst ahrtoeiny OFV2) tk 6?5 ¿ ?0 Lyr BT (Neppknt ht on. ?507).

T. voi fhi Bkmoorf oif Qa`ceialh (?554) pkeit kuttòt bkt` t`h Orehifkrg thp`ro Ore-FV2 oif Ore-FV1 oift`h Lornea` Brkalhitugg (Loh-BV6) aoi bh ossemihfceihronkmeaonny oif a`hceaonny tk t`h Host Heghn Rehfhihruptevh pòsh. V`h vknaoiea fhpksets ot bkt` Lornea` oif

Orehifkrg whrh hrupthf fureim oi eithrmnoaeon. V`hshormuchits - soch hruptevh pòsh, secenor omh, eithrmnoaeonakithxt - colh et pnousebnh tk rhmorf bkt` t`h Lornea`Brkalhitugg (Loh-BV6) oif t`h Orehifkrg thp`ro noyhrs OFV2 / Ore-FV1 os fhpksets grkc t`h soch eithrmnoaeon,prkbobny KEQ ??. Ki tès boses et es pkssebnh tk syit`hsezht`h shatekis ot Lornea` oif ot Orehifkrg (Gem. 2). V`h gkur(;) Orehifkrg nkhss bhfs tùs akrrhspkif tk t`h ykuimhrport kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih oif t`h Noth Tnhestkahih. Vfhhphst nkhss ("@ohsohrts nkhss"< Gem. 2) akunf bhnkim tkKEQ ?4, t`h sken ki tkp kg et tk KEQ 5. Grkc tès nkwhr pokg t`h Orehifkrg shquhiah t`hrh orh ik oraòhknkmeaon geifEi t`h whsthri port kg Ahitron Hurkph kiny orthgoats grkct`h Lortsthei trovhrteih (shh bhnkw) akunf foth tk tès geiostomh kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetea (KEQ 5). Oraòhknkmeaoncothreon grkc t`h bosh kg t`h tèrf Orehifkrg nkhss bhf(KEQ 0) aoi onrhofy bh ossemihf tk t`h bhmeiieim kg t`hCeffnh Tonohknetèa.

1. Hornehst troahs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki

V`h knfhst hvefhiah gkr ùcoi prhshiah foths tk t`h hikg t`h Horny Tnhestkahih oif tk t`h knfhst (Ceckcys sovei

gouio) port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. V`h cothreon akiseshxanusevhny kg seimnh, aknnhathf geifs kg netèa cothreonwet`kut gurt`hr akithxtuon eigkrcoteki.

1.?. LORNEA@ O

L. ]þrmhs gkuif t`rhh quortzeth phbbnh tkkns ei t`h soinkhss-nkoc kg Lornea` Noyhr O (]þrmhs ?507< Wknnbrha`t?552). Onn t`rhh orthgoats orh gnolhf ki kih surgoah kiny, ea`kpphrs (Gem. 6). Kih sphaechi òs subshquhitny spnetonkim o quortz vhei. O tkkt` gromchit kg @eppkpktocus

akchs grkc t`h soch strotemropèaon uiet (Vurihr ?554:?55?). V`h geifs akunf bh akithcpkrory wet` t`h JorocennHvhit oif akrrhnothf wet` KEQ 21.

1.2. LORNEA@ BO

Ot t`h bosh kg t`h Rèih mrovhn shquhiah kg t`h @em`Vhrroah (Bo) L. ]þrmhs fesakvhrhf oi orthgoat coiugoa-turhf kg troa`ytea tugg (]þrmhs ?507< Wknnbrha`t ?552). V`pehah es o akrh s`kweim shvhron gnolh saors oif aoi bhossemihf tk o noth pòsh kg t`h Horny Tnhestkahih. Et es knfhtòi t`h prkikuiahf aknf pòsh (hquothf wet` KEQ 24)s`kwi by phremnoaeon oatevety ot t`h succet kg t`h RèihMrovhn goaehs (Bo).



?4') MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - ]HQVHRI AHIVRON HXRKTH

Gem. 6. Lornea` O. Thbbnh tkkns.

Qaonh ei ac.

Ogthr ]þrmhs (?507) oif Wknnbrha`t

(?552).

O iucbhr kg stkihs (orthgoats;) gkuif by L. Qa`cufh ei@em` Vhrroah mrovhns ei t`h Nkwhr Rèihnoif pkssebnybhnkim tk oi hquevonhit phrekf (Qa`cufh ?552).

1.1. LORNEA@ BB

L. ]þrmhs aknnhathf hem`t orthgoats kg rhffes`-brkwiquortzeth grkc t`h surgoah kg t`h Ckshnnh mrovhn goaehs(]þrmhs ?507< Bkseisle ?552< Wknnbrha`t ?552). V`horthgoats orh snem`tny rknnhf oif orh fhrevhf grkc o nkaonetygurtàr upstrhoc. V`hrh orh twk akrhs, gkur gnolhs, o••pabbnh-sarophr" oif o peal-nelh tkke (Gem. 8). Qhvhron

bkihs oif thht` kg o fhhr (Ahrvus sp.) oif o bkveih(Bks/Beski) whrh gkuif ei o akcporobnh strotemropèaonpkseteki (Vurihr ?55?). V`hsh geifs orh ossemihf tk t`h

eieteon pòsh kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, skki ogthr t`hCotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory wèa` es nkaothf ei t`hCkshnnh mrovhns (Bb).

Orthgoats aknnhathf by N. Gehfnhr oif O. vki Bhrm grkct`h surgoah kg t`h @em` Vhrroah orkuif Lkbnhiz orh pkssebnybrkofny akithcpkrory (Bhrm oif Gehfnhr ?501< ?50=<Gehfnhr ?55?). Ockim t`hsh quortz oif quortzeth orthgoatsorh ikt kiny phbbnh tkkns, gnolhs oif akrhs, but onsk begoahs.



??4 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. 8. Lornea` Bb. Thbbnh sarophr (?), gnolh (2), akrh (1) oif peal-nelh orthgoat kg quortzeth (6). Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr ]þrmhs (?507) oif Wknnbrha`

(?552).



EEE MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - ]HQVHRI AHIVRON HXRKTH

6. Qeths grkc t`h horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

Vès port kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa es fhgeihf osakcpreseim t`ksh geifs fothf tk t`h gerst port kg t`h

Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio gouion stomh, hquevonhit tkKEQ ?6-?2.

6.? . LORNEA@ M

Kvhr o phrekf kg tech ?6 orthgoats kg quortz oif quortzethòvh bhhi gkuif (coeiny by L. ]þrmhs) ei Lornea` noyhr M(]þrmhs ?55?< Wknnbrha`t ?552). V`h pehahs akcpresh t`rhh

akrhs, gevh gnolhs, kih anhovhr-nelh oif twk bkrhr-nelh tkkns(Gem. 7). Iuchrkus bkihs kg normh coccons whrh onskgkuif ei noyhr M, eianufeim Feahrkrèius sp., Hquus sp.,

Onahs sp.. Foco sp., Chmonkahrks vhrteakries oif Bks kr Beski (Vurihr ?55?). V`h shfechits kg Noyhr M orhakrrhnothf wet` KEQ ?6 oif ?1. V`her `hovy ceihronsphatruc es fkceiothf by brkwi `kribnhifh, sk tneot

orthgoats grkc Lornea` M orh knfhr tòi t`ksh grkcCehshi`hec E, w`hrh pyrkxhih onrhofy fkceioths ei t`hprk genh.

Gem. 7. Lornea` M. _uortz (?-1, =) oif quortzeth orthgoats. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr Wknnbrha`t (?552).




6.2. Cnn-QHI@HEC E

Cehshi`hec E wos eivhstemothf uifhr t`h ferhateki kgH. Vurihr grkc ?502-?55?. V`h seth nehs ki t`h snkph kg t`hIhtth vonnhy, skch 8 lc grkc t`h Lornea` anoy pet(Bksa`heihi, Bkseisle ht on. ?506< Bkseisle, WoiLkngsa`kthi oif Vurihr ?500< Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554b<Vurihr, ei prhss). V`h seth kremeionny noy anksh tk o sònnkw

bkfy kg wothr, pkssebny oi knf choifhr kg t`h Rèih. V`hgeifs orh nkaothf ei o forl, krmoiea "oickkr" shfechit(Noyhr G) oif ei t`h mrhy-yhnnkw nkoc (Noyhr M)ecchfeothny uifhrnyeim tès (Gem. =). @em`hr ei t`h shateki

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Gem. =. Efhonezhf shateki ot Cehshi hec E., tkton `hem`t opprkxecothny8 c. Ogthr H. Vurihr.

orh gkuif o puceah (Ceh-FVn) oif o bosontea thp`ro (CehBV ?) wèa` ankshny rhshcbnh thp`ro noyhrs ei Lornea` Noy@ (Loh-FVn oif Loh-BV2 rhsphatevhny). V`h Lornea` thpòvh oi efhiteaon ceihronkmeaon oif a`hceaon akcpksetekitk t`ksh ot Cehshi`hec E (T. voi fhi Bkmoorf oifQa`ceialh ?554) oif orh fothf ot t`h gkrchr seth tk 7?0 ?0 Lyr (coxecuc omh) oif 681 ¿ = Lyr BT. Qeiah t`h

Cehshi`hec E `hovy ceihron sphatruc es fkceiothf bypyrkxhih oif t`hrhgkrh ykuimhr tòi Lornea` Noyhr M(w`hrh brkwi `kribnhifh es fkceioit), Cehshi`hec E esossemihf tk o pòsh bht whhi Lornea` M oif @. V`h sethprkbobny bhnkims ei t`h soch eithrmnoaeon fureim wèa` t`tèal sken gkrchf ki Lornea` Noyhr M oif wèa` aoi bhakrrhnothf wet` KEQ ?1.

V`h rea` cknnusaoi gouio (Rkt`, ei prhss b) fhckistrotoi eithrmnoaeon anecoth, skchwòt ckrh Akiteihiton tòi ott`h prhshit foy. Ei offeteki et s`kws t`h nkaon prhshiah kgwhtnoif wet` stoifeim wothr, swocp-nelh boils oif pota`kg gkrhst. V`h obuifoit sconn coccon rhcoeis akigerc t`

peaturh (Woi Lkngsa`kthi, ei prhss). Bhovhr (Aostkr gebhr)oif hxteiat meoit bhovhr (Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre) coy òvgurt`hr akitrebuthf tk t`h prhshiah kg whtnoif akifetekiswet` t`her focs. Ihkcys ag. ihwtkie, Qkrhx soveie,

Fhscoio sp. oif Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio eiòbethf t`whtthr ports kg t`h s`krhneih, Qaeurus sp., Hnekcys

quhraeius, Cusaorfeius ovhnnoioreus, Anht`rekikcys

mnorhknus oif Opkfhcus synvoteaus kaaurrhf ei ofjoahitwkkfnoif.

V`h sconn coccon gouio grkc Cehshi`hec E aoi, eioffeteki, bh ossemihf tk t`h ahitron Ceffnh Tnhestkaaih Or

akno thrrhstres aoiteoio - Qkrhx (Frhpoikskrhx) sp. Akiaurhit-roimh-subzkih (Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554< ei prhss o).

V`h normh coccon sphatruc es aòroathrestea gkr oi hornCeffnh Tnhestkahih eithrmnoaeon. Vès es porteaunorny truh kgt`h sphaehs Aoies cksòa`hises, Hquus cksòa`hises oifXrsus fhieimhre (Vurihr, ei prhss). Ot t h soch tech, t`hgouio rhvhons fhtoens kg hiverkichiton akifetekis anksh tkt`h seth. Rkh fhhr (Aoprhknus aoprhknus) oif rhf fhhr(Ahrvus hnopùs) fkceioth t`h gouio. V`h prhshiah kg `kr(Hquus cksòa`hises) s`kws tòt kphi mrossnoif orhos whonsk prhshit.

Kg porteaunor eithrhst es t`h top`kikcea eivhstemoteki kgt`h seth (Vurihr, ei prhss). Rkh fhhr es fhgeiethny rhprhshithby ot nhost 5 eifevefuons (1 juvhienhs oif 7 ofunts), but t`h

spoteon festrebuteki kg t`h cothreon summhsts tòt ot nhost ?1eifevefuons cem`t bh rhprhshithf. V`h shoski kg fhot` kg tykuim oiecons wos bhtwhhi Oumust oif t`h weithr ckit`Tkssebny t`h bkihs rhprhshit t`h rhcoeis kg o normh mrkup koiecons wèa` whrh lennhf (;) `hrh. Rhf fhhr es rhprhshithby ot nhost 7 eifevefuons (2 juvhienhs oif 6 ofunts). V`h omstruaturh oif spoteon festrebuteki kg t`h cothreon summhststòt tès coy bh o "òrhc" kg ghconhs oif ykuim oiecons



??1 MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - ]HQVHRI AHIVRON HXRKTH

Gem. 0. Cehshi hec E. O: Rhcoeis kg t`h "porteon aoraoss", Rkh fhhr F os gkuif fureim hxaovoteki, B: Rhcoeis kg t`h "porteon aoraoss" Bkvef

B, os gkuif fureim hxaovoteki (grkc: Vurihr, ei prhss).

lennhf (;) `hrh ei outuci kr weithr. @krsh es rhprhshithf byot nhost gkur eifevefuons. V`h omh struaturh kg t`h cothreonsummhsts tòt o "goceny mrkup" es rhprhshithf. Ei t`h aoshkg t`h fhsarebhf sphaehs - rkh fhhr, rhf fhhr oif `krsh -t`h necb bkihs oif slunns (wet` thht`) orh onwoys prhshit,w`hrhos anhchits kg t`h rucp (rebs oif vhrthbroh) orh rorhny

rhprhshithf (Gem. 0). O secenor festrebuteki es kgthi prhshitki Ceffnh oif Xpphr Tonohknetèa seths ei t`h AhitronRèihnoif oif prkbobny rhgnhats o shnhateki gkr chot-bhoreim ports by ùcois. O bkveih aoraoss ot Cehshi`hec Es`kws o akcpnhthny fegghrhit festrebuteki potthri (Gem. 0):onckst onn ports kg t`h slhnhtki orh prhshit ei t`h aosh kg

Gem. 5. Cehshi hec E. Orthgoats kg nyfeth (?), quortz (2) oif quortzeth (1). Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr H. Vurihr.




tès knf eifevefuon, wèa` coy pnousebny òvh fehf ioturonnyei t`h swocpy wothrsefh setuoteki.

Fuh tk geih-strotemropèaon oionyses et opphors tòt t`hkvhrmrkwi boils kg t`h Tnhestkahih Rèih whrh rhphothfnyt`h saàih kg ùcoi ùiteim hpeskfhs. Fureim kih sua`hpeskfh o goieeny mrkup kg gkur `krshs wos lennhf<subshquhitny o mrkup kg ?1 rkh fhhr oif o `hrf kg sex rhf

fhhr whrh onsk suaahssgunny ùithf. Ei offeteki, et espkssebnh tk fhckistroth t`h prhshiah ot t`h seth kg oieconswèa` fehf ioturonny (s`kwi porteaunorny anhorny ei t`h aoshkg o bkveih) oif whrh t`hi saovhimhf by aorievkrhs. V`hnetèa osshcbnomh es coiugoaturhf grkc cothreons wèa` aoibh gkuif ei t`h orho, sua` os quortz, quortzeth oif nyfeth.V`h prhshiah kg akrhs oif rhgetthf orthgoats s`kws tòt ckstorthgoats whrh prkfuahf ot t`h seth (Gem. 5). O gnolh kg nyfethoif o normh gnolh kg geih-mroeihf Vhrteory quortzeth opphor,`kwhvhr, tk òvh bhhi brkum`t tk t`h seth ei t`her prhshitgkrie. V`h notthr pehah (Gem. 5.1) es rhtkua`hf ot t`h fkrsonbkrfhr kg t`h streleim pnotgkrc oif es t`h kiny ckfegehf

orthgoat ei t`h sconn osshcbnomh. V`h orthgoats òvh osecenor spoteon festrebuteki tk tòt kg t`h gouion rhcoeis.V`h akijkei potthris kg orthgoats oif kg gouion rhcoeisbkt` fhckistroth rhnotekisèps bhtwhhi fegghrhit ports kgt`h seth. V`h orthgoats prkbobny fhckistroth, secenorny tkt`h gouion rhcoeis. fegghrhit hpeskfhs kg oatevety ot t`hwothrsefh. Ot t`h host kg t`h hxaovothf orho oioaaucunoteki kg phbbnhs akvhreim skch 8 c2 wosuiakvhrhf. V`h prhshiah kg bkihs oif orthgoats ihxt tkoif wetèi tès akiahitroteki neils et tk t`h ùcoi ush kgt`h seth. Et es ecprkbobnh tòt tès spoteonny fhgeihf, seimnhnoyhr kg gest-sezhf phbbnhs es o ioturon oaaucunoteki.Tkssebny t`h stkihs whrh fhpksethf `hrh fhnebhrothny by

coi ei krfhr tk arhoth o frehr oif ckrh stobnh orho ei t`hcors`y shfechit kg t`h boil.

6.1. COXHR IHOR @HEFHNBHRM

V`h nockus seth kg Couhr es nkaothf ei oi oiaehitchoifhr kg t`h Ihalor revhr ?4 lc skut`host kg@hefhnbhrm. V`h seth wos kremeionny oi ommrofeim revhrboil upki wèa` oiecon bkihs oif t`h ùcoi jow whrhwos`hf tkmht`hr. V`h ùcoi coifebnh wos fesakvhrhf byFoiehn nnortcoii ki Katkbhr 2?, nnL)= oif pubnes`hf b)K. Qa`khthisoal ei o anossea ckikmrop` t`h gknnkweim yhor(Qa`khthisoal ?540).

Ei t`h shateki kg t`h soifpet t`h Ihalor soifs orhkvhrnoei by shvhron nkhss bhfs oif sken fhvhnkpchits,wèa`, ki t`h hvefhiah kg ihw eivhstemotekis by Bebus(?552o), rhprhshit ot nhost t`h nost t`rhh aknf stomhs oifeithrmnoaeons rhsphatevhny.

V`h cearkgouio grkc t`h Couhr soifs akitoeis t`hsphaehs Vonpo ceikr. Vonpo hurkpho, bkt` Aostkr gebhroif Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre, Tnekcys hpesakpones, Orveakno

Gem. ?4. V`h Couhr coifebnh. Ogthr K. Qa`khthisoal.

thrrhstres aoiteoio, Cearktus orvones/C. omrhstes, oif Opkfhcus sp. (Wki Lkhiemswonf ?552). V`h normh coccgouio akisests kg Aoies nupus cksboa`hises, Xrsus sth`neiXrsus fhieimhre, @yohio orvhrihises, Toit`hro porfussealhibhrme, Toit`hro nhk gkssenes, Ghnes (Nyix) essefkrhisGhnes ag. senvhstres, @kckt`hreuc sp., Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus, Hquus cksboa`hises, Qthpòikrèius




ùifs`hechises, Qus sarkgo presaus. @eppkpktocus ocpè-beus oitequus, Onahs notegrkis, Ahrvus hnopùs oakrkiotus,Aoprhknus sþsshibkrihises oif Beski sa`khthisoale (WkiLkhiemswonf ?552).

Vès es <ei eithrmnoaeon gouio< t`h prhshiah kg @eppkpktocuss`kws oi Otnoitea anecoth wet` cenf weithrs oif o gkrhsthfnoifsaoph. Bekstrotemropèaonny t`h cearkgouio es vhry secenor

tk tòt kg Leernea` M oif. ei porteaunor, tòt kg Cehshi`hecE. ]. vki Lkhiemswonf (?552) sphaegeaonny pkeits tk t`hkaaurrhiah kg bkt` Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio oif Tnekcyshpesakpones, wèa` foths t`hsh seths - Lornea` M, Cehshi`hec E oif Couhr - tk t`h ahitron port kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih. Et es prkbobnh tòt t`h "Couhrhr ]onfzhet"(CXEEhr-Bhhl ?576) es hquevonhit tk t`h eithrmnoaeonrhprhshithf by t`h Lornea` M sken gkrcoteki oif otCehshi`hec E. oif tòt tès aoi bh akrrhnothf wet` KEQ ?1.

V`h coifebnh kg @kck `hefhnbhrmhises (Gem. ?4) esnormh oif cossevh, t`h thht` by akitrost, rhnotevhny sconn.O prktubhroiah kg t`h aèi es tktonny obshit. V`h sphaechiakrrhspkifs bhst tk t`ksh grkc Vhriegeih oif Ckitcourei.ont`kum` t`hrh es onsk o strkim rhshcbnoiah tk t`hQeioit`rkpus coifebnhs grkc A`kulkutehi (@kwhnn ?574<Mobuieo ?552). Onn t`hsh geifs orh ossemihf tk noth gkrcs kg @kck hrhatus. wèa` es ei mkkf akrrhspkifhiah wet` t`ha`rkiknkmeaon pkseteki kg t`h Couhr seth.

Fureim t`h ?584's O. Rust akifuathf eivhstemotekis ott`h seth. @h bhnehvhf tòt `h akunf rhakmiezh gnot phbbnhskg Ihw Rhf Qoifstkih wet` "strual" hfmhs oif"pehporhf" ikta`hs oif "ikshs" os orthgoats (Rust ?587 o-b< ?58=< ?578< ?5=?). V`h ortegeaeon ioturh kg t`hsh pehahsòs ikn bhhi mhihronny oaahpthf oif t`h arhoteki kg oihpkiyckus "@hefhnbhrmhr aunturh", akitoeieim iuchrkus

anhorny pshufk-orthgoats kg fevhrsh kremei, gurt`hrfesarhfethf t`hc. Rhahitny. sconn a`hrt pehahs aknnhathf byL.G. @krcut` grkc t`h Couhr soifs bhgkrh t`h Qhakif]krnf ]or, òvh bhhi rhnkaothf (Bheiòuhr, Gehfnhr oif]hmihr ?552). Et es ikt prkvhf tòt t`hsh pehahs whrhwkrlhf by ùcois oif uinelhny tòt t`hy whrh rhnothf tkt`h Couhr j ow bkih.

6.6. OA@HI@HEC NOUHR 14

Ot t`h bosh kg t`h cojkr nkhss shateki ot Oa`hi`hec ihorQtrosbkurm, bkihs kg Aostkr sp., Xe sus fhieimhre, Feahrk-rèius htrusaus, Hquus cksboa`hises, @eppkpktocus,

Ahrvus oif Onahs òvh bhhi gkuif ei t`h Rèih soifsbhnkw t`h nkhss (]hchrt ?58=< @hec, Noutrefku ht on.

?502< Juilcoiis ?55?). V es gouio aoi bh akcporhf tkt`ksh kg Couhr, Lornea` M oif Cehshi`hec E oif coypkssebny rhprhshit t`h soch Ceffnh Tnhestkahih eithrmnoaeon.Ei t`h soch noyhr wos gkuif o akbbnh s`kweim o seimnhgnolh rhckvon pkssebny wkrlhf by coi (]hrihrt, Cennkt oifWoi Hnnhr ?572).

6.8. LORNEA@, NK]HR NOUHR @

]`hrhos t`h geifs fhsarebhf sk gor grkc t`h ceffnh pòshkg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa aoi onn bh ossemihf tk eithrmnoaeonakifetekis wet` o ckest-thcphroth anecoth, t`h geifs grkct`h bosh kg Lornea` Nkhss @ whrh fhpksethf fureim o phrekfkg sthpph akifetekis wet` o prhvoeneim fry Akiteihitonanecoth. @ucoi prhshiah fureim sua` o anecotea pòsh es

ihw tk tès phrekf kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa kg whsthriAhitron Hurkph. Lornea` Noyhr @ es ykuimhr tòi bkt`Noyhr M ot t`h soch seth oif t`h seth kg Cehshi`hec E oifes akrrhnothf wet` KEQ ?2.

Ei ?501 L. ]þrmhs eivhstemothf o seth wèa` noy ot t`hhfmh kg o aòiihn gennhf wet` puceah (Loh-FVn) oifbosontea thp`ro (Loh-BV2). Ont`kum` t`h seth òf onrhofybhhi normhny fhstrkyhf by quorryeim coaèihry (]þrmhs?506), et wos pkssebnh tk rhakvhr o tusl oif o tèm` bkih kgo sthpph hnhpòit tkmht`hr wet` 74 quortz oif quortzethorthgoats (Gem. ??). V`h cojkrety kg t`h geifs akisests kggnolhs, o iucbhr kg wèa` orh prkfuahf ei bepknorthaìequh. Ei offeteki, gevh akrhs, gkur strual akbbnhs oifoi eithisevhny botthrhf quortz òcchrstkih whrh onskgkuif. Ockim t`h ckfegehf gkrcs orh twk sarophrs oif twk"pkeits", tkmht`hr wet` o iucbhr kg porteonny hfmh-rhtkua`hf orthgoats. Oport grkc tès normhny fhstrkyhfsetuoteki, o iucbhr (70) kg aknnhathf orthgoats es likwigrkc t`h soch strotemropèaon pkseteki ei vorekus ports kgt`h anoy pet (Wknnbrha`t ?552). Bhsefhs quortz oif quortzethorthgoats, tès iucbhr eianufhs o nyfeth akrh. V`h cojkretykg t`h pehahs orh "aùils" oif gnolhs, but sex akrhs oif osconn iucbhr kg rhtkua`hf gkrcs orh onsk prhshit. Geionny.J. Wknnbrha`t fesakvhrhf oif eivhstemothf o gurt`hr, stennuipubnes`hf, seth (Lornea` EEE/"Xù-seth") ot t`h bosh kg

Noyhr @ ei t`h ikrt`whst quorry goah kg t`h pet.

8. Noth Nkwhr Tonohknetèa sethsV`h noth Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths orh grkc t`h phrekf

ao. 644-144 Lyr BT (KEQ ??-5). V`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèabhmeis ei kur rhmeki ot t`h bosh kg t`h oith-phiuntecothnkhss bhf (KEQ 0).

8.?. LORNEA@ QHHXGHR

Ei t`h skut`host kg t`h Lornea` anoy pet o tkpkmropèaonfhprhsseki gkrchf subshquhitny tk t`h fhpkseteki kg t`hBrkalhitugg. V`h ghoturh shhcs o rhsunt kg t`h hrupteki oif

es pkssebny o arothr. V`h fhprhsseki bhaoch portny gennhfwet rhfhpksethf Brkalhitugg< subshquhitny wothr wos obnhtk aknnhat oif o sconn nolh wos gkrchf. Thot fhpksetsgkrchf fureim t`h eigenneim kg tès nolh rhprhshit, ki t`hhvefhiah kg t`her akitoeihf pknnhi oif coarksakpearhcoeis, t`h shakif òng kg t`h soch eithrmnoaeon ei wèa`t`h tugg reim wos hrupthf (Bettcoii, ei prhss). V`h gerstpòsh prhshit es o cexhf-kol-gkrhst, ei wèa` kol




Gem. ??. Lornea` nkwhr Noyhr @. _uortz (?-=) oif quortzeth (0-?4) orthgoats. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr L. ]þrmhs oif J. Wknnbrha`t.



??= MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - ]HQVHRI AHIVRON HXRKTH

fkceioths kvhr hnc oif nech. Vès es suaahhfhf gerst by opòsh ei wèh` òzhn es t`h fkceioit sphaehs oif t`hi by opòsh fkceiothf by `kribhoc. V`h prhshiah kg weimiut(Tthrkaoryo) oif ihttnh trhh (Ahntes) fureim t`h notthr phrekfs`kws tòt thcphroturhs whrh worchr tòi ot t`h prhshitfoy. V`h pknnhi feomroc s`kws o subshquhit resh kg ger.Geionny, t`h vonuhs kg bkt` t`h `kribhoc oif t`h ger fharhosh

oif oi eiarhosh ei t`h prhshiah kg spruah oif peih corlst`h hif kg t`h eithrmnoaeon.

V`h ponyiknkmeaon eithrprhtoteki kg t`h vhmhtotekionfavhnkpchit aoi bh akcpnhchithf by o normh roimh kgpnoit coark-rhcoeis, eianufeim wkkf rhcoeis up tk t`h sezhkg trhh truils (Bettcoii, ei prhss).

V`h "Lornea` eithrmnoaeon" fegghrs grkc t`h @knstheiEithrmnoaeon t`rkum` h.m. t`h prhshiah kg Ahntes oif Ozknno

geneaunkefhs, but onsk ei ets èm` vonuhs gkr `kribhoc oifnkw vonuhs gkr onfhr, oif cust rhprhshit oi knfhr eithrmnoaeon pòsh. V`h bhst poronnhn es Bensòushi ihor M÷tteimhi,wèa` es ossemihf tk t`h Arkchr Akcpnhx (Bettcoii ?554<ei prhss). Bettcoii prkpkshs tk hquoth t`h Lornea`

eithrmnoaeon wet` o "Arkchr W" eithrmnoaeon akrrhnothf wet`KEQ ??. Fureim t`h `kribhoc pòsh kg tès eithrmnoaeon,t`hrh es hvefhiah gkr t`h prhshiah kg o mrkup kg `kceiefs kio Ceeonn "phieisuno" gkrchf ei t`h ikrt`host port kg t`h nolhby soify cothreon oif Brkalhitugg hrkfeim grkc oi upsnkphpkseteki (Bkseisle. Bruiioalhr ht on. ?504< Lrkmhr, T. voifhi Bkmoorf ht on. ?500).

V`h netèa orthgoats orh cofh grkc cothreons prhshit eit`h ihem`bkureim thrroah mrovhns, ei porteaunor grkc quortzoif quortzeta. O prkbnhc akiahrieim t`h orthgoats es tòt t`harupteki kg t`h Brkalhitugg tugg reim ikt kiny brklh t`rkum`Fhvkieoi snoth oif Vhrteory anoy, but onsk t`rkum` t`h @em`

Vhrroah mrovhns, sk tòt t`h Brkalhitugg akitoeis iuchrkusioturonny nëoaturhf phbbnhs. Coiy kg t`hsh orh "akrhs" oif"gnolhs". Qhvhron otthcpts òvh bhhi cofh tk hstobnesàrethreo gkr festeimuesèim sua` thp`rkgoats fhrevhf grkc t`hBrkalhitugg grkc truh orthgoats (shh onsk Royion ht on., tèsvknuch). Ei vehw kg t`h uiskpèsteaothf thaìknkmy ei ushfureim t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa tès es ikt pkssebnh gkr coiyneeuns. sk tòt o normh "mrhy orho" rhcoeis kg pehahs wèa`cem`t hquonny òvh bhhi groaturhf by coi kr by t`harupteki. Fhspeth t`hsh prkbnhcs et es pkssebnh tk efhitegyskch ?84 ahrtoei orthgoats grkc t`h Lornea`-Qhhughr seth.Gnoleim thaìknkmy oif gnolh gkrcs orh mhihronny secpnh(Gem. ?2), but t`hrh orh twk akrhs wèa` gkrhsòfkw t`hNhvonnkes thaìequh. Qkch gnolhs orh porteonny hfmh-rhtkua`hf. O gromchit kg wkkf ottoa`hf by o akiarhteki tkkih kg t`hsh pehahs coy rhprhshit rhcoeis kg ògteim. Kinyo sconS iucbhr kg gnolhs òvh rhmunorny rhtkua`hf sarophr-hfmhs. Ei offeteki, anhovhrs kg fegghrhit sezhs (Gem. ?1) oifbegoahs orh onsk prhshit. V`h twk ckst rhmunor begoahs(Gems ?6-?8) orh cofh kg rhffes`-brkwi quortzeth oif orh

secenorny prkpkrtekihf oif gnolhf. V`h nkwhr surgoah kg kihpehah es normhny ioturon akrthx, tòt kg t`h shakif pehah esgkrchf by o ioturon anhovomh pnoih. O gurt`hr anoss kgorthgoat akcpreshs phbbnh tkkns kg fegghrhit typhs oif sezhs.V`h Lornea`-Qhhughr orthgoats whrh gkuif ei o goi kgshfechits kremeioteim grkc rhphothf ènn wos` oif hxthi-feim eitk t`h fhprhsseki. Ckst kg t`h orthgoats orh grhs`,

wet` sòrp hfmhs, oif òvh ahrtoeiny ikt bhhi troispkrthfkvhr o nkim festoiah. @occhrstkihs oif akijkeihf orthgoats orh hvefhiah gkr t`h prkfuateki kg orthgoats ot t`hseth.

Oiecon bkihs whrh fesakvhrhf ei t`h soch orho os t`hstkih orthgoats. V`h ckst akccki aothmkry es gkrchf bybkihs oif thht` kg t`h stroem`t-tuslhf hnhpòit, wèa` esrhprhshithf ot t`h seth by ot nhost 0 eifevefuons (Lrkmhr,T. voi fhi Bkmoorf ht on. ?500). V`h omh struaturh kg t`hhnhpòits eianufhs juvhienhs, prech ofunts oif knfeifevefuons. V`h ckst grhquhit bkfy port es t`h `hof,eianufeim t`h cknors oif tusls, w`hrhos ports kg t`h rucporh rorhny rhprhshithf. Bhsefhs t`h fkceioit stroem`t-tuslhf

hnhpòit, bkihs oif thht` kg rhf fhhr (Ahrvus hnopùs), obkveih (Bks kr Beski), `krsh (Hquus sp.), pem (Qus sp.),rheifhhr (Roimeghr toroifus) oif o ghnef whrh onsk gkuif.Rhahit oionyses by Q. Mouf/eisle (ei prhss) eifeaoths tòtt`h bkihs oif stkihs whrh rhwkrlhf grkc vorekus ferhatekisfureim vorekus phrekfs, tùs fhiyeim o precory akithxtaòroathr gkr t`h seth.

V`h setuoteki hxaovothf ot Lornea`-Qhhughr òs poronnhnsot Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths ei Etony (Gkitoio Roiuaaek, NoTknnhfroro) oif Qpoei (Vkrronbo, Ocbrkio, Orefks). Ot onnt`hsh seths t`hrh òs bhhi o nkim fesausseki kg t`h rknh kgùcois ei t`h oaaucunoteki kg t`h rhakvhrhf osshcbnomhs

oif, ei porteaunor, obkut t`h quhsteki kg oatevh hnhpòitùiteim. ]et`kut hithreim eitk tès porteaunor fesausseki,wèa` aoi bh fhaefhf kiny wet` feggeaunty ki t`h boses kgt`h oraòhknkmeaon osshcbnomh, et wkunf bh aorryeim tèimstkk gor ikt tk oaahpt t`h s`hnns kg òzhn iuts gkuif wet` t`hnetèa osshcbnomh oif t`h oiecon bkihs os t`h gkkf rhcoeiskg `kceiefs.

8.2. LORVQVHEI VROWHRVEIH

V`h Lortsthei trovhrteih ei t`h Ikrt` Heghn akisests kgshvhron uiets gkrchf fureim fegghrhit eithrmnoaeons. V`h coeitrovhrteih cosseg rhahitny wos fothf obkut 144 Lyr BT by

I. Groil (shh Wknnbrha`t, ei prhss) oif prkbobny bhnkims tkKEQ 5. Fureim t`h eivhstemoteki kg ykuimhr oraòhknkmeaon`krezkis ei aovhs oif obres wèa` òf subshquhitny gkrchfot t`h bosh kg t`h cosseg, @. N÷`r fesakvhrhf phbbnh tkknsoif oiecon bkihs hcbhffhf ei t`h trovhrteih (Bruiioalhr,@hiiem ht on. ?502). V`h akithxt kg t`h pehahs, wèa` orhahchithf eitk t`h trovhrteih cotrex, prhanufhs o choieimguneivhstemoteki kg t`h seth.




Gem. ?2. Lornea`-Qhhughr. Gnolhs. O gromchit kg wkkf of`hrhs tk t`h fkrson goah kg orthgoat 2. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr L. Lrkmhr.




Gem. ?1. Lornea -Qhhughr. Anhovhrs. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr L. Lrkmhr.

7. Nkwhr Tonohknetèa geifs kg uiahrtoei omh7.?. CÞIZHIBHRM RHMEKI

Geifs kg phbbnh tkkns, gnolhs oif begoahs aknnhathf grkct`h surgoah kg oiaehit thrroahs anksh tk Cþizhibhrm eiXpphr @hsseo òvh bhhi pubnes`hf ei shvhron orteanhs by@. Lrþmhr seiah t`h ?584's (Lrkmhr ?585< ?5=8< ?5==/=0<

?50=< ?505< ?556< Gehfnhr ?501< ?556< Ckiahn ?505). V`hcojkrety kg tès cothreon aoi, vhry prkbobny, bh ossemihf tkt`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa oif et òs onsk bhhi pkssebnh tk troaåt`h geif-bhoreim `krezki bhnkw o nkhss shateki akitoeieimt`h twk ckst rhahit nkhss bhfs (Bebus ?5=7). Ihvhrt`hnhss,tès kiny prkvefhs o thrceius oith quhc< t`h truh omh kg t`hcothreon es stenn uilikwi oif t`h eivhstemoteki kg o strotegehfseth ei tès rhmeki rhcoeis o prekrety.

7.2. B×IIEM@HEC

Oiecon bkihs oif stkih tkkns whrh fesakvhrhf bhnkw ostrotegehf nkhss shateki ei o pet ot B÷iiem`hec ihorNufwemsburm (]omihr ?554< ?55?). V`h strotemrop`y kg t`hseth s`kws tòt t`h geifs orh knfhr tòi t`h oith-phiuntecotaaknf stomh (KEQ 0) (Bebus ?552b). V`h bkihs orh efhitegehf

os t`h rhcoeis kg t`h slhnhtkis oif thht` kg o thcphrothgouio, eianufeim stroem`t-tuslhf hnhpòit, rèikahrks, beski,pem oif rhf fhhr (]omihr ?55?). Osskaeothf wet` t`h bkihswos o phbbnh tkke cofh kg hxktea tobunor a`hrt.

7.1. QVHEI@HEC

V`h Qthei`hec slunn (Bhral`hchr ?511< Ofoc ?500) oift`h geifs grkc t`h trovhrteih nkaonetehs Nousthr, @oos oif




Gem. ?6. Lornea`-Qhhughr. Begoah. Qaonh ei ac.

Gem. ?8. Lornea`-Qhhughr. Begoah. Qaonh ei ac.

"Builhr" ei Bof Aoiistott (]omihr ?504< ?506< ?50=<?552< Ofoc, Rhegg oif ]omihr ?507) prkbobny fhrevh grkct`h eithrmnoaeon fothf tk obkut 224 Lyr BT (KEQ =) oif orhtùs rot`hr horny Ceffnh Tonohknetèa ei akithxt. OtQthei`hec tès es rhifhrhf nelhny by t`h strotemropèa foteimkg t`h "oitequus noyhrs", ei wèa` t`h slunn wos gkuif, tkbhgkrh t`h phiuntecoth aknf stomh (Ofoc ?500).

Ei t`h aosh kg t`h Bof Aoiistott trovhrteih, foteimhvefhiah es prkvefhf by t`h mhkmropèaon festrebuteki kg tvorekus trovhrteih stomhs wetèi t`h vonnhy kg t`h Ihalor(Ofoc, Rhegg oif ]omihr ?507), t`h X-shrehs foteim kgt`h trovhrteihs tk ?=4-258 (@oos quorry) oif ?68-274 LyBT (Nousthr quorry) (Mrþi, Bruiioalhr oif @hiieim ?50oi HQR foth gkr oi hnhpòit tkkt` grkc t`h Nousthr quorr



?22 V@L HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

rhghrhiahs

Ofoc. L.F. ?500 Fhr Xrchisa` vki Qthei`hec oi fhr Curr uif sheih Xcwhnt. Hei Nhbhisbenf ous fhr Z

vkr heihr Wehrthn Cenneki Jo`rhi, Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushuc

Coeiz 18, 1-21.

Ofoc, L.F.,]. Rhegg,H. ]omihr

?507 Zhumiessh fhs Xrchisa`hi ous fhi Aoiistotthr Qouhrwosshrlonlhi, Gecflhrea`th ous

Bofhi-]þrtthcbhrm ??, ?-?44.

Bheiòuhr, L.].,N. Gehfnhr,F. ]hmihr

?552 @kristhei-Orthgolth vki fhr Guifsthnnh fhs @kck hrhatus `hefhnbhrmhises ous Couhr. L.]. Bheiòuhr oif M.O. ]omihr (hf.). Qaèa`thi vki Couhr. 08 Jo`rh @kck hrhatus

`hefhnbhrmhises, 67-=1, Coii`hec: Hfeteki Brous.

Bhral`hchr, G. ?511 Hei Chisa`hisaòfhn ous fhi fenuveonhi Qa`ktthri vki Qthei`hec oi fhr Curr, Oit`rkp

nkmesa`hr Oizhemhr ?4, 1?0-12?.

Bhrm, O. vki,N. Gehfnhr

?501 Ontponoknetèsa`h Guifh vki ]eiieimhi uif Lkbnhiz-Bes`knfhr oi fhr Xithrhi Ckshn, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrh spkifh izbnott ?1, 25?-250.

?50= Goustlhenguifh fhs onthrhi Oa`hunåhi vki ]eiieimhi/Ckshn, Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz. Bhrea`th zur Ora`åknkmeh oi Cetthnr`hei uif Ckshn ? (Vrehrhr Zhetsa`regt. Bhe`hgt 5), =1-0

Bebus, H. ?5=7 Zur mhkckrp`knkmesa`hi Guifsetuoteki uif Onthrssthnnuim fhr kbhr`hssesa`hi Mhr÷nnmh

vkc Cþizhibhrmhr Vyp., R`hei-Coeiesa`h Gkrsaùimhi 02, ?=5-241.

?552o Feh N÷B-Fhalsaèa`thi ec Bhrhea` fhr Guifsthnnh fhs @kck hrhatus `hefhnbhrmhises bhCouhr. Ei: L.]. Bheiòuhr oif M.O. ]omihr (hf.), Qaèa`thi vki Couhr. 08 Jo`rh

@kck hrhatus `hefhnbhrmhises, ?8?-?8=, Coii`hec: Hfeteki Brous.

?552b Feh Qhfechitgknmh ei fhr Zehmhnhe Qa`cef ei B÷iiem`hec uif fos c÷mnea`h Onthr fhrGkssenguifh ei fhi Bosessaèa`thi. @oihrbhibnotthr, @estkresa`h Mhshnnsaògt B÷iiem`he

?8, 27-25.

Bettcoii, G. ?554 Ihuh bekstrotemropèsa`h Lkrrhnehruim fhs Lornea`hr Eithrmnozeons (Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi/

Cetthnr`hei). Ei: ]. Qaèrchr (hf.), R`heimhsaèa`th zwesa`hi Ckshn uif Coos, 7=-=4,@oiikvhr: Fhutsa`h _uortorvhrheiemuim.

ei prhss Whmhtotekismhsaèa`tnea`h Xithrsuaùimhi oi cetthn- uif juimpnhestkzoihi Obnomhruimfhs Ihuwehfhr Bhalhis (Cetthnr`hei). Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitron

cushucs Coeiz 10.

Bkhieml. ]. ?5=0 Feh Mnehfhruim fhr ontquortorhi Obnomhruimhi ei fhr neilsr`heiesa`hi Iehfhrr`heiesa`hBua`t, Gkrtsa`retta Mhkn. R`heinoif uif ]hstgonhi 20, ?18-2?2.

Bkhieml, ].,M. Lkwonazyl,L. Bruiioalhr

?5=2 Zur Mhknkmeh fhs Onthstpnhestkz.ois fhr Iehfhrr`heiesa`hi Bua`t, Zhetsa`regt fhr Fhutsa`Mhknkmesa`hi Mhshnnsaògt ?21, ??5-?7?.

Bkhieml, ].,]. @hyh,]. Qaèrchr,L. Bruiioalhr

?5=6 Tonokcomihtesa`h Chssuimhi oi vehnmnehfremhi _uortorprkgënhi (Lornea`/Cetthnr`hei uifBof Qkfhi ec Vouius), Coeizhr Ioturwesshisaògtnea`hs Oraèv ?2, ?85-?75.




Bkmoorf, A`r. voi fhi,

E'. voi fhi Bkmoorf,

@.-X. Qa`ceialh

?505 _uorteermhknkmesa`-thp`rkstrotemropèsa`h Ihuougio`ch uif Eithrprhtoteki fhs Tnhestkzoi-prkgens Lornea`, Heszhenonthr uif Mhmhiwort 15, 72-07.

Bkmoorf, T. voi fhi.A`r.C. @onn,

@.-X. Qa`ceialh.

F. Ukrl

?50= 64OR/15OR Noshr Foteim kg seimnh mroeis: Omhs kg _uothriory Vhp`ro grkc t h Host

Heghn Wknaoiea Gehnf, G.R.M. Mhkp`yseaon Rhshora` Nhtthrs ?6, ?2??-?2?6.

Bkmoorf, T. voi fhi,@.-X. Qa`ceialh

?500 Osa`hinomhi ons quortorh Zhetcorlhi ei Cetthnhurkpo, Feh Mhkwesshisaògthi 1, =8-06.

?554 Feh Hitwealnuimsmhsaèa`th fhs Cetthnr`heirouchs uif feh Hruptekismhsaèa`ta fhs

Kstheghn-Wunloighnfhs. Ei: ]. Qaèrchr (hf.), R`heimhsaèa`th zwesa`hi Ckshn uif Coos,

?77-?54, @oiikvhr: Fhutsa`h _uortorvhrheiemuim.

Bksa`heihi, J.,

M. Bkseisle,L. Bruiioalhr,

X. Lka`.

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi,

H. Vurihr,B. Xrboi

?506 Hei ontponoknetèsa`hr Guifpnotz bhe Cehshi`hec. Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz/Ihuwehfhr

Bhalhi, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`nott ?6, ?-?7.

Bkseisle. M. ?552 Heszhetjomhr ec Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi. Ora`hknkmeh fhs Heszhetonthrs oc Cetthnr`hei.

(Ora`åknkmeh oi Cetthnr`hei uif Ckshn ?), Lkbnhiz: Oraòkn. Fhilconpgnhmh.

Bkseisle. M.,L. Bruiioalhr.

L.T. Noishr,Q. Qnhpòi,

B. Xrboi,L. ]þrmhs

?504 Ontponoknetèsa`h Guifh vki Lornea`, Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz (Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi),

Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`nott ?4, 258-1?6.

Bkseisle, M..

E. voi Lkngsa`kthi.H. Vurihr

?500 Cehshi`hec E. Feh Zhen fhs @kck hrhatus. Oifhrioa`hr Bhetromh 2, Oifhrioa`.

Bruiioalhr. L..

R. Qtrhet,

]. Qaèrchr

?575 Fhr Ougbou fhs _uortor-Trkgens vki Lornea`/Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi (Cetthnr`hei), Coeizhr

Ioturwessaògtnea`hs Oraèv 0, ?42-?11.

Bruiioalhr. L..

Gn. @hnnhr,

W. Nkzhl

?5=? Bhetromh zur Qtrotemropèh fhs _uortor-Trkgens vki Lornea` oc Cetthnr`hei, Coeizhr

Ioeueuesshisaògtnea`hs Oraèv ?4, ==-?44.

Bruiioalhr, L..@. N÷`r,

]. Bkhieml,J.J. Tuesshmur,E E'kpnei

?5=8 _uorteer-Ougsa`neessh bhe Orehifkrg oc uithrhi Cetthnr`hei, Coeizhr Ioturwesshisaògt-

nea`hs Oraèv ?6, 51-?6?.

Bruiioalhr, L.,

]. Bkhieml.

O. Lkae.]. Venncoiis

?5=7 Feh COVXUOCO/BRXI@HQ-Mrhizh oc R`hei uif oi fhr Fkiou. Ihuhs Jo`rbua` Mhknkmeh

Tonhkitknkmeh, Obòifnuim ?8?, 180-1=0.




Bruiioalhr, L.,]. Bkhieml.

B. Fknhzonhl,L.H. Lhcpg,O. Lkae,@. Chitzhi,C. Roze Rof,L.-T. ]eithr

?5=0 Feh Cetthn thrrosshi oc Iehfhrr`hei zwesa`hi L÷ni uif C÷ia`himnofboa`, Gkrtsa`retth

Mhknkmeh R`heinoif uif ]hstgonhi 20, 2==-126.

Bruiioalhr, L..G. Gorrkl`,F. Qeferkpkunks

?502 Feh ontquortorhi Vhrrosshi rha`ts fhs Iehfhrr`heis, Zhetsa`regn gþr Mhkckrp`knkmeh, I.

Quppn. 62, 2?8-227.

Bruiioalhr, L.,

M.J. @hiiem,

H. Juvemiå,

@. N÷`r.

B. Xrboi,

R. Zhhsh

?502 Fhr Lortsthei-Vrovhrtei ei fhr i÷rfnea`hi ]hstheghn , Fha`hieoio ?18, ?=5-246.

Bruiioalhr, L.,]. Bkhieml

?501 V`h Rèih Wonnhy bhtwhhi t`h Ihuwehf Bosei oif t`h Nkwhr R`hies` Hcboychit. Ei:

L. Gua`s ht on. (hf.). Tnothou Xpnegt, V`h R`hies` Qèhnf - O Aosh @estkry, 72-=2, Bhrne

Qpreimhr-Whrnom.

Gehfnhr, N. ?501 Jomhr uif Quccehr fhr Grþ`zhet. Ont- uif Cetthnstheizhet ei Ikrf`hsshi. Wkr- uif Grþ`

mhsaèa`th ec @hssesa`hi Noifhscushuc Losshe, Losshe.

?55? Tonokne tèsa`h Guifh oug Vhrrosshi ec R`hei-Ckshn-Rouc, Bhrea`th zur Ora`hknkmeh oi

Cetthnr`hei uifCkshn 2, 5-?5.

?556 Ont- uif cetthnstheizhetnea`h Guifh ei @hsshi. Gþ`rhr zur `hssesa`hi Wkr- uif Grþ`-mhsaèa`th 2, Losshe.

Grha`hi, J. ?5=7 Qehbhimhbermh oc R`hei - Nooa`hr Wunloimhbeht - Coormhèht fhr ]hstheghn. Wunloiknkmesa phtrkmropèsa`h Hxlursekihi. Qoccnuim mhknkmesa`hr Gþ`rhr 87, 1 hf. Bhrnei,Qtuttmort.

Mobuieo, N. ?552 Fhr chisa`nea`h Xithrlehghr vki Fcoiese (Mhkrmehi, Loulosus), Jo`rbua` fhs R÷iusa

Mhrcoiesa`hs Zhinroncushucs Coeiz 15, ?08-240.

Moufzeisle, Q. ei prhss Lornea`-Qhhughr. Xithrsuaùimhi zu heihr ontponoknetèsa`hi Guifsthnnh ec Ihuwehfhr

Bhalhi (R`heinoif/Fhutsa`noif). Ckikm. RMZC, Coeiz.

Mrþi, R.,L. Bruiioalhr.M.J. @hiiem

?502 214V`/216X-Fothi cetthn- uif juimpnhestkzOihr Vrovhrteih ec Rouc Qtuttmort, Jo`rhs-

bhrea`th uif Cetthenuimhi fhs Kbhrr`heiesa`hi mhknkmesa`hi Whrheis I. G. 76, 24?-2??

Mrþi, R..L. Bruiioalhr

?507 Hnhltrkihi-Qpei-Rhskioiz (HQR)- Fotehruim heihs Hnhgoithizoìhs ous fhc Vrovhrtei-brua` "Nousthr", Qtuttmort-Bof Aoiistott, Jo`rhs`hgth fhs mhknkmesa`hi Noifhsocths

Bofhi-]þrtthcbhrm 20, 61-6=.

@ohsohrts, T. ?554 Qtrotemropèaon opprkoa` tk t`h Tnhestkahih fhpksets kg t`h Qaìhefhr quorry ot Orehifkr(Ceffnh Rèih, Mhrcoiy). Ei: ]. Qaèrchr (hf.), R`heimhsaèa`th zwesa`hi Ckshn uif

Coos, ??2 -??6, @oiikvhr: Fhutsa`h _uortorvhrheiemuim.




@hec, J.,

J.T. Noutrefku.J. Couakrps,

J.J. Tuesshmur.

.?. Qkuceh.

O. V`hvhiei

@kwhnn, G. A.

Juilieoiis, J.

Lo`nlh, R.-F.

?502 Oa`hi`hec: Xih shquhiah-typh fhs nkhss fu pnhestkahih ckyhi ht supårehur, Buen.

O.G.H._. ?5, ?6=-?85.

Loeshr, L.

Lnksnhrcoii. .?.

Lkhiemswonf, ]. vki

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi.

M. Rkt`,

H. Vurihr

Lkngsa`kthi. V. voi,

H. Vurihr

Lrkmhr, L.,T. voi fhi Bkmoorf,

G. Bettcoii,

H. Vurihr

Lrkmhr, @.

?574 Hurkphoi oif Ikrt`whst Ogreaoi Ceffnh Tnhestkahih @kceiefs, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy ?,

?58-212.

?55? Feh Qtheiorthgolth ous Oa`hi`hec ei fhr Qoccnuim Toun ]hrihrt, Oraòknkmesa`hs

Lkrrhspkifhizbnott 2? , ?-?7.

?508 Ontpnhestkzoih @eppkpktocus -Rhsth vki XithrcoBghnf bhe Cheieimhi (Bhzerl Qu`n,FFR) (Wkrnougemh Cetthenuim). Qoumhtehrluifnea`h Eigkrcotekihi 2, 22=-211.

ei prhss Feh @eppkpktocus-Rhsth ous fhc Xithrpnhestkzoi vki XithrcoBghnf bhe Cheieimhi

(V`þreimhi). Ei: @.-F. Lo`nlh oif R.-F. Lo`nlh (hf.), Fos Tnhestkzoi vki Xithrcogeghnf

ei V`þreimhi, Vhen E. Ckikmr. RMZC, Coeiz.

?57? Mnehfhruim uif Gkrchisaòtz fhs Tnhestkzois uif _uortors oc Cetthn- uif Iehfhrr`hei

skweh ei fhi oimrhizhifhi Iehfhrnoifhi uithr bhskifhrhr Bhrþalsea`temuim fhr

R`heithrrosshi, Ghstsa`rege zuc 11. Fhutsa`hi Mhkmrop`hi-Vom L÷ni, 217-2=0.

?552 Fos _uortor fhr Iehfhrr`heiesa`hi Bua`t. Lrhghnf.

?552 Zur ×lknkmeh uif Bekstrotemropèh fhr bhefhi pnhestkzþihi Gouihi vki Couhr bhe@hefhnbhrm. Ei: L.]. Bheiòuhr oif M.O. ]omihr (hf.), Qaèa`thi vki Couhr. #8 Jo`rh

@kck hrhatus `hefhn`hrmaises, ?4?-? ?4, Coii`hec: Hfeteki Brous.

?554o V`h Hvknuteki kg t`h Coccon Gouio ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs oif t`h Ceffnh Rèih Orho

(]hsthri Mhrcoiy) fureim t`h Noth Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Chfhfhneimhi Rejls Mhknkmesa`h

Fehist 61(1), ?-75.

?554b Cehshi`hec E bhe Oifhrioa`. Ei: ]. Qaèrchr (hf.), R`heimhsaèa`th zwesa`hi Ckshn uif

Coos, 0?-00, @oiikvhr: Fhutsa`h _uortorvhrheiemuim.

ei prhss CetthnpnhestkzOih Lnheigouio vki Cehshi`hec E. Ei: H. Vurihr (hf.), Cehshi`hec E.

Ckikmr. RMZC, Coeiz.

?554 Cknnuslhi- uif Qoumhtehrgouihi ous fhr Vkimruba Lornea`. Ei: ]. Qaèrchr (hf.), R`hei

mhsaèa`th zwesa`hi Ckshn uif Coos, =4-=6, @oiikvhr: Fhutsa`h _uortorvhrheiemuim.

ei prhss Horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Cocconeoi Gouios grkc Lornea` oif Cehshi`hec E oif t`her

Bekstrotemropèaon ncpneaotekis, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Arkchr-Qycpkseuc, Ikrwea` ?554.

?500 Fhr Guifpnotz Lornea`-Qhhughr. Ihuh Xithrsuaùimhi zuc Ontponoknetèluc ec R`hei-noif. Jo`rùa` fhs R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhinroncushucs Coeiz 18, ???-?18.

?585 Grþ`poneeknetèsa`h Mhr÷nnorthgolth vkc Vyp "Thbbnh- tkk e" ei Kbhr`hsshi; Heszhetonthr

uifMhmhiwort ?4, ?78-?50.

?5=8 Vypknkmesa`h uif strotemropèsa`h Lrethrehi zur proreBzhetnea`hi Fotehruim fhr ontponokne-

tèsa`hi Mhr÷nnmhrot- Eifustreh vkc Cþizhibhrmhr Vyp ei Kbhr`hsshi, Guif`hrea`th ous

@hsshi ?1, ?-84.




?5==/=0 Qtrotemropèsa` mhsea`hrth Mrobuimsbhguifh zur `knstheizhetnea`hi Fotehruim fhr kbhr-

`hssesa`hi Mhr÷nnmhrot- Eifustreh vkc Cþizhibhrmhr Vyp, Guifbhrl`th ous @hsshi

?=/?0, ?-27.

?50= Zur arkchrzhetnea`hi Fotehruim fhr Cþizhibhrmhr Mhr÷nnmhroth-Mrupph, _uortor 1=/10

225-264.

E neQn¼ Feh Arkchrzhet-Fotehruim fhr Cþizhibhrmhr Mhr÷nnmhroth - hei Hxhcphn urmhsaèa`tnea`

nnrrhis; _uortor 15/64, 2?8-222.

?556 Feh ontponþknetèsa`h Mhr÷nnmhroth-nifustreh fhr Cþizhibhrmhr Mrupph ei Kbhr`hsshi.

(Cothreonehi zur Wkr- uif Grþ`mhsaèa`th vki @hsshi ?4). ]ehsbofhi.

Neppknt, @.J..

X. Gu`rcoii,

??. @rofhtzly

?'eQf 64OR/15OR Omh Fhthrceiotekis ki Qoiefeihs kg t`h Heghn Wknaoiea Gehnfs (Ghfhron

Rhpubnea kg Mhrcoiy): Akistroeits ki Omh oif Furoteki kg o Ceffnh Tnhestkahih aknfphrekf, A`hceaon Mhknkmy 85, ?0=- 246.

Nkzhl, W. ?5=? Wkrnougemh Lurzouswhrtuim fhr Cknnuslhiguifh. Ei: L. Bruiioalhr, Gn. @hnnhr oif W. Nkz

?5=?,01-07.

Coun, N. ?554 Beòresa`h Lnheisoumhrguifh vki Xithrcogeganf, Wkemtsthft uif Qþgehibkri uif e`rh

a`rkiknkmesa`h Qthnnuim ec Ro`chi fhr beòresa`hi Cearkcocconeo-Gouihi Hurkpos.Fess. @ucbknft-Xievhrsetot Bhrnei.

Chyhr, ].

Ckiahn, C.-@.

Cþnnhr-Bhal, @.

E "I(9 Mhknkmeh fhr Heghn. Qtuttmort.

?505 N'eifus treh sur monht fh Cþizh ibhrm (Kbhr`hsshi, R.G.O) fu Trkghsshur @. Lrejmhr

(Mehsshi). Rågnhxekis sur pnus fh 14 ois fh prksphatekis, gkuennhs ht fesaussekis sur no

fototeki (?582-?50=), N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 51 , 1-?6.

?576 Zur strotemropèsa`hi Qthnnuim fhs @kc k `hefhnbhrmhises , Jo`rbua` fhs Rñcesa`-Mhrco

iesa`hi Zhitroncushucs Coeiz ??, ?8-12.

Thial, O.,H. Brþalihr

?54?-45 Feh Onphi ec Heszhetonnhr. Nhepzem.

Royion. J.-T.,N. Comkmo,T. Beifki

tès Vhp`rkgoats oif t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`h Grhia` Cosseg Ahitron.

vknuch

Rhcy, @. ?585 Zur Mnehfhruim fhs N÷sshs bhe Lornea` uif Br÷n oc uithrhi Cetthnr`hei cet bhskifhrhrBhrþalsea`temuim fhr Gouihi, Gkrnsa`rennh Mhknkmeh R`heinoif uif ]hstgonhi 6, 121-114.

Rkt`, M.. ei prhss o. Cknnuslhi ous fhc cetthnpnhestkzoihi "Lor nea`hr Ei thrmnozeon" fhr Vkimrubh bhe Lornea`(Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi/Cetthnr`hei), Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs

Coeiz 15.

Rust, O.

ei prhss b. Feh Cknnuslhi fhr cetthnpnhestkzoihi Guifsthnnh Cehshi`hec E. Ei: H. Vurihr (hf.), Cehshi`hec E, Ckikmrop`, RMZC, Coeiz.

?587o Orthgolth ous fhr Zhet fhs @kck `hefhnbhrmhises ei Qþf- uif Ikrffhutsa`noif. Bkii.

?587b Þbhr ihuh Orthgolth ous fhr @hefhnbhrmhr Qtugh, Heszhetonnhr uif Mhmhiwort =, ?=5-?52

?58= Heih Qlezzh zuc vhrcutnea`hi ]hrfhmoim uif Obnout" fhr @hefhnbhrmhr Luntur ei Hurkp

_uothrioreo 6, ?-?7.



?2= MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - ]HQVHRI AHIVRON HXRKTH

Qaèieialh, @.-X.

Qa`ceialh, @.-X..W. Nkrhiz,

@.O. Qhal

?578 Þbhr ]ogghi- uif ]hrlzhumthaìel fhs Ontchisa`hi. Ihucþisthr.

?5=? ]hrlzhumh fhs Grþ`chisa`hi ei Hurkpo. Ihucþisthr.

?500 Wunloih ec Nooa`hr Qhh-Mhbeht. E`rh Hitsthùim uif `hutemh Bhfhutuim. @onthri.

?501 V`h _uothriory Heghn Wknaoiea Gehnfs. Ei: L. Gua`s ht on. (hf.). Tnothou Xpnegt, V`h

R`hies` Qèhnf - O Aosh @estkry, ?15-?8?, Bhrnei: Qpreimhr-Whrnom.

Qa`cufh, L.

Qa`khthisohl, K.

Qtrhht, C.,

^ n. Boonhs.

B. ]hieimhr

V`kch, L.I.

?552 Zwhe arkchrzhetnea`h Orthgolt-Guifpnotzh ei fhr Jþimhrhi @ouptthrrossh oc Iehfhrr`hei,

Heszhetonthr uif Mhmhiwort 62, ?-26.

?540 Fhr Xithrlehghr fhs @kck @hefhn`hrmhises ous fhi Qoifhi vki Couhr bhe @hefhnbhrm.

Hei Bhetrom zur Tonhkitknkmeh fhs Chisa hi. Nhepzem.

?556 Obsknuth A`rkiknkmeh fhs spothi Tonoknetèlucs uif fhs Grþ`chsknetèlucs ec

i÷rfnea`hi R`heinoif, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhizbnott 26, ?-20.

?580 Feh Bhmhmiuim fhs ikrfesa`hi Einoifheshs cet fhc R`hei, Mhknkmesa`hs Jo`rbua` =7,

27?-140.

Vurihr. H. ?554 Ceffnh oif Noth Tnhestkahih Coarkgouios kg t`h Ihuwehf Bosei Rhmeki (Rèihnoif-Tonoteioth) kg ]hst Mhrcoiy, Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs

Coeiz 1=, ?18-157.

Vurihr, H. (hf.),

Wknnbrha`t. J.

]omihr, H.

?55? Tnhestkahih Qtrotemrop`y oif Whrthbroth Gouios grkc t`h Ihuwehf Bosei rhmeki kg

]hsthri Mhrcoiy, Aroieuc 0, 2?-16.

ei prhss Cehshi`hec E. Hxaovotekis ot o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa Qeth ei t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif kg

Mhrcoiy. Ckikmr. RMZC, Coeiz.

?552 Fos Ontponoknetèluc ous fhi uithrhi Qaèa`thi ei Lornea`. Comesthrorbhet L÷ni.

ei prhss Xithrsuaùimhi zuc Ontponoknetèluc fhs R`heinoifhs. Fesshrtoteki Xievhrsetot L÷ni.

?504 Hei ontponoknetèsa`hr Rostpnotz ec cetthnpnhestkzoihi Vrovhrtei vki Qtuttmort-Bof

Aoiistott, Ora`hknkmesa`h Ousmrobuimhi ei Bofhi-]þrtthcbhrm ?5=5, =-?6.

?506 Hei Jomfpnotz fhs @kck hrhatus ec cetthnpnhestkzoihi Vrovhrtei ei Qtuttmort-Bof Aoiistott,

Mhrcoieo 72, 214-27=.

?50= Feh Guifsthnnh "Bu ilhr" ec cetthnpnhestkzoihi Vrovhrtei vki Qtuttmort-Bof Aoiistott,

Ora`hknkmesa`h Ousmrobuimhi ei Bofhi-]þrtthcbhrm ?507, ?8-?0.

?554 Ihuh ponoknetèsa`h Grhenoifguifsthnnhi. Oraòknkmesa`h Ousmrobuimhi ei Bofhi-]þrt

thcbhrm ?505, ?5-2?.

?55? Xrmhsaèa`th ec Ihalornoif. Gþ`rhr zu oraòknkmesa`hi Fhilconhri ei Fhutsa`noif 22

(@henbrkii uif fos ceiehrh Ihalornoif zwesa`hi Corboa` uif Muifhns`hec).

?552 Nhs fåakuvhrths ponåknetèquhs fhs trovhrteis fh Qtuttmort-Bof Aoiistott, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh

57, =?-07.

]heihrt, @. ?51= Fhc Xithrlehghr vki Couhr zur 14jo`remhi ]ehfhrlh`r sheihr Hitfhaluim, Zhetsa`regt gþr

Ckrp`knkmeh uif Oit`rkpknkmeh 1=, ?42-??1.



]hrihrt, T. ?58= Qtrotemropèh ponåkitknkmequh ht pråèstkrequh fhs såfechits quothrioerhs f'Onsoah(Oa`hi`hec. Cåc. Qhrveah aorth måkn. Ik.6). Qtrosbkurm.

]hrihrt, T., ?572 Xi "phbbnh-tkkn" fhs onnuvekis r`åiois fh no aorreàrh @urst o Oa`hi`hec, Buen. shrvM. Cennkt, aorth mhkn. Onsoah-Nkrroeih ?8, 25-17.J.T. voi Hnnhr

]knfsthft, T. E5882 Ikrffhutsa`noif uif oimrhizhifh Mhbnhth nc Heszhetonthr. Qtuttmort.

]þrmhs, L. ?506 Ontponoknetèsa`h Guifh ous fhr Vkimrubh Lornea` (Qaèa`t @, uithi), Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz/Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`notn ?6, ?=-22.

?507 Orthgolth ous fhi onthsthi _uortor-Qhfechithi (Qaèa`thi O-A) fhr Vkimrubh Lornea`,Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz/Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`notn ?7, ?

?55? Ihuh ontponoknetèsa`h Guifh ous fhr Vkimrubh Lornea`, Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz /Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi. Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`notn 2?, 665-688.

Zepthr, E. ?55? Feh Mhknkmeh fhs O`saìetts M fhr Fhalsaèa`thi ei fhr Vkimrubh Lornea`nCetnhnr`Fepnkcorbhet Xievhrsetot L÷ni.

Mhròrf BkseisleGkrsaùimsbhrhea` OntstheizhetQa`nkss Ckirhpks8787= IhuwehfMhrcoiy



jhoi Toun Royioe 0 Vhp`rkgoats oif t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`hukihe Comkmo Grhia` Cosseg AhitronThthr Beifki

Anoecs gkr Horny Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki kg t`h Grhia` Cosseg Ahitron orh hxoceihf wetèi t`h akithxt kg t`hmhknkmeaon shtteim kg t`h seths. V`h Cosseg Ahitron es oiorho w`hrh vknaoiea prkahsshs rhphothfny groaturhf stkihs,tùs prkfuaeim gorcs tòt nkkl nelh ùcoiny ckfegehfkbjhats: thp`rkgoats. V`h oionyses kgrow cothreon fevhrsety

prkvhs tk bh oi ecpkrtoit tkke tk fesareceioth bhtwhhikaaurrhiahs kgsua` thp`rkgoats oif ora`hknkmeaon seths, t`hhornehst kgwèa` foth grkit t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

?. Eitrkfuateki

V`h prkfuateki kg mhkgoats, kbjhats rhsunteim grkc ioturon

groaturh oif ecetoteim orthgoats (@oyihs ?5=1), es o

p`hikchiki nkim rhakmiezhf ei coiy fegghrhit shfechitory

akithxts (The ?51=< Ckrthncois ?56=< Brhuen ?588< Anorl

?580< Bkurfehr ?57=< Gkuriehr ?5=?< Royion oif Vhxehr

?505< Royion ht on. ?554). O iucbhr kg wkrls òvh

oionyzhf sua` kbjhats (porteaunorny gneit kihs), oif òvh

trehf tk hnobkroth o cht`kf wèa` festeimues`hs anhorny

bhtwhhi eithitekionny gnolhf kbjhats oif prkfuats kg ioturh

(Bkunh ?005< ?548< ?52?< @oworf ?5??< Cker ?5??<

]orrhi ?5?6< Mroyski ?507< Qaìurrhibhrmhr oif Onoi

?508< Thoakal ?55?).V`h Cosseg Ahitron ei t`h ahitron ckuitoeikus rhmeki kg

Groiah hxphrehiahf oatevh vknaoiesc seiah t`h Cekahih

(?8-24 Cyr BT) oif shvhron mnoaeon hvhits fureim t`h

Tnhestkahih. Bhaoush vunaoiesc oif grkst oateki mhihroth

rkal groatureim, t`hrh es tùs o èm` prkbobenety kg t`h

ioturon kaaurrhiah kg pshufk-orthgoats ei tès orho. V`h

fesakvhry kg gneit pshufk-tkkns akigushf o iucbhr kg

oraòhknkmests fureim t`h ieihthhit` ahitury bhmeiieim wet`

Vorfy (?075), w`k rhpkrthf t`h fesakvhry kg Cekahih

hknet`s grkc Nh Tuy Akuriy ei t`h Aoiton. Ckrh tòi gegty

yhors nothr Corty wos stenn ormueim gkr tès eithrprhtoteki

(Aopetoioif Corty ?526).V`h Cosseg Ahitron rhmeki es whnn likwi gkr ecpkrtoit

hxaovotekis kg Xpphr Tonohknetèa seths oif et òs

akisefhrobnh oraòhknkmeaon pkthiteon gkr seths yehnfeim

cothreon grkc t`h Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa phrekfs.

Fureim t`h nost twhity yhors, cua` rhshora` òs bhhi

uifhrtolhi ei t`h rhmeki, oechf ot fesakvhreim troahs kg

t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Hurkph. V`hsh eivhstemotekis

òvh bhhi akiahitrothf ei Whnoy, o prkveiah tk t`h skut`

kg Ouvhrmih wèa` es rea` ei Tnek-Tnhestkahih gouios,

kaaurreim ei bhtwhhi vknaoiea shfechits wèa` kgghr t`h

pkssebenety kg kbtoeieim o nkim shquhiah kg ponohkcomihtea

oif rofekchtrea foths. Bossh-Ouvhrmih oif Bkurbkiioes

òvh yehnfhf o iucbhr kg anossea Oa`hunhoi begoahs

noaleim strotemropèa akithxt, oif ei surgoah akcpnhxhs kg

t`h Onnehr tkkns cofh ki quortz akbbnhs òvh bhhi

fesakvhrhf.

V`h netèa shrehs fesakvhrhf ei t`h Cosseg Ahitron,

preiaeponny ei Whnoy, òs bhhi anossegehf uifhr t`h ioch

"Ckst Oiaehit Tonohknetèa" (Bkiegoy oif Bkiegoy ?501)

oif òs bhhi prkpkshf os rhsknveim t`h quhsteki kg t`h tech

kg t`h eieteon ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Hurkph (Bkiegoy.

Akisemiy, Neobhug ?505< Bkiegoy ?50?< ?501< ?505o< b< a<

?55?). Vès phrsphatevh, wèa` es kg akisefhrobnh

akiahptuon ecpkrtoiah oif tùs cust bh gkuifhf ki

fhaesevh ormuchits, es ikt oaahpthf uioieckusny by t`h

saehitegea akccuiety, os fkubts obkut t`h ortegeaeon aòroathr

kg t`h geifs òvh bhhi hxprhsshf ei coiy pubneaotekis

(Fhnski ?505< Bkìfo ?554< Wenno ?55?< Gorezy ei Feoz

?551). ]h `hrh rhpkrt skch rhsunts kg oi hxoceioteki kg t`h

prkfuateki kg mhkgoats by vknaoiesc. ]h wenn rhghr tk t`hshos thp`rkgoats. V`hsh pshufk-orthgoats orh gosèkihf ei

cothreons ktàr tòi gneit wèa` kaaur ei t`h nkaon

hiverkichit kg suppkshfny oiaehit oraòhknkmeaon seths.

Kur kbshrvotekis, bhmui ei ?505, orh gkuifhf ki t`h

hxoceioteki kg o iucbhr kg vknaoiea struaturhs oif t`h

fhpksets oif hpeanosteths osskaeothf wet` t`hsh struaturhs

(Gem. ?). V`hsh eivhstemotekis whrh oechf ot hnuaefoteim t`h

pkssebnh prhshiah kg `kceiefs ei t`h noth Tnekahih oif Horny

Tnhestkahih kg tès port kg Groiah. Qphaeon otthiteki òs bhhi

mevai tk t`h seth kg Bnossoa oif port kg t`h obuifoit shrehs

kg suppkshf orthgoats fesakvhrhf ei oi oiaehit akithxt t`hrh

oif onsk tk t`h seth kg Qknhenòa, yehnfeim t`h strkimhst

hvefhiah gkr oi horny kaaupoteki kg Whnoy.

2. V`h prkfuat eki kg thp`rkgoats

V`h prkfuateki kg thp`rkgoats es likwi tk òvh kaaurrhf

ei pyrkanosteths kg t`h Heghn ei Mhrcoiy (Bkseisle ht on.

?507). ]h aknnhathf skch thp`rkgoats ki t`h seth kg Lornea`

oif ei strkcbkneoi nopenne kg t`h Qa`wheislkpg vknaoik ei




Gem. ?. Nkaoteki kg t`h stufy orho.

t`h akcpoiy kg M. Bkseisle ei ?552. V`hsh thp`rkgoats

suphrgeaeonny rhshcbnh orthgoats oif t`her fegghrhiteoteki

grkc t`h notthr es feggeaunt w`hi t`hy orh fesakvhrhf kutsefh

kg t`her precory vknaoiea akithxt (Lunhchyhr ?507).

Ei Wanoy. coiy Tnhestkahih coor tugg-reims (No Qouvhtot,

Nhs Gormhs, Qoeit-Hbnh, Qknhenòa, Qhiàzh, Bnossoa/Nhs

Bnoia`hs), bosoietea brhaaeos (Qoeith-Oiih) oif kih

strkcbkneoi akih òvh yehnfhf thp`rkgoats wet` vorekus

phtrknkmeaon kremeis. Ckrhkvhr, coiy kt`hr mhkgoats òvhbhhi aknnhathf ei o normh iucbhr kg vknaoiea shfechits

(Qoeit-Wefon, Wons, Brekufh).

Ockim t`hsh orh o iucbhr kg gnolhs oif skch kbjhats

wet` cuntepnh gnolh saors wet` o vhry rhmunor potthri: ikih

kg t`hc wkunf ba fesaorfhf kut kg òif eg t`hy kaaurrhf ei

sknef oraòhknkmeaon akithxts. @kwhvhr, t`hy orhuifkubthfny thp`rkgoats wèa` òvh rhsunthf grkc shvhron

chaòieaon oif t`hrcon oatekis fureim vorekus fegghrhit

hruptevh stomhs kg vknaoiea hvhits.

1. Thtrkmrop`y kg t`h thp`rkgoats

V`h row cothreons kg t`h thp`rkgoats aknnhathf akch grkc

t`h rhmekion boshchit kr grkc t`h Tnek-Tnhestkahih

shfechitory gkrcotekis wèa` òvh bhhi onthrhf by t`h

vknaoiea hruptekis. Qkch kg t`hsh cothreons stenn kutarkp ei

t`h ecchfeoth hiverkichit kg t`h vknaoiea gkrcotekiseivhstemothf. V`h gknnkweim fevhrsh rkals òvh bhhi

efhitegehf: vhei quortz, phmcotetea quortz, geih mroeihf

mroieth, krehithf mroieth, cemcotetea mihess wet` sennecoiet

nocprkp`yrh oif vorekus bosonts.

V`h Bnossoa-Nhs Bnoia`hs tugg-reim òs yehnfhf shvhity

twk thp`rkgoats. V`h festrebuteki kg phtrkmropèh typhs fkh

ikt vory semiegeaoitny bhtwhhi t`h aùils, gnolhs kr pshuf



E J n JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - VHT@RKGOAVQ KG V@H GRHIA@ COQQEG AHIVRON

orthgoats (Gem. 2o). -6 strkim prhshiah kg cothreons kgcåfekarh gnoleim quonety (mroieths oif mihess) oif t`h

obshiah kg g neit es o festeian aòroathrestea kg tès shrehs.

6. Iotur on gnolhs

Ei tès pophr wh fk ikt fesauss t`h anossea "pkt-n ef" gnolh

gkrc whnn likwi tk kaaur os o rhsunt kg g`hrconny eifuahf

rhfuateki shquhiahs. ]h ikth `kwhvhr t`h obshiah ei t`hnethroturh kg kbshrvotekis akiahrieim t`h aòroathresteas kg

t`hsh t`hrcon groaturh ghoturhs w`hi t`hy kaaur ofjoahit tk

t`h hfmhs kg errhmunor aùils. V`h ioturon gnolhs fhrevhf

grkc t`hsh setuotekis hxèbet o pshufk-streleim pnotgkrc

prkfuahf w`hi t`h groaturh surgoah eithrshats oi ofjkeieim

hfmh. Ont`kum` t`hsh kbjhats coy bh suphrgeaeonny efhitegehf

os ùcoiny prkfuahf tnolhs, tès pkseteki aoi bh rhofeny

fesaorfhf gkr gneit w`hi ikih kg t`h kt`hr ghoturhs kg

ùcoiny prkfuahf gnolhs aoi bh efhitegehf (pkeit kg

phrausseki, vhitron bunbor saor, rofeon strhss corls, hta).

Gegty ioturon gnolhs whrh aknnhathf gkr stufy grkc t`h

tugg-reims kg Bnossoa-Nhs Bnoia`hs, No Qouvhtot oif

Qknhenòa (Gem. 1). Qkch kg t`hc whrh ei juxtopkseteki wet`

t`h pshufk-akrh. V`hy rhsunt grkc rhphtetevh uie-ferhatekion

strhsshs, bkt` chaòieaon oif t`hrcon.

()n t`hsh, gegthhi (14%) hxèbet akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcs.

V`hsh hou bh subfevefhf eitk t`ksh wet` o tkton kr porteon

akrteaon fkrson surgoah hxthifeim tk t`h hfmhs (?? kbjhats)

oif t`ksh wet` iki-akrteaon hfmhs (6 kbjhats). Ei t`h aosh kg

o shrehs prkfuahf by eithitekion gnoleim, t`hsh kbjhats

wkunf bh akisefhrhf kg precory oif shakifory mhihroteki.

Gnolhs wet`kut akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcs rhprhshit =4%

kg t`h tkton (18 kbjhats) oif tès mrkup es akcpkshf kg t`ksh

wet` akrteaon fkrson surgoahs (0 kbjhats) oif t`ksh wet`

iki- akrteaon hfmhs (2= kbjhats). Ei o shrehs prkfuahf byeithitekion gnoleim, t`hsh wkunf bh akisefhrhf tèrf

mhihroteki gnolhs.

Tshufk-rhtkua` skchtechs opphoreim akitemukus aoi bh

shhi ki iuchrkus tnolhs oif et es akcporobnh wet` t`h utenezhf

kr rhtkua`hf hfmhs kg ùcoiny prkfuahf orthgoats (Gem. 1).

V`h prkpkrteki kg typhs kg ioturonny prkfuahf gnolhs ei

tès shrehs es vhry fegghrhit grkc tòt kbtoeihf grkc kur

hxphrechits wet` quortz phbbnhs. V`hy onsk fegghr grkc

t`ksh kg t`h tnolhf quortz osshcbnomhs aknnhathf grkc t`h

upphr oif ceffnh thrroahs kg t`h Onnehr ei Bkurbkiioes:

oi osshcbnomh kg thp`rkgoats es aòroathrezhf by oi kvhr-

rhprhshitoteki kg gnolhs wet` iki akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcsoif iki akrteaon hfmhs oif oi uifhr-rhprhshitoteki kg gnolhs wet` akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcs oif hfmhs tktonny kr porteonny akrteaon (Gem. 2b).

Tshufk-gnolhs òvh o whem`t bhnkw ?84 m ei ckrh tòi

57 % kg t`h aoshs oif rorhny hxahhf 844 m (Gem. 2a). O ghw

hxahptekis hxest, rhprhshithf by vhry normh pehahs wèa`

whem` kvhr 2444 m.

V`h whem`t arethreki es ikt o fesareceioteim goatkr

bhtwhhi thp`rkgoats oif orthgoats. V`h festrebuteki kg

whem`t roteks kg pshufk-gnolhs oif gnolhs coiugoaturhf oif

rhakvhrhf ei precory pkseteki (w`ht`hr ei hruptevh brhaaeos,

oraòhknkmeaon noyhrs, kr by hxphrechitoteki) es efhiteaon.

Vès festrebuteki fegghrs grkc t`ksh kbshrvhf ki aknnhatekis

grkc surgoah seths: gkr t`h gnolhs aknnhathf ei Bkurbkiioes

ki t`h surgoah kg t`h upphr oif ceffnh thrroahs kg t`h Onnehrgkr hxocpnh, t`h whem`t rotek festrebuteki aoi bh hxpnoeihf

by t`h rhckvon kg t`h sconnhr gnolhs t`rkum` ioturon

prkahsshs oif shnhatevh aknnhateki (Gem. 2a).

8. Iotu ron kbjhats wet` cuntepnh gnolh saors

Hvhits nhofeim tk t`h ioturon gnoleim kg gromenh skurah

rkals orh fevhrsh ei ioturh oif coy rhsunt ei oi opporhitny

krmoiezhf shrehs kg gnolh saors. V`h krfhr ei wèa` t`hsh

gnolhs orh rhckvhf normhny fhthrceihs t`h ckrp`knkmy kg

hoa` thp`rkgoat. V`h krmoiezoteki kg t`h ioturon gnolh saors

ki t`h bnkals poronnhns t`h ckrp`knkmy kg kbjhats

rhakmiezhf ockim prhèstkreh oraòhknkmeaon osshcbnomhs.

V`h iucbhr kg gnolh saors ki t`h thp`rkgoats (bhtwhhi ?

oif 22) es akcporobnh wet` tòt kbshrvhf ki prhèstkreh

kbjhats oif t`her roifkc krmoiezoteki es akcporobnh tk t`h

shquhiahs kbshrvhf ki coiugoaturhf kbjhats. @kwhvhr,

akitrory tk wòt es hvefhit ki prhèstkreh kbjhats, t`h

fhtoa`chit pkeits kg gnolhs kbshrvhf ki thp`rkgoats orh

vhry kgthi ecpkssebnh tk fhthrceih oif ckst gnolh saors

kaaur ei roifkc orroimhchits.

Ki 16 goahs kg kbjhats wet` cuntepnh gnolh saors (5 uiegoahs

oif 27 begoahs) t`hrh es o neihor systhc kg "wkrleim"

orroimhf grkc rem`t tk nhgt gkr t`rhh gnolh saors ei twk aoshs

oif ei t`h rhcoeieim aoshs t`h wkrleim systhc es iki-neihor

wet` o coxecuc iucbhr kg shvhi gnolh saors kremeioteimgrkc kih hfmh. Ei mhihron, pshufk-wkrleim efhitegehf ki t`h

thp`rkgoats es coeiny iki-neihor ei orroimhchit.

V`h osskaeotekis kg gnolh saors ki hfmhs orh s`kwi ei t`h

gknnkweim tobnh:

Iucbhr kg gnolh

saors? 2 1 6 8 7 = Qocpnh

Xiegoaeonny "gnolhf"

kbjhats? 2 ? 1 4 2 4 5 goahs

Begoaeonny "gnolhf"

kbjhats*2 1 7 8 6 1 6 2= goahs

* (hoa` goah es akisefhrhf shporothny)

Qkch ioturon kbjhats opphor secenor tk uiegoaeonny gnolhf

a`kpphrs oif begoaeonny gnolhf a`kppeim tkkns ei tòt t`hy

hxèbet t`h troisgkrcoteki kg o ioturon hfmh wet` ot nhost

twk ofjoahit gnolhs (Gem. 6, i´ ?, 2, 6, 8< Gem. 8, i´ ?<

Gem. 7, i´ 8< Gem. 0, i´ 2).




2O VHT@RKGOAVQ(?22)

14 V

Aùils

Tshufk-gnolhs

Tshufk-tkkns

Cesahnnoihkus

2B VUTHQ KG TQHXFK-GNOLHQ OIF GNOLHQ

AQT-IAH IAQT-AB/TAB IAQT-IAH

2A ]HEM@V KG TQHXFK-GNOLHQ OIF GNOLHQ

Gem. 2. 2o: Thtrkmrop y kg thp`rkgoats.2b: Vyphs kg pshufk-gnolhs akcporhf tk gnolhs grkc oraòhknkmeaon oif hxphrechiton shrehs. AQT: akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc.

AB: akrteaon boal. TAB: porteonny akrteaon boal. IAH: iki-akrteaon hfmhs. IAQT: iki-akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc.2a: ]hem`t kg pshufk-gnolhs akcporhf tk t`ksh kg oraòhknkmeaon oif hxphrechiton shrehs.



?11 JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - VHT@RKGOAVQ KG V@H GRHIA@ COQQEG AHIVRON

2 F AKCTOREQKI ]EV@ OQQHCBNOMHQ GRKC V]K RHTXVHFNW OIAEHIV QEVHQ

Vhp`rknoats (?22)

Bnossoa - Nhs Bottoits (2=0)

Aènòa EEE (68)

_uortz Bosont Mroieth/Mihess

Thtrkmrop`y

2H AKCTOREQKI ]EV@ V@RHH ORA@OHKNKMEAON OQQHCBNOMHQ

Vhp`rknoats (?22)

Iknòa (==)

Qknhenòa-Ahitrh A (667)

Qoeith-Oiih ? - J? (2?21)

Bosont s/T`kikneths Mroieths/Mihess

Thtrkmrop`y

Gem. 2. 2f: Akcporeski kg thp`rkgoats wet` netèa osshcbnomhs grkc twk "oraòhknkmeaon" oiaehit seths.2h: Akcporeski kg thp`rkgoats wet` netèa osshcbnomhs grkc t`rhh oraòhknkmeaon shrehs.

Ioturo! cunteferhatekion gnoleim orkuif t`h phrep`hry kg

vorekus aùils oif pehahs prkfuahs kbjhats wèa` orh

secenor tk eivosevhny gnolhf tobunor akrhs oif fesakefon

akrhs (Gem. 8, i" 1< Gem. 0, i´ 1< Gem. =, i´ ?, 2).

Qkchtecas t`h ioturon ckrp`knkmy es secenor tk tòt shhi ki

begoaeonny gnolhf orthgoats (Gem. 6, i´ 1< Gem. 7, i´ ?< Gem. =,

i´1< Gem. 0, i´ ?).

Kt`hr thp`rkgoats nkkl secenor tk gnolhf pkny`hfrkis.

V`hsh mnkbunor kbjhats òvh o normh iucbhr kg saors grkc

gnolhs wet` o èm` iucbhr kg iki-akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcs

(Gem. =. i´ 2, 6< Gem. 7, i´ 1, 6< Gem. 0, i´ 6< Gem. 5).

Os eg t`h festeiateki bhtwhhi thp`rkgoats oif eithitekionnycocrgoaturhf kbjhats es ikt feggeaunt hikum`, t`h aosh es

gwt`hr akcpneaothf by t`h pkkr row cothreons ei wèa`t`hy kaaur. Vès kbshrvoteki òs onrhofy bhhi fesausshf ei

kt`hr wkrls otthcpteim tk festeimues` bhtwhhi mhkgoats oif

orthgoats (]otski ?570), hvhi t`kum` skch prkmrhss òs

bhhi cofh ei t`h aosh kg gneit (Thoakal ?55?), o row

cothreon gkr wèa` t`hrh es tkfoy o akisefhrobnh ockuit kgeigkrcoteki ki ets gnoleim prkphrtehs.

7. Festeimuesèim bhtwhhi thp`rkgoats oif

ùcoiny prkfuahf kbjhats

]h òvh òf rhakursh tk o stotesteaon opprkoa` tk sknvh

tès prkbnhc, t`h fhtoens kg wèa` wenn bh prhshithf

hnshw`hrh. Bhtwhhi 26 oif 72 thp`rkgoats, oaakrfeim tk t`h




Gem. 1. Hxocpnhs kg thp`rkgoats

(saonh ei ac) - Bnossoa-nhs

Bnoia`hs @outh-Nkerh, pyrkanosteths -

?: Torteonny akrteaon boalhf

pshufk-gnolh oif iki akrteaon

streleim pnotgkrc, geih mroeihf

mroieth. 2: Torteonny akrteaon boalhf

pshufk-gnolh oif akrteaon streleim

pnotgkrc, quortz. 1: Torteonny akrteaon

boalhf pshufk-gnolh oif iki

akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc, geih

mroeihf mroieth. 6: iki-akrteaon

boalhf pshufk-gnolh oif iki


mroeihf mroieth. 8: Torteonny akrteaon

boalhf pshufk-gnolh oif akrteaon

streleim pnotgkrc, phmcotetea quortz.

7: pshufk-gnolh wet` iki akrteaon

hfmhs oif akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc,

geih mroeihf mroieth. =: pshufk-

gnolh wet` iki akrteaon hfmhs oif

iki akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc,

phmcotetea quortz. 0: Torteonny

akrteaon boalhf pshufk-gnolh oif


mroeihf mroieth. 5: pshufk-gnolh

wet` iki akrteaon hfmhs oif iki

akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc, quortz.

iucbhr ei hoa` socpnh, òvh bhhi offhf tk o shrehs kg

ùcoiny prkfuahf netèas. V`h arethreo ushf gkr fhsarebeim

t`h twk mrkups whrh pubnes`hf by J. Aknneio-Merorf (?5=8<

?507). ]h òvh fesaorfhf skch kg t`ksh arethreo, aonebrothf

skch kg ès iki-chtreaon kbshrvotekis oif offhf skch kg

kur kwi (whem`t oif iucbhr kg gnolh saors).

Goatkreon oionyses kg akrrhspkifhiahs rhvhons tòt t`h

eiaeuseki kg t`h thp`rkgoats fhstrkys t`h ak`hrhiah kg t`h

osshcbnomh. V`h prhshiah kg twk fesarhth oif festeiat

mrkups es rhofeny kbshrvhf ei hoa` shrehs.

Ei t`h aosh kg o preiaepon akcpkihit oionyses, toleim onn

aòroathresteas hxahpt t`h iucbhr kg gnolh saors eitk oaakui

ik truh festeiateki aoi bh cofh bhtwhhi thp`rkgoats oif

ùcoiny prkfuahf kbjhats. V`h ioturon trhif ei thp`rkgoa

es tkworfs o sp`hreaon kr sub-sp`hreaon sòph, wèa` ckst

hgghatevhny rhsests gurt`hr ioturon ottreteki. @ucoi eithrvhit

eithrrupts tès trhif tkworfs o mnkbunor gkrc. @kwhvhr,

eifustrehs akitoeieim o prhpkifhroiah kg pkny`hfrkis aoiik

bh fesaorfhf kut kg òif os òveim o ioturon kremei oif

s`kunf bh stufehf oaakrfeim tk t`h sa`hch summhsthf obk





(orrkws eifeaoth anhor ferhatekis

kg gnoleim), saonh ei ac -

Cesahnnoihkus grkc @outh-Nkerh -

?: pshufk-a`kpphr, bosonth,

Bnossoa-nhs Bnoia`hs pyrkanosteths.

2: pshufk-a`kpphr, nocprkp`yrh.

Bnossoa. 1: pshufk-begoah-nelh

pehah. bosonth, Bnossoa-nhs

Bnoia`hs pyrkanosteths. 6: pshufk-

a`kpphr, bosonth, Bnossoa-

nhs Bnoia`hs tugg-reim. 8: pshufk-

a`kppeim-tkkn, cemcotetea mihess,

Qhiàzh tugg-reim eigårehur.

Torochtrea aòroathresteas kgthi ushfgkr stufyeim oùcoiny prkfuahf netèa osshcbnomh, w`hi oppnehf tkthp`rkgoats, fk ikt phrcet oiy fest e iht eki bhtwhhi t`h twk.

Rot`hr tòi s`kweim t`h fegghrhiahs, t`h rhsunts akigerc t`hsecenoretehs bhtwhhi thp`rkgoats oif coiugoaturhf kbjhats,

rhifhreim t`h cht`kf ushnhss.

=. Lhcorls ki twk rhputhfny oiaehit seths

=.?. BNOQQOA-NHQ BOVVOIVQ.

O shrehs aknnhathf ot Nhs Bottoits by G. Aorrå (?5=0<

?501< ?55?) es fothf by o iucbhr kg Tktosseuc/Ormki

fhthrceiotekis kg t`h bosontea novo-gnkw kvhrnyeim t`h

osshcbnomh, wèa` eifeaoth oi omh orkuif kr bhykif 2 Cyr

BT. @kwhvhr, t`h gouio kg Bnossoa-No Merkifeh, ei oi

oionkmkus strotemropèa pkseteki, shhcs tk bh cua` ckrhrhahit, bhnkimeim tk t`h Thyrknnhs bekzkih oif prkbobny

foteim grkc orkuif ?.2-?.6 Cyr BT (Akutùrhs ?502< Aorrå

oif Akutùrhs ?502< Akutùrhs oif Tostrh ?501< Gkures

?505< Bkiegoy ?55?< Aorrå ?55?).

O shrehs kg 2=0 netèa kbjhats òs bhhi hxoceihf. Vès

stufy es eiakcpnhth, `kwhvhr, bhaoush t`h cotrex òs bhhi

nhgt ki shvhron kbjhats. Kbshrvotekis tk foth orh os gknnkws:




Gem. 8. Hxocpnhs kg thp`rkgoats(orrkws eifeaoth anhor ferhatekis kggnoleim), saonh ei ac -Cesahnnoihkus grkc @outh-Nkerh -?: phrep`hronny gnolhf pshufk-a`kpphr, mroieth. No Qouvhtot tugg-reim. 2: pshufk-pkny`hfrki,

phmcotetea quortz, Bnossoa-nhsBnoia`hs pyrkanosteths. 1: pshufk-eivosevhny gnolhf tobunor pehah,mroieth, No Qouvhtot tugg-reim.6: pshufk-pkny`hfrki, mroieth,No Qouvhtot tugg-reim.

- Ckst kbjhats orh ki arystonneih rkals wet` ioturon

anhovomh pnoihs oif t`h groaturhs ei mhihron gknnkw t`hsh

pnoihs. Vès mevhs t`h pehahs oi opphoroiah kg bheim

portny kr eithitekionny gnolhf fhbetomh. @kwhvhr, ckst kg

t`h gnolhs fk ikt òvh ikrcon ghot`hrhf thrceiotekis.

- Grkc t`h hvefhiah kg t`h gnolh saors, t`h oimnh kgfatoa`chit opprkoa`hs 54´, wèa` es ikt usuonny

hiakuithrhf ei eithitekion gnoleim.

- Qhvhron kbjhats òvh mrkss arystonneih errhmunoretehs wèa`

rhifhr t`hc eiopprkpreoth row cothreons gkr gnoleim.

- Gnolhs fk ikt hxèbet anhor pkeits kg phrausseki.

- Qkch kbjhats hxèbet kbvekus t`hrcon groaturhs.

- Ki coiy kbjhats, t`h gnolh saors opphor tk kremeioth grkc

whnn kutsefh t`h rhcoeieim vknuch. Kbjhats kg secenor

gkrc, oif t`h gnolhs rhckvhf grkc t`hc by t`hrcon

oateki, òvh bhhi aknnhathf grkc t`h tugg-reim kg Bnoss

Nhs Bnoia`hs. Ei shvhron aoshs, t`hsh pshufk-iuanhe oi

t`her akijkeieim gnolhs whrh gkuif ei precory pkseteki

wetèi t`h tugg wet` t`h gnolhs borhny rhckvhf grkc t`porhit aùil.

Qhvhron kbjhats kg vhry pkkr gnoleim quonety s`kw o

iucbhr kg rhphtetevh gnolh saors, wèa` es oi uinelhny

kaaurrhiah hvhi ei o precetevh shrehs kg eithitekionny

gnolhf kbjhats. Ckrhkvhr, wetèi t`h soch strotemropèa

nhvhn, cothreons wet` gor bhtthr gnoleim prkphrtehs orh

prhshit.



?1= JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - VHT@RKGOAVQ KG V@H GRHIA@ COQQEG AHIVRON


(orrkws eifeaoth anhor ferhatekis kg

gnoleim), saonh ei ac - Bnossoa-nhs

Bnoia`hs @outh-Nkerh, pyrkanosteths •

?: pshufk-porteonny begoaeon fesakëf

pehah, cemcotetea mihess o

sennecoieth. 2: rhmunor pshufk-pkny`hfrki. quortz. 1: rhmunor

pshufk-pkny`hfrki, quortz.

6: rhmunor pshufk-pkny`hfrki.

krehithf mroieth. 8: pshufk-

a`kpphr, geih mroeihf mroieth.

- Geionny, t`h phtrkmropèa ioturh kg t`h shrehs prhshits o

festrebuteki akcporobnh tk tòt kg thp`rkgoats (Gem. 2f).

V`h mhknkmeaon aòroathresteas kg t`h seth kg Bnossoa-

Nhs Bottoits fhshrvh o gunn saonh fesausseki tkk hxthisevh

gkr tès pophr. ]h secpny ikth `hrh t`h uifhieo`nh eianusekikg ioturonny groaturhf kbjhats oif t`h rhshcbnoiah tk t`h

phtrkmropèa sueth kaaupehf `y thp`rkgoats.

=.2. A@EN@OA EEE

V`h gkssen nkaonety kg Aènòa EEE es likwi gkr o rea`

Wennogroiaèoi gouio (Bkhug ?501) oif netèa kbjhats (Mut`

?5=6< Mut` oif Bkhug ?5==< Mut` oif Aòvoennki ?508)

wèa` kaaur ei o nhvhn w`ksh omh es prhsuchf tk bh ei

t`h veaeiety kg ?.0-?.5 Co, o foth orrevhf ot t`rkum`

ponohkitknkmeaon akcporeskis oif hxtropknoteki grkc

obsknuth foths ki o novo gnkw anksh tk t`h seth.

V`h strotemropèa shquhiah hxèbets fhgkrcotekis

eithrprhthf os rhsunteim grkc sknegnuxeki (Vhxehr ?508) kr

sken sneps (Aòvoen nki ?55?). Coiy vesets tk t`h seth

fureim t`h hxaovotekis òvh akiveiahf us kg t`h hxesthiah

kg syi-shfechitory snucpeims oif rhckvons. Vès anhorny

fhckistroths fyiocesc kg o leif likwi tk kaaur ki

t`h cormeis kg noaustreih systhcs oif wh pkstunoth t`h

nelhne`kkf kg t`h hxesthiah `hrh kg oi oiaehit p`rhotk-

comcotea struaturh. Ei tès fyiocea setuoteki, t`h prhshiah



N10 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

kg rhnotevhny rhahit tkkns ki quortz akbbnhs ei ofjoahit

nkaonetehs (Nh Monn oif Royion ?507) rhifhrs nelhny o

cexturh kg sua` kbjhats wet` t`h oiaehit gouio.

]h òvh ikt hxoceihf ankshny t`h akcpnhth shrehs kg

kbjhats fesakvhrhf ei o strotemropèa akithxt (hishcbnhs B

tk L) oport grkc t`ksh pubnes`hf by Aòvoennki (?55?).

Hxahpt gkr t`h rhshcbnoiah bhtwhhi rhtkua`hf gnolhs oif

skch thp`rkgoats (Gem. 1), wh ikth tòt t`h phtrkmropèaioturh kg t`h k`jhats kgghrs o festreùteki efhiteaon tk tòt kg

thp`rkgoats oif kg t`h shrehs kg pshufk-orthgoats rhakvhrhf

ot Bnossoa-Nhs Bottoits (Gem. 2f).

O fhtoenhf hxoceioteki kg t`h seth oif ets hiverkichit

wkunf anoregy wet`kut fkubt t`h oraòhknkmeaon oif

mhknkmeaon prkahsshs wèa` rhsunthf ei t`h prkfuateki

kg t`hsh kbjhats oif t`her osskaeoteki wet` t`h gouion

rhcoeis.

0. Akcporeski kg t`rhh oraòhknkmeaon shrehs

]a òvh a`kshi t`rhh oraòhknkmeaon shrehs tk ennustroth

t`h guifochiton feggarhiahs wèa` hxest bhtwhhi t`h

phtrkmrop`y kg thp`rkgoats oif tòt kg prhèstkreh tkkns grkc

Whnoy. Ei t`h notthr, t`h phtrkmrop`y anhorny fhckistroths

ùcui shnhateki.

- Ot Iknòa, oport grkc hxahptekion gneit kbjhats. quortz

wos t`h preiaepon cothreon a`kshi (Rek Aorro ?55?<

Bkiegoy ?55?)

- Ei Qknhe nòa-Ahitrh, quortz, bosont oif gneit orh ei tòt

krfhr t`h t`rhh fkceioit cothreons (Broaak ?55?)

- Ei nhvhn Jn ei t`h aovh kg Qoeith-Oiih ? ot Tknemioa,

prkvesekionny rhpkrthf tk KEQ 7, bosonts, p`kikneth,

gneit oif quortz whrh ei tòt krfhr t`h cothreons

wkrlhf.

V`h phtrkmrop`y kg tkkns grkc t`h prhèstkreh seths es

anhorny fegghrhit grkc tòt kg t`h thp`rkgoats oif /.v

aòroathrezhf (kutsefh t`h akistoit prhshith kg gneit) `yo a`keah kg cothreons wèa` fkhs ikt eianufh t`ksh wet`

pkkr gnoleim aòroathresteas nelh mroieths oif mihess

(Gem. 2h).

5. Akianusekis

5.?. VHT@RKGOAVQ ORH ]EFHNU FEQVREBXVHF

Et es ckrh tòi rhoskiobnh tk ossuch tòt thp`rkgoats whrh

prkfuahf ei mrhot iucbhrs ei t`h Cosseg Ahitron fureim t`h

iuchrkus vknaoiea hpeskfhs wèa` kaaurrhf seiah t`h

Cekahih. ]et`kut fkubt, t`hy whrh subshquhitny hrkfhf kutkg t`her precory pkseteki oif wefhny fesphrshf ei t`h

hiverkichit ki iuchrkus kaaosekis.

V`h fesakvhry ei mhknkmeaon noyhrs kg skch brklhi kropporhitny gnolhf pehahs, gnolhs kr k`jhats hxèbeteim o ckrhakcpnhx potthri kggnolh saors es t`hrhgkrh ikt akisefhrhfo suggeaeìit arethreki gkr aòroathrezeim ùcoi oatevety,

porteaunorny ei tès rhmeki.

5.2. IHAHQQORU RH-HPOCEIOVEKI KG QEVHQ

Qeths akisefhrhf eifeaotevh kg ùcoi oatevety os

fhckistrothf by t`h prhshiah kg o shrehs kg suppkshfny

ùcoiny wkrlhf phbbnhs oif akbbnhs fhcoif o anksh

saruteiy kg onn t`h ovoenobnh hvefhiah, hsphaeonny ei t`h ao

kg Bnossoa oif Aènòa EEE.

Qeths wèa` òvh yehnfhf o necethf iucbhr kg fkubtgun

orthgoats, thp`rkgoats kr mhkgoats ihhf gurt`hr fhtoenhffesausseki. Vès es t`h aosh gkr Thrrehr-Htkuoerhs ei Tuy-f

Fñch (M.X.H.R.T.O., ?506), Qoeit-Hbnh (Bkiegoy ?505o)

Akupht (Bkiegoy ?505o) oif No Rka`h-Nocbhrt (Bkiegoy

?50?) ei @outh-Nkerh.

Gkr skch seths, osskaeoteki kg netèa kbjhats wet` grom-

chithf gouion rhcoeis es ikt fhaesevh. V`h vorekus ckfh

kg gromchitoteki oif prhshrvoteki kg t`h bkihs fk ikt mev

ot prhshit suggeaeìit hvefhiah tk efhitegy oiy ùcoi

eivknvhchit.

Grkc t`h hvefhiah, et cust bh rhakmiezhf tòt t`hrh es

akisefhrobnh fkubt akiahrieim o vhry oiaehit ùcoi prhshi

ei t`h Cosseg Ahitron.

Ei offeteki tk tès top`kikcea opprkoa`, et es ihahssory

akisefhr t`h gknnkweim pkeits aorhgunny oif systhcoteaonny

gkr onn nkaonetehs:

- Es t`hrh o pkssebenety kg pshufk-orthgoats bheim prkfuah

- Eg sk, wòt orh t`h nelhny aòroathresteas kg t`hsh kbjha

- Es t`hrh o mhknkmeaon hxpnoioteki gkr t`h eitrkfuateki k

ioturonny gnolhf kbjhats eitk t`h seth;

- Orh netèa kbjhats praghrhiteonny festrebuthf ei t`h suppksh

oraòhknkmeaon noyhr; Es t`hrh o ioturon hxpnoioteki gkr t`

- Fk akijkeiobnh kbjhats hxest ei t`h seth, oif fk t`hy kaa

ofjoahit tk hoa` kt`hr;

- Orh t`h gnolh saors kbshrvobnh ki t`h kbjhats orroimhf

o thaìknkmeaonny "nkmeaon" shquhiah;

- Orh ioturon kbjhats cexhf wet` orthgoats;

- Orh t`h gouion rhcoeis oif t`h osskaeothf kbjhats bkt`

precory pkseteki;

- Fkhs t`h top`kikcea èstkry kg t`h seth prkvefh oiy

hxpnoioteki gkr pkssebnh osskaeoteki kg iucbhrs kg

kbjhats kg fegghrhit omhs, gkr hxocpnh rhgnhateim

phremnoaeon p`hikchio;

5.1. KTTKRVXIEQVEA HPTNKEVOVEKI;

Aoi wh fesaorf kut kg òif seths w`hrh kiny o ghw kbjha

òvh bhhi gkuif; V`h utenezoteki kg cothreons kg pkkr

gnoleim quonety ei t`hsh seths coy secpny bh oi hxocpnh kùcoi kppkrtuiesc oaakrfeim tk t`h now kg nhost hggkrt.

Offetekionny wh òvh t`h akcpneaoteim goatkr ockim

oiaehit osshcbnomhs kg t`h nelhne`kkf kg kppkrtuiestea

hxpnketoteki kg ioturonny groaturhf pehahs wèa` wenn kaau

oiywoy os o port kg t`h seth's osshcbnomh. ]ènh t`hshquhstekis òvh onrhofy `hhi fesausshf gkr shvhron Ogreaoioraòhknkmeaon seths, et es ik fkubt ushgun tk akisefhr t`h




Gem. =. Hxocpnhs kg thp`rkgoats

(orrkws eifeaoth anhor ferhatekis kggnoleim), saonh ei ac -


?: pshufk-eivosevhny gnolhf tobunor

pehah, mroieth, Bnossoa-nhs


eivosevhny gnolhf tobunor pehah.

bosonth, Bnossoa-nhs Bnoia`hs tugg-

reim. 1 : pshufk-begoaeonny gnolhf

fesakëfon pehah, bosonth, Bnossoa-

nhs Bnoia`hs tugg-reim.

"ofvoitomh kg tèileim sconn os oraòhknkmy hxpnkrhs t`hckst oiaehit spois kg prhèstkry" (M. Esooa ht on. ?50?).

5.6. V@H VECH KG GERQV @XCOI KAAXTOVEKI

Kiny t`h seths w`hrh uiquhstekiobnh oraòhknkmeaon

anhchits òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf ei o whnn fkauchithf nkim

shquhiah s`kunf bh akisefhrhf tk hnuaefoth tès prkbnhc.

Ei t`h obshiah kg prhaesh foteim hnhchits gkr t`h seth kg

Iknòa. kiny Qknhenòa "t`h ckst rhahit kg t`h vhry Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa seths" (Bkiegoy ?55?) rhcoeis tk mevh oi efho

kg t`h thcpkron rhckthihss kg t`h ùcoi prhshiah ei

Whnoy.

V`h omh kg Qknhenòa òs bhhi hstobnes`hf by bekstrotem-ropèa arethreo (Bkiegoy oif Bkiegoy ?50?), ponohkcomihtea

fhthrceiotekis (V`kuvhiy ?501< V`kuvhiy oif Bkiegoy

?506) oif ckrp`kstrotemrop`y (Bkiegoy oif Chrmken ?500).

Qknhenòa-Ahitrh òs onsk bhhi stufehf grkc o shfechitk-

nkmeaon oif ponyiknkmeaon pkeit kg vehw (Royion ?50= oif

uipubnes`hf). @kwhvhr, t`h gouio kg Qknhenòa bhnkims tk

t`h "troiseteki gouio" wèa` akvhrs o brkof tech sphatruc





(orrkws eifeaoth anhor ferhatekis kggnoleim), saonh ei ac -Cesahnnoihkus grkc @outh-Nkerh -?: pshufk-begoah-nelh pehah, mroiethf'oioghxeh, No Qouvhtot tugg-reim.2: pshufk-a`kpphr, bosonth,No Qouvhtot tugg-reim. 1: pshufk-eivosevhny sub-fesakëf gnolhf tobunorpehah. krehithf mroieth, Bnossoa-nhsBnoia`hs pyrkanosteths. 6: rhmunorpshufk-pkny`hfrki, geih mroeihfmroieth, No Qouvhtot tugg-reim.

(Bkiegoy ?50=). Gurt`hrckrh, t`h shfechitknkmeaon oif

ponyiknkmeaon foto fk ikt onnkw rhneobnh foths tk bhfhthrceihf oif t`h ponohkcomihtesc kg t`h akcpnhth

shquhiah òs ikt bhhi stufehf bhaoush kg t`h uisuetobenety

kg skch noyhrs gkr t`h oppneaoteki kg tès cht`kf

(V`kuvhiy ?501: 0?). Ckst eithrhst òs bhhi mhihrothf by

t`h thp`rkstrotemrop`y rhpkrthf by Vhunofh (?508< ?500<

?505) oif fhthrceihf grkc akrhs (Bkiegoy oif Chrmken

?500).

O ferhat puceah os`-gonn òs bhhi efhitegehf ei t`h nolh

shrehs uifhrnyeim oraòhknkmeaon noyhr A. V`hsh thp`roakrrhnoth wet` t`h "upphr puceahs kg Qoiay" (Aoitomrhn o

Boubrki ?501) oif ckst porteaunorny wet` t`h puceah kg

Ihsa`hrs. O iucbhr kg foteim cht`kfs pnoah t`h Ihsa`hr

puceah orkuif 4.0 Cyr BT (Vhunofh ?505: ?68). Ckrh

rhahitny, `kwhvhr, o 64

Or/ 15

Or omh kg 4,80 ¿ 4.42 Cyr BT

òs bhhi kbtoeihf (Nk Bhnnk ht on. ?50=), wèa` òs bhhi

akigerchf by o t`hrcknuceihsahiah foth kg 4,82 ¿ 4,46



E E E JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - VHT@RKGOAVQ KG V@H GRHIA@ COQQEG AHIVRON

Gem. 5. Hxocpnhs kg thp rkgoats

(orrkws eifeaoth anhor ferhatekis

kg gnoleim), saonh ei ac -


?: pshufk-pkny`hfrki, mroieth,

No Qouvhtot tugg-reim. 2: pshufk-

pkny`hfrki, mroieth, Bnossoa-nhs


pkny`hfrki, mroieth, Bnossoa-nhs

Bnoia`hs tugg-reim. 6: pshufk-

pkny`hfrki, mroieth, No Qouvhtot

tugg-reim.

Cyr BT kbtoeihf by t`h quortz rhf phol VN cht`kf

(Tennhyrh ?55?). Vùs, t h thp`rkstrotemrop`y akitrofeats t`h ponohkcomihtea foto oif ihahssetoths akisefhroteki kg o

foth orkuif 4.8-4.7 Cyr BTgkr Qknhenòa-Ahitrh. Vès nost

foth es ei omrhhchit wet` o noth Arkchreoi omh tbr t`hgouio, os summhsthf by Woi Lkngsa`kthi (Rkhbrkhls oif

Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tès vknuch).

5.8. FERHAVEKIQ GKR GXVXRH RHQHORA@

EE' wh fesaorf onn t`h fkubtgun oiaehit seths kaaurreim ei

t`h Cosseg Ahitron, t`h hornehst shttnhchit èstkry kg t`h

rhmeki cust bh rhwretthi. @kwhvhr, onn es ikt nkst yht. V`h

hvefhiah gkr t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Ouvhrmih oif Whnoy

aoi bh rhvesethf, hvonuothf oif aorhgunny fesshathf ovkefeim

t`h trops kg t`her mhknkmeaon akithxt. Torofkxeaonny, ei t`h

geion oionyses et wkunf bh tès nost wèa` guries`hs o

fhtoenhf a`rkiknkmy kg t`h ùcoi prhshiah ei t`h rhmeki.Ferhatekis gkr guturh rhshora` orh anhor. Toronnhn tk oi

hxoceioteki kg t`h p`yseaon oif beknkmeaon aòroathresteas kg

t`h ponohkhiverkichit, t`h anksh stufy kg pshufk-tkkns wenn

fkubtnhss prkvefh cua` fesausseki oif gkkf gkr t`kum`t.

But anhorny gkr hoa` suppkshfny oiaehit seth o cuntefesaepne-iory oif brkofny boshf stufy es obsknuthny ihahssory, oifikt kinygkr t`h rhmeki fesausshf `hrh.




O alikw nhfmhchit s :

V`h out`krs tòil A. Mut`, K. Bkhug, J. Fhssh oif

T.J. Vhxehr w`k òvh prkvefhf oaahss tk t`h hxaovotekis ot

Aènòa< H. oif C.G. Bkiegoy gkr phrcetteim o iucbhr kg

vesets tk t`h seths ot Qknhenòa, Iknòa oif Ahyssomuht<

G. Aorrå gkr oaahss tk t`h cothreon grkc Bnossoa oif gkr ès

`kspetonety oif ossestoiah fureim t`h rh-hxoceioteki kg

Bnossoa - Nhs Bottoits ei ?505< J. oif F. A`kchtth,

F. Nhghvrh, V. Tennhyrh oif M. Whriht gkr t`her aknnobkrote

ei t`h gehnf< J. Akut` urhs gkr ès uipub nes` hf eigkrc oteki

M. Arhvkno gkr vhregyeim t`h phtrkmropèa fhthrceiotekis

oif ]. Rkhbrkhls gkr rhvehweim t`h coiusarept.

rhghrhiahs

Bkìfo, H.

Bkhug, K.

Bkiegoy, H.

?554 _ue åtoehit nhs prhcehrs groiaoes;, No Rha`hra`h 221(2?), 57-570 .

?501 Nh seth vennogroiaèhi fh Aènòa, hi @outh-Nkerh. Htufh ponåkitknkmequh ht beka`rkik-

nkmequh. V`hsh fh Fkatkrot Hs-Qaehiahs, Xievhrsetå Tores WEE.

?50? Nhs troahs fhs prhcehrs @kceiefås hi Groiah, No Rha`hra`h ?20(?2), ?662-?666.

?501 No Tråèstkerh fu Whnoy (Cosseg Ahitron groiaoes) ht nh prkbnàch fhs kremeihs fh ?'@kcc

Ei: No Rha`hra`h Ora`åknkmequh hi @outh-Nkerh, 5-?7, Oiionhs fu ARFT fh Anhrckit

Ghrroif.

?505o Xi seth fu Vrhs Oiaehi Tonåkne tèquh fh pnus fh 2 C.o. fois nh Cosseg Ahitron groiaoes:

Qoeit-Hbnh - Nh Akupht (@outh-Nkerh), Akcpths Rhifus fh WOaofåceh fhs Qaehiahs fh

Tores 140, såreh EE, ?87=-?8=4.

?505b Nhs prhcehrs semihs fh pråshiah ùcoeih. Ei: Ora`åknkmeh fh no Groiah: 14 kis fh

fåakuvhrths, 17-1=, Hfetekis fh no Råuieki fhs Cusåhs Iotekioux, Tores.

?505a Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi: prhcehrs tåckemiomhs ùcoeis. Ei: Ora`åknkmeh fh no

Groiah: 14 ois fh fåakuvhrths, 12-16, Ceiestàrh fh no Aunturh, Hfetekis fh no Råuieki

fhs Cusåhs Iotekioux, Tores.

?55? Nhs prhceàrhs eifustrehs fu Quf-hst fh no Groiah ht fu Cosseg Ahitron . Ei: H. Bkiegoy o

B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs). Nhs prhcehrs hwkpåhis, 71-04, AV@Q Hf., Tores.

Bkiegoy, C.G. ?506 Vop`kikceh quothrioerh: Akcporoeski hitrh seths ioturhns ht pråèstkrequhs fu Tnåestkaà

ckyhi: meshchits fh Qknhenòa (@outh-Nkerh), Jkuriåhs f' åtufh fh ËOsskaeoteki ponåk

tknkmequh groiaoesh "Bekaåikshs ht top`kaåikshs", Tores, råsucå, ?0.

Bkiegoy, H.,C.G. Bkiegoy

?50= Bekstrotemropèh fhs mroifs coccegàrhs f'Hurkph fh ?'Kuhst, ?2´ Akimrhs eithriotekio

fh n'EI_XO, Kttowo, Råsucås, ?11.

?50? Nh meshchit prhèstkiquh fh Qknhenòa (Bnoizoa, @outh-Nkerh). Ei: Nh bossei fu Tuy outhcps pråèstkrequhs. Rha`hra`hs råahiths, ?5-17, nh Tuy, Cusåh Arkzotehr.

?501 Nh Tonåknetèquh oiaehi hi Whnoy ht hi Ouvhrmih: aevenesotekis pråèstkrequhs ht cenehu

ioturhn. Ei: Nhs niåfets fh no Tråèstkerh Ouvhrmioth, 54-?46, Cusåh Bormkei Anhrckit-

Ghrroif.

Bkiegoy H.,

J. Chrmken

?500 Nhs coors fh Qknhenòa (Bnoizoa, @outh-Nkerh) ht nhurs sårehs vknaoik-såfechitoerhs,

Akcpths Rhifus fh E'Oaofåceh fhs Qaehiahs fh Tores 14=, såreh EE, ?87?-?877.




Bkiegoy H.,

O. Akisemiy,

R. Neobhug

Bkseisle, M.,

l. Lrkmhr.

J. Qaòthr,

H. Vurihr

Bkunh, C.

Bkurfehr, H'.

Broaak, J.T.

Brhuen, @.

Bunnh, V.

Aoitomrhn, J.C..

J.A. Boubrki

(nopetoi, N.,

T. Corty

Aorrå, G.

?505 Akitrebuteki fu Cosseg Ahitron groiaoes o no akiioessoiah fhs prhcehrs phupnhchits

pråèstkrequhs fh ?'Hurkph, Akcpths Rhifus fh E'Oaofåceh fhs Qaehiahs fh Tores 140,

såreh EE, ?65?-?657.

?507 Ontstheizhetnea`h Qehfnuimspnotzh oug fhi Kstheghn-Wunloihi, Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitron Cushucs 11, 5=-?14.

?005 Vhcps quothrioerhs ht pråèstkrequhs fu Aoiton, Rhvuh f'Oit`rkpknkmeh, 2?7.

?548 N'krem eih fhs Hknet`hs, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh ?7, 28=-27=.

?52? Nhs @kcchs gkssenhs. Tores: Cosski Hf.

?57= Tråèstkerh fh Groch. Tores: Ikuvhnnh bebnekt`àquh saehitegequh Gnoccoreki.

?55? Vypknkmeh, thaìknkmeh ht cotehrhs prhceàrhs fhs eifustrehs fu Vrhs Oiaehi Tonåknetèquh hi

Whnoy (Cosseg Ahitron, Groiah). Trhcehrs råsuntots. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa`,

(hfs). Nhs prhcehrs hurkpåhis, 51-?44, Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

?588 Ievhoux hstuorehis fh monhts groaturås por nhs vomuhs ht nhs pnomhs sobnhushs fois no bossh

Qkcch, _uothrioreo EE, Rkch, 2?-25.

?50= Qtot+, ui utenetoerh stotestequh, Ora`åknkmuhs ht krfeiothurs ?4, AIRQ, 5-?2.

?501 A`rkiknkmeh fhs åruptekis fois Eh cosseg vknaoiequh fhs Ckits Fkrh: ecpneaotekis

vknaoiknkmequhs, Mhkn. Gr. (2) E, ? (2), ?21-?62.

?526 Nhs onnuvekis pkitehiihs fhs hiverkis f'Ouren noa (Aoiton) ht nhurs senhx toennhs, Rhvuh

oit`rkpknkmequh i´ 1-6, 16à oiiåh, cors-ovren ?526, ?-2?.

?5=0 Hnåchits f'eifustreh netèquh fois nhs gkrcotekis såfechitoerhs vennogroiaèhiihs fh

Bnossoa (@outh-Nkerh), Bunnhtei fh no Qkaeåne pråèstkrequh groiaoesh =8, i´ 8, ?1?-?12.

?501 Nh seth fh Bnossoa - Nhs Bottoits (òuth-Nkerh). Gkuennhs ?5=?-?5=0. Hnåchits f'uihstrotemropèh, Akimrhs Tråèstkrequh fh Groiah, 2? à shsseki, Ao`krs-Ckitouboi, (?5=5),

Qkaeåtå pråèstkrequh groiaoesh Hf. 2., 8=-=8.

?55? Nhs seths fu Tnekaàih supårehur fh Bnossoa - @outh-Nkerh (Cosseg Ahitron, Groiah). Ei:

H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs prhcehrs hurkpåhis, ?18-?62, Tores: Hfetekis

fu [email protected].

Aorrå, G.,

J. Akutùrhs

Aòvoennki, J.

Anorl, J.F.

?502 Ikuvhoux hnåchits fh fototeki fhs gkrcotekis vknaoiequhs fh Bnossoa (@outh-Nkerh,

Groiah): eignuhiahs sur no a`rkiknkmeh fhs gouihs "vennogroiaèhiihs" fu Cosseg ahitron

groiaoes, 5à Råuieki oiiuhnnh fhs Qaehiahs fh no Vhrrh, Qkaeåtå måknkmequh fh Groiah Hf.,

Tores, ?2?.

?55? Nhs hishcbnhs netèquhs fh Aènòa EEE (@outh-Nkerh): typknkmeh, setuoteki strotemropèquh

ht oionysh aretequh ht akcporotevh. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs prhcehrs hurkpåhis, 0?-5?. Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

?580 V`h ioturon groaturh kg phbbnhs grkc t`h Botklo Mkrmh, Ikrt`hri R`kfhs eo, oif ets

bhoreim ki t`h loguoi eifustrehs kg Ogreao, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 26,

76-==.

Aknneio-Merorf. J. ?5=8 Nhs eifustrehs oraòëquhs sur monhts fhs thrrosshs quothrioerhs fh no pnoeih fu Rkussennki

(Tyråiiåhs Krehitonhs, Groiah). V`hsh fh 1´ ayanh, Xievhrsetå fh Trkvhiah.



?66 VXG< @ORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Akutùrhs, J.

Akutùrhs, J.,

G. Tostrh

?507 Mrennh fhsareptevh ht åvknuteki typknkmequh fhs eifustrehs oraòëquhs: nh ckfành aotonoi

Bunnhtei fh no Qkaeåtå pråèstkrequh groiaoesh 01, i´ ??-?2, 101-641.

?502 Akitrebuteki o no a`rkikstrotemropèh fh gkrcotekis pnek-pnåestkaàihs fu Cosseg Ahitr

(Groch). V`hsh fh 1´ ayanh, Tores WE.

?501 A`rkikstrotemropèh fu Tnek-pnåestkaàih f'Ouvhrmih ht fu Whnoy: ikuvhoux oppkrts fhs

fototekis rofekcåtrequhs ht fu ponåkcomiåtesch, Bunnhtei fh ?'Osskaeoteki groiaoesh pk

?'åtufh fu _uothrioerh ?, 5-?0.

Fhnski, H.

Feoz, R.

Gkures, C.

?505 Knfhst Huroseoi stkih tkkns, Ioturh 164, 57.

?551 Nhs prhcehrs hurkpåhis vhioehit-ens f'Ogr equh; , N'@estkerh ?78, 62-68 .

?505 Qeths vennogroiaèhis fu Fhvàs ht nhs bosonths fh no vonnåh fh n'Onnehr: oppneaoteki fh no

cht`kfh Tktosseuc-Ormki. V`hsh f'Xievhrsetå, Anhrckit EE.

Gkuriehr, O. ?5=? Cht`kfh f'åtufh fhs eifustrehs oraòëquhs sur monht. Fepn÷ch f'Htufhs Opprkgkifehs,

Xievhrsetå fh Trkvhiah.

Mroyski, F.L.

M.X.H.R.T.O.

Mut`, A.

?507 Hknet`s, Oraòhknkmeaon Ocbemuety, oif t`h Mhihroteki kg "Ceffnh Roimh" Rhshora`. E

FJ. Chntzhr, F.F. Gkwnhr, J.O. Qobnkgg (Hfs), Ochreaoi Oraòhknkmy Tost oif Guturh.==-?11, ]osèimtki: Qcet`skieoi Eistetuteki Trhss.

?506 Tråshiah pkssebnh f'@kceiefås hi Ouvhrmih ou Tnekaàih supårehur (2,8 C.o.): E'oppkrt

fhs Htkuoerhs (Esskerh, Tuy fh F÷ch), A. R. Oaof. Qae. 255, ?45?-?457, Tores.

?5=6 Fåakuvhrth fois nh Wennogroia ehi f'Ouvhrmih fh monhts ocåiomås, A. R. Oaof. Qae. 2=5

?4=?-?4=2, Tores.

Mut`, A,

K. Bkhug

?5== Nhs prhcehrs monhts ocåiomås fu Wennogroiaèhi f'Ouvhrmih, Nh Akurrehr fu AIRQ 28,

67-6=.

Mut`, A,

J. Aòvoennki

?508 Fåakuvhrth hi ?506, fh ikuvhoux kutens ponåknetèquhs o Aènòa EEE (@outh-Nkerh),

Bunnhtei fh no Qkaeåtå Tråèstkrequh Groiaoesh 02, 87-76.

@oworf, G.]. ?5?? V`h Aèppeim kg Gneit by ioturon Omhiaehs, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty kg Ho

Oimneo ?, ?08-?51.

@oyihs, AW. Jr.

Esooa, M.,

J.].L. @orres.

G'. Corsònn

Lunhchyhr, J.

Nh Monn, K.,

J.T. Royion

Nk Bhnnk, T.,

M. Gårouf,

A.C. @onn,

F. Ukrl,

T. Noveio,

C. Bhriot

?5=1

?50?

?507

?507

?5Q=

V`h Aoneak Qeth: Ortegoats kr Mhkgoats;, Qaehiah ?0?, 148-1?4.

Qcon! es eigkrcotevh: t`h oppneaoteki kg t`h stufy kg ceie-seths oif nhost-hggkrt arethreo ei

t`h eithrprhtoteki kg t`h Horny Tnhestkahih oraòhknkmeaon rhakrf ot Lkkbe Gkro, Lhiyo. E

J.F. Anorl oif M. Esooa, Nos Eifustreos cos Oitemuos, P Akimrhssk Xieki Eithriotekion

Aehiaeos Trhèstkreaos y Trktkèstkreaos, Chxeak (?50?), ?4?-??5.

Feh ont-uif cetthnponoknetèsa`hi Guifh vki Lornea`. Fesshrtoteki, L÷Vi.

Ahrzot (@outh-Nkerh): Nh Teå fu Rky, ui seth pråèstkrequh fois ui vknaoi. Rhvuh Ora`

nkmequh fu Ahitrh fh no Groiah 28(?), 55-?44.

6iOr/ 15Or sthp `hoteim oif noshr guseki foteim kg o quothriory puceah grkc Ihsa`hrs,

Cosseg Ahitron, Groiah: t`h fhghot kg xhikarystea akitoceioteki, A`hc. Mhkn. (Eskt. mhks

Qhat.) 77, 7?-=?.




Cker. J.R. ?5?? V`h Ioturon Groaturh kg Gneit oif ets Bhoreim Xpki Rufechitory Gneit Ecpnhchits,

Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty kg Host Oimneo ?, ?=?-?0.

Ckrthncois, M. ?56= Xih aoush f'hrrhur hi pråèstkerh: no toennh mnoaeoerh. Bunnhtei fh no Qkaeåtå Rkyonh Bhemh

f'Oit`rkpknkmeh ht Tråèstkerh NWEEE. 74-=?.

Thoakl, H. ?55? Festeimuesèim bhtwhhi Orthgoats oif Mhkgoats: O Vhst Aosh grkc Hosthri Himnoif,

Jkurion kg Gehnf Oraòhknkmy ?0, 168-17?.

The. ].A. ?51= Nh r÷nh fhs p`åikcåihs ioturhns fois ?'åanothchit ht Eh goakiihchit fhs rka`hs furhs

utenesåhs por n'`kcch pråèstkrequh. Rhvuh fh Måkmropèh T`ysequh ht fh mhknkmeh

Fyiocequh 5, 165-621.

Tennhyev, E. ?55? Fototeki por t`hrcknuceihsahiah. Oppneaoteki o no a`rkiknkmeh fhs rhtkc`åhs vknao-

iequhs. V`hsh fh ?'Xievhrsetå fh Anhrckit EE, FX168.

Royion, J.T. ?50= Hvknuteki akcporåh fh noas fh coors hi Ouvhrmih ht Whnoy (Groiah). Fototeki ht

akitrebuteki o no akiioessoiah fhs anecots pnåestkaàihs. Ei: Vrovoux groiaoes hi Tonåk-

neciknkmeh, 78-57, Fkauchits fu AHRNOV, Cåckerh i´ ?.

Royion. J.T.,

J.T. Vhxehr

?505 Fåakuvhrth f'Oa`hunåhi oiaehi fois no aorreàrh V`kcos ? o Aosobnoiao ht prkbnàch fh

?'oiaehiihtå fh no pråshiah ùcoeih ou Corka, Akcpths Rhifus fh VOaofåceh fhsQaehiahs fh Tores 140, såreh EE, ?=61-?=65.

Royion. J.T..

J.T. Vhxehr,

F. Mhroofs,

G.Z. Onokue

?554 Xi ikuvhou meshchit ponåkitknkmequh pnek-pnåestkaàih hi Ogrequh fu Ikrf: O`n On

Kum`noc (oiaehiih aorreàrh Fåprhz) o Aosobnoiao (Corka), Akcpths Rhifus fh E'Oaofå

ceh fhs Qaehiahs fh Tores 1?4, såreh EE, 1?8-124.

Rek Aorro. C. ?55? N'eifustreh sur quortz fh Iknòa-Beorf, ui meshchit fu Vrhs Oiaehi Tonåknetèquh (råsun-

tots pråneceioerhs). FHO, Xievhrsetå f'Oex-Corshen nh.

Rkhbrkhls, ]..

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: O rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaon

vknuch hvefhiah.

Qaìurrhibhrmhr. F..

N.B. Onoi

?508 O Akitrebuteki tk t`h Qtufy kg t`h Ioturhgoat/Ortegoat Akitrkvhrsy. Ei: C.M. Tnhw,

J.A. ]kkfs, C. M. Tovhsea (hfs), Qtkih Vkkn Oionyses, ?11-?85, Onbuquhrquh: Xievhrsety

kg Ihw Chxeak Trhss.

Vorfy, N.

Vhunofh, O.

?075 Qkaeåtå f'Oit`rkpknkmeh fh Tores, ?7 fåahcbrh ?075.

?508 Htufh tåp`rknkmequh fh gkrcotekis noaustrhs fh coors fu Whnoy Kaaefhiton. FHO,

Xievhrsetå f'Oex-Corshennh EE.

?500 Nhs thp`ro ahifrk-pkiahux fois nhs shfechits fu noa fh coor fh Qknhenòa (@outh-Nkerh):

påtrkmropèh ht kremeih, Qka. Cest. Iot. Ouvhrmih 81, 15-61.

?505 Våp`rknkmeh fhs gkrcotekis ahifrk-pkiahushs hi cenehux noaustrhs quothrioerhs. Cht`kfhf'åtufh ht oppneaoteki ou Cosseg Ahitron groiaoes (Whnoy) ht oux Aorpot`hs krehitonhs

rkucoeihs (fåprhsseki fh Brosskv). V`hsh fh ?'Xievhrsetå f'Oex-Corshennh EE.

Vhxehr, T.J. ?508 Aènòa EEE: ui meshchit ponåkitknkmequh vennogroiaèhi sknegnuå;. Bunnhtei fh no Qkaeåtå

pråèstkrequh groiaoesh 02, 70-=4.

V`kuvhiy, I. ?501 Htufh ponåkcomiåtequh fh gkrcotekis fu Tnek-Tnåestkaàih ht fh n'@knkaàih fu Cosseg

Ahitron ht fh shs o`krfs. V`hsh, Xievhrsetå f'Oex-Corshennh EE.




V`kuvhiy, I.,

H. Bkiegoy

Wenno, T.

]orrhi, Q.@.

?506 Ihw a`rkiknkmeaon foto ki Hurkphoi Tnek-Tnhestkahih gouios oif `kceief kaaupoteki

seths, Ioturh 140, 188-180.

?55? Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Trh`estkry ei Qkut`whsthri Hurkph: V`h Qtoth kg Kur Likwnhfmh oi

Emikroiah, Jkurion kg Oit`rkpknkmeaon Rhshora` 6=(2), ?51-2?0.

?5?6 V`h Hxphrechiton Eivhstemoteki kg Gneit Groaturh oif ets Oppneaoteki tk Trkbnhcs kg

@ucoi Ecpnhchits, Jkurion kg t`h Rkyon Oit`rkpknkmeaon Eistetuth kgMrhot Bretoei o

Erhnoif 66, 6?2-684.

]otski, ]. ?570 Gneit Ecpnhchits. 1rf Hf. Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc.

Jhoi-Toun Royion

Xievhrsetå fh Bkrfhoux ?

Eistetut fu _uothrioerh

XCR 5511 AIRQ oif MFR ??22 AIRQ

Ovhiuh fhs Goauntås,

G-11648 Vonhiah Ahfhx

Groiah

Nekihn Comkmo

MFR ??22 AIRQ

Råsefhiah Royckif

60 Onnhh fhs Oenhs

G-41244 Wea`y

Groiah

Ththr Beifki

Fhportchit kg Oit`rkpknkmy

]hsthri Oustroneoi Cushuc

Groiaes Qtrhht, Thrt` 7444

]hsthri Oustroneo.



Oeoei Vuggrhou 5 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:Tehrrh Oitkeih Akiteihiton Ikrt`whsthri Hurkph

V`h ponohknetèa rhakrf kg akiteihiton ikrt`whsthri

Hurkph es aòroathrezhf by seths ei o nkhss- oifgnuveon

fhpksets akithxt, usuonny prhshrvhf ei t`h gorc kgnkhss-

akvhrhf revhr thrroahs. Os o rhsunt rhnotevh a`rkiknkmehs aoi

bh hstobnes`hf kvhr rot`hr normh festoiahs, onnkweim tk eighr

tòt t h hornehst kaaupoteki kgtès rhmeki foths boal tk

obkut 744 Lyr BT. Vès es hsphaeonny whnn hstobnes`hf ei t`h

Qkiuih vonnhy. ]krl ei t`h Aomiy orho òs pnoahf t`h

Oa`hunhoi kaaupotekis t`hrh ei o normh vorehty kg

haknkmeaon shtteims.

?. Eitrufuateki

V`h mhkmropèaon orho akiahrihf (Gem. ?) es aòroathreshf

by t`h prhshiah kg gnuveon fhpksets. kgthi prhshrvhf ei t`h

gorc kg thrroah shquhiahs, oif by Ceffnh oif Noth

Tnhestkahih nkhssea fhpksets. tòt nkaonny rhoa` akisefhrobnh

tèalihsshs. Vroahs kg gkriehr coreih bhoa`hs orh rot`hr

akccki ei t`h Cosseg Orckreaoei, but rorh ei t`h ikrt`hri

port kg t`h Aòiihn. Lorstea eigenneims orh vertuonny necethf

nk t`h Chush bosei. V`h orho rhvehwhf `hrh es kih kg t`ksh

Hurkphoi rhmekis w`hrh Tonohknetèa oraòhknkmests òvh

bhhi akifuateim gehnfwkrl grkc t`h vhry bhmeiieim kg

prhèstkreh oraòhknkmy kiworfs (h.m. ei t`h Qkcch oif@oeih vonnhys oif ei t`h Neàmh rhmeki). Ei tès pophr wh

wenn mevh o s`krt rhmekion prhshitoteki kg t`h hvefhiah kg t`h

hornehst kaaupoteki kg tès orho, prkbobny kih kg t`h ckst

`hoveny rhshora`hf rhmekis kg Hurkph.

2. V`h Chush bosei

2.?. NO BHNNH-RKA@H (QTRECKIV)

V`h kiny seth ei t`h Chush orho tòt prhfoths KEQ 0 es No

Bhnnh-Rka`h ot Qpreckit, o lorstea aovh setuothf obkut 24 lc

skut` kg Neàmh (Bhnmeuc) ki t`h rem`t boil kg t`h Ocbnavh

revhr. Torteonny fhstrkyhf by quorryeim oatevetehs. t`h seth òs

bhhi uifhr hxaovoteki grkc ?504 kiworfs (Akrfy ht on.?552). V`h geifs akch grkc o `krezkiton lorst monnhry, w`ksh

eigXneim akisests kg o bosea mrovhn uiet kvhrnoei by o shrehs kg

cufstkih noyhrs akitoeieim t`h geifs, oif shonhf by o aonaeth

noyhr. X-shrehs foteim kg t h aonaeth akvhreim t`h gksseneghrkus

fhpksets yehnfhf oi omh ei hxahss kg 184,444 yhors.

V`h gouion osshcbnomh rhakvhrhf grkc t`h cufstkih

noyhrs akitoeis obkut 84 sphaehs, ockim wèa` Aoies cks-

boa`hises, Xrsus fhieimhre, Phikayki nyaokiefhs, Toit`hro

nhk gkssenes. Toit`hro mkcboszkhmhises, Hquus cksboa`hi-

ses, Feahrkrèius htrusaus oif @hcetromus bkione orh

prhshit. V`h osshcbnomh òs bhhi fothf tk KEQ ?1 omh, e.h.

ot orkuif 844 Lyr BT. V`h netèa eifustry akisests kg gneit

kbjhats - shvhrhny whot`hrhf oif ei onn prkbobenety ei

shakifory pkseteki - rhakvhrhf grkc t`h upphr port kg t`h

gksseneghrkus fhpksets. V`h sconn osshcbnomh akitoeis

phbbnhs wet` o ghw saors ("phbbnh-eifustry") oif skch

gnolhs. Bhaoush kg ens p`yseaon akifeteki tès shrehs es

feggeaunt tk subcet tk o fhtoenhf oionyses oif skch wkrlhrs

òvh hvhi aost fkubts ki t`h ortegeaeon aòroathr kg t`h gneit

kbjhats (Rkhbrkhls oif Qtophrt ?507).

1. V`h @oeih vonnhy

Gkur revhr thrroahs (Gem. 2), shporothf grkc hoa` kt`hr

by o aònl tonus ?4 c èm`, whrh rhakmieshf ei t`h @oeih

vonnhy (@ohsohrts ?506). V`h knfhst twk (To f'n o ?'eou

oif Thtet Qpehiihs) orh eithrprhthf os foteim grkc t`h

hif kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx. V`hy òvh bhhi ottrebuthf

tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih ki t`h boses kg akrrhnotekis tk

t`h Qa`hnfh (Hsaout) bosei oif ei vehw kg t`h skens

prhshit ei t`h nkhssea shfechits akvhreim t`h twk ykuimhstthrroahs.

Eivhstemotekis aorrehf kut by T. @ohsohrts ei t`h Qkcch

vonnhy òvh nhf tk o akrrhnoteki sa`hch gkr t`h gnuveon

fhpksets kg t`h Qkcch oif @oeih boseis (@ohsohrts oif

Fupues ?507): t`h Thtet-Qpehiihs thrroah aoi bh hquothf

wet` t`h thrroah kg Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth, w`hrhos t`h To f'no

?'eou wkunf akrrhspkif wet` t`h thrroah kg Aomiy-no

Morhiih. Ei t`h @oeih vonnhy kiny t`h twk knfhst thrroahs,

To f'no ?'eou oif Thtet-Qpehiihs, òvh yehnfhf Oa`hunhoi

eifustrehs.

1.? . TO F'NO N'EOX (KEQ ?2)

O sconn autteim ei t`h tkp kg t`h To f'no n'eou pnothou,

w`hrh t`h mrovhns surgoah, yehnfhf o ghw orthgoats, skch

òifoxhs oif twk sarophrs (Ao`hi ?506).

1.2. THVEV-QTEHIIHQ (KEQ ?4)

V`h Thtet-Qpehiihs gkrcoteki akisests kg o shquhiah kg

gnuveon mrovhns oif soifs, upworfs aòimeim eitk mrhyes`




Gem. ?. Nkaoteki kg seths chitekihf

ei t`h thxt:

?. Obbhvennh<

2. No Bhnnh Rka`h (Qpreckit)<

1. Aomiy<

6. Nh @ovrh<8. To f'no neou/Thtet Qpehiihs<

7. Tkrt-Temikt (Ghrcoivennh)<

=. Qoeit-Oa`hun<

0. Qoeit-Aknkcboi.

soifs. Ckst orthgoats rhakvhrhf grkc tès thrroah orh grkc

surgoah aknnhatekis, wènh skch whrh uiakvhrhf ei oi

hxaovoteki trhia`. Ckst kg t`hc orh òifoxhs, kg vorekus

gkrcs: ocymfonkefs, kvoths oif noiaeknås. Vkkns ki gnolhs

orh rhnotevhny ghw ei iucbhr. V`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh es

rhprhshithf by akrhs oif gnolhs (Ao`hi ?506).

6. V`h Qkcch Bosei

6.?. A@RKIKQVROVEMROT@EAON OIF TONOHKHIWERKI-

CHIVON AKIVHPV KG V@H QEVHQ

V`h fhtoenhf likwnhfmh kg t`h mhkchtry kg t`h Qkcch

vonnhy's thrroah systhc onnkws us tk pkseteki ponohknetèa

seths wetèi o shrehs kg ieih thrroahs, rhmunorny spoahf

bhtwhhi 8 tk 7 oif 84 c obkvh t`h bhf-rkal kg t`h oatuon

revhr vonnhy (Oitkeih ?554< ?551< Oitkeih oif Vuggrhou

?551< @ohsohrts oif Fupues ?507).

Qtufehs kg t`h anecoteaon oif prkahssuon semiegeaoiah

kg t`h vorekus gnuveon shquhiahs òvh s`kwi tòt hoa`

thrroah bkfy, rhprhshithf by o suaahsseki kg mrovhns oif

geih-mroeihf gnuveon fhpksets, gkrcs t`h ckrp`knkmeaon-

shfechitory kutput kg o mnoaeon-eithrmnoaeon ayanh. Ei

mhihron, precory akithxt seths orh prhshrvhf wetèi t`h

geih-mroeihf aonaorhkus gnuveon shfechits, wetèi t`h'hxthcon' ports kg t`h thrroahs, e.h. anksh tk t`h aònl

tonus. V`hsh seths bhnkim tk t`h hif pòsh kg t`h gnuveon

ayanh, ei o coeiny eithrmnoaeon akithxt (Gem. 8). Ei skch

aoshs, `kwhvhr, Oa`hunhoi kaaupotekis grkc t`h

bhmeiieim kg o anecotea ayanh òvh bhhi fkauchithf, ei o

stenn thcphroth akithxt grkc t`h bhmeiieim kg o mnoaeon

pòsh (Gems 1 oif 6).

O gerst a`rkikstrotemropèa eithrprhtoteki es boshf ki t`

akcporeski kg anecotea ayanhs fhfuahf grkc t`h stufy kg

t`h thrroah systhc (revhr thrroahs oif ets akvhr kg nkhss oi

ponohkskns) wet` t`h kxymhi esktkph strotemrop`y,

ponohkcomihtea foto (Bequoit ?5=6< Nourhit ?551) oif

ckrh rhahitny, HQR oif X-shrehs foths (Nourhit ?551).

Ei tès eithrprhtoteki, t`h thrroah 'Gkrcotekis' E tk WEE

foth tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Bruìhs ikrcon hpka`, w`

kiny t`h prhshit vonnhy's mrovhns orh ottrebuthf tk t`h

]hea`shneoi pnhiemnoaeon.

V`h knfhst eighrrhf troahs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki

fkauchithf ei t`h Qkcch vonnhy orh t`h ghw 'orthgoats'

uiakvhrhf ei t`h revhr fhpksets grkc t`h thrroah kg Mroah

Ckiteàrhs, foteim grkc bhgkrh t`h Brui`hs-Cotuyoco

bkuifory (Bkurfehr ht on. ?5=6o). @kwhvhr, t`h ortegeaeon

aòroathr kg t`h ghw gnolhs pubnes`hf es ikt uiakithsthf, o

t`h bhst pehah es o pkeit kbtoeihf by rhtkuaèim o ioturon

gnolh. Bhgkrh t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih t`hrh es ik sknef troa

kg ùcoi prhshiah ei tès rhmeki, wet` t`h gerst eifustrehs

bhnkimeim tk t`h Oa`hunhoi.

6.2. V@H QEVHQ KG OBBHWENNH

6.2.?. Obbhvennh: Aorphitehr quorry (Gkrcoteki Wen,KEQ ?7/?8)

V`h Aorphitehr quorry ot Obbhvennh es nkaothf ki t`h rem

boil kg t`h Qkcch, ot ets akignuhiah wet` t`h Qaorfki, o

sconn trebutory kg t`h Qkcch. Vès seth es whnn-likwi gkr

t`h obuifoit ponohkitknkmeaon rhcoeis uiakvhrhf grkc t`

corih Coia`h (Bkunh, ei Akcckit ?5?4< Tkitehr ?520).

V`h strotemrop`y kg t`h seth, whnn-likwi seiah t`h bhmeiie



?65 ONOEI VXGGRHOX OIF TEHRRH OIVKEIH - AKIVEIHIVON IKRV@]HQVHRI HXRKTH

@ H N E I C H Q W E I T H V E V - Q T E H I I H Q

N O V R KX E N N H

-74

• 1 4

H1 AF B c •? 2 1 6 8 7

Gem. 2. Akcpkseth shateki t`rkum` t`h onnuveon gkrcotekis ei t`h Qpehiihs orho (ogthr @ohsohrts oif Fupues, ?507).o. Bkttkc vonnhy mrovhns< b. Nkwhr mrovhns kg Aorreàrh @ånei< a. Chsvei thrroah ommrofoteki< f. Thtet-Qpehiihs thrroah ommrofoteki<h. To feo n'eou thrroah ommrofoteki.?. Aurrhit gnuveon fhpksets< 2. ]hea`shneoi nkhss< 1. @orcemiehs ponohsken (Hhceoi)< 6. Qooneoi nkhss< 8. Vhrteory soifs (Noifhieoi)< 7. Aònl.

kg tès ahitury (Akcckit ?547< ?5?4) òs bhhi eithmrothf

ei vorekus syit`hshs ki t`h thi-oahs oif t`h ponohknetèaeifustrehs kg t`h Qkcch bosei (Omoa`h ht on. ?571<

Bkurfehr ?575o< Bkurfehr ?5=6< Bkurfehr ht on. ?5=6o oif

?5=6b< Vuggrhou ?50?< ?50=).

Rhahitny, prhaesh chosurhchits òvh setuothf t`h bosh kg

t`h thrroah bkfy ot 64 c obkvh t`h bhf-rkal kg t`h prhshit

revhr vonnhy. V`h gnuveon shquhiah kg t`h Aorphitehr quorry

akrrhspkifs tk t`h fkwistrhoc hxthiseki kg t`h shvhit`

gkrieoteki kg t`h Qkcch systhc (Gkrcoteki fh Rhioiakurt,

Oitkeih ?554). Toronnhn tk t`hsh stufehs ponohkcomihtea

oionyshs s`kwhf tòt t`h gnuveon shquhiah bhnkims tk t`h

Brui`hs ikrcon hpka` (Nourhit ?551).

V`h prhshitny vesebnh shateki s`kws o tèi gnuveonshquhiah, grkc t`h hxthrion port kg t`h thrroah bkfy, anksh

tk t`h aònl tonus. akvhrhf by o tèi noyhr kg soify-nkocy

fhpksets. V`h bkuifory bhtwhhi t`hsh twk uiets es corlhf

by oi hrksekion nhvhn, osskaeothf wet` normh pkalhts.

V`h gnuveon shquhiah akisests kg twk coei uiets: t`h

nkwhr uiet akisests kg o aònly mrovhn, vhry bofny skrthf ei

ets nkwhr ports, w`hrh et akitoeis bem bnkals kg aònl oif

gneits, uirknnhf ei o soify-aonaorhkus cotrex. Vès uiet

akitoeis nhishs kg aonaorhkus nkocs tòt fespnoy o rkum`ny

`krezkiton strotegeaoteki.

V`h upphr gnuveon uiet akrrhspkifs tk t`h sobnhs corihux

vhrfotrhs oif t`h coieh Coia`h kg W. Akcckit, tòt

yehnfhf t`h rhcoeis kg normh coccons. Et akisests kg o

suaahsseki kg nhishs kg soify nkocs oif soifs wet`

aonaorhkus kiakne t`s, oif fespnoys o strotegeaoteki eifeaotevh

kg o gnuveon hiverkichit kg chfeuc hihrmy. V`h obuifoit

kiaknet`s tòt aòroathresh tès fhpkset w`hrh gkrchf ei tès

hiverkichit. V`hsh kvonkef, ahitechtrh-sezhf aorbkiothf

anhchits orh t`h rhsunt kg shoskion oatevetehs kg Rkfkp`y-

aåas oif Ayoikp`ysåhs (Ofknp`h ?5=6), onmoh eifeaotevh kg

anhor wothr, ei o stobnh `yfrkmropèa shtteim, oif pkeiteim tk

thcphroth anecotea akifetekis.Ei mhihron t`h pknnhi osshcbnomhs grkc t`h kiaknet`-

fhpksets eifeaoth o cksoea noifsaoph, wet` gkrhsts oif

sthpphs, akrrhspkifeim tk o thcphroth Akiteihiton anecoth

(Cuiout ?500 oif phrs. akcc.). Grkc o anecotea pkeit kg

vehw t`h typh kg shfechits oif t`h pknnhi eifeaoth o

anhorny thcphroth akithxt, oi osshsschit akigerchf by t`h

obuifoit prhshiah kg kiaknet`s akcporobnh tk t`ksh

kbshrvobnh ei t`h @knkahih fhpksets ei t`h prhshit-foy

vonnhy.

V`h gouio grkc t`h Aorphitehr quorry akitoeis t`h

gknnkweim sphaehs, oaakrfeim tk Bkunh (ei Akcckit ?5?4):

Nkwhr uiet: Hquus ogg. sthikies, Rèikahrks (3 Feahrk-rèius) oif @eppkpktocus.

Xpphr uiet: @yohio ag. arkauto, @kckt`hreuc notefhis,

Coccutùs chrefekiones, C. trkmkit`hree, C. precemhieus

wet` oraòea aòroathresteas, Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki)

oitequus, Hquus sthikies, H. sthikies rkbustus oif coybh

H. `yfruiteius, Feahrkrèius htrusaus, F. chrhle. F. nhptk-

rèius, Hnosckt`hreuc, Qus sarkgo. @eppkpktocus, Ahrvus

sknenoaus, A. (Foco) skckihises, A. hnopùs, A. bhnmroife,

A. aoiofhises, Aoprhknus aoprhknus, Bks presaus, oif

B. hnotus kr htrusaus. O rofeus kg o normh ahrvef oif oi

upphr C1 kg Qus ag. strkzze whrh gkuif ei ?505. Ont`kum` et

es ecpkssebnh tk sphaegy t`h hxoat prkvhioiah kg t`h normh

coccon rhcoeis fhsarebhf ot t`h bhmeiieim kg tès ahitury.

t`h akcpkseteki kg t`h gouio osarebhf tk t`h upphr uiet es

ak`hrhit wet` t`h typh kg hiverkichit chitekihf obkvh<

t`h prhshiah kg èppkpktocus ei t`h nkwhr uiet, t`h mrovhns,

shhcs tk eifeaoth o cexturh, `kwhvhr.

V`h a`rkikstrotemropèa eithrprhtoteki kg t`h Gkrcoteki

fh no Aorreàrh Aorphitehr wetèi t h Qkcch systhc (KEQ

?7 tk ?8) es ei omrhhchit wet` t`h pkseteki kg t`h Obbhvenl




gouio ei t`h normh coccon bekzkioteki (zkih EEE kg Akrfy

?502), wet` ponohkcomihtea hvefhiah oif wet` t`h HQR

foths (744 ¿ 54 Lyr BT).

Ot t`h hif kg t`h nost ahitury M. f'Ount fu Chsien

aknnhathf normh iucbhrs kg òifoxhs (ikw ot t`h Cusåh

fhs Oitequetås iotekionhs oif t`h Eistetut fh Tonhkitknkmeh

@ucoeih), t`kum`t tk bh akithcpkroihkus wet` t`h

Coctcetùs chrefekiones gouio. Oaakrfeim tk @. Brhuenoif @. Lhnnhy (?586), 'Obbhvenneoi' òifoxhs, wet`

ihmotevhs kg s`krt oif tèal gnolhs oif akrthx prhshrvhf ot

t`her bosh oif hfmhs whrh gkuif. Iuchrkus kvoth

òifoxhs oif necoifhs whrh fhsarebhf by W. Akcckit

(?5?4), w`k akunf ikt geif orthgoats osskaeothf wet` t`h

gouio ei t`h corih Coia`h. Brhuen's wkrl ei t`h ofjoahit

Nåki quorry yehnfhf kiny kih necoifh, grkc obkvh t`h

coieh bnoia`h.

6.2.2. Obbhvennh: Qtofh oif Aòcp fh Cors

(Gkrcoteki WE, KEQ ?6 tk ?1)

V`h seths kg t`h Qtofh oif t`h Aòcp fh Cors orhsetuothf ei t`h soch mhkckrp`knkmeaon akithxt os tòt kg t`h

Aorphitehr quorry. @kwhvhr, t`h rhnotevh ontetufh kg t`h bosh

kg t`h mrovhns (ot obkut +11 c) summhsts o akrrhnoteki tk t`h

ecchfeothny gknnkweim gnuveon gkrcoteki, t`h Gkrcoteki fh

Gråvennh (WE). Ei t`h obshiah kg rhahit kbshrvotekis et es

ecpkssebnh tk mevh o prhaesh fhsarepteki kg t`h strotemrop`

aon oif ponohkhiverkichiton akithxt kg t`h vhry iuchrk

òifoxhs (Gem. 1) fesakvhrhf ei t`h mrovhns. Ckst kg t`hc

orh kvoths oif necoifhs, t`kum` skch òvh bhhi anossege

os 'Obbhvenneoi' by Brhuen (aknnhateki kg t`h Cusåh fhs

Oitequetås Iotekionhs)< Vuggrhou ?50=< ?552). Et es

t`hrhgkrh pkssebnh tòt skch kg t`h 'Obbhvenneoi' begoahs

cua` ckrh rhahit oif tòt hoa` o pksthreki anossegeaotekkg orthgoats wet`kut o prhaesh strotemropèaon akithxt kiny

yehnfs ortegeaeon shrehs kg ki t`h kih òif rkum` 'Obbh-

venneoi'-typh òifoxhs oif Oa`hunhoi kihs ki t`h kt`hr.

Gkr tòt rhoski kih s`kunf gkr kiah oif gkr onn obknes` t`

thrc 'Obbhvenneoi', bh et ei t`h anosseaon "aunturon" shish

tk ovkef hvhry pkssebnh akiguseki, ei t`h typknkmeaon shis

os stenn ushf ei t`h typknkmy kg G. Bkrfhs (?57?).

6.1. QEVHQ KG V@H QOEIV-OA@HXN/AOMIU RHMEKI

Gnuveon thrroahs orh porteaunorny whnn-fhvhnkphf ot Qoei

Oa`hun, o suburb kg Ocehis, setuothf ki t`h nhgt boil kg

Qkcch, ot ets akignuhiah wet` t`h Ovrh revhr. V`h thrroabhnkim tk t`h Gråvennh gkrcoteki (WE) oif tk t`h Gkrcotek

fh no Morhiih (W). Vès nost kih es vesebnh o ghw lenkcht

upstrhoc, ot Aomiy-no Morhiih oif ot Aomiy-Aechteàrh,

t`h vonnhy kg t`h Ovrh, w`hrh ykuimhr revhr fhpksets orh

onsk prhshrvhf (Gkrcoteki fh n'Hpeihtth, EW).

Gem. 1. Obbhvennh, Aòcp fh Cors.@oifoxh. Qaonh ei ac.



?8? ONOEI VXGGRHOX OIF TEHRRH OIVKEIH - AKIVEIHIVON IKRV@]HQVHRI HXRKTH

61.?. Qoeit-Oa`hun, ruh Corahnei Bhrt`hnkt

e Gkrcoteki WE.KEQ ?6 tk ?1)

V`h shquhiah kg t`h 'ruh Corahnei Bhrt`hnkt' ot Qoeit-

Oaàin neos bhhi stufehf ei fhtoen ei ?50? by O. Vuggrhou

oif J.T. Gomiort fureim o sonvomh hxaovoteki. V`h gnuveon

fhpksets orh rot`hr tèi `hrh (obkut 1 c tèal) oif tk o normh

axeait whot`hrhf os rhsunt kg t`her pkseteki ei o ckrh ahitron

port kg t`h gkrchr revhr vonnhy, w`hrh akvhreim nkhsseanoyhrs orh usuonny vhry tèi. V`her rhnotevh ontetufh onnkws o

akrranoteki wet` t`h Gråvennh gkrcoteki (WE).

V`h iuchrkus Oa`hunhoi orthgoats aknnhathf grkc t`h

mrovhns oif t`h gnuveon soifs orh usuonny poteiothf oif

rknnhf. V`hrh orh vorekus gkries kg òifoxhs (ocymonkefs,

necoifhs) oif gnolhs wet` errhmunor rhtkua`hs. O Nhvonnkes

akrh >e åanot prågårhitehn es onsk prhshit . V`hsh geifs rhaonn

t`h orthgoats chitekihf by W. Akcckit, grkc fh Gråvennh

quorry (Qoeit-Oa`hun), wèa` kaaupehs o nhss 'eithrion'

pkseteki ei t`h soch thrroah bkfy. Ei vehw kg t`h

bof akifetekis kg prhshrvoteki kih aoiikt hxanufh oi

ofcexturh wet` ckrh rhahit orthgoats. V`h ecpkrtoiah kg

t`h seth nehs ei ets akigercoteki kg Akcckit's hornehr

kbshrvoteki kg t`h iuchrkus prhshiah kg Oa`hunhoi

orthgoats wetèi t`h Gråvennh gkrcoteki (Akcckit ?540<

?545).

6.1.2. Qoeit-Oa`hun. ruh fh Aomiy (Gkrcoteki W,

KEQ ?2 tk ??)

V`h seth kg t`h 'ruh fh Aomiy' ot Qoeit-Oa`hun es whnn-

likwi bhaoush kg t`h hxaovoteki uifhrtolhi by W. Akcckit

(?540) fureim buenfeim oatevetehs ei ?547. V`h strotemropèaon

shquhiah akieoeis mrovhns oif geih-mroeihf revhr fhpksets

- soifs oif nkocs - kvhrnoei by o rot`hr tèi noyhr kg

nkocy fhpksets. t`h gockus sobnhs rkux.V`h mrovhns yehnfhf ocymfonkef òifoxhs wet` o

akrteaon bosh oif o ghw tkkns ki gnolhs: sarophrs, hif-

sarophrs, ikta`hs oif fhiteaunoths. V`h nkwhr port kg

t`h geih-mroeihf gnuveon fhpksets akisests kg wèth soifs.

V`hsh akitoeihf o shrehs kg 224 òifoxhs, ocyfonkefs oif

necoifhs, os whnn os tkkns ki gnolhs kg vorekus typhs. V`h

sobnhs rkux fhpksets, wet`kut oiy fkubt foteim grkc t`h

nothr port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, (KEQ 0;) yehnfhf

144 òifoxhs, ckst (2=?) kg t`hc necoifhs, wet` iuchrkus

twesthf hfmhs. Just nelh t`h kt`hr shrehs grkc tès seth t`htkkns ki gnolh orh kg vorekus gkrcs, oif ik Nhvonnkes

prkfuats orh prhshit.

6.6. V@H AOMIU QEVHQ

V`h seths kg Momiy, 'No Morhiih', 'Aechteàrh' oif

VHpeihtth' orh setuothf ki t`h nhgt boil kg t`h Ovrh revhr, o

ghw lenkchtrhs grkc ets akignuhiah wet` t`h Qkcch. V`h

t`rhh seths orh vhry anksh tk hoa` kt`hr, wet` o coxecuc

festoiah kg ? lc. V`h t`rhh seths bhnkim tk twk festeiat

gnuveon gkrcotekis (Gem. 6): t`h Gkrcoteki fh no Morhiih

(thrroah W, KEQ ?2 tk ??, wet` oi HQR omh ot Morhiih kg

644 ¿?4? Lyr BT) gkr t`h gerst twk seths oif t`h Gkrcoteki

fh E Hpeihtth (thrroah EW, KEQ ?4 tk 5, HQR foth kg 257 ¿

81 Lyr BT< Nourhit ?551) gkr t`h nost kih.

O akcbeihf stufy kg t`hsh t`rhh seths òs rhsunthf ei o

ckfhn kg t`her anecoteaon oif shfechitknkmeaon hvknuteki, ei

wèa` t`h Oa`hunhoi kaaupotekion pòshs òvh bhhi

eithmrothf (Oitkeih oif Vuggrhou ?551).

6.6.?. Aomiy-No Morhiih (Gkrcoteki W, KEQ ?2

tk ??)

V`h seth Aomiy-No Morhiih wos hxpnkethf os o quorry

grkc ?5?7 tk ?585, w`hi et wos anossegehf os o Ckiuchit

èstkrequh, o ghw yhors bhgkrh et wos bkum`t by t`h Grhia`

stoth (?571). V`h seth es gockus gkr t`h eiiuchrobnhOa`hunhoi orthgoats rhakvhrhf grkc t`h Ovrh fhpksets,

kvhrnoei by o tèal shrehs kg nkhssea shfechits.

IH

N Hpeihtth

No Morhiih

Gem. 6. Mhihron struaturh oif rhnotekis ep bhtwhhi Morhiih oif Hpeihtth gkrcotekis ei t`h Aomiy orho (ogthr Oitkeih oif Vuggrhou, ?551).?. Aònl bhfrkal< 2. Qnkph fhpkset shquhiah wet` eithrstrotegehf gnuveon sents ei t`h Morhiih Gkrcoteki< 1. Thremnoaeon gnuveon mrovhns kg Morhiih

oif Hpeihtth gkrcotekis< 6. Gnuveon soifs (Morhiih Gkrcoteki)< 8. Gnuveon aonaorhkus sents (Hpeihtth Gkrcoteki)< 7. Qnkph fhpkset shquhiah

kvhrnyeim onnuveon gkrcotekis (nkhss, snkph fhpksets oif ponohkskens)< =. Xifesturbhf ponohknet ea shttnhchits.




[À1

t ^gtt gt

[ e 6- ]n n ! , e . g • E . E . X E U . ' e - g . j t e ? ,Y eJ *r

Gem. 8. Efhonezhf shateki t`rkum` t`h onnuveon shquhiah kg t`h Ceffnh thrroah akcpnhx ei t`h Aomiy orho (ogthr Oitkeih oif Vuggrhou, ?551).4. Aònly bhfrkal< ?. Qhquhiah kg aònly snkph fhpksets wet` eithrstrotegehf bhfs kg aonaorhkus gnuveon sents. V`h boson port kg t`hsh fhpksetsnothronny poss t`rkum` typeaonny aonaorhkus gnuveon mrovhns (?') (? & ?': Horny mnoaeon shfechitoteki)< 2. Cojkr pòsh kg akorsh shfechitoteki eibroefhf revhr oif o phremnoaeon hiverkichit (Gunnmnoaeon shfechitoteki)< 1/6. Qtobenesoteki kg t`h gnkkfpnoei: aonaorhkus geih gnuveon sents wetèccoturh skens kg ùcef mrossnoif (Eithrmnoaeon)< 8. Brkwi nhoa`hf sken (eithrmnoaeon ei snkph hiverkichit)< 7. Xiakigkrcety bhtwhhi uiets (?-oif (2). O. Xifesturbhf Tonohknetèa shttnhchits< B. Rhwkrlhf Tonohknetèa orthgoats.

V`h seth's strotemrop`y es likwi t`rkum` t`h

kbshrvotekis kg G. Bkurfehr (?575o), t`h fhtoenhf stufehs

by T. @ohsohrts (@ohsohrts oif Fupues ?507) oif by t`h

foto aknnhathf ei ?507-?50= fureim oi hxaovoteki ei t`h

hxthrion port kg t`h Morhiih thrroah, ot t`h gkkt kg t`h

normh anosseaon shateki (Vuggrhou ?505). Ei ?551 ihw

hxaovotekis storthf tk t`h ikrt` kg t`h coei shateki,

tkworfs t`h Aechteàrh seth (hxaovotekis by t`h uievhrsetehs

kg n.ennh oif kg Thiisynvoieo).

V`h shquhiah kg t`h hxthrion port kg t`h Morhiih thrroah,

hxaovothf ei ?507 oif ?50=, es fkceiothf by snkph

fyioceao, wet` kaaosekionny eithrsphrshf gnuveon shfechits.

V`h prkxecety kg t`h revhr akursh es fkauchithf t`rkum`kut

t`h shquhiah by kvhrboil fhpksets oif by o nothron sègt tk

o typeaon gnuveon fhpkset ot t`h bosh kg t`h shquhiah (Gem. 8,

uiets ? oif ?').

Rhahit stufehs òvh s`kwi tès shquhiah tk bh knfhr tòi

t`h 'anosseaon' revhr thrroah fhsarebhf by hornehr wkrlhrs.

Vès anosseaon thrroah akisests kg pnhiemnoaeon gnuveon

fhpksets, oif o mrovhnny gnkkf pnoei eithrshathf by broefhf

aòiihns (Gem. 8, uiet 1).

V`h gerst rhsunts kg pknnhi oionyshs kg t`h Aomiy-noMorhiih shquhiah (Cuiout ?551) eifeaoth gkr t`h nkwhr

port kg t`h hxaovoteki shateki (Gem. 8, uiet ?) o suaahsseki

kg Akiteihiton thcphroth pòshs, akrrhspkifeim tk o

gkrhsthf-sthppea noifsaoph rhnotevhny rea` ei thcphroth

toxo. Ogthr o aknfhr phrekf t`h èm`hr nhvhns s`kw o

aòimh tkworfs o bkrhon gkrhst noifsaoph, hifeim wet` o

suboratea hiverkichit wet` Bhnueo. Tknnhi grkc soif

nhishs ei t`h uiet 2 mrovhns eifeaoth oi kphi sthppea

hiverkichit, wet` o vhmhtoteki fkceiothf by `hrbs (iki

orbkrhon pknnhi 77.= %).

Vès pknnhi-boshf ckfhn kg t`h hvknuteki kg vhmhtoteki oi

anecoth akigercs oif fhtoens t`h ckfhn kg anecotea hvknuteki

eieteonny prkpkshf ki t`h boses kg strotemropèaon oif

shfechitknkmeaon kbshrvotekis (Oitkeih ?554): horny mnoaeon

t`h uiet wet` t`h Oa`hunhoi orthgoats oif t`h normh cocco

gkssens (Hquus aobonnus cksboa`hises, Chmoahrks sp., Ahr

hnopùs oif normh bkvefs< Ckemih ?551), pnhiemnoaeon gkr t

cojkr akorsh mroeihf port - wet` rhwkrlhf orthgoats - kg

t`h thrroah bkfy oif noth mnoaeon gkr t`h mrhhi soifs akvhre

t`h gnkkf pnoei (Gem. 8, uiet 1). V`h upphr port kg tès uiet

fespnoys o revhr vonnhy-typh pshufkmnhy grkc o thcphroth

akithxt (Woi Wneht-Noi÷h, ei Vuggrhou ?505).

Qtufehs kg t`h mhkchtry kg t`h fhpksets anhorny s`kw t`

t`h gerst seths whrh ki o sub-`krezkiton boil obkut ?4 c

wefh, setuothf bhtwhhi t`h aònl tonus onkim t`h skut`hri

boil kg t`h revhr oif t`h revhr etshng (Gem. 8). V`h orthgoat

grkc t`h vorekus oraòhknkmeaon nhvhns (Gem. 7) orh ckstny

prkfuats kg o gneit wkrls`kp hxpnketeim t`h row cothreon

prhshit ei t`h ofjoahit aònl anegg: iuchrkus akrhs oifòifoxhs, coiy kg t`hc fesaorfhf rkum`kuts ei vorekus

stomhs kg prkfuateki (Nocktth ?55?). V`h prhshiah kg o

vhry sconn iucbhr kg Nhvonnkes akrhs oif kg Nhvonnkes

gnolhs - kgthi òrfny festeimuesòbnh grkc gnolhs prkfuahf

wènh coleim òifoxhs - es streleim.

Worekus pehahs s`kw t`h hxesthiah kg neilomhs bhtwhhi

cht`kfs kg òifoxh prkfuateki oif cht`kfs kg Nhvonnkes




Gem. 7. Aomiy-no Morhiih. Eifustry kg t`h gnuveon fhpksets.? oif 1: Nhvonnkes akrhs. 2: @oifoxh wet` o ihmotevh kg o rhckvon secenor tk o Nhvonnkes gnolh. Qaonh ei ac.




Gem. =. Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth. Eifustry kgt`h gnuveon fhpksets.?. @oifoxh< 2. Nhvonnkes akrh.Qaonh ei ac.

fhbetomh. Qkch òifoxhs brklhi fureim gnoleim òvhyehnfhf o normh åanot prågårhitehn. Kt`hr òifoxhs, geies`hf

os s`kwi by t`h prhshiah kg shakifory rhtkua` ki t`h

autteim hfmas, fespnoy prkxeconny o streleim pnotgkrc tòt

shrvhf nkr prkfuaeim o normh gnolh ki t`h kt`hr sefh.

Ei skch aoshs t`h normh gnolh òs bhhi strual

phrphifeaunorny tk t`h oxes kg t`h òifoxh. Qua` hxocpnhs

orh likwi bkt` Hrkc t`h rhahit hxaovotekis os whnn os grkc

knf aknnhatekis (Brhuen oif Lhnnhy ?586). V`h ckrp`knkmykg òifoxhs es ei o woy akcporobnh tk tòt kg Nhvonnkes

akrhs, wet` twk eithrshateim surgoahs kg nothron oif feston

akivhxety, kih shrveim gkr t`h prhporoteki kg t`h streleim

pnotgkrc, t`h kt`hr gkr t`h gnoleim kg t`h åanot prågårhiteh

Ei vehw kg tès kih akunf akisefhr òifoxhs, fesaorfhf

fureim prkfuateki kr os geies`hf kbjhats, os Nhvonnkes akrh

V`h obkvh-chitekihf prkfuats kbtoeihf grkc t`hc orh




Gem. 0. Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth. Eifustry kgt`h gnuveon fhpksets. Qaonh ei ac.

Nhvonnkes tnolhs. Ot Aomiy-no Morhiih t`hrh es o anhor

akiaaptuon neil bhtwhhi t`h prkfuhteki kg òifoxhs oif t`h

prhshiah kg Nhvonnkes gnoleim cht`kfs.

6.6.2. Aomiy-Aechteàrh (Gkrcoteki W. KEQ ?2 tk ??)

V`h strotemrop`y kg t`h Aechteàrh quorry ot Aomiy wos

stufehf by G. Bkurfehr (Bkurfehr ht on. ?5=6b) oif

ogthrworfs t`h seth wos t`h kbjhat kg hxaovotekis by

O. Vuggrhou (Vuggrhou ?504o oif ?504b< ?50=< Vuggrhou

ht on. ?502). Offetekion kbshrvotekis whrh cofh ei ?551

fureim o rhsauh hxaovoteki ot t`h ahchthry kg Aomiy,

ofjoahit tk t`h ikw oboifkihf quorry.

V`h nhvhns akiahrihf orh ei t`h soch ckrp`knkmeaon

pkseteki os t`ksh grkc Aomiy-no Morhiih (rhnotevh ontetufh

+20 c). ot o festoiah kg 244 c. V`h Aechteàrh shquhiah,

`kwhvhr. wos gkrchf ei o nhss hxthrion port kg t`h gnkkf

pnoei, w`hrh t`h knfhst shfechitory uiets orh obshit

(Gem. 6).

V`h fhpkseteki kg geih-mroeihf gnuveon shfechits bhmeis

wet` o noyhr kg strotegeaf soifs, fhpksethf ei aòiihns

hrkfeim t`h upphr port kg t`h mrovhns. V`hsh soifs yehnfhf o

ghw orthgoats oif akitoei obuifoit trhh pknnhi (orbkrhon

pknnhi 04 %, ag. Cuiout ?5=6< ?500) eifeaoteim o thcphroth

akiteihiton anecoth, akitrosteim wet` t`h akifetekis fureim

gkrcoteki kg t`h mrovhns.

V`h geih-mroeihf shfechitoteki akiteiuhs wet` o normh

saonh `krezkiton fhpkseteki kg soifs oif strotegehf nkocs,

subshquhitny ogghathf by t`h gkrcoteki kg aonaeth akiarhtekis.

Tknnhi oionyses fesahrihf t`rhh ponyikzkihs: twk sthppea

pòshs shporothf by o ckrh gkrhsthf hpeskfh, t`h eithrstofh

fh Aomiy (Cuiout ?5=6< ?500), oi eithrprhtoteki akigerchf

by t`h stufy kg t`h sconn coccons (Aòneih ?5=6).

V`h Oa`hunhoi seths kg Aomiy-Aechteàrh orh t`hrhgkrh

akithcpkroihkus wet` shvhron pòshs kg senteim up kg t`h

gnkkfpnoei, tòt oaakcpoiehf t`h hstobnes`chit kg thcphroth

akifetekis oif kg o gkrhst sthpph uifhr o akiteihiton

thcphroth anecoth. Kaaupoteki akiteiuhf fureim t`h

eithrmnoaeon oif t`h pòsh kg t`h anecoth fhthrekroteki

corleim t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h ihxt ayanh.

V`h mhkchtry oif t`h strotemrop`y kg t`h uiets kg t`h

Morhiih thrroah onnkw us tk pkseteki t`h eifustrehs kg t`h

geih-mroeihf gnuveon fhpksets kg t h Aechteàrh seth - t`kum`




setuothf ei t`h soch thrroah os t`ksh kg Morhiih - ot t`h hif

kg t`h gnuveon ayanh, shporothf grkc t`h Morhiih geifs by o

pnhiemnoaeon pòsh (t`h bhmeiieim kg KEQ ?2 ot Morhiih, horny

KEQ ?? ot Aechteàrh).

V`h netèa eifustry es rot`hr pkkr, akcpreseim hnkimothf

òifoxhs osskaeothf wet` tkkns ki gnolhs, coeiny ikta`hs

oif fhiteaunoths. V`hrh orh ik eifeaotekis tk rhnoth t`h netèa

osshcbnomh tk t`h gouion rhcoeis rhakvhrhf grkc t`h sochfhpksets.

6.6.8. Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth (Gkrcoteki EW, KEQ ?4 oif 5)

V`h eithrprhtoteki kg t`h Hpeihtth shquhiah es boshf ki

cuntefesaepneiory stufehs kg t`h iuchrkus shatekis

mhihrothf fureim t`h hxaovotekis by O. Vuggrhou, grkc

?504 kiworfs (Vuggrhou ht on. ?502< Vuggrhou ht on. ?507<

Oitkeih oif Vuggrhou ?551. Qeiah ?55? t`h seth es

hxaovothf jkeitny by o thoc kg t`h Xievhrsety kg Nennh oif

t`h Xievhrsety kg Thiisynvoieo). Vès shquhiah es t`h

stronktyph kg t`h Hpeihtth gkrcoteki (EW), wet` o rhnotevh

ontetufh kg 2? c obkvh t`h revhr's coxecuc eiaeseki,

e.h. 7 c nkwhr tòi tòt kg t`h Gkrcoteki fh no Morhiih

(Gem. 6).

Ot Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth t`h gnuveon fhpkseteki storts wet`

pnhiemnoaeon mrovhns. V`h tkp kg t`hsh gkrchf t`h surgoah

fureim t`h coei Oa`hunhoi kaaupoteki fkauchithf ei t`h

ikrt`hc port kg t`h hxaovoteki. Iaxt o shrehs kg bofny

skrthf aonaorhkus gnuveon nkocs wos fhpksethf. V`h gerst kg

t`hsh (?2) es o geih-mroeihf aonaorhkus nkoc fhpksethf ei o

sònnkw fhprhsseki ei t`h tkp kg t`h mrovhns. Vès nhvhn,

prkbobny rhgnhateim o aòiihn ei wèa` shttneim tkkl pnoah,

AKXnf os yht kiny bh fkauchithf kvhr o ghw squorh

chtrhs.

V`h geih-mroeihf gnuveon shfechitoteki akiteiuhs wet` t`hfhpkseteki kg o aonaorhkus nkoc (EE) ki t`h hxthrion port kg

t`h thrroah - nkoc wet` akccki rknnhf gneits oif aònl

porteanhs. Ei t`h nost pòsh kg t`h gnuveon shfechitoteki o

uiet kg `kckmhihkus nkoc wos fhpksethf, omoei wetèi o

aòiihn autteim t`rkum` t`h nkwhr nhvhns.

V`h upphr port kg tès shquhiah wos t`hi subjhathf tk

sken gkrcoteki. V`h rhsunteim nkocy-ùcea brkwi-bnoal

ponohkskn thstegehs tk sken gkrcoteki ei o ùcef hiverkichit,

akrrhspkifeim tk o stobenesoteki kg t`h gnkkf pnoei. Tknnhi

oionyses kg t`h upphr port kg t`hsh fhpksets eifeaoths oi

kphi gkrhst kg o bkrhon typh (ovhromh kg orbkrhon pknnhi:

70.6 %) oif o thcphroth akiteihiton anecotea shtteim. V`hshrhsunts orh ei omrhhchit wet` t`h rhsunts kg t`h cearkcoccon

stufehs, wèa` efhitegehf sphaehs aòroathrestea kg o akkn-

thcphroth anecoth, eifeaoteim eithrstofeon kr torfemnoaeon

akifetekis (stufehs by J.C. Akrfy oif V. voi Lkngsa`kthi).

V`h `ypkt`hses kg oi eithrmnoaeon phfkmhihses ot tès nhvhn

es akrrkbkrothf by t`h obuifoit prhshiah kg aonaeth

akiarhtekis ei t`h upphr port kg t`h geih-mroeihf fhpksets

oif by t`h ahchitoteki kg t`h mrovhn noyhr J. Ei goat, tès

'ùcef hiverkichit' phfkmhihses es rkum`ny akithcpkro

kus wet` t`h fhvhnkpchit kg o brkwies`-rhf sken vesebnh k

t`h aònl snkph, ot tòt tech t`h boil kg t`h revhr vonnhy

(Gem. 8, uiet 8).

V`hsh foto eifeaoth tòt t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h geih-mroei

fhpksets ot Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth tkkl pnoah ot t`h hif kg t`h

anecotea ayanh, ei oi horny-eithrmnoaeon akithxt, oi eithrprhtoteki rhahitny akigerchf by t`h rhsunts kg t`h nothst

pknnhi stufehs. V`h Oa`hunhoi kaaupotekis kg Aomiy-

n'Hpeihtth t`hrhgkrh tkkl pnoah ot t`h cormeis kg t`h gnkkf

pnoei grkc t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h anecotea ochnekroteki

kiworfs.

Ei t`h gnuveon nkocs t`h gknnkweim sphaehs orh prhshit:

Hnhpòs (T.) oitequus, Hquus cksboa`hises, Hquus

`yfruiteius, Hquus sp., Foco foco, Ahrvus hnopùs oif

Bks precemhieus. Kiny twk aorievkrh-rhcoeis whrh gkuif

yht: o gkx coifebnh oif o `yhio ùchrus. V`h nhvhns @,

E oif EE fegghr ei t`her gouion akcpksetekis. Ei @ `krsh e

whnn rhprhshithf w`hrhos nhvhns E oif EE orh fkceiothf

by bkvefs. Gromchits kg fhhr oitnhr orh akccki ei E oi

??. V`h prhshiah kg s`hf oitnhrs oif t`h omh kg t`h ykui

bkvefs shhcs tk eifeaoth oi kaaupoteki ot t`h hif kg

outuci kr weithr gkr nhvhn EE. Qkch bkihs s`kw aut-

corls.

V`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki tkkl pnoah ki t`h tkp kg t`h

mrovhns, w`hrhos kt`hr troahs opphor ei t`h shquhiah kg gei

mroeihf gnuveon fhpksets. Ei t`h geih-mroeihf nkocs o anhor

spoteon krmoiezoteki kg geifs akunf bh fesahrihf, wet` o

akiahitroteki kg ikfunhs, tòt, jufmeim grkc t`her ckr-

p`knkmy, cem`t òvh bhhi eitrkfuahf by ùcois, oif zki

wet` vorekus aothmkrehs kg bkihs (vhrthbroh, gromchits kg nec

bkihs oif oitnhrs).V`h noyhrs akvhreim t`h gnuveon shquhiah akrrhspkif tk

t`h nkwhr port kg t`h akvhreim noyhrs ot No Morhiih. V`h

eifustry (Gems =-0) akitoeis òifoxhs oif tkkns ki gnolhs,

skch kg wèa` whrh cofh ki ioturon gnolhs, eifeaoteim o

rot`hr kppkrtuiestea ottetufh tkworfs row cothreons, ei stor

akitrost tk wòt wos kbshrvhf ot Aomiy-no Morhiih

(Vuggrhou ht on. ?558).

8. V`h nettkron seths kg t`h Aòiihn oif t`h

Otnoitea Kahoi

8.?. ]nCHRHXP, NO TkeIVH-OXP-KnHQ

V`h seth (]echrhux, Tos-fh-Aonoes) es ot 8 lc ikrt` kgBkunkmih-sur-Chr, bhtwhhi t`h aneggs kg no Tkeith-oux-Keh

oif t`h hstuory kg t`h Qnoal, ei o nettkron anegg kg Tos-fh-

Aonoes.

Obkvh Tkrtnoifehi fhpksets, wet` oi upphr port akrrhs

pkifeim tk oi knf obroseki surgoah, t`h anegg fespnoys o

shquhiah kg mrovhns oif brkwies` nkocs kg coreih kremei,

tòt òvh bhhi akrrhnothf tk t`h gnuveon-coreih shquhiah



?8= ONOEI VXGGRHOX OIF TEHRRH OIVKEIH - AKIVEIHIVON IKRV@]HQVHRI HXRKTH

Gem. 5. Qoeit-Aknkcboi (Aorioa, Ckrbe oi). Gnolh-tkkns (ogthr Ckiiehr ?508)?, Gnolh< 2. Tshufk-Nhvonnkes pkeit< 1 oif 6. Qefh-sarophrs< 8. Ikta`< 7. Fhiteaunoth< =. VroisvhrsoE sefh-sarophr< 0. Akcpkseth gnolh-tkkn (ikta`oif fhiteaunoth)< 5. Qeimnh akivhx sefh-sarophr< ?4. Fåjhtå sarophr< ??. Fhiteaunoth< ?2. Benn-`kkl< ?1. Qeimnh sefh-sarophr< ?6 tk ?7. Fhiteaunoths<?=. Qeimnh sefh-sarophr< ?0. Bkrhr< ?5 tk 26. Fhiteaunoths oif ikta`hs< 28 oif 27. Qeimnh sefh-sarophrs< 2= tk 25. Fhiteaunoths oif ikta`hs<14. Qarophrs< 1?. Fhiteaunoth< 12. Qefh-sarophr< 11. Ioturonny boalhf liegh< 16. Fhiteaunoth< 18. Akivhx troisvhrsh sefh-sarophr. Qaonh ei ac.




Gem. ?4. Nkaonesoteki kg t`hponohknetèa seths ei t`h shfechitoryshquhiah kg t`h Qkcch Bosei,wet` o `ypkt`hteaon akrrhnoteki tkt`h kxymhi esktkph strotemrop`y.?. Bt `krezki kg brkwi nhoa`hf sken<2. Bt `krezki kg rhf anoyhy sken<1. Eitropnhiemnoaeon bkrhon nhoa`hfsken< 6. Horny mnoaeon ùcea sken<8. Horny mnoaeon mrhy gkrhsthfùcea sken< 7. Aonaorhkus nkhss<=. Aonaorhkus bhffhf nkhss< 0. Eah

whfmhs oif grkst aroals< 5. Qoifyaonaorhkus nkhss< ?4. Qoify nkhss<?? . Rubbnh aònl< ?2. Qoify snkphaknnuveucs< ?1. Horny mnoaeon snkphfhpksets shquhiah wet` eithr-stro-tegehf aonaorhkus sents< ?6. Akorshgnuveon mrovhns< ?8. Gnuveonaonaorhkus sents< ?7. Thot (ckfhrignkkf pnoei)< TQ?-QR-Qkn fhRkakurt (Hhceoi). TQ2, TQ1, TQ6-prh-Hhceoi ponohkskns. *HQR fothski gnuveon quorz. +X/V`-foths kibkihs. Anecotea ayanh: O. Eithrmnoaeon<B. Horny Mnoaeon< A. Gunn mnoaeon. ? 2 ? > 8 « = J ¼ ?4 ?? ?2 ?) ?6 ?8 ?7 ? ,-eu. C. .,.

wet` Coccutùs chrefekiones oif @eppkpktocus cojkr kg

]essoit (Bkurfehr ?575b). V`h shquhiah gurt`hrckrh

akisests kg oiaehit gnuveon fhpksets (mrovhns oif soifs) kg t`h

Qnoal, akvhrhf by strotegehf soifs oif t`h @knkahih fuihs.

Nothronny t`h Tnhestkahih fhpksets orh kvhrnoei by o nkhss

akvhr wet` o ponohkskn kg eithrmnoaeon aòroathr (Qkccå

oif Vuggrhou ?5=7 oif ei prhp.). Ckrh stufehs orh ihhfhf

- hsphaeonny ponohkcomihtea kihs - tk sphaegy t`h omh kg

t`h coreih fhpksets tòt bhor wetihss tk t`h kphieim kg t`h

Tos-fh-Aonoes (Qtroet kg Fkvhr) grkc t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

kiworfs (Aknbhoux ht on. ?504). V`hy prkbobny foth grkc

skchw`hrh ei t`h Arkchr akcpnhx (KEQ ?1 tk 2?).

V`h netèa eifustry, uirknnhf, but wet` oi eithisevh brkw

tk yhnnkw aknkur poteio, wos aknnhathf grkc t`h nkwhr mrov




noyhr (t`h coreih fhpkset) tòt es hxpkshf fureim èm` oif

strkim tefhs ki t`h prhshit bhoa`. Qkch ckrh obrofhf

orl-E oats òvh nelhwesh surgoahf grkc t`h gnuveon mrovhns.

V`h osshcbnomh coeiny akisests kg gneit ikfunhs wet` o

autteim hfmh kbtoeihf by suaahssevh kr onthrioteim begoaeon

ioleim, O ghw rorh òifoxhs wet` normh gnolh-saors ('prktk-

begoahs') orh onsk prhshit. Bhaoush kg t`h woy t`h

osshcbnomh òs bhhi aknnhathf gnolhs orh ikt iuchrkus(Vuggrhou ?5=?).

8.2. V@H QEVHQ KG IKRCOIFU

V`h bhoa`hs kg Nh @ovrh (Qheih-Coretech) òvh yehnfhf

coiy orthgoans grkc t`h hif kg t`h nost ahitury kiworfs, gkr

hxocpnh shrehs wet` coiy òifoxhs (ocymfonkefs oif

noiahknoth gkrcs) grkc t`h 'Qtoteki Rkcoei'. Kt`hrs orh

aòroathreshf by t`h obuifoiaa kg tèal gnolhs wet` o wefh

gnoleim oimnh, tòt òvh bhhi rhnothf tk t`h 'Anoatkieoi'.

V`hy onsk pksshss skch òifoxh rkum`kuts, s`kweim tòt

ei Eoat wh orh fhoneim wet` Oa`hunhoi gneit lioppeim seths

(K`hn oif Nha`hvonehr ?5=5: ]ottå ?50=). V`her akithxt kgfesakvhry - t`h bhoa`hs - colhs et feggeaunt tk hstobnes` t`h

omh kg t`hsh shrehs.

V`h Tkrt-Temikt seth (Ghrcoivennh, Coia`h) yehnfhf o netèa

eifustry setuothf ki tkp kg knf coreih fhpksets kg t`h Akthitei

phieisuno. akvhrhf by Qooneoi snkph fhpksets (`hof). Ei vehw

kg t`h rhmekion akithxt t`h knf bhoa` akunf bh kg @knstheieoi

ei eitro-Qooneoi omh. V`h netèa eifustry, anossegeobnh os

hvknvhf Oa`hunhoi, akitoeis skch Nhvonnkes prkfuats oif o

ghw ocymfonkef òifoxhs. Qkch struaturhs òvh bhhi

fhsarebhf grkc tès seth, ockimsn wèa` gkur stkih-neihf

`hort`s orh t`h hosehst rhakmiezobnh kihs (Cea`hn ?502).

8.1. QOEIV-AKNKCBOI

V`h seth es setuothf ot no Tkeith fh Qoeit-Aknkcboi, ot

Aorioa (Ckrbeòi), ki t`h skut`hri akost kg Brettoiy, oif

òs bhhi hxaovothf grkc ?50? kiworfs (Ckiiehr oif

Nh Ankerha ?508< Ckiiehr oif Ckneihs ?551). V`h strote-

mropèa shquhiah, vesebnh ei o anegg, akisests kg soifs grkc

oi knf coreih bhoa` akvhrhf by o `hof. Vès knf bhoa`

sbkunf bh knfhr tòi t`h nost eithrmnoaeon, os akigerchf by

HQR foths (KEQ ?? kr ?1) kbtoeihf ot t`h Tnhuveihs seth.

V`h netèa osshcbnomh (Gem. 5) grkc t`h coreih shquhiah

akisests kg tkkns ki gnolhs (coeiny ikta`hs oif fhiteaunoths)

oif kg phbbnh-tkkns, ckstny a`kpphrs. "Aknkcboiehi" òs

bhhi summhsthf os o thrc tk eifeaoth t`h sphaegea aòroathr

kg tès typh kg osshcbnomh. Oi osshcbnomh akcporobnh tkt`h kih grkc Qoeit-Aknkcboi òs bhhi rhakvhrhf ei oi

efhiteaon strotemropèaon akithxt ot t`h seth kg Chihz-Fråmoi

? (@onnhmkuht ht on. ?552).

7. Akianusekis

V`hrh es ik troaå kg ùcoi kaaupoteki ei ikrt`whsthri

Groiah oif Bhnmeuc knfhr tòi KEQ ?8. V`h knfhst eifustry

akchs grkc t`h Aorreàrh Aorphitehr ot (Gem. ?4). Obbhvennh,

oif et es oi Oa`hunhoi kih. Onn netèa osshcbnomhs grkc kr

knfhr tòi KEQ 5 aoi bh ottrebuthf tk t`h Oa`hunhoi, wèa`

s`kws o normh typknkmeaon voreobenety ei t`h akcpkseteki kg

òifoxh gkrcs. Ot Aomiy-no Morhiih t`h opphoroiah kg t`hNhvonnkes fhbetomh es setuothf ei o akithxt kg òifoxh

prkfuateki, eifeaoteim o akiahptuon neil bhtwhhi t`h gnoleim

kg òifoxhs oif t`h hchrmhiah kg t`h Nhvonnkes gnoleim

cht`kfs. V`h prhshiah kg seths sphaegeaonny oechf ot

aknnhateim chot (Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth) kr netèa row cothreons

(Aomiy-no Morhiih) es onsk o pkeit tk hcpòsesh. V`hsh

kbshrvotekis s`kw tòt t`h prhshiah kg t`h Oa`hunhoi es

prkbobny ikt t`h rhsunt kg o nkaon hvknuteki, but rot`hr oi

eitrusevh p`hikchiki wet` o normh voreobenety, tòt strhsshs

t`h ortegeaeon aòroathr kg t`h anosseaon brhol bhtwhhi t`h

Nkwhr oif t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa.

V`h hxesthiah kg kremeion "Aknkcboiehi" osshcbnomhs ei

Brettoiy pkshs t`h quhsteki kg t`her eifevefuonety ei t`h akithxt

kg t`h Oa`hunhoi. Orh wh fhoneim wet` osshcbnomhs rhsunteim

grkc sphaeoneshf oatevetehs wetèi t`h Oa`hunhoi kr fk t`hy

rhgnhat fegghrhit trofetekis; V`h oiswhr tk tès quhsteki es tk o

normh hxthit fhphifhit ki t`h fhvhnkpchit kg rhshora` ei Bret

toiy, w`hrh t`h Oa`hunhoi shisu streatk es òrfny rhprhshithf.




rhghrhiahs

Ofkp`h, J.-T. ?5=6 Nhs fromhhs aonaoerhs fh Ckiteàrhs-Mroah ht fh no corih bnoia`h f'Obbhvennh, Buen. Oss

Gr. Ht. _uothri. ??, ?71-?76.

Omoa`h, R.,

G. Bkurfehr,

R. Thtet

?571 Nh _uothrioerh fh no bossh Qkcch: thitotevh fh syit`hsh, Buen. Qka. Måkn. Gr. (=), W,

622-662.

Oitkeih, T. ?554 A`rkikstrotemropèh ht hiverkiihchit fu Tonåknetèquh fu Bossei fh no Qkcch, Tu`neao

tekis fu AHRT 2, 21? p., Xiev. Qaehiahs Vhaì. Nennh.

?551 Nh systàch fh thrrosshs fu Bossei fh no Qkcch: ckfành f'åvknuteki ckrp`ksåfechi-

toerh ayanequh ht aofrh ponåk-hiverkiihchiton pkur nh Tonåknetèquh, _uothrioerh 6(?),

1-?7.

Oitkeih, T.,

O. Vuggrhou

?551 Akithxth strotemropèquh, anecotequh ht ponåktkpkmropèquh fhs kaaupotekis oa`hunåhii

fh no ckyhiih thrrossh fh no Qkcch, Buen. Qe9h. Tråèst. Gr. 54, 261-284.

Bequoit, F. ?5=6 Tkseteki a`rkiknkmequh fh no trhs òuth iopph onnuveonh fh Mroah (vonnåh fh no Qkcch)

roppkrt o no neceth ponåkcomiåtequh Bruìhs-Cotuyoco. Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht. _uothri. ??,

?8=-?85.

Bkrfhs, G.

Bkurfehr, G.

?57? Vypknkmeh fu Tonåknetèquh oiaehi ht ckyhi, Tubn. Eist. Tråèst. Xiev. Bkrfhoux.

?575o Hxaurseki fois nh bossei fh Tores fh ?'osskaeoteki eithriotekionh pkur ?'åtufh fu

_uothrioerh fu ?0 ou 20 okut ?575: åtufh akcporåh fhs fåp÷ts quothrioerhs fhs bosseis

fh no Qheih ht fh no Qkcch, Buen. eigkrc. Måkn. Bossei Tores 2?, ?75-224.

?575b Qur no pkseteki a`rkiknkmequh fu Tonåknetèquh fh Qoimotth, ]essoit ht ]echrhux (Tos-

Aonoes), Buen. Qka. Tråèst. Gr. NPWE, 214-21?.

?5=6 No "corih bnoia`h" f'Obbhvennh, meshchit typh fh ?'Obbhvennehi, Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht.

_uothri. ??, ?7?-?71.

Bkurfehr, G.,

J. Aòneih.

O.W. Cuioun,

J.J. Tuessåmur

?5=6o No trhs òuth iopph onnuveo nh fh no Qkcch, Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht. _uothri. ??, ?1=-?61.

?5=6b Nh akcpnhxh ceifhnehi: EE- No ckyhiih thrrossh fh n'Ovrh, Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht. _uothri.

??, ?70-?04.

Brhuen, @’@. Lhnnhy

?586 Nh Tonåknetèquh oiaehi: Obbhvennehi, Anoatkiehi. Oa`hunåhi, Nhvonnkesehi. Ei: Nhsmroifhs aevenesotekis pråèstkrequhs fh no Groiah, Buen. Qka. Tråèst. Gr. NE, 5-27.

Ao`hi. F. ?506 E.h Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi hi Bhnmequh. Ei: F. Ao`hi oif T. @ohsohrts

(hf.), Thupnhs aòsshurs fh no Bhnmequh fois nhur aofrh ioturhn, ?11-?88,

Bruxhnnhs.

Aòneih. J. ?5=6 Nhs rkimhurs, ?'omh ht ?'hiverkiihchit fh no trhs òuth thrrossh fh Mroah o Ckiteàrhs

(Qkcch), Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht. _uothri. ??, ?8?-?8=.



ONO?I VXGGRHOX OIF TEHRRH OIVKEIH - AKIVEIHIVON IKRV@]HQVHRI HXRKTH

Aknbhoux, J.-T.,

('ne. Fupues,

G. Rkboszyisle,

J.T. Ouggrht,

T. @ohsohrts,

.?. Qkuceh

?504 Nh fåtrket fu Tos-fh-Aonoes: ui hnhchit fois no thatkiequh fh bnkhs fh n'Hurkph ikrf-

kaaefhitonh, Buen. eigkrc. Mekn. Bossei Tores ?= (6), 6?-86.

Akcckit, W. ?547 Hxaurseki fh no Qkaeåtå Neiiåhiih o Obbhvennh, nh 28 cors ?547, Buen. Qka. Neiiåhiih

Ikrf fh no Groiah 1=?, ??4-??2.

?540 Nhs eifustrehs fh Voifhi Qoeit-Oa`hun, N'Oit`r. PNP, 82=-8=2.

?545 Qoeit-Oa`hun ht Ckiteàrhs. Ikths fh mhknkmeh, fh ponhkitknkmeh ht fh pråèstkerh, Cåc.

Qka. Måkn. Ikrf WE (EEE).

?5?4 Hxaurseki fh no Qkaeåtå måknkmequh fu Ikrf ht fh no Goauntå fhs Qaehiahs fh Nennh o

Obbhvennh, nh ?? juei ?5?4. Nhs meshchits ponåkne tèquhs f'Obbhven nh. Qtrotemropèh, gouih,

eifustreh ùcoeih, Oii. Qka. Måkn. Ikrf PPPEP, 265-251.

Akrfy, J.C. ?502 Bekzkioteki fu _uothrioerh pkst-vennogroiaèhi Akiteihiton f'Hurkph kaaefhitonh o porter

fhs mroifs coccegàrhs, Oii. Qka. Måkn. Bhnmequh 248, 141-1?6.

Akrfy, J.C,

¼. Bostei,

A. Hl,

R. Mhhrohrts,

O. Kzhr,

U. _ueieg,

J. V`krhz,

C. Xnrex-Ankssat

?552 No Bhnnh-Rka`h (Qpreckit, Bhnmeuc): t`h Knfhst Qeth ei t`h Bhihnux. O Rhpkrt ki o Gehnf

Vrep. Ei: C. Vkussoeit (hf.), Aeiq cennekis f'oiiåhs, ?'ovhiturh ùcoeih, HROXN 87,

20=-14?, Neàmh.

@ohsohrts, T. ?506 Osphats fh ?'åvknuteki fu poysomh ht fh n'hiverkiihchit hi Bhnmequh ou _uothrioerh. Ei:

F. Ao`hi, T. @ohsohrts (hf.), Thupnhs aòsshurs fh no Bhnmequh fois nhur aofrh ioturhn,

2=-15, Bruxhnnhs.

@ohsohrts, T.,

A`. Fupues

?507 Akitrebuteki o no strotemropèh fhs iopphs onnuveonhs fh no Qkcch ht fh ?'Ovrh fois no

råmeki f'Ocehis. Ei: O. Vuggrhou, J. Qkccå (hf.), A`rkikstrotemropèh ht goaehs aunturhns

fu Tonhknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fois n'Hurkph fu Ikrf-Kuhst, Quppn. Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht.

_uothri. 27, ?=?-?07.

@onnhmkuht, B.,

Q. @eimuoit,

O. Mhbòrft,

J.N. Ckiiehr

?552 Nh meshchit ponhknetèquh eigårehur fh Cåihz-Fråmoi ? (Tnkuèiha, Geiestàrh). Trhcehrs

råsuntots fhs gkuennhs. Buen. Qka. Tråèst. Gr. 05, ==-0?.

n.ocktta. O. ?55? Htufh fhs vhstemhs netèquhs fhs ievhoux fu meshchit fh Aomiy-no Morhiih (Qkcch) ht fh

ievhou O fu meshchit fh Mkuzhouakurt. Cåckerh fh F.H.O.. Xievhrsetå fhs Qaehiahs ht

Vhaìequhs fh Nennh, Nennh.

Nourhit. C. ?551 Fototeki por råskioiah fu Qpei hnhatrkiequh fh quortz fh gkrcoteki quothrioerhs:

akcporoeski ovha nh ponåkcomiåtesch. V`hsh Fkatkrot. Cushuc Iotekion f'@estkerh

Ioturhnnh, Tores.

Cea`hn, F. ?502 Nh meshchit pråèstkrequh fh Tkrt-Temikt o Ghrcoivennh (Coia`h), Monneo-Tråèstkerh 28,

?-70.



u9: V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Ckiiehr, J.N.,

R. Nh Ankerha

?508 Nh meshchit ponåknetèquh eighrehur fh no Tkeith fh Qoeit-Aknkcboi o Aorioa (Ckrbeò

Monneo-Tråèstkerh. 20, =-17.

Ckiiehr, J.N.,

I. Ckneihs

Cuiout, O.-W.

?551 Nh "Aknkcboiehi": ui goaehs råmekion fu Tonåknetèquh eigårehur sur nh nettkron orckreaoi

otnoitequh, Buen. Qka. Tråèst. Gr. 54, 201-256.

?5=6 Nhs oionyshs ponyiknkmequhs fh no ckyhiih thrrossh fh Aomiy-Aechteàrh (Qkcch), Bu

Oss. Gr. Ht. _uothri. ??, ?0?-?08.

?500 N'hiverkiihchit våmåton fh quhnquhs fhpkts quothrioerhs fu bossei fh no Qkcch. Ei:

O. Vuggrhou ht on. (hf.), Aunturhs ht eifustrehs ponåknetèquhs hi cenehu nkhssequh, Ocehi

?507, Rhv. ora`åkn. Teaorfeh ?-2, 68-87.

K`hn, C.U.,

Nha`hvonnehr

?505 Aomiy-n'Hpeihtt h: oionyshs ponyiknkmequhs. Ei: "Nevrht-muefh fh n'hxaurseki fois

no vonnåh fh no Qkcch". Aknnkquh "N'Oa`hunåhi fois n'Kuhst fh n'Hurkph" , =8-=5,

Qoeit-Requehr.

?551 Oionysh ponyiknkmequh fhs såfechits gnuveotenhs f'uih ckyhiih thrrossh fh ?'Ovrh o

Aomiy-no-Morhiih (Qkcch) obretoit fevhrs ievhoux f'kaaupoteki oa`hunåhis. Ei: O. Vuggrh

(hf.), N'Oa`hunåhi fois n'Kuhst fh n'Hurkph. Ttt`neaoteki fu AHRT 6, ei prhss.

?5=5 V`h "Anoatkieoi" kg Nh @ovrh oif ets `horeim kg t`h Himnes` Anoatkieoi, _etortor. 25-1

08-?48.

Tkitehr, T.

Rkhbrkhls, ]..

F. Qtophrt

Qkccå. J..

O. Vuggrhou

?520 Nhs ånåpòits gkssenhs f'Obbhvennh, Oii. Qka. Måkn. Ikrf NXE, 24-67.

?507 Ki t`h "Nkwhr Tonohkn etèa" seth No Bhnnh Rka`h : Oi Onthcot evh Eithrprhtoteki, Aurrh

Oit`rkpknkmy 2=, 175-1=?.

?5=7 Nhs gkrcotekis quothrioerhs ht nhs eifustrehs fh no Tkeith-oux-Kehs (]echrhux, Tos-fh-

Aonoes). Ei: Nevrht-muefh fh n'hxaurseki OEK: Ikrf-Kuhst fh no Groiah (Bossei fh no

Qheih, bossei fh no Qkcch ht Ikrf), EPh Akimr. XEQTT, ?71-?70, Ieah.

Vuggrhou. O. ?5=? _uhnquhs kbshrvotekis sur nh Tonåknetèquh fh no Tkeith-oux-Kehs o ]echrhux (Tos-fh-

Aonoes), Buen. Qka. Tråèst. Gr. NPWEEE, 657-846.

?504o Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur fh no ckyhiih thrrossh fh no Qkcch: Aomiy-Aecåteàrh ht

Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth: gkuennhs råahits, Buen. Qka. Tråèst. groia. ==, ?5=-?50.

?504b Nhs gkuennhs ponåknetèquhs fh Aomiy-Aecåteàrh (Qkcch): roppkrt pråneceioerh, Aoèhrs

ora`åk. Teaorfeh =. 8-?=.

Vuggrhou, O. (hf).

Vuggrhou, O.,

O.W. Cuiout.

J.J. Tuessåmuer,

J. Qkccå

?50? N'Oa`hunåhi fois no Groiah shpthitrekionh, Oit`rkpknkmeh PEP/2, ?=?-?01.

?50= Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fu Ikrf fh no Groiah (Ikrf. Tos-fh-Aonoes, Teaorf

fois ski aofrh strotemropèquh. V`hsh fh Fkatkrot f'Htot, Xiev. Qaehiahs ht Vhaì. fh Ne

?505 Nevrht-muefh fh n'hxaurseki fois no vonnåh fh no Qkcch. Aknnkquh "n'Oa`hunåhi fois

n'Kuhst fh n'Hurkph" , Qoeit-Requehr.

?552 N'Oa`hunåhi hi Hurkph kaaefhitonh f'opràs nhs fkiiåhs fu bossei fh no Qkcch. / prece

oèoite fhnno vonnh pofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk, 6?-65, Cenoik.

?502 Qtrotemropèh ht hiverkiihchit fhs eifustrehs oa`hunåhiihs fh no ckyhiih thrrossh fu

bossei fh no Qkcch, Buen. Oss. Gr. Ht. _uothri. ?5, =1-02.




Vuggrhou, O..

J.T. Bkua`ht.

O.W. Ckemih,

O.-W. Cuiout

?507 Nhs ievhoux oa`hunåhis fh no ckyhiih thrrossh fh no vonnåh fh no Qkcch o Aomiy-

?'Hpeihtth (Qkcch), N 'Oit`r. 54, 5-2=.

Vuggrhou, ^..

T. Oitkeih,

T`. Aòsh.

@.N. Febbnh,B.B. Hnnwkkf,

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi,

O. Nocktth.

Q`.T. CaT`hrrki,

O.C. Ckemih.

O.-W. Cuiout

?558 Nh meshchit oa`hunåhi fh Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth (Qkcch). Buen. Qka. Tråèst. Gr. 52, ?75-?5?.

]ottå, J.-T. ?50= Meshchits ponhknetèquhs fhs pnomhs fu @ovrh (òbetot oa`hunåhi fh no "stoteki Rkcoei")

ht fh Qoeith-Ofrhssh (othnehrs "anoatkiehis") (Qheih-Coretech), Oiionhs fu Cusåuc fu

@ovrh 15, ?-1?.

Onoei Vuggrhou oif Tehrrh Oitkeih

HRO 1=, fu ARO, AIRQ

Xievhrsetå fhs Qaehiahs ht Vhaìknkmehs fh Nennh

G-85788 Wennhihuvh f'Osaq Ahfhx

Groiah



Corl B. Rkbhrts ?4 V`h hornehstaeevh s Mocbnh t`h Bretes` EsnhsFovef R. Brefmnoif

kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:

V`h hvefhiah prhshithf `hrh summhsts tòt t`h Bretes`

Esnhs wosgerst aknkiezhf ot t`h `hmeiieim kg t`h thcphroth

kr eithrmnoaeon stomh tòt ecchfeothny prh-foths t`h Oimneoi

aknf Qtomh. Net`kstrotemropèa oif a`rkikstrotemropèa

ckfh @eim akrrhnoths t`h Oimneoi wet` Kxymhi Esktkph

Qtomh ?2. wèa` es fothf tk bhtwhhi 6=0. oif 621 Lyr BT.

Oaakrfeimny, t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kgBretoei kaaurrhf

orkuif òng o cenneki yhors omk. V`h horny aknkiezhrs orh

ossemihf, grkit t`h Bkxmrkvh sphaechi, tk t`h sphaehs @kckag `hefhnbhrmhises. Kih ùifrhf t`kusoif yhors nothr, ot

Qwoisakcbh, tès mrkup `hmeis tk hxèbet skch aroieon

slhnhton aòroathresteas usuonny osskheothf wet` t h

Ihoifhrtòn neihomh. V`rkum`kut t`h phrekf akvhrhf by tès

po/thr n/eara es opporhit stoses ei t`h netèa eifustrehs, wèa`

eianufh bkt` begoah fkceioit osshcbnomhs oifgnolh tkke

fkceioit osshcbnomhs. Qtreat feveseki bhtwhhi t`hsh twk

typhs kg osshcbnomhs es ik noimhr thiobnh ki typknkmeaon kr

> `rkiknkmu on mrkuifs.

?. EitrkfuatekiVel- rhcet kg tès pophr es tk stufy t`h khhupoteki kg t`h

Bretes` Esnhs grkc t`h gerst hvefhiah kg ùcoi aknkiezoteki

tk t`h hif kg t`h shakif cojkr thcphroth hvhit ogthr t`hOimneoi aknf Qtomh. Ont`kum` t`h storteim pkeit es shnghxpnoiotkry, t`h aut-kgg pkeit coy shhc ot gerst tk bh kg oiorbetrory ioturh. @kwhvhr, et coy bh fhckistrothf tòt bytès tech t`h akiteihit kg Hurkph, kutsefh t`h eah cormeis(@knc oif Norsski, tès vknuch), wos aknkiezhf kvhr onormh port kg ets noif coss oif tòt ei kur mhkmropèaonrhmeki kg Bretoei oif ikrt`whst Hurkph, t`h aut-kgg pkeitakeiaefhs wet` t`h hchrmhiah kg t`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh kgnetèa rhfuateki oif gnolh prkfuateki.

V`h seths eianufhf ei tès pophr (Gem. ?) òvh het`hr bhhirhahitny kr orh aurrhitny bheim, hxaovothf oif/kr stufehf os

port kg ki-mkeim rhshora` prkmrocchs. Qeths tòt sotesgyt`hsh arethreo òvh bhhi a`kshi bhaoush t`h rhshora`cht`kfknkmy utenezhf ei t`her stufy es cuntefesaepneiory oiftùs t`h quonety kg t`h akithxtuon eigkrcoteki goaenetothsmrhothr oaauroay ei bkt` eithr-seth oif eithr-rhmekionakrrhnoteki.

V`h seths òvh bhhi fevefhf eitk twk mrkups, t`ksh tòtprh-foth oif t`ksh tòt pkst-foth t`h Oimneoi Mnoaeoteki.

Vès feveseki es ikt boshf ki oiy sègt, rhon kr phrahevhf, ei`kceief cothreon aunturh ikr ki oiy akiahpt kg `kceiefsphaehs aòimh< rot`hr et rhgnhats t`h normh saonh aòimhs tkt`h ponohkmhkmrop`y oif cocconeoi gouio akcpkseteki kgBretoei, tòt kaaurrhf os t`h rhsunt kg p`yseaon oif anecoteagoatkrs rhnoteim tk tès mnoaeon/aknf hvhit. V`h gexeim ei techkg t`h Oimneoi Qtomh òs ikt yht bhhi uihquevkaonny omrhhfupki by Bretes` _uothriory saehitests but t`h whem`t kghvefhiah summhsts akrrhnoteki wet` Kxymhi Esktkph Qtomh(KEQ) ?2 (shh bhnkw oif Vobnh ?). V`h ckfhn prhshithf`hrh, ont`kum` et gets wet` tès `ypkt`hses, es grhh-stoifeimoif onnkws gkr guturh geih tuieim kg t`h mhka`rkiknkmeaontechsaonh.

Ki t`h hvefhiah aurrhitny ovoenobnh tk _uothriorysaehitests, et es t`kum`t tòt t`h gerst `kceiefs orrevhf eiBretoei opprkxecothny òng o cenneki yhors bhgkrh t`hprhshit foy. Vès vehw gets whnn wet` t`h s`krt a`rkiknkmyphrsphatevh kg t`h fhckmropèa hxpoiseki kg ùcoist`rkum` akiteihiton Hurkph (Rkhbrkhls ?556< Rkhbrkhlsoif Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?556, tès vknuch) oif ahrtoeinyoaakrfs wet` t`h peaturh grkc ikrt`hc Groiah, Bhnmeuc,Qpoei oif Tkrtumon (shh vorekus akitrebutekis ei tès

vknuch), w`hrh t`h hornehst seths orh fothf tk t`h hif kg t`hArkchreoi Akcpnhx. V`hrh rhcoeis o prkbnhc kgrhakiaeneim t`hsh foths wet` t`h cua` hornehr foths kg sethsei skut`hri Groiah (Bkiegoy oif Woifhrchhrsa` ?55?) oifahitron Hurkph (Wonka` ?55? oif tès vknuch). @kwhvhr,coiy kg t`hsh seths orh akitrkvhrseon oif ikt onn kg t`hc orhoaahpthf by oraòhknkmests os akitoeieim hvefhiah kg ùcoikaaupoteki (Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?556< Royionht on., tès vknuch). V`hrh coy `kwhvhr, òvh bhhispkrofea aknkiezoteki kg t`h Chfethrroihoi rhmeki gkr o nkimphrekf kg tech prekr tk t`h coei mhkmropèaon hxpoisekikg @kck orkuif 844 Lyr BT. V`h rhoskis bhèif tès

opporhitny suffhi oif frocotea ckvhchit orh bhykif t`hsakph kg tès pophr but et coy bh ikthf tòt sknveim t`hprkbnhc kg t`h aknkiezoteki kg Hurkph fureim t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih es mkeim tk bh fhphifoit ki ckveim owoy grkco seth boshf opprkoa` tk ùcoi haknkmy tkworfs normh saonhrhmekion ckfhnneim onkim t`h neihs kg MhkmropèaonEigkrcoteki Qysthcs (MEQ), tk stufy mhkmropèa oifanecotea goatkrs (Mocbnh ?507) tòt coy òvh ogghathf




Vobnh ?. Rhveshf strotemropèa akrrhnoteki gkr port kg t`h Ceffeh oif Noth Tnhestkahih.Rhghrhiahs. ?. Ceta`hnn hg on. ?5=1. 2. Rkbhrts, tès pophr. 1. Ofopthf grkc Zomweji ?552. 6. Qòalnhtki ?50=.

Akivhitekion

Bretes` stomhs'Ckfegehf sa`hch2

QethsFuta`/Lurkphoi

shquhiah-'KEQ

6

KEQ fk ikt oppny

tk tès aknuci

Fhvhiseoi Fhvhiseoi ]hea`shneoi 8f+

\psweaèoi Epsweaèoi Bkbbets`knh, Vrogonmor Qquorh Hhceoi 8h

V`hsh stomhs ikt

rhakmieshf

Aknf stomh

Qooneoi Akcpnhx

7V`hsh stomhs ikt

rhakmieshfVhcphroth/eithrmnoaeon

stomh

Corswkrt`, Qtoitki @orakurt

Qooneoi Akcpnhx

=

V`hsh stomhs ikt

rhakmieshf

Aknf stomh Qooneoi Akcpnhx 0

V`hsh stomhs ikt

rhakmieshf

@kxieoi @kxih;, Nettnh Vùrrkal,

Mnkbh Tet, Turgnhht

Qooneoi Akcpnhx

5

]knstkieoi Aknf stomh

Qooneoi Akcpnhx

?4

@kxieoi Vhcphroth/eithrmnoaeon

stomh

Qwoisakcbh, Boriòc,

Bhha`hs Tet, Anoatki

@knstheieoi ??

Oimneoi Oimneoi Hnsthreoi ?2

Arkchreoi Vhcphroth/eithrmnoaeon

stomh

Bkxmrkvh, @em` Nkfmh,

]evhi`kh, ]hstbury-sub-

Chifep. Lhit's Aovhri,

]orrhi @enn, ]ovhrnhy ]kkf

Arkchreoi EW ?1

Bhhstkieoi Aknf stomh Mnoaeon A ?6

fhckmropèa hxpoiseki. Qua` ckfhnneim wkunf prkvefh ogrochwkrl wetèi wèa` kt`hr voreobnhs sua` osthaìknkmeaon aopoaety (Beigkrf ?505), gkkf ovoenobenety(Rkhbrkhls ht on. ?552) oif akcphteteki grkc kt`hrcoccons (O. Vurihr ?552) akunf bh hcpereaonny thsthf.

2. Ceffeh Tnhestkahih Aknkiezoteki kg I] Hurkph:

Qeths prh-foteim t`h Oimneoi Aknf Qtomh

2.?. EIVRKFXAVEKI

V`h iucbhr kg' oraòhknkmeaon seths fothf tk t`h phrekf kgt`h Arkchreoi Akcpnhx (Zomweji ?508< ?552) ei Bretoeiòs eiarhoshf frocoteaonny ei t`h post twk fhaofhs. V`hseths orh nkaotaf wetèi t`h bnkal kg tech bhtwhhi t`hArkchreoi shisu streatk, os rhprhshithf ei t`h typh shateki

ot ]hst Ruitki, Ikrgknl, oif t`h Oimneoi Mnoaeoteki. V`hrhhxests `kwhvhr o prkbnhc ei gexeim t`h pkseteki kg ]hstRuitki ei t`h _uothriory techsaonh< prhvekus bekstrote-mropèaon oif net`kstrotemropèaon wkrl by Qtuort (?5=8) oif]hst (?504) pkstunothf tòt t`h Arkchreoi shisu streatk

worc stomh ecchfeothny prh-fothf t`h Oimneoi. Vèsakrrhnoteki wos quastekihf by Bes`kp (?502) ei ès rhpkrtki t`h gouio grkc t`h seth ot ]hstbury-sub-Chifep,

Qkchrsht. Aurrhit rhshora` ot Bkxmrkvh (Rkbhrts ?554) oki t`h prh-fevhrseki akursh kg t`h Revhr Vòtihs (Brefmno?556), tkmht`hr wet` wkrl ei t`h Rèih Wonnhy kg Mhrcoiot Cehshi`hec E oif Lornea` (Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554< WoLkngsa`kthi oif Vurihr, ei prass) gurt`hr suppkrts t`h vehtòt t`hrh wos ot nhost kih gunny thcphroth hvhit bhtwhhit`h Arkchreoi shisu streatk oif t`h Oimneoi/Hnsthreoi(Vobnh ?).

Onn t`h seths nesthf bhnkw orh t`kum`t tk kaaur ei othcphroth stomh tòt ecchfeothny prhahfhs t`h Oimneoi< t`stomh òs bhhi akrrhnothf wet` t`h eithrmnoaeon Arkchreoi ei t`h Futa` strotemropèa shquhiah (Fh Jkim ?500<Zomweji ?508< ?552). @kwhvhr, t`hrh hxests o prkbnhc wt`h foth ossemihf tk tès stomh by t`h ogkrhchitekihf

rhshora`hrs< t`her pnoahchit kg Eithrmnoaeon EW ot kr orkui644 Lyr BT es boshf upki ykuim foths gkr t`h `kribnhifhoumeth bkuifory grkc t`h Heghn orho vknaoiea hruptekis(Hvhrifhi ht on. ?58=< Grha`hi oif Neppknt ?578). Aurrhirhshora` ikw puts tès troiseteki hornehr ei t`h CeffehTnhestkahih (A. voi fhi Bkmoorf ht on. ?505< Bkseisle, t`vknuch). Eg t`h akrrhnoteki kg t`h Oimneoi Mnoaeoteki oifaknf hvhit tk KEQ ?2 es akrrhat (Qebrovo ht on. ?507<



?7= CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

Gem. ?. Nkaoteki kg seths chitekihfei t`h thxt:?. ]ovhrnhy ]kkf< 2. ]orrhi @XE<1. @em` Nkfmh< 6. Bori`hc<8. Bhha`hs Tet< 7. @kxih< =. ]evhi-`kh< 0. Anoatki< 5. Turtnhht<?4. Nettnh Vùrrkal< ??. Qwois-akcbh< ?2. Bkxmrkvh< ?1. ]hstbury-sub-Chifep< ?6. Lhits Aovhri.

Qòalnhtki ?50=< Bkwhi ?55?< Brefmnoif ?556), t`hi`kceiefs gerst hithrhf t`h Bretoei ei KEQ ?1, bhtwhhi 826oif 6=0 Lyr BT (Ecbreh ht on. ?506).

2.2. ]OWHRNHU ]K KF GORC TEV . QT 178 =? 8'.

]OR]EALQ@ERH

V`h ]ovhrnhy ]kkf orthgoats (Gem. ?) (Q`kttki ht on.

?551< ]esh ?551), wèa` eianufh t`rhh whnn cofhsycchtreaon oifhseth begoahs oif o iucbhr kg gnolhs, whrhevakvhrhf grkc t`h bosh kg t`h Bomeitki-Nenneimtki Mrovhn(Q`kttki ?581< ?570). Ei offeteki oikt`hr gnolh wosrhakvhrhf grkc t`h krmoiea fhpksets uifhrnyeim t`hBomeitki-Nenneimtki Mrovhns (Gem. 1) (Q`kttki ht on. ?551).V`h krmoiea fhpksets ot ]ovhrnhy ]kkf Gorc òvh bhhiosarebhf tk KEQ ?8 by oceikstrotemropèa akrrhnoteki(Bkwhi (=>//. ?505< Bkwhi ?55?). Eg tès foth kg 9878 LyrBT (Ecbreh ht on. ?506), wèa` rhcoeis hquevkaon, esoaahpthf t`hi tès kaaurrhiah kg orthgoats es t`h hornehstfesakvhrhf ei Bretoei tk foth.

Oport grkc t`h oceik oaef mhka`rkiknkmy t`hrh orh kt`hrneihs kg hvefhiah, hsshiteonny net`kstrotemropèa, tòt summhstt`h fhpksets orh prh-Oimneoi (prh KEQ ?2). Rkså (?50=<?505< ?552) prkpkshf tòt t`h Bomeitki-Nenneimtki Mrovhns,tkmht`hr wet` t`her fkwistrhoc hquevonhits t`h Bytòc

Qoeuns oif Mrovhns, t`h Q`kunfòc Qoifs oif Mrovhns oift`h Eimòc Qoifs oif Mrovhns oif t`her upstrhocakrrhnotevhs ot Qietthrgehnf (Coffy oif Nhwes ?55?) whrhfhpksethf by o revhr (Gem. 2), ei o ikw burehf vonnhy, tòtgnkwhf whst tk host t`rkum` t`h Cefnoifs tk skut`Neiaknisèrh, t`hi skut`hostworfs eitk Ikrgknl oif Quggknl,w`hrh et wos akignuhit wet` t`h Revhr Vòchs oif geionnyhostworfs eitk wòn es ikw t`h Ikrt` Qko. Rkså (?505<

?552< ?556), òs onsk summhsthf tòt tès revhr wosfhpkseteim kvhr o substoiteon phrekf kg tech fureim t`h Hornyoif horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

Ei Host Oimneo t`h Eimòc Qoifs oif Mrovhns uifhrnehst`h Nkwhstkgt Venn (Oimneoi) oif es fespkshf os o shrehs kgthrroah ommrofotekis (Brefmnoif oif Nhwes ?55?< Nhwes?551). V`h knfhst gkrcoteki aoi bh akrrhnothf (Nhwes ?551)wet` t`h Qthbbeim Gkrcoteki kg t`h @em`-nhvhn LhsmrovhQubmrkup \Qufbury Gkrcoteki: (]èthcoi oif Rkså?552)S, port kg t`h Lhsmrovh Mrkup kg t`h Revhr Vòchs.V`h ykuimhst gkrcoteki es akrrhnothf wet` t`h hiterh Nkw-nhvhn Lhsmrovh Qubmrkup \Akna`hsthr Gkrcoteki (Nhwes

?551)S. Vùs t`hsh mrovhns prkbobny spoi grkc t`h HornyTnhestkahih tk t`h Oimneoi Qtomh. @kwhvhr, t`hsh HornyTnhestkahih mrovhn ommrofotekis ei ahitron Host Oimneoaoiikt bh akrrhnothf wet` t`h Bomeitki Gkrcoteki ei t`h]hst Cefnoifs os t`hrh orh ik upstrhoc hquevonhits kg t`hknfhr thrroahs efhitegehf wetèi t`h Eimòc Gkrcoteki eitòt orho. V`h Bomeitki Gkrcoteki ei t`h ]hst Cefnoifs,tkmht`hr wet` t`h Bytòc oif Q`kunfòc Gkrcotekis kgNeiaknisèrh oif whst Ikrgknl rhsphatevhny, orh akrrhnothfwet` kiny t`h nkwhst (oif ykuimhst) chcbhr kg t`h EimòcGkrcoteki oif prkbobny rhprhshit o froeiomh potthri tòthxesthf ecchfeothny prekr tk t`h Oimneoi mnoaeoteki.

V`h krmoiea aòiihn genns ot ]ovhrnhy ]kkf Gorc(Q`kttki ht on. ?551) oif Broifki (Coffy ht on. ?556)wèa` kaaur wetèi t`h Bomeitki Gkrcoteki, akitoeiponohkhaknkmeaon hvefhiah gkr o worchr anecotea rhmech.Oionyshs kg pknnhi oif t`h aknhkpthroi osshcbnomh (Akkph,ei Q`kttki ht on. ?551< Mebborf oif Thmeor ?505< Q`kttki ht

on. ?551) kg t`h nkwhr krmoiea fhpkset ot Broifki oif]ovhrnhy ]kkf summhsts t`hsh aòiihns coy bh kg t`h




Gem. 2. Tkseteki kg t`h Cefnoifs/Bytòc Revhr, oif t`h noth Arkchreoi Revhr Vòchs.

Bomeitki / Nenneimtki Mrovhn oifsoif wet` arkss bhffhf soifoif geih mrovhn aòiihn genns

?44 c

Gem. 1. Qhateki t`rkum` t`h strotemrop`y ot ]ovhrnhy ]kkf (grkc Q`kttki ht on. ?551).



!(->9 CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

soch omh ei obsknuth tarcs, oif prkbobny onsk rhprhshit t`hsoch tech spoi wetèi o thcphroth stomh kr sub-stomh.Coffy ht on. (?556) summhsthf tòt t`h Bomeitki Gkrcotekico^ spoi KEQ ?8 tk ?2.

V`h cocconeoi gouio grkc t`hsh fhpksets es omoeihquevkaon os t`hrh orh ik truny t`hrckpènkus hnhchits(Nesthr ?505), wènh skch bkrhon/aknf anecoth toxo orh

prhshit. Bekstrotemropèaonny t`h gouio, os o mrkup, es wòtwkunf bh hxphathf grkc oi horny Oimneoi kr horny Qooneoiakithxt. V`hrh orh secenoretehs wet` t`h Oimneoi gouio grkc@kchrsgehnf ei Ikrgknl (Qtuort ?50?< Akxki ?5=5), butt`hrh orh ikih kg t`h anossea Arkchreoi Akcpnhx gkssenstòt wkunf bh hxphathf eg t`h shfechits orh os knf os Rksåbhnehvhs. V`h Qkrhx soveie C' grkc ]ovhrnhy ]kkf(rhpkrthf by Q`kttki ?505) wos cesefhitegehf oif t`hrhgkrh,os òs bhhi stothf obkvh. t`h cocconeoi osshcbnomhakitoeis ik Arkchreoi Akcpnhx typh gkssens but kinycothreon osskaeothf ei Bretoei oif ikrt`hri oif ahitronHurkph wet` t`h kisht kg t`h Oimneoi/Hnsthreoi aknf stomh krwet` nothr phrekfs.

Ei akianuseki t`h oceik oaef mhka`rkiknkmeaonossemioteki kg ]ovhrnhy ]kkf tk KEQ ?8 es shrekusnyquhstekion. Vès seth wèa`, ki t`h oceikstrotemropèatechsaonh, es put os knfhr tòi ]hst Ruitki (Bkwhi ?552)akitoeis t`h fhsahifoit, Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio, kgt`h ]hst Ruitki gkrc kg t`h wothr vknh, Ceckcys soveie.

V`h èstkry oif ioturh kg t`h aòimh, grkc t`h rkkthf tk t`huirkkthf gkrc kg tès rkfhit, es whnn fkauchithf (gkrsuccory shh Wki Lkhiemswonf oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, eiprhss) oif oaahpthf by onn rhsaora`hrs eitk Tnhestkahih rkfhitnouios. Vùs tk eivhrt t`h omhs kg t`hsh seths ki t`h boses kgoceik oaef roteks ferhatny akitrofeats o whnn hstobnes`hf oif

oaahpthf bekstrotemropèaon neihomh. V`h hvefhiah grkc]ovhrnhy ]kkf oif ets pkseteki wetèi t`h Bomeitki/EimòcRevhr systhc summhsts o strotemropèa pkseteki ei KEQ ?1 kr ott`h bhmeiieim kg KEQ ?2 oif ik knfhr.

2.1. @EM@ NKFMH, CENFHI@ONN. VN =15 =86.

QXGGKNL

V`h seth ot @em` Nkfmh (Gem. ?) es nkaothf ot t`h whsthrihfmh kg t`h nkw Brhalnoif Tnothou oif ot t`h skut`hosthricormei kg t`h Ghi Bosei (Rkså ?552< Akkl ht on. ?55?<Os`tki ht on. ?552). V`h Tnhestkahih shfechits orh nkaothfei o aòiihn aut eitk t`h aònl ot o `hem`t roimh bhtwhhi

?5-14c KF.V`h oraòhknkmeaon cothreon es akitoeihf wetèi o bkfy kg

sents oif anoys tòt òvh bhhi troispkrthf os o whfmh by t`heah s`hht rhspkisebnh gkr fhpkseteim t`h uifarnyeimfeoceatki, t`h Nkwhstkgt Venn. V`hsh rogthf, geih mroeihffhpksets orh kvhrnoei oif ei pnoahs fesshathf by o shrehs kgmrovhnny fhpksets, wefhny eithrprhthf os mnoaekgnuveonkutwos` tòt akitoei fhrevhf oraòhknkmeaon cothreon. Ei goat

t`hsh fhpksets gkrc t`h èm`hst kg o shrehs kg thrroahs kg t`hknf Norl vonnhy (Brefmnoif oif Nhwes ?55?) oif o gnuveotenhkremei es phrghatny pkssebnh. V`h netèa eifustry (Gem. 6)akitoeihf wetèi t`h sents oif anoys coy bh fhsarebhf os ognolh eifustry prkfuahf ki t`h fhbetomh grkc akrh rhfuateki(Os`tki ?552). V`h gnolhs orh skchtechs wkrlhf gurt`hr byt`h gnolhf gnolh thaìequh (Os`tki ht on. ?55?), kr cofh

eitk anossea @em` Nkfmh sarophrs wet` shce-eivosevh, shce-saonor oif iki-sthpphf rhtkua`: t`h ckfh kg phraussekibheim òrf òcchr. V`h gnolh eifustry wos kremeionnyt`kum`t tk bh Ceffnh Tonohknetèa ki t`h boses kg t`hckrp`knkmy kg t`h gnolh tkkns (Oiki ?570< Akunski ?554),tùs pkst-foteim t`h @kxieoi Eithrmnoaeon. V`h ush kgtypknkmy tk foth t`h eifustry akigneathf wet` vehws kgmhknkmests wkrleim ot t`h seth (A. Vurihr ?5=1) oif nhf tk ofhnoy ei t`h pubneaoteki kg t`h seth rhpkrt (Os`tki ?552).Et es ikw oaahpthf ki net`kstrotemropèaon mrkuifs tòt t`hseth cust prh-foth t`h Oimneoi, os t`h kiny eah s`hht tòtaoch os gor skut` os @em` Nkfmh ei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahihgkrchf fureim t`h Oimneoi (Thi-ei hn on. ?5=5). Vès

hvefhiah gkr foteim es gurt`hr akrrkbkrothf by t`h fesakvhryei t`h sents oif anoys kg o cknor kg Qthpòikrèius

ùifs`hechises. wèa` bhaoch hxteiat ei ikrt`hri Hurkphfureim t`h Oimneoi/Hnsthreoi. V`h oraòhknkmeaon cothreon eit`h kvhrnyeim soifs oif mrovhns akitoeis skch gnolhs oifgnolh tkkns rhwkrlhf grkc t`h sents oif anoys bhnkw, butckrh ecpkrtoitny et es onckse hxanusevhny akcpkshf kgbegoahs, wèa` mevhi t`her akifeteki orh t`kum`t tk fhrevhgrkc o ihorby skurah oif coy bh akithcpkroihkus wet`t`h gnolh eifustry.

V`h ponohkhiverkichit kg t`h @em` Nkfmh sents oifanoys, wèa` akitoei t`h gnolh/akrh eifustry, es eithrprhthfos o mhitny gnkweim gnuveon systhc, gkrceim t`h sents oifanoys os oi kvhrboil fhpkset, osskaeothf wet` o gnkro kgspruah-peih wkkfnoif wet` cors` oif oquotea pnoits. V`heishat gouio suppkrts t`h sahiorek kg sònnkw pkkns oifswocpy mrkuif oif eifeaoths akkn-thcphroth akifetekis.Ki t`h boses kg t`h net`knkmy (Nhwes ?552), ceihronkmy(Rkså ht on. ?552) oif t`h osshcbnomh kg prh-_uothriorypknnhi oif spkrhs (@uit oif Rkså ?552), t`hsh shfechitswhrh fhpksethf ki t`h gnkkfpnoei kg o revhr froeieim skurahorhos ei t`h Himnes` Cefnoifs (Gem. 2), rhprhshithf by t`hBomeitki Gkrcoteki ei t`h Cefnoifs oif by t`h Eimòc oifQ`kunfoc Gkrcotekis ei Host Oimneo.

Vùs et es nelhny tòt t`h @em` Nkfmh gnolh eifustry woscofh ot t`h hif kg o thcphroth stomh ecchfeothny prh-foteim t`h Oimneoi mnoaeoteki. V`h omh kg t`h begoahs esprkbnhcotea mevhi t`her akithxt but et es nelhny tòt t`hy orhkg o secenor kr snem`tny nothr omh kg t`h gnolh eifustry. Vèseifustry geifs poronnhns t`rkum`kut t`h Bretes` Tonohknetèa,gkr hxocpnh ot Anoatki oif @kxih (Os`tki oif CaIobb?552) oif es ikt shhi tk òvh oiy strotemropèa ecpkrtoiah.



?=4 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. 6. @em` Nkfmh sarophrs (grkc Os`tki ht on. ?552). Qaonh ei ac.

2.6. ]ORRHI @ENE.. VN =66 =61. QXGGKNL

Vès seth (Gem. ?), kr ckrh oaaurothny t`h fhpksets kg tèsorho, òs prkfuahf t`h normhst iucbhr kg òifoxhs eiBretoei (Rkh ?570< ]ychr ?508). Ot V`rhh @enns, t`h portkg ]orrhi @enn w`hrh mrovhn quorryeim wos uifhrtolhi, twk

net`knkmeaonny festeiat uiets orh rhakmieshf. V`hsh orh. Brkct`h bosh upworfs, t`h ]orrhi @enn Qoifs oif Qents oif t`h]orrhi @enn Qoifs oif Mrovhns (]ychr ht on. ?55?). V`hsoifs oif sents whrh fhpksethf ei o rhnotevhny nkw hihrmyhiverkichit oif orh kvhr 6.7 c tèal, wet` t`h bosh kg t`huiet hxthifeim nkwhr tòi 5 c KF. V`h soifs oif mrovhnskvhrneh t`h sents oif soifs, wet` o akitoat rhakrfhf ot ?1.7cKF. Qhfechitory struaturhs wetèi t`h uiet eifeaoth tòt t`h

soifs oif mrovhns orh t`h rhsunt kg oi eiarhosh ei t`h hihrkg t`h fhpkseteim skurah. V`h uiet es up tk 7.8c tèal wet`prhshit foy surgoah `hem`t kg 24. nc KF.

V`hrh orh twk aurrhit `ypkt`hshs gkr t`h skurah kg t`hmrovhns. V`h gerst summhsts tòt t`hy whrh fhpksethf os

mnoaeon kutwos` (Qknkcki ?511< ]ychr ?508), t`h shakitòt t`hy orh gnuveon ei kremei, fhpksethf by o revhr systhctòt gnkwhf whst-host (Brefmnoif oif Nhwes ?55?< ]ychht on. ?55?). V`h net`knkmeaon akcpkseteki kg t`h mrovhn esuinelh t`h mnoaekgnuveon mrovhns ei t`h orho (Brefmnoif ht

?558) oif t`h èm` phrahitomh kg quortzeth oif quortzsummhsts tòt t`hy whrh noef fkwi by t`h soch gnuveonsysthc tòt fhpksethf t`h Eimòc Qoif oif Mrovhn gurt`h



?=? CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

tk t`h aost (Gem. 2). Ot tès pkeit ei ets fhvhnkpchit t`hrevhr tòt fhpksethf t`h Eimòc Qoif oif Mrovhn wosprkbobny neilhf tk t`h Bomeitki Gkiioteki, gkrceim o cojkrwhst-aost froeiomh systhc grkc t`h Cefnoifs eitk ahitronHost Oimneo. V`hrh es nettnh bekstrotemropèaon hvefhiah grkct`h seth, ont`kum` Oifrhws (?514) rhakrfs Oraèfeslkfki

chrefekiones. Vès sphaehs es kiny likwi ei Breuþi grkc t`h

Arkchreoi QAEEQEE

streatk os rhprhshithf ot ]hst Ruitki(Qtuort ?502).

V`h oraòhknkmeaon cothreon grkc t`h shfechits es ckstnyuiprkvhioiahf, ont`kum` ]ychr ht af. (?55?) rhakrfcothreon grkc t`h nkwhr port kg t`h ]orrhi @enn Qoifs oif('iovhns. V`h osshcbnomh akisests prhfkceioitny kg begoahswet` nentnh fhbetomh< w`ht`hr tès rhgnhats shfechit skrteim kraknnhateki beos rhcoeis, gkr t`h prhshit, iilikwi. Coiy kgt`h kvonh begoahs orh cofh ki gnolhs (Cker ?510), oiuiakccki p`hikchiki ei t`h Bretes` Nkwhr Tonohknetèa,oif orh ikta`hf. ont`kum` tès aòroathrestea coy bh t`hrhsun) kg troispkrtoteki. Ei offeteki tk t`h kvoth/akrfothbegoahs t`hrh orh o normh iucbhr kg hxtrhchny botthrhf oif

rkn nhf ben oahs oif akrhs wèa` òvh bhhi eithrprhthf osbaeim typknkmeaonny shporoth grkc t`h kt`hr begoahs (Qknkcki?511< Rkh ?50?). Vès `ypkt`hses ihhfs tk bh rh-hxoceihfnoleim eitk oaakuit t`h goatkrs sua` os row cothreonovoenobenety t`rkum` t`h fhvhnkpchit kg t`h gnuveon systhcoif hiverkichits kg fhpkseteki fureim t`h negh kg t`h revhr.

Ki t`h boses kg t`h mrovhn net`knkmy et es nelhny tòt t`hecpkrtoit ]orrhi @enn netèa aknnhatekis orh kg prh-Oimneoikr prkbobny horny Oimneoi foth oif gonn ei t`h kt`hr mrkupskg prh-stomh ?2 seths ei tès pophr. Et onsk chois tòt t`hnothst thrroahs kg t`h Eimòc Revhr oif ets trebutorehs s`kunfbh eivhstemothf gkr hvefhiah kg horny ùcoi kaaupoteki ei

t`h soch coiihr os t`h pkst-Oimneoi thrroahs kg t`hVòchs systhc.

2.8. BKPMRKWH. QX 526 408. ]HQV QXQQHP

V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih shfechits ot Bkxmrkvh (Gem. ?)whrh fhpksethf t`rkum` o worc thcphroth hpeskfh eitk t`hhisueim aknf hvhit. V`hy tùs rhprhshit o wefh roimh kgckfhs oif hiverkichits kg fhpkseteki. ]òt colhs tès sethsk ecpkrtoit es tòt oraòhknkmeaon rhcoeis òvh bhhihxaovoehf grkc ete-setu akithxts, ot onn nhvhns, t`rkum` t`hstrotemropèa shquhiah meveim o akiteiuety kg kaaupoteki gkrtès port kg skut`hri Himnoif kvhr o ?46 yhor tecasaonh,t`rkum` corlhfny aòimeim anecotea rhmechs (Rkbhrts ?554).

V`h Tnhestkahih shfechits ot t`h seth set upki oif orhakitoeihf wetèi o coreih pnotgkrc oif aònl anegg aut eitkt`h Arhtoahkus Xpphr Aònl kg t`h Qkut` Fkwis (Gem. 8).E'`hsh ghoturhs whrh gkrchf fureim o Ceffnh Tnhestkahihèm` sho-nhvhn hvhit tòt hitoenhf o coreih troismrhssekickveim ikrt`worfs kvhr t`h fhpksets kg t`h Nkwhr AkostonTnoei oif autteim eitk t`h skut` goaeim fepsnkph kg t`h

Fkwis. V`h coreih bhoa` akcpnhx osskaeothf wet` tèsèm` sho-nhvhn ottoeis o coxecuc hnhvoteki kg 61.8c KF ott`h juiateki kg t`h anegg oif t`h wovh aut pnotgkrc< tès èmòntetufh coy bh t`h rhsunt kg subshquhit thatkiea oatevety eit`h orho (Trhhah ht on. ?554). Osskaeothf wet` t`h èm` sho-nhvhn orh o coreih soif uiet, t`h Qneifki Qoifs wèa` mrofhup eitk o nomkkion uiet, t`h Qneifki Qents. V`h likwi hxthit

kg t`hsh fhpksets es substoiteon: grkc Tkrts Fkwi ei t`h]hst (OpQecki ht on. ?5==< Rkbhrts ?507) tk t`h RevhrOrui ei t`h Host, o festoiah ei hxahss kg 14 lc. V`hQneifki Qents whrh gkrchf w`hi t`h ferhat pot` kg t`h saoeitk o normh hcboychit, gkrchf by t`h fkwis, wos bnkalhf.Ont`kum` t`h hxoat chaòiesc by wèa` tès òpphihf esikt yht likwi, o normh sont wothr, tefonny ghf nomkki wosarhothf. Ot t`h hif kg t`h nomkkion pòsh o sken fhvhnkphfki t`h surgoah kg t`h sents, wèa` rhprhshits t`h cksthxthisevh Tnhestkahih noifsurgoah ot t`h seth. Qubshquhitshfechitoteki fhrevhs grkc t`h ikrt` kg t`h seth, gerstnyw`hi t`h sken wos gnkkfhf wet` grhs` wothr tk arhoth oionfar/gai aorr oif t`hi, shakifny, os t`h skens akvhreim t`h

rhneat aònl anegg oif t`h fkwinoif bnkal, tk t`h ikrt` kg t`hseth whrh strepphf kgg, os vhmhtoteki akvhr fhaneihf uifhr oieiarhoseimny shvhrh anecotea rhmech. Geionny, uifhrparemnoaeon akifetekis normh ockuits kg mrovhn grkc t`haònl anegg oif t`h Vhrteory rhmknet` akvhreim t`h Fkwisckvhf fkwi-snkph os phremnoaeon coss ckvhchit fhpksets.

V`h oraòhknkmy ot t`h seth (Bhrmcoi oif Rkbhrts ?500<Bhrmcoi ht on. ?554< ]hiboi-Qcet` ?505< Rkbhrts ?552)akisests kg saotthrs kg netèa cothreon ei onn t`h mhknkmeaonuiets, but bhst prhshrvhf oif ckst hxthisevh ei t`h QneifkiQents oif ei t`h aònl sarhh cothreon kvhrnyeim t`h bhoa`,grkc w`hrh row cothreon wos kbtoeihf. Rhahitny, ei setu

begoahs oif rhgetteim fhbetomh òvh bhhi gkuif ei t`h aknfanecoth coss ckvhchit mrovhns tòt aop t`h shquhiah(Rkbhrts ?552). V`h prhshiah kg oraòhknkmy ot tès nhvhncoy summhst tòt horny ùcois whrh obnh tk survevh eiBretoei t`rkum`kut phrekfs kg hxtrhch aknf sua` os mnoaeonstomhs. V`h osshcbnomhs, grkc t`h seth os o w`knh, orhcoeiny begoah rhfuateki saotthrs wet` skch vhry necethfakrh rhfuateki. V`h begoahs (Gem. 7) orh hsshiteonny kvoths,necoifhs oif akrfoth gkrcs (Bkrfhs ?57?), ont`kum`pkeithf gkrcs orh gkuif w`hi t`h row cothreon quonetyfrkps. V`hrh orh ghw gkrcon gnolh tkkns< twk hif-sarophrs, otroisvhrsh sarophr, o sefh sarophr oif skch ikta`hf sarophrs.V`h gnolhf gnolh thaìequh es prhshit but ot nkw grhquhiayoif t`hrh es skch shakifory rhtkua` ki gnolhs gkr bnuiteimoif hfmh strhimt`hieim. Hvefhiah kg ush kg t`h netèas esopporhit grkc buta`hrhf oiecoS rhcoeis< t`hsh eianufh rhffhhr, rèikahrks oif `krsh.

V`h seth òs bhhi fothf (Vobnh ?) useim cocconeoibekstrotemrop`y tk t`h hif kg t`h Arkchreoi Akcpnhx. V`hcorlhr gkssens orh nesthf bhnkw:




Gem. 8. Akcpkseth shateki t`rkum` t`h mhknkmy ei _uorry ? ot Bkxmrkvh, eianufeim fhtoen kg fhpksets akitoeieim t`h `kceief tebeo. Lhy tk t`hshateki feomroc es os gknnkws: ?. Roeshf bhoa` mrovhns< 2. Qneifki Qoifs< 1. Qneifki Qents, wet` sken `krezki fhvhnkphf ei upphr port ot _?-O<6. Aonaorhkus sents oif mrovhns, fhrevhf grkc whot`hreim kg t`h aònl anegg< 8. Qknuteki whot`hreim akitoat< 7. Qknegnuathf Vhrteory rhmkeet`.

oceikstrotemrop`y, summhst akrrhnoteki wet` KEQ ?? (Bkwh?55?< Bkwhi oif Qylhs ?500). Bkwhi (ebef) akrrhnothsBkxmrkvh wet` Qwoisakcbh, oi eithrprhtoteki tòt shhcsuithiobnh mevhi t`h fegghrhiahs ei t`h cocconeoi gouiosgrkc t`h twk seths (shh bhnkw). V`h oceikstrotemrop`yormuchit es gurt`hr wholhihf by t`h goat tòt t`h roteks gkBoriòc (Os`tki ht on. ?556o) oif Bhha`hs Tet (R.A. Trhhphrs. akcc.) onsk eifeaoth KEQ ?? oif ot t`hsh seths, os otQwoisakcbh, ikih kg t`h sphaehs nesthf obkvh òvh bhhigkuif, fhspeth oi hxthisevh sehveim prkmrocch. Kt`hrcht`kfs kg obsknuth foteim, eianufeim H.Q.R oif V.N., òvprkvhf eiakianusevh tùs gor, kr bhykif t`h aurrhit rhoa`

t`h cht`kf (Rkbhrts ?556).Fureim t`h hfeteim stomhs kg tès rhpkrt o `kceief tebeo

wos fesakvhrhf ei t`h upphr port kg t`h Qneifki Qents(Gem. =), ei o goaehs tòt es o thcpkron akrrhnotevh kg t`h sk`krezki fhvhnkphf ki t`h surgoah kg t`h sents. V`h `kceiefòs bhhi ossemihf tk @kck ag. `hefhnbhrmhises (Rkbhrts h

on. ?556). Gurt`hr hxaovoteki kg t`h `kceief geifspkt espnoiihf gkr ?558.

Vobnh 2. Bekstrotemrop eaonny semiegeaoit cocconeoi toxo grkcBkxmrkvh.

EIQHAVEWKROQkrh.x ruitkihises

Qkrhx soveie

RKFHIVEO

Tnekcys hpesakpones

Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio

Cearktus mrhmones (mrhmonkef ckrp`ktyph)AORIEWKRO

Aoies nupus cksboa`hises

Xrsus fhieimhreTHR?QQKFOAVUNO

Qthpòikrèius ùifs`hechises

ORVEKFOAVUNO

Chmonkahrks fowleise

V`h bekstrotemropèaon ckfhn akitrofeats t`h oceik oaefroahce/.oteki roteks ki coreih cknnusao wèa`, useim



?=1 CORL B. RKBHRVQ. ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

Gem. 7. Bkxmrkvh gneitwkrl ki t`h

surgoah kg t`h coreih QneifkiQoifs.

Gem. =. V`h Bkxmrkvh `kceief tebeo(saonh ei ?4 cc fevesekis).

2.7. ]HQVBXRU-QXB-CHIFET. QV 847 846. QKCHRQHV

V`h Tnhestkahih fhpksets ot ]hstbury (Gem. ?) whrh

nkaothf ei o nechstkih quorry setuothf ot t`h skut`hri hfmhkg t`h Chifep Tnothou ot bhtwhhi 2?1 oif 266c KF.V`h fhpksets oaaucunothf ei o aovh systhc tòt gkrchf eit`h Anegtki Fkwi nechstkih. V`hrh orh twk aòcbhrs wèa`òvh bhhi eivhstemothf oif socpnhf (Bes`kp ?502<Oifrhws ?554). o coei kr skut`hosthri aòcbhr ot nhost=4 c ei nhimt` oif o shakifory fhhp, iorrkw sefh aòcbhr,tòt gknnkws o gount neih tk t`h ikrt`whst. Akrrhnoteki

bhtwhhi t`h fhpksets ei t`h twk aovhs es feggeaunt os t`hfhpksets summhst eigenneim grkc fegghrhit kremeis. V`h boson

chcbhr ei hoa` aòcbhr es secenor, ei tòt tès es oseneahkus fhpkset akcpkshf kg soifs oif mrovhns tòt whrhwos`hf eitk t`h aovh grkc kutsefh. V`h gouio grkc tès uietes sporsh akcporhf wet` skch kg t`h kvhrnyeim uiets oifets akcpkseteki summhsts tòt et es knfhr oif bhnkims tk oshporoth Horny kr horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih stomh. Eifeaotkrsphaehs eianufh: Ceckcys soveie, Cearktus (Onnkpòekcys),

oif @yohio brhverkstres. Gknnkweim t`h fhpkseteki kg t`h




seneahkus shfechits, bkt` aòcbhrs hxphrehiahf rkkgaknnopsh hpeskfhs oif subshquhit fhpkseteki kg oimunorbrhaaeos. V`hsh whrh suaahhfhf by t`h gurt`hr fhpkseteki kg

hxthisevh brhaaeo fhpksets, gunny fhsarebhf by Oifrhws(?554). Ei brehg et coy bh stothf tòt t`h brhaaeos ei t`h

coei aòcbhr, obkvh t`h oimunor brhaaeo, orh fegghrhit grkct`ksh oiyw`hrh hnsh ei t`h aovh. V`her kremei es grkckutsefh t`h aovh oif t`hy whrh fhpksethf os gnkw fhpksets.Ei t`h sefh aòcbhr t`h brhaaeos orh gkrtihf grkcakistetuhits wetèi t`h aòcbhr etshng.

V`h ecpkrtoiah kg ]hstbury gkr tès pophr nehs wet` t`h

cocconeoi gouios rhakvhrhf grkc t`h aovh fhpksets.Gerstny, grkc o toxkikcea/bekstrotemropèa oimnh, t`h gouioakitoeis t`ksh anhchits wèa` orh osskaeothf wet` o pkst-Arkchreoi shisu streatk oif prh-Qwoisakcbh pkseteki ei

t`h _uothriory techsaonh (Bes`kp ?502< Wki Lkhiemswonf?5=1). V`hsh sphaehs eianufh Qkrhx ruitkihises, Qkrhx

soveie, Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio, Cearktus mrhmones,

Aoies nupus cksboa`hises, Xe sus fhieimhre oif

Qthpòikrèius ùifs`hechises. Vès mrkup òs vhry anksh

poronnhns wet` tòt hxaovothf grkc t`h kphi seth ot Bkxmrkvh(Vobnh 2). Qhakifny, top`kikcea stufehs kg t`h sconncoccon osshcbnomhs (Oifrhws ?554) òs onnkwhf o

fhtoenhf ponohkhaknkmeaon rhakistruateki tk bh uifhrtolhit`rkum` t`h shfechitory prkgenhs. Grkc tès rhakistruatekit`h gknnkweim anecotea eighrhiahs òvh bhhi cofh. Ei t`h

ikrt`whst sefh aòcbhr t`hrh orh twk thcphroth hpeskfhsshporothf by phrekfs kg aknfhr anecoth. V`h thcphrothhpeskfhs orh t`kum`t tk rhprhshit thcphroturhs secenor tkt`ksh kg tkfoy ot t`h notetufh kg ]hstbury. Gkr t`h twk aknfphrekfs t`h gerst es eifeaotevh kg akkn fry akifetekis wènstt`h notthr summhsts o anecotea rhmech akisefhrobny aknfhr. Egthitotevh akrrhnoteki es cofh bhtwhhi t`h twk aòcbhrs ot

t`h hif kg t`h shakif aknf phrekf, et coy bh fhckistrothftòt tès es gknekwhf by o gurt`hr worc hvhit. Oifrhws(ebef) summhsts tòt t`hrh coy t`hrhgkrh bh ckrh tòi kih

gunny thcphroth kr eithrmnoaeon hvhit rhakrfhf ei t`h

]asnbury shquhiah. @kwhvhr ei t`h nem`t kg t`h rhahit wkrlki t`h Mrhhinoif Eah Akrh Trkjhat (MRET Chcbhrs ?551) et

aoi bh shai tòt t`hrh coy bh gor ckrh anecotea fevhrsetywetèi thcphroth esktkpea stomhs tòi prhvekusny t`kum`t.]`ht`hr t`h ]hstbury shquhiah akitoeis kih kr ckrhthcphroth stomhs, et es ahrtoei tòt t`h anecotea akcpnhxety,hxtropknothf grkc t`h sconn coccon osshcbnomhs ot t`h

seth, eifeaoths tòt t`h Orveakno gouios kg t`h Arkchreoi

Akcpnhx (Vobnh ?) whrh ikt fhvhnkpeim ei o pknnhi bekzkihot t`h hif kg t`h Arkchreoi shisu streatk (Qtuort oif ]hst?5=7< Qtuort ?500), but bhnkim tk kih kr ckrh gunnyeithrmnoaeon stomhs.

Gneit tkkns òvh bhhi gkuif ot t`h seth (Bes`kp ?5=8) but

òvh bhhi t`h subjhat kg skch akitrkvhrsy os tk w`ht`hrt`hy whrh coi-cofh kr ikt (ag. Akkl ?501). V`h prkbnhc

es tòt t`h gneit ei t`h ]hstbury shfechits es a`hceaonnyonthrhf by onloneih sknuteki (Qa`conz ?574) wèa` òs coefhitegeaoteki kg t`h pehahs feggeaunt. V`h osshcbnomh òs,

`kwhvhr, bhhi rh-hxoceihf rhahitny by o mrkup kg hxphrts(A. Qtreimhr phrs. akcc.), w`k òvh vhregehf ets out`hiteaeoif akigerchf t`h vehw kg Bes`kp (?502), w`k gkuif et

feggeaunt tk hxpnoei t`h prhshiah kg t`h gneit ki mhknkmeaon

mrkuifs.

2.=. ]EWHI@KH VC 448 218 HQQHP

V`h seth ot ]evhi`kh es ei o mrovhn pet nkaothf ihor t`h

skut`hri hfmh kg t`h Vhifreim Tnothou (Gem. ?), opprkxe-cothny twk lc grkc t`h Revhr Aknih. V`h seth es ikw

rhmorfhf os t`h typh nkaonety gkr t`h ]evhi`kh Mrovhn,wèa` es a`rkiknkmeaonny t`h tèrf kg t`h gkur thrroahgkrcotekis tòt akistetuth t`h Nkw-nhvhn Lhsmrovh submrku(Gem. 0) (Brefmnoif ?500< ?556). Vès submrkup òs bhhirhahitny fhsarebhf os t`h Akna`hsthr Gkrcoteki (]èthcoioif Rkså ?552), ont`kum` tès porteaunor utenesoteki kg

strotemropèa ikchianoturh wkunf shhc suphrgnukus mevhi

t`h gkrcoteki stotus ofvkaothf gkr eifevefuon thrroah mrovhwetèi t`h submrkup (Brefmnoif ?556). V`h ]evhi`kh/Akkls Mrhhi Mrovhn thrroah gkrcoteki aoi bh s`kwi tk

pkst-foth t`h Orfnhem`/Kolnhy Mrovhn (Brefmnoif ht on.

?554), wèa` es fothf tk t`h Arkchreoi Akcpnhx, oif prhfoths t`h Qt. Ksyt`/@knnoif Gkrcoteki, wèa` es akrrhnothfwet` t`h Oimneoi mnoaeoteki.

Ot t`h seth, gksseneghrkus shfechits ei t`h gkrc kg oi

krmoiea senty anoy orh eithrbhffhf wet` t`h ]evhi`kh Mrov(Brefmnoif ?500). Tknnhi, pnoit coarkgkssens oif eishatrhcoeis òvh bhhi rhakvhrhf grkc t`h uiet. V`h rhsuntsgrkc prhneceiory oionyshs kg tès cothreon orh eifeaotevh kg

bkrhon gkrhst vhmhtoteki kg o typh gkuif ei coiy eithrmnoaeoif eithrstofeon shquhiahs oif aoi ikt bh ushf gkr

a`rkiknkmeaon akrrhnoteki. Vwk sconn uifeomikstea gneitgnolhs whrh onsk rhakvhrhf grkc t`h senty anoy fureimsocpneim.

V`h seth ot ]evhi`kh es uihquevkaonny prh-Oimneoi os

fhckistrothf by akrrhnoteki kg gnuveon thrroahs wetèi t`h

Nkw-nhvhn Lhsmrovh Qubmrkup oif by anost net`knkmeaonoionyses. @kwhvhr gurt`hr wkrl es ihhfhf ot t`h seth tk

osahrtoei w`ht`hr et gonns eitk t`h Bkxmrkvh/]hstbury/@em`Nkfmh mrkup.

2.0. LHI V'Q AOWHRI QP 516 76? FHWKI

Vès seth es aurrhitny bheim rh-eivhstemothf, but t`h

eigkrcoteki mevhi `hrh es coeiny grkc hornehr pubnes`hfwkrl. V`h aovh systhc es aut ei Fhvkieoi Nechstkih oif

òs o akcpnhx strotemrop`y tòt akitoeis oraòhknkmy grkct`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa tk t`h Chfeohvon Threkf. V`h NkwhTonohknetèa cothreon akisests kg begoaeon tkkns eianufeimòifoxhs oif cesahnnoihkus gnolhs. V`h orthgoats orh



?=8 CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

_ þ× k.

@mj??

je

I

] H

64

64

]onfreimgehnf Mrovhn

Orfnhem`/Kolnhy Mrovhn N c n h 4 o l n a v

e Qents oif Qoifs

Orfnhemèithrmnoaeon fhpksets

]evai`kh/Akkls Mrhhi Mrovhn

Nkwar Qt Ksyt`/@knnoif Mrovhn

Carsao Esnoif/]evh``kh /-]em bkrku m` Mrovh

krmoiea fhpksets

Anoatki Aòiian Fhpksets-

Anoatki Aòiihn Mrovhn

Krmoiea shfechits (thcphrota hxahpt: O-oratea) *< -* "« Corthnns Mrovhn

|m29O| Nkw-navhn Host Hsshx Mrovhn Qubmrkup

Xpphr Qt Ksyt`/Xppar @knnoif Mrovhn

esQwn Nkwnhvhn Lhsmrovh Qubmrkup

¼

Gem. 0. Efhoeezhf shateki t`rkum` t`h Tnhestkahih fhpksets kg t`h Vhifreim Tnothou (ogthr Brefmnoif ?500).

fhsarebhf os oraòea by Rkh (?50?) oif typknkmeaonny gonneitk ès Gkrfweh`/Goriòc mrkup. V`hy kaaur ei t`h brhaaeobhnkw t`h aovh hort` os fhsarebhf by Thimhnny (?0=1o< b)oif Aocpbhnn oif Qocpski (?5=?). Qhfechits ot t`h sethòvh rhahitny bhhi fothf useim t`h Xroieuc-shrehs

thaìequh ki t`h stonomceths but t`h rhsunts rhcoeihquevkaon (T. Bhrrefmh phrs.akcc.). V`h ckst rhneobnh omhhstecoth tkr t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets oif t`horaòhknkmy es kbtoeihf by stufyeim t`h akcpkseteki kg t`hcoccon gouio, wèa` eianufhs t`h gknnkweim sphaehs:

Vobnh 1. Bekstrotemropèaonny semiegeaoit cocconeoi toxo grkc Lhit'sAovhri.

Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio

Cearktus mrhmones

n 'rsus fhieimhre

@kcktàreeec notefai.s

hxteiat wothr vknh

hxteiat peih vknh

hxteiat bhor

hxteiat coaòerkfkit aot

Ont`kum` tès es o sconn gouio, et akitoeis sphaehs tòt orhbekstrotemropèaonny vhry ecpkrtoit, Cearktus mrhmonkefhs

oif Xrsus fhieimhre òvh ikt bhhi gkuif ei fhpksets pkst-foneim t`h Oimneoi ei Bretoei oif @kcktàreeec notefhis

bhaoch hxteiat t`rkum`kut Hurkph fureim t`h KEQ ?2 aknfhvhin (O. Vurihr ?552). V`hrh fkhs, `kwhvhr, hxest oihnhchit kg fkubt surrkuifeim t`h akithxt kg t`h rhcoeis kg

t`h coaòerkfkit aot, os t`hy orh osskaeothf wet` shfechitsakrrhnothf wet` t`h nothr Tnhestkahih (C. Bes`kp oif T. Bhrrefmh, phrs. akcc.) oif t`hrh hxests t`h pkssebenety tòt t`hywhrh eitrkfuahf tk t`h aovh by ùcois, ei o secenor gosèkitk t`h tkkt` ot Rkbei @kkf's Aovh (Q. Torgett, phrs. akcc.).

V`h prhshiah kg O. thrrhstres aoiteoio es ecpkrtoit bhaoushet fhckistroths tòt t`h seth es ykuimhr tòi t`h Arkchreoishisu streatk. Oaakrfeimny t`h seth gonns ei wet` t`h kt`hrs eitès mrkup ei thrcs kg brkof omh hstecoths.

1. Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Kaaupoteki kg t`h Bretes`

Esnhs: Qeths pkst-foteim t`h Oimneoi Aknf Qtomh

1.?. EIVRKFXAVEKI

Oaakrfeim tk t`h ?5=1 Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty kg Nkifki_uothcory tech saonh (Ceta`hnn ht on. ?5=1) t`hrh whrh twkthcphroth kr eithrmnoaeon hvhits ogthr t`h Oimneoi Mnoaeoteki,t`h @kxieoi oif t`h Epsweaèoi (Vobnh ?). Vès sa`hch

boshf ki net`kstrotemropèa subfeveseki kg t`h _uothcorywos suppkrthf by ponyiknkmeaon wkrl (]hst ?587< ?58=<?571< A. Vurihr ?5=4< ?5=8< Whitres ?507) oif by cocconeoi bekstrotemrop`y (Qtuort ?5=6< ?502). Vès shquhiahwos gerst aònnhimhf by Qutaneggh (?5=8) oif ei t`h shceionwkrl kg Qutaneggh oif Lkwonsle (?5=7), oif òs rhahitnybhhi fhckistrothf tk bh kvhrsecpnegehf, veifeaoteim cua`kg Qutaneggh's rhshora`. V`hrh orh ikw t`kum`t tk bh t`rhh




Chtrhs K.F

74

64

24

-24

-64

Fortgkrf@hot`Mrovhn

Qwoisakcbhfhpksets

Krshtt @hot`Mrovhn

@kriaùra`Venn Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets

ot Turgnhht, Mroys(Nettnh Vùrrkal),nntkrf (Aounegnkwhr pet),Bhn us Torl.

Akrbhts VhyMrovhn ^ Cualeim

Mrovhn ^ Host Venbury Q ` h F F h r t k i

. Cors`hs Mrovhn * i h T T h i k i

Qoif ^ MrovhnCkfhri r

Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets otOvhnhy, ]hst Vùrrkal.nntkrf (Xpònn Tet) oifAroygkrf

Qtrotemropèapkseteki kgVrogonmor Qquorhfhpksets

BurehAòi

Onnuveuc Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets S Aknf-anecoth Mrovhns

Gem. 5. Efhonezhf troisvhrsh shateki t`rkum` t`h thrroahs kg t`h Nkwhr Vòchs (ogthr Brefmnoif ?556).

cojkr thcphroth oif t`rhh aknf stomhs bhtwhhi t`h Oimneoioif t`h Epsweaèoi/Hhceoi worc stomh ot a. ?28 Lyr BT(Bkwhi ht on. ?505< Brefmnoif ?556). V`hsh anecotea hvhitsakrrhnoth wet` KEQ ?2 tk 8h (Qòalnhtki oif Kpfylh ?5=1).V`h seths fesausshf bhnkw gonn eitk KEQ ?? oif 5. V`hecpkrtoit essuhs tòt oresh grkc stufyeim t`hsh seths orh t`hfeggarhiahs ei t`h toxkikceh akcpkseteki bhtwhhi t`hshgouios oif t`ksh ei t`h Bkxmrkvh/]hstbury mrkup, wet` oprh-Oimneoi omh. Kg hquon ecpkrtoiah es t`h goat tòt seths tòtòvh bhhi nucphf tkmht`hr os bhnkimeim tk t`h @kxieoi

Eithrmnoaeon coy whnn bhnkim tk twk shporoth thcphroth stomhs.Nothr eithrmnoaeon shfechits, ikt fesausshf `hrh. orh

rhprhshithf ot seths ottrebuthf tk KEQ = oif Qubstomh 8h.V`hsh òvh onn bhhi anossegehf ei t`h post os Epsweaèoi/Hhceoi but t`hrh es ikw uihquevkaon hvefhiah grkc oceikoaef roteks oif net`kstrotemrop`y (Bkwhi ?55?< Brefmnoif?556), wèa` akrrkbkroth hornehr efhos boshf ki cocconeoioif cknnusaoi gouios, tòt twk shporoth thcphroth hpeskfhsorh rhprhshithf. V`h knfhr kih es hquevonhit tk KEQ = oift`h ykuimhr es t`h nost eithrmnoaeon.

1.2. Q]OIQAKCBH V_ 858 =68 LHIV

V`h seth ot Qwoisakcbh es prkbobny t`h bhst likwi kg onnBretes` Tonohknetèa seths. Et es nkaothf ei t`h Nkwhr VòchsWonnhy (Gem. ?), ei t`h èm`hst thrroah kg t`h pkst-Oimneoiakursh kg t`h revhr, 8 lc tk t`h host kg Mrovhshif. V`hshfechitory shquhiah es fhsarebhf ei fhtoen hnshw`hrh(]oha`thr ?5=2< Akiwoy oif ]oha`thr ?5==< @ubborf?502< Brefmnoif ?556) oif wenn kiny bh onnufhf tk brehgnyei tès pophr.

V`h fhpksets ot Borigehnf Tet rhst upki t`h Vòiht Qoifot o `hem`t kg 21c KF (Gem. 5), t`hy whrh noef fkwi ei oaòiihn gkrchf skki ogthr t`h fevhrseki kg t`h Vòchs byt`h Oimneoi eah s`hht (Brefmnoif ?500< ?556). V`h fhpksetòvh bhhi fevefhf eitk t`h gknnkweim shquhiah:

Vobnh 6. Oraòhknkmy oif Mhknkmy ot Qwoisakcbh.

Fhpksetekion Hiverkichit Xiet Eifustrv

Noif fhrevhf shfechits Xpphr Mrovhn Oa`hunh

Xpphr Nkoc Oa`hunh

Ommrofeim strhoc fhpksets Xpphr Ceffnh Mrovhn* Oa`hunh

Nkwhr Ceffnh Mrovhn Oa`hunh

Kvhrboil fhpksets Nkwhr Nkoc Anoatkie

Ommrofeim revhr fhpksets Nkwhr Mrovhn Anoatkie

* Qlunn `krezki.

Trhvekus rhshora`hrs òvh ormuhf gkr o substoiteon èotusei t`h Qwoisakcbh shquhiah ot t`h juiateki kg t`h NkwhrNkoc oif t`h Nkwhr Ceffnh Mrovhns. Ont`kum` t`hrh es oi

hrksekion akitoat ot tès bkuifory, prhshit rhshora` s`kws tk bh t`h rhsunt kg o aòimh ei strhoc fyioceas rot`hr tòio nkim thrc hvhit (Brefmnoif ht on. ?508). Kih rhoski gkrrhquereim o cojkr mop ei t`h shfechitory rhakrf ot tès pkeòf ets rkkts ei oraòhknkmeaon typknkmy. V`h nkwhst twkuiets ot Qwoisakcbh akitoei netèa osshcbnomhs fhsemiotafos Anoatkieoi, kvhrnoei by Oa`hunhoi orthgoats. @kwhvhr,t`h seth ot Nettnh Vùrrkal Mnkbh Tet, ei t`h nkwhr thrroah k



?== CORL B. RKBHRVQ. ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

ThbCyfoy

Xpphr Nkoc

Eitarbaffaf sentyfoy oifsoif

Arkss-strotegeaf soif

EEEa

•-. J - '" t j - Y '3, "- , h . - p WQ

Ê!Qm£mpY

Xpphr Ceffnh Mrova! ib

Reppnh-noceiothf soif

Arkss-strotegehf soif

re

Onthriotekrts kg soif oifvhry soiky mrovhn

Nkwhr Ceffna Mrovhn Eno

Qoify mrovhn

‖ Hrksekion akitoat

FhaoJaeenhf zkih (QkeK

Cossevh aonaorhkusanoyhy sent wet` sànns ??

Nkwhr NkocNoxieiotaf aonaorhkussoifs, sents oif anoys

Qoify mrovhn wet` s`hens

Nkwhr Mrovhn Eb

Akorsa mrovhn wet`soif cotrex

Anost-suppkrta f ot bosh Eo

Vòiht Qoif

7

• Y Cknnusas

• Ei setu wkrlaf gnein

W Ei setu bkih gromchit

et V`hrcknuceiasahiaa socpnh

Gem. ?4. V`h shquhiah ot Qwoisakcbh (ogthr Brefmnoif ht on. ?508).

t`h Akrbhts Vhy Gkrcoteki, onsk akitoeis Anoatkieoiorthgoats. Vùs et wos ihahssory tk eivklh o akivknuthfsa`hch kg hvhits wet` t`h revhr bheim ot kih nhvhnfhpkseteim t`h Nkwhr Mrovhns oif Nkocs, autteim fkwi tkt`h Mnkbh Tet nhvhn oif t`hi reseim omoei tk noy fkwi t`hshfechits akitoeieim Oa`hunhoi cothreon ot Qwoisakcbh(Leim oif Kolnhy ?517). Et òs bhhi fhckistrothf(Brefmnoif ht on. ?508) tòt t`h Qwoisakcbh fhpksetsrhprhshit o seimnh mrkss upworfs geieim shfechitory genn(Gem. ?4), thrceioteim ei phremnoaeon shfechitoteki oifeivknuteki oif tòt t`h thcphroth shfechits ot t`h sethrhprhshit t`h gerst worc hvhit ogthr t`h Oimneoi (Brefmnoif?556). V`h omh kg t`h Qwoisakcbh shquhiah es gurt`hrsuppkrthf by t`h anost akcpkseteki kg t`h Nkwhr oif NkwhrCeffnh Mrovhns (Brefmnoif ht on. ?508), oceik oaef roteksakisesthit wet` o KEQ ?? foth (Bkwhi ht on. ?505) oif t`hakcpkseteki kg t`h cocconeoi gouio wèa` akitoeis ikihkg t`h Arkchreoi Akcpnhx corlhr sphaehs oif shhs t`hopphoroiah kg sphaehs sua` os Qthpòikrèius `hcetkhaùs.

Qthpòikrèius lerh`bhrmhises, Chmonkahrks memoithus oif

Bks preiþmhieus (Qtuort ?502).V`h seth ot Qwoisakcbh es prkbobny bhst likwi gkr t`h

rhgetteim `kceief slunn gromchits tòt whrh rhakvhrhf grkct`h Xpphr Ceffnh Mrovhn. V`h kaaepeton bkih wosfesakvhrhf ei ?518, gknekwhf by t`h nhnt porehton ei ?517oif t`h rem`t porehton ei ?588, t`h notthr bheim pkkrnyprhshrvhf (Qtreimhr ?508). V`h slunn es bhnehvhf tk bhghconh wet` o broei sezh kg obkut ?144 cn. V`h kvhronnaroieon sòph es nhss oimunor tòi ckrh oraòea `kceiefsoif t`hrh orh twk ghoturhs tòt òvh Ihoifhrtòn oggeietehs.Gerstny, t`hrh es hvefhiah kg o fhvhnkphf juxtocostkefhceihiah ot t`h kaaepeton cormeis oif shakifny o snem`t,

fkubnå ora`hf kaaepeton tkrus surckuithf by o ahitronfhprhsseki, o suproeieoa gksso (Qtreimhr oif Mocbnh ?551).\g t`h s`krt a`rkiknkmy `ypkt`hses kg t`h kaaupoteki kgHurkph es oaahpthf (Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, tèsvknuch), t`hi et wkunf choi tòt t`h Ihoifhrtòn aòroa-thresteas fespnoyhf by t`h Qwoisakcbh slunn fhvhnkphffureim t`h gerst ?44 Lyr ogthr aknkiezoteki. Eg t`hshp`ysekmikcea aòimhs whrh t`h rhsunt kg ofoptoteki tk oaknfhr anecoth, t`hi et es nelhny tòt t`h horny pkpunoteki kg`kceiefs ei Hurkph whrh obnh tk kphroth oif survevh ei, kranksh tk, t`h anecotea oif `hiah hiverkichiton rhmechsosskaeothf wet` o cojkr aknf stomh. Qua` o `ypkt`hses essuppkrthf by wkrl ot Bkxmrkvh (Rkbhrts ?552< Rkbhrtsht on., tès vknuch), ot Anoatki (shh bhnkw) oif ot Lornea`,noyhr @ (Bkseisle, tès vknuch).

Vk akianufh, et coy bh fhckistrothf grkc rhahit wkrlki t`h Nkwhr Vòchs (Brefmnoif ?556) tòt t`hosshcbnomhs fhsarebhf os Anoatkieoi bkt` prh-foth oifpkst-foth begoah eifustrehs ei tès rhmeki. Aurrhit rh-eivhstemoteki kg t`h Qwoisakcbh oraèvh òs rhvhonhf ot



E=Q V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

nhost kih begoah grkc t`h Nkwhr Mrovhn (CaIobb oif

Os`tki ?552). ]`hi tès pehah es akisefhrhf wet` kt`hravefhiah bhmeiieim tk hchrmh grkc seths nelh Anoatki oif

Boriòc. et opphors tòt t`h feveseki kg Bretes` NkwhrTonohknetèa eifustrehs eitk twk shporoth, aunturonny festeiathitetehs es oi uisustoeiobnh akiahpt.

1.1. HOQV GORC BORI@OC VN 0=8 =0= QXGGKNLV`h seth ot Host Gorc. Boriòc (Os`tki ht on. ?556o) es

nkaothf ei oi knf breal pet 6 lc skut` kg V`htgkrf oif

26 lc ikrt` kg Bury Qt Hfcuifs (Gem. ?). V`h pet es ei o fry

vonnhy tòt ruis poronnhn tk t`h prhshit akursh kg t`h NettnhKusa revhr vonnhy. V`h wkrleims aut t`rkum` thcphrothanecoth gnuveon fhpksets wèa` kvhrneh t`h Nkwhstkgt VXE<

t`h sknef mhknkmy tk t`h skut` es Arhtoahkus Aònl oif t`hrhorh onsk hxthisevh sprhofs kg mnoaeon kutwos` mrovhn,prhfkceioitny tk t`h ikrt` kg t`h seth. V`h gerst akitrknnhfhxaovotekis ot t`h seth whrh uifhrtolhi by Totthrski (?51=)oif subsaquhitny by ]ychr (?508).

V`h thcphroth shfechits ot Boriòc whrh noef fkwi ei opkst-mnoaeon revhr systhc tòt gnkwhf ei o aòiihn fhvhnkphfei mnoaeon kutwos` mrovhns. Trekr tk Os`tki's wkrl, t`h sethwos pkrtroyhf os o anossea hxocpnh kg t`h Bretes` Anoatkieoi-Oa`hunhoi suaahsseki (]ychr ?5=6). @kwhvhr, rhahithxaovotekis òvh s`kwi tòt fhbetomh grkc t`h prkfuatekikg begoahs òs bhhi gkuif ei t`h soch akithxt, t`h akbbnhboif (]ychr ?508), os tòt wèa` akitoeis t`h anosseaAnoatkieoi Eifustry (Os`tki ht on. ?556b). Vès offs gurt`hrstrhimt` tk t`h ormuchit prkpkshf by Os`tki oif CaIobb(?552), tòt t`h Anoatkieoi aoiikt bh vehwhf os o

a`rkiknkmeaonny semiegeaoit eifhphifhit stkih wkrleimtrofeteki ei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. V`h sent uiets ot t`h seth

òvh yehnfhf rea` ea`t`ykgouios, `hrphtkgouios oif coc-

coneoi gouios (Os`tki ht on. ?556o oif b). V`h bekstrote-mropèaon avefhiah grkc t`h gouio es akisesthit wet` o pkst-Oimneoi foth< ik Arkchreoi Akcpnhx eifeaotkrs, sua` os

t`ksh grkc t`h Bkxmrkvh/]hstbury mrkup, òvh bhhirhakvhrhf. V`h prhshiah kg Hcys krbeaunores. t`h Hurkphoipkif tkrtkesh oif Hnop`h nkimesseco, t`h Ohsaunopeoi siolheifeaoth thcphroturhs woiihr tòi t`h prhshit foy. V`h

`hrphtkgouio onsk suppkrts t`h vehw tòt tès seth aoiikt bh

t`h soch oma os Bkxmrkvh, w`hrh t`h `hrphtkgouiothcphrotura semion eifeaoths o nhss thcphroth eithrmnoaeon,tòt es anecoteaonny secenor tk t`h aurrhit stomh. V`hsh neihs

kg hvefhiah get whnn wet` Qòalnhtki's (?50=) eithrmnoaeonthcphroturh èstkrehs (Vobnh ?). Oceik oaef roteks grkc t`h

seth orh akisesthit wet` o foth tòt hquoths tk KEQ ??

(Bkwhi ei Os`tki ht on. ?556o).

1.6. ANOAVKI VC ?60 ?20 VK VC ?=8 ?61 HQQHP

Tnhestkahih shfechits ot Anoatki (Gem. ?) whrh gerstfhsarebhf horny nost ahitury (Brkwi ?064), t`h osskaeothf

Tonohknetèa oraòhknkmeaon cothreon wos gerst rhakmieshf b

Lhiwkrt`y (?050), seiah wèa` tech t`h seths ot Anoatkiòvh bhhi oaakrfhf eithriotekion semiegeaoiah gkr t`heroraòhknkmy, strotemrop`y oif ponohkitknkmy.

V`h hxpksurhs rui grkc Neki Tkeit ei t`h skut`whst tk

Anoatki-ki-Qho ei t`h ikrt`host (Gem. ??). V`h oraòhknkmeagneitwkrl òs bhhi aknnhathf oif hxaovothf grkc o shrehs k

aòiihns tòt orh aut t`rkum` t`h Nkifki Anoy oif CeffnTnhestkahih mrovhns kg t`h prh-fevhrseki Vòchs-Chfwoygnuveon systhc. V`h coei aòiihn kg t`h Anoatki shquhiahwos gkrchrny hxpkshf ei t`h ]hst Anegg, Anoatki-ki-Qho (V

?=6 ?61). @hrh t`h aòiihn es kvhr 644c wefh oif òs o

coxecuc fhpt` kg ?8c (Brefmnoif ht on. ?500). Ot tèsnkaoteki t`h ikrt`whsthri hfmh kg t`h aòiihn òs bhhikbshrvhf autteim t`rkum` t`h Nkwhr @knnoif Mrovhns, oif

ets ghot`hr hfmh t`h aòiihn es kvhrnoei by pkst-fevhrsekimrovhns kg t`h Vòchs-Chfwoy revhr. V`h strotemrop`y kg

t`h coei aòiihn ot Anoatki es fhsarebhf by ]orrhi (?588(shh Brefmnoif ?556 gkr o gunn nest kg rhghrhiahs).

Ei brehg t`h boson uiets kg t`h aòiihn orh grhs`wothrshfechits, akcpreseim gnuveotenh mrovhns oif soifs, wet`kaaosekion photy nhishs. V`h pekihhreim ponyiknkmeaon wkrkg Telh oif Mkfwei (?581) nhf tk t`hsh uiets bheimossemihf tk bekzkih @k EE (Vurihr oif Lhrihy ?5=?).Qhfechitknkmeaonny t`h grhs`wothr shrehs es fevefhf eitk t`

Nkwhr oif Xpphr Grhs`wothr Bhfs, bkt` uiets akitoeiAnoatkieoi orthgoats oif t`h nkwhr bhf es porteaunorny rea`

gouion rhcoeis. Ecpkrtoit gouion hnhchits eianufhVrkmkit`hreuc auvehre, Tonohknkxkfki oitequus,

Qthpòikrèius hcetkhaùs, Qthpòikrèius lera`bhrmhi

ses oif Foco foco "anoatkieoio". Kvhrnyeim t`h

Grhs`wothr Bhfs neh t`h Hstuoreih Bhfs. V`hsh akcpresh

nkocs, corns oif anoys wet` nhishs kg s`hnny soif oif

hstuoreih phot. V`h hstuoreih bhfs akitoei nettnh cocconeogouio oif orthgoats orh rorh. Vurihr (Vurihr oif Lhrihy?5=?) pnoahs tès uiet ei bekzkih @k EEE. Et es os whnn tkhcpòsezh tòt t`h coei aòiihn ot Anoatki es t`h kinypnoah w`hrh tès strotemropèa suaahsseki es kbshrvhf.

Vwk akitrknnhf hxaovotekis òvh bhhi uifhrtolhi ot

Anoatki tk t`h host kg t`h coei Anoatki Aòiihn, t`h gerst Joyweal Qoifs (Kolnhy oif Nholhy ?51=) oif ckrhrhahitny ot t`h Mkng Akursh seth (Qeimhr ht on. ?5=1). V`h

strotemrop`y rhakrfhf ot t`h Mkng Akursh seth (succorezhfei Rkh ?50?) es eithrprhthf os bheim fhpksethf ot t`h hif k

t`h Oimneoi, os t`hrh es hvefhiah kg phremnoaeon p`hikchiooif ei t`h horny port kg t`h hisueim thcphroth hpeskfh.V`h uiets akitoeieim orthgoats orh onn t`kum`t tk prh-foth t`

fhpkseteki kg t`h coei aòiihn shfechits. V`h netèaosshcbnomhs grkc Anoatki orh prh-fkceioitny akcpkshf k

gnoleim fhbetomh grkc akrh rhfuateki, gknnkweim o trofeteki(CaIobb ?552) tòt ruis t`rkum` t`h Bretes` NkwhrTonohknetèa grkc a.844 Lyr BT tk a.144 Lyr BT (Ecbreh



?=5 CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

FesXiaa ei leekchtrhs

n-ve Iucbhreimkgaòiiabosei]2rrhi(?588),' Qhfechits hxpksaf ot mkng ak ur x oif

`knefoy aocp neil aòiiab v oif ? oifeiakrpkrota ]orrai's aòiihn en oif prkbobny ve c

. • ]embkrkum` Mrovhn

Hstuoreia Bhfs

Gras`wotar Bafs

Nkwhr @knnoif Mrovhn

@nX e

Anoatki Aòiihn Fhpksets

Gem. ??. Qhateki t`rkum` t`h Anoatki orho, s`kweim t`h vorekus Anoatki Aòiihn kaaurhiahs (ckfegehfgrkc ]orrhi ?588).

an on. ?506). Lhhnhy (?5==) wos obna tk akijkei kvhr24 gnolhs grkc t`h Mkng Akursa Eifustry oif gkuif ush-whortroahs eifeaotevh kg buta`hry oif wkkf wkrleim ki skch kgt`h gnolhs. Rhahitny fkubt òs bhhi aost ki t`h stotus kg t`hAnoatkieoi os o shporoth aunturon trofeteki (Os`tki ht on.

?556b) oif hvefhiah grkc Anoatki ei t`h gkrc kg twkbegoahs grkc ]orrhi's aknnhatekis, cofh ot Neki Tkeit, offsuppkrt tk tès vehw (CaIobb oif Os`tki ?552). Ikthsgrkc t`h ]orrhi oraèvh onsk chiteki t`rhh begoahs grkct`h "Hnhpòs" oitequus bhf ot ]hst Anegg, ei t`h coei

aòiihn, tès bhf es wet`kut fkubt port kg t`h grhs`wothrshrehs grkc t`h aòiihn. Vùs. ont`kum` t`h prhfkceioitthaìequh kg netèa rhfuateki es akrh boshf, t`hrh es onsk oiuihquevkaon begoah prhshiah ot t`h seth. Vès rhvhnoteki,kaaurreim os et fkhs ot t`h Anoatki typh seth shrekusny aonnseitk fkubt t`h vonefety kg rhtoeieim t`h ioch Anoatkieoi.

V`h shfechits ot Anoatki whrh fhpksethf grkc t`h hif kgt`h Oimneoi eitk t`h gknnkweim eithrmnoaeon (Vobnh ?), t`hhornehsn oraòhknkmy bheim fothf tk t`h noth Oimneoi. V`hfhpksets orh akrrhnothf wet` Qwoisakcbh ki t`h boses kgcknnusaoi bekstrotemrop`y (A. Vurihr oif Lhrihy ?5=?),t`h coppeim kg nkim fkwi strhoc prkgenh mrofehits bhtwhhi

t`h seths (Brefmnoif ?556) oif ki oceik oaef roteks (Bkwhiht on. ?505).

1.8. @KPIH VC ?=7 =75 QXGGKNL

V`h seth ot @kxih es t`h typh nkaonety kg t`h @kxieoiEithrmnoaeon Qtomh ei Bretoei (Gem. ?). V`h seth es eianufhf`hrh os o ikth bhaoush t`hrh onrhofy hxests o vknuceikusockuit kg nethroturh ki t`h seth (]ychr ?501< ?508 oif

Qeimhr ht on. ?551). V`h ecpkrtoiah kg t`h seth tk tès pophres twkgknf. Gerstny t`hrh es o mrkweim bkfy kg kpeieki tòtbhnehvhs t`h shfechits ot @kxih tk foth grkc o shporoththcphroth stomh tk Qwoisakcbh oif Boriòc, boshf kioceik oaef roteks (Bkwhi ht on. ?505< Bkwhi ?55?) oif est`hrhgkrh hquevonhit ei tech tk seths sua` os Nettnh Vùrrkal,Mnkbh Tet. V`hrh hxests nettnh hvefhiah het`hr tk suppkrt krakitrofeat tès vehw. V`h gouios grkc KEQ ?? oif KEQ 5 eithrcs kg toxkikceh akcpkseteki orh vhry secenor< t`horaòhknkmy gkuif ot @kxih òs bhhi s`kwi ei tès pophr

tk bh prhvonhit ei t`h Bretes` Esnhs gkr kvhr o quorthr kg ocenneki yhors oif es tùs rhfuifoit os foteim fhveah.Qhakifny rhahit wkrl ki t`h gneitwkrl grkc @em` Nkfmhoif t`h @kxih Xpphr Eifustry (]èth ?551) òs s`kwit`hc tk òvh vhry fhgeieth thaìknkmeaon secenoretehs, buttòt t`hsh orh t`h rhsunt kg rhfuateki strothmehs rot`hr tòioiy secenorety ei omh (Gem. ?2). V`h ponyiknkmeaon wkrl ott`h seth (]hst ?587) fhckistrothf o akiteiukus pknnhiprkgenh grkc noth mnoaeon eitk t`h gknnkweim thcphroth stomh.]`hi tès hvefhiah wos akisefhrhf ei akijuiateki wet` t`hsuppkshf ckfh kg kremei kg t`h @kxih fhpkset - ei o lhttnh`knh nhgt by t`h rhtrhoteim Oimneoi eah s`hht - t`h aosh gkr o

Qtomh ?? foth nkklhf queth strkim, oif wos subshquhitnygurt`hr strhimt`hihf by A. Vurihr's (?5=4) wkrl ki t`hpknnhi grkc Corl's Vhy. @kwhvhr Bkwhi, ormueim eigovkur kg t`h oceik oaef roteks, summhsts tòt t`h fhprhssekiot @kxih akunf òvh gkrchf by sknuteki kg t`h uifhrnyeimaonaorhkus stroto (Bkwhi ?55?). Gurt`hr ckrh fhtoenhf wkrles rhquerhf ki t`h sconn coccon osshcbnomhs grkc t`h sethtk rhsknvh tès fhboth.




Gem. ?2. @kxih eifustry sarophrs (grkc ]ychr ?501). Qaonh ei ac.

1.7. BHHA@HQ TEV, ]HQV QVK] VN =50 =?5 QXGGKNL

V`h seth ot Bhha`hs Tet es nkaothf ?? lc tk t`h skut`whstkg Bocòc ei whst Quggknl (Gem. ?). V`h hxpksurhs orhei oi knf brealyorf (Trhhah ht on. ?55?) oif orh aurrhitny

bheim rh-eivhstemothf by o cuntefesaepneiory thoc grkc t`h_uothriory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki oif o thoc kgoraòhknkmests grkc Nevhrpkkn Xievhrsety, uifhr t`hferhateki kg Jkì Mkwnhtt. V`h shfechitory shquhiahakisests kg uiets kg anoy oif senty anoy kvhrnyeim o aònlyfeoceatki, efhitegehf os t`h Nkwhstkgt Venn. Ei ports kg t`hknf wkrleims o aonaorhkus tugoahkus fhpkset es rhvhonhfkvhrnyeim t`h feoceatki oif bhihot` t`h anoys. V`h tugo

akitoeis o rea` thcphroth cknnusa gouio tòt eifeaothsgkrcoteki ei spreim ghf pkkns ei o thcphroth gkrhst (Lhrih?5=7, Trhhah ht on. ebef). V`h cknnusa gouio es vhry secenotk tòt grkc @etaèi, @hrtgkrfsèrh (Lhrihy ?587), oif

akitoeis sphaehs gkuif kiny ot t`hsh twk seths ei t`h BretesEsnhs, ont`kum` Akiteihiton Hurkphoi akrrhnotevhs orh likwgrkc eithrmnoaeon tugos ei Groiah (Rkusshou ?50=< Rkusshooif Tuessåmur ?554). O cocconeoi gouio òs bhhirhakvhrhf grkc oi krmoiea anoy boif (uiet 1) obkvh t`haònly feoceatki oif grkc t`h tugoahkus fhpksets (Torgett,ei Trhhah ht on. ?55?). V`h gouio es eifeaotevh kg othcphroth wkkfnoif hiverkichit ei t`h tugo oif t`h nkwhr



?0? CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

24

[ e

Noceiothf sent, soif,XLS anoy

Trhfkceioitny mrovhn X V ~ Y ~ ~ Wary s`hnny soif oif sent -_

Boson mrovhn Brhaaeothf aònl

Gem. ?1. Efhonezhf shateki t`rkum` t`h fhpksets ot Turgnhht (ckfetehf trkc @knnei ?5==).

port kg uiet 1, wènh t`h upphr port kg uiet 1 eifeaoths oaòimh tk ckrh kphi mrossnoif akifetekis. V`h cocconeoigouio akcpkseteki es secenor tk tòt grkc kt`hr "@kxieoi"senks. hsphheonny tòt grkc ihorby Boriòc, @kwhvhr, t`hrhorh corlhf fegghrhiahs ei t`h tkkt` ckrp`knkmy kg t`hwothr vknh Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio ot t`h twk seths(Q. Torgett. phrs. akcc.), wèa` mevhi t`h prkxecety kg t`htwk socpnhs tk hoa` kt`hr, orh eithrprhthf os eifeaoteim tòt

t`h seths orh kg fegghrhit omhs.

V`h orhòhknkmy ot t`h seth akisests kg begoahs oif gnolhs.V`hsh òvh ckstny bhhi aknnhathf fureim shateki autteim,bun t`h ?551 oif ?556 shoskis kg hxaovoteki ot t`h sethòvh onsk prkfuahf cothreon, eianufeim rhgetteim gnolhs oif orhgetthf hif s`kal begoah (Mkwnhtt phrs. akcc.).

1.=. NEVVNH V@XRRKAL, MNKBH TEV V_ 727 =01 HQQHP

V`h seth ot Mnkbh Tet es nkaothf tk t`h ikrt` kg t`h RevhrVòchs ei t`h thrroah kg t`h Nyia` @enn/Akrbhts VhyGkrcoteki (Gem. ?). Vès thrroah kaaurs bhnkw t`h thrroahakitoeieim t`h Qwoisakcbh eithrmnoaeon shfechits (Gem. 5).

Anoatkieoi nnolhs oif akrhs òvh bhhi rhakvhrhf grkc t`hmrovhn uifhrnyeim t`h thcphroth brealhort`s, Brefmnoif(?556) ottr ebuths t`hsh twk uiets tk KEQ ?4 oif KEQ 5rhsphatevhny (Brefmnoif oif @orfeim ?551). ]ychr (?508)summases tòt t`h brealhort`s coy onsk akitoei "ceit"Anoatkieoi gnolhs os whnn. V`h brealhort` es t`kum`t tk bht`h soch uiet os tòt gkuif ot Nettnh Vùrrkal, Mroys(Zhuihr ?585), wèa` akitoeihf o rea` cocconeoi gouio

but ik orthgoats. @kwhvhr, rhahit rh-eivhstemoteki kg tèsgouio by Q.O. Torgett (phrs. akcc.) òs fhckistrothf t`hprhshiah kg aut corls ki skch kg t`h bkihs. V`hecpkrtoiah kg tès seth es tòt et s`kws tòt t`h Anoatkieoilioppeim trofeteki es ikt rhstreathf tk o seimnh stomh kreithrmnoaeon oif eg, os skch rhshora`hrs bhnehvh (]ychrphrs. akcc.), et hxests os oi shporoth hitety grkc t`hOa`hunhoi, t`hi et bkt` prh- oif pkst-foths et (Brefmnoif

oif @orfeim ?551).

1.0. TXRGNHHV: BNXHNOIFQ, MRHHINOIFQ, HQQK OIF

BKVOIU TEVQ, HQQHP. (GRKC V_ 887-8=4 OIF

=08-=07)V`hsh pets, wèa` orh aut fkwi tk t`h aònl, akitoei

Tnhestkahih gnuveon shfechits ossemihf tk t`h Akrbhts VhyGkrcoteki (Brefmnoif ?556), wèa` orh ei turi kvhrnoei bysnkph fhpksets (Gems ?, 5). Netèa cothreon fhsarebhf osOa`hunhoi, Anoatkieoi (]ychr ?570< ?508) oif Nhvonnkes(Tonchr ?5=8) òs bhhi rhakvhrhf grkc t`hsh seths. V`hmhihron Turgnhht shquhiah òs Anoatkieoi cothreon ei t`h

boson mrovhn, suaahhfhf by Anoatkieoi oif Oa`hunhoiorthgoats (Gem. ?1) grkc t`h mrovhn obkvh t`h thcphrothshfechits< èm`hr up ei tès mrovhn uiet o Nhvonnkes gnolhwos rhakvhrhf (Tonchr Cf). Ot Bktoiy Tet t`h boson mrovhnakitoeis òifoxhs oif coy akrrhnoth wet` t`h mrovhn obkvat`h eithrmnoaeon fhpksets ot Bnuhnoifs oif Mrhhinoifs(Brefmnoif ?556). V`h fhpksets roimh ei omh grkc KEQ ?4gkr t`h boson mrovhn, tk KEQ 0 gkr t`h upphr port kg t`h




mrovhn shquhiah oif akigkrc tk Brefmnoif's (?556) ckfhnnkr thrroah gkrcoteki. V`h eithrmnoaeon shfechits orh fothftk KEQ 5. Chiteki cust bh cofh `hrh, `kwhvhr, kg t`h èm`vonuh oceik oaef roteks kbtoeihf ki cknnusas grkc t`hthcphroth shfechits (Cennhr ht on. ?5=5< Bkwhi ht on.

?505). V`hsh roteks summhsthf o foth wetèi KEQ ?1 but tèsgemurh es òrf tk rhakiaenh wet` t`h net`kstrotemropèaon

hvefhiah, os t`h Vòchs wos ikt fevhrthf eitk tès akurshuiten t`h notthr port kg t`h Oimneoi, wèa` es akrrhnothf wet`KEQ ?2(Vobnh ?).

6. AkihnusekiV`h hornehst hvefhiah gkr t`h ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Bretoei

kaaurs orkuif òng o cenneki yhors omk ei oi eithrmnoaeon/thcphroth hpeskfh tòt ecchfeothny prh-foths t`h OimneoiMnoaeoteki. Vès stomh es os yht uiiochf ei Bretoei.

V`h hornehst kaaupoits kg Bretoei hxpnkethf o wefh roimhkg mhkmropèa orhos oif hiverkichits. V`hrh esoraòhknkmeaon hvefhiah gkr ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Bretoeibkt` grkc aknf anecoth fhpksets noef fkwi fureim t`hOimneoi oif grkc shfechits foteim tk t`h hif kg t`hOimneoi. Vùs `kceiefs coy òvh bhhi prhshit ei Bretoeit`rkum`kut t`h furoteki kg t`h mnoaeon. Vès pkeit pkshseithrhsteim quhstekis obkut t`h ofoptobenety kg CeffnhTnhestkahih `kceiefs.

Et es whnn likwi tòt t`h strotemropèa rhakrf gkr t`h BretesÈsnhs bhtwhhi t`h Oimneoi oif t`h Epsweaèoi òs bhhikvhrsecpnegehf, precoreny by rhnyeim tkk `hoveny kiponyiknkmeaon wkrl. V`hrh es ikw hvefhiah tòt t`h twkworc phrekfs gknnkweim t`h Oimneoi akitoei secenorvhmhtotekion oif cocconeoi semioturhs. Vès òs nhf tk sethskg fegghrhit omhs bheim hrrkihkusny mrkuphf tkmht`hr. Et òs

bhhi summhsthf rhahitny (Bkwhi ht on. ?505< Bkwhi ?55?)tòt t`h seth ot @kxih coy bh o w`knh anecoth ayanh ykuimhrtòi tòt ot Qwoisakcbh. Eg tès es t`h aosh t`hi t`h

eithrmnoaeon gknnkweim t`h Oimneoi wenn ihhf tk bh rhioch

Fureim t`h phrekf tòt akvhrs t`h eieteon kaaupoteki, tòrh bkt` begoah oif gnolh tkke eifustrehs: t`hsh eifustrehsorh ikt cutuonny hxanusevh ei t`h oraòhknkmeaon rhakrf.V`hrh es ik thcpkron krfhreim bhtwhhi t`hsh eifustrehs.bkt` trofetekis aorry ki t`rkum`kut t`h rhst kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih.

V`h sk-aonnhf Anoatkieoi Eifustry aoi bh s`kwi tk prhfoth oif pkst-foth begoah eifustrehs ogthr t`h Oimneoi,t`hrhgkrh t`h akiahpt kg t`h Oa`hunhoi suaahhfeim t`hAnoatkieoi ei Bretoei es gonsh. ]h t`hrhgkrh summhst tòt teieteon Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kaaupoits kg Bretoei utenezhf bbegoah oif akrh rhfuateki thaìequhs t`rkum`kut tès techphrekf. Aurrhit hvefhiah summhsts tòt t`h fegghrhitthaìequhs aoi bh ihet`hr aunturonny kr thcpkronnyfesteimues`hf. Vùs tk akiteiuh tk fhsarebh t`hsh thaìequei thrcs tòt ecpny bkt` aunturh oif tech es cesnhofeim ooaakrfeimny, et es summhsthf tòt t`h thrcs Oa`hunhoi oifAnoatkieoi s`kunf bh oboifkihf gkrt`wet`.

OalikwnhfmhchitsV`h out`krs orh mrothgun tk Qecki Nhwes (Ahitrh gkr

Hiverkichiton Aòimh oif _uothriory Rhshora`,A`hnthiòc) oif Qecki Torgett (Eistetuth kg OraòhknkmyXievhrsety Aknnhmh Nkifki) gkr areteaonny rhvehweim tèscoiusarept. ]h onsk tòil Jkì ]ychr, Ieal Os`tki oit`h hfetkrs kg t`h Jkurion kg _uothriory Qaehiah oif t`hTrkahhfeims kg t`h Mhknkmests' Osskaeoteki gkr phrcessektk rhprkfuah prhvekusny pubnes`hf gemurhs.

ikth

? Iotekion mref rhghrhiah akkrfeioths.



?01 CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

rhghrhiahs

Oifrhws, @.

Oifrhws, T.

Oiki

OpQecki, O.C.,

AQ. Mocbnh,

C.N. Qòalnhy

Os`tki, I.C.

?514 Ki skch gkssen coccons kg whsthri Quggknl, Vroisoatekis kg t`h Quggknl Ioturonests'

Qkaehty ?, ?58-?55.

?554 Kwns, Aovhs oif Gkssens. Nkifki: Ioturon @estkry Cushuc Tubneaotekis.

?570 @em` Nkfmh Tonohknetèa eifustry, Ioturh 224, ?478-?477.

?5== Tnhestkahih roeshf bhoa`hs ki Tkrtsfkwi, @ocpsèrh, Trkahhfeims kg t`h @ocpsèrh Gehnf

Anub oif Oraòhknkmeaon Qkaehty 11, ?=-12.

?552 V`h @em` Nkfmh Gneit Eifustrehs. Ei: I.C. Os`tki, J. Akkl, Q.M. Nhwes oif J. Rkså (hfs),

nneL Nkfmh: Hxaovotekis by M. fh M. Qehvhleim ?572-70 oif J. Akkl ?500, ?26-?71,

Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

Os`tki. I.C.,

J. CaIobb

?552 V`h eithrprhtoteki oif akithxt kg t`h @em` Nkfmh eifustrehs. Ei: I.C. Os`tki, J. Akkl,

Q.M. Nhwes oif J. Rkså (hfs), @em` Nkfmh: Hxaovotekis `y M. fh M. Qehvhleim ?572-70

oif J. Akkl ?500, ?76-?70, Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

Os`tki, I.C.,

T. Fhoi,

J. CaIobb

?55? Gnolhf gnolhs: wòt, w`hrh, w`hi oif w`y ;, Netèas ?2, ?-??.

Os`tki, I.C..

J. Akkl,

Q.M. Nhwes,J. Rkså (hfs)

?552 @em` Nkfmh: Hxaovotekis `y M. fh M. Qehvhleim ?572-70 oif J. Akkl ?500. Nkifki:Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

Os`tki, I.C.,F._. Bkwhi,

J.O. @kncoi.AK. @uit,

B.M. Erveim,

R.O. Lhcp.Q.M. Nhwes,

J. CaIobb,

Q.O. Torgëtt,

C.B. Qhffki

?556o Hxaovoteki ot t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ot Host Gorc Boriòc, Quggknl: ?505-?552,

Jkurion kg t`h Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty ?8?, 855-748.

Os`tki, I.C..

J. CaIobb,

Q.M. Nhwes,

Q.O. Toenenn

?556b Akithcpkroihe ty kg Anoatkieoi oif Oa`huneoi gneit eifustrehs ot Boriòc. Quggknl,

Oitequety 70 (274), 808-805.

Bhrmcoi, AO.,C.B. Rkbhrts

Bhrmcoi, AO.,

C.B. Rkbhrts,

Q.I. Aknnautt,

T. Bornkw

?500 V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ot Bkxmrkvh, ]hst Qusshx, Himnoif, Rhvuh Oraòåknkmequhfh Teaorfeh ?-2 (iuchrk spåaeon), ?48-??6.

?554 Rhgetteim oif spoteon oionyses kg orthgoats grkc _uorry 2 ot t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

Oa`huneoi seth kg Bkxmrkvh, ]hst Qusshx, Himnoif. Ei: H. Azehsno, Q. Heal`kgg, I. Orts

oif F. ]eithr (hfs), V`h Bem Tuzznh, 278-202, Bkii: @knks.

Beigkrf, NR. ?505 Fhboteim Oraòhknkmy. Qoi Fehmk: Oaofhceh Trhss.



?08 CORL B. RKBHRVQ. ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

Brkwi, .?. ?064 Ikteah kg o gnuvek-coreih fhpkset akitoeieim cocconeoi-rhcoeis kaaurreim ei t`h pores`

kg Nettnh Anoatki ki t`h Hsshx akost. Comozeih kgIoturon @estkry, Qhrehs 2 6, ?5=-24?.

Aocpbhnn, J.B..A.M. Qocpski

?5=? O ihw oionyses kg Lhit 's Aovhri, Fhvkisèrh, Himnoif, Xievhrsety kg Krhmki Oit`rk-

pknkmeaon Tophrs 1.

Akiwoy, B.].,J. f'O ]oha`thr

?5== Nkwhr Vòchs oif Chfwoy vonnhys - Borigehnf Tet, Qwoisakcbh, Himnoif. Ei:

H.R. Q`hpòrf-V`kri oif J.J. ]ychr (hfs), Qkut` HosE Himnoif oif t`h Vòchs Wonnhy,

10-66, Muefh Bkkl gkr Hxaurseki O8, P Eiquo Akimrhss, Berceimòc. Mhkobstroats:

Ikrwea`.

('kkl. .?. ?501 Feh Gkrsaùimsorbhet oi fhr Guifsthnnh ]hstbury-sub-C hifep, Qkchrsht/Himnoif,

Htìkmr.-Ora`þkn. Zhetsa`regt 26, 820-81?.

Akkl, J.,

I.C. Os`tki.M.R. Akkph,

A.K. @ect.Q.M. Nhwes,

J. Rkså

?55? @em` Nkfmh, Cenfhiònn, Quggknl (VN =15=86). Ei: Q.M. Nhwes, A.O. ]èthcoi oif

F.R. Brefmnoif (hfs), Ahitron Host Oimneo oif t`h Hhi Bosei, Gehnf Muefh, 2?-26,Nkifki: _uothriory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki.

Akxki. E'. ?5=5 Tnhestkahih Hiverkichiton @estkry ei Ahitron Host Oimneo. T`.F. t`hses, Xievhrsety kgAocbrefmh.

('kunski. Q.F. ?554 Ceffnh Tonohknetèa Eifustrehs kgMrhot Bretoei, Qtufehs ei Ckfhri Oraòhknkmy, Wkn. 6.Bkii: @knks.

Hvhcfhi, J.G.,

M.@. Aurtes.R. Lestnhr

?58= Tktosseuc ormki foteim kg Tnhestkahih vknaoieas, _uothrioreo 6, ?-8.

Grha`hi, J.,

@.J. Neppknt

Mocbnh, A.Q.

Mebborf, T.N.,

Q.C. Thmnor

?578 Loneuc-Ormki-Fothi zuc Onthr fhs Nooa`hr Wunloiescus, fhr R`heithrrosshi uif feh

Heszhethi, Heszhetonthr uif Mhmhiwort ?7, 8-14.

?507 V`h Tonohknetèa Qhttnhchit kgHurkph. Aocbre fmh: Aocbrefmh Xievhrsety Trhss.

?505 Tonyiknkmy kg t`h gksseneghrkus fhpksets ot ]etòc ki t`h @enn, Neiaknisèrh. Ei: F.@. Lhhi

(hf.), V`h Tnhestkahih kg t`h ]hst Cefnoifs, Gehnf Muefh, ?1?-?11, Aocbr efmh: _uothriory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki.

Mrhhinoif Eah-akrh Trkjhat (MRET)

Chcbhrs

?551 Anecoth eistobenety fureim t`h nost eithrmnoaeon phrekf rhakrfhf ei t`h MRET eah akrh,

Ioturh 176, 241-24=.

Enknnei. J.V. ?5== Vòchs eithrmnoaeon seths, Epswea` eoi sho nhvhns oif Oitoratea eah surmhs, Bkrhos 7, 11-82.

@knc, J.,

N. Norsski

E n n es

vknuch

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Qaoifeioveo.

@ubborf, R.I.N.B. ?502 V`h hiverkichiton hvefhiah grkc Qwoisakcbh oif ets ecpneaotekis gkr Tonohknetèa

oraòhknkmy. Ei: T.H. Nhoa` (hf.), Oraòhknkmy ei Lhit tk OF ?844, Akuiaen gkr Bretes`

Oraòhknkmy, Rhshora` Rhpkrt 60, 1-=.

nnuit, AK.,J. Rkså

?552 Rhayanhf ponyikckrp`s grkc t`h @em` Nkfmh anoyhy-sents. Ei: I.C. Os`tki, J. Akkl,


oifj. Akkl ?500, ?41-?40, Nkifki: Bretes` Cushu Trhss.




Ecbreh, J.,

J.F. @oyhs,

F.M. Corteiski,

O. Coanityrh,

O.A. Ceals,

J.J. Ckrnhy,

I.M. Teseos.

].N. Trhnn,

I.J. Qòalnhtki

?506 V`h krbeton t`hkry kg Tnhestkahih anecoth: suppkrt grkc o rhveshf a`rkiknkmy kg t`h

coreih K?0 rhakrf. Ei: O. Bhrmhr, J. Ecbreh, J.F. @oyihs, M. Lulno oif B. Qont/.coi (h

Cenoilkveta` oif anecoth Tort ?, 275-147, Fkrfrha`t: Rhefhn.

Jkim, J. fh ?500 Anecotea voreobenety fureim t`h post t`rhh cenneki yhors. os eifeaothf by vhmhtotekion

hvknuteki ei ikrt`whst Hurkph oif wet` hcpòses ki foto grkc V`h Iht`hrnoifs. Tèn

Vrois R Qka Nkif B1?0: 741-7?=.

Lhhnhy, N.@. ?5== Oi hxphrechiton stufy kgcearkwhor troahs ki shnhathf Bretes` Tonohknetèa ecpnhchits

T`.F. t`hses, Xievhrsety kg Kxgkrf.

Lhiwkrt`y, J.].

Lhrihy, C.T.

?050 Ikth ei Hsshx Ioturonest ?4, 647.

?587 Oi eithrmnoaeon tugo ihor @eta`hi, @hrtgkrfsèrh, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Mhknkmests' Osskaeo

teki =4, 122-11=.

?5=7 Cknnusao grkc oi eithrmnoaeon tugo ei Host Oimneo, wet` t`h fhsarepteki kg Nyrkfesaus

Tensbry (Mostkpkfo: Zkietefoh), Jkurion kg Akia`knkmy 25, 6=-84.

Leim, ].B.R.,

L.T. Kolnhy

?517 V`h Tnhestkahih suaahsseki ei t`h nkwhr port kg t`h Vòchs vonnhy, Trkahhfeims kg t`h

Trhèstkreh Qkaehty ?, 82-=7.

Lkhiemswonf, ]. vki ?5=1 Whroifhruimhi ei fhr Lnheisoumhr gouio vki Cetthnhurkpo zwesa`hi Arkchr uif Hhc

(Tnhestkzoi), Heszhetonthr uif Mhmhiwort 2V9E2O, ?85-?7=.

Lkhiemswonf, ]. vki,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

ei prhss V`h Ceckcys-Orveakno bkuifory oif t`h hiochn tèalihss qukteìit (QF_) kg Orveakno strotemropèa corlhrs ei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Trkahhfeims kg t`h 'Arkchr-Qycpkseii

Ikrwea`, ?554.

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi ?554 V`h hvknuteki kg t`h coccon gouio ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs oif t`h Ceffnh Rèih orho (]hs

Mhrcoiy) fureim t`h noth Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Chfhfhneimhi Rejls Mhknkmesa`h Fehist

61(1), ?-75.

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi,H. Vurihr

ei prhss Horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Cocconeoi Gouios grkc Lornea` oif Cehshi`hec ? oif

t`her bekstrotemropèaon ecpneaotekis, Trkahhfeims kg t`h 'Arkchr-Qycpkseuc', Ikrwea

?554.

Nhwes, Q.M. ?552 @em` Nkfmh - strotemrop`y oif fhpksetekion hiverkichits . Ei: I.C. Os`tki, J. Akkl,


oif J. Akkl ?500, 8?-08, Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

?551 V`h stotus kg t`h ]knstkieoi mnoaeoteki ei t`h Himnes` Cefnoifs oif Host Oimneo. T`.F.

t`hses, Xievhrsety kg Nkifki.

Nesthr, O.C. ?505 Coccon eoi gouios oif t`h ]knstkieoi fhboth . Ei: F.@. Lhhi (hf.), V`h Tnhestkahih

kg t`h ]hst Cefnoifs, Gehnf Muefh, 8-?2, Aocbre fmh: _uothriory RhshoraÒsskaeoteki.

Coffy, F.,Q.M. Nhwes

?55? V`h Tnhestkahih fhpksets ot Qietthrgehnf, ]orwealsèrh, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Mhknkmeaon

Osskaeoteki ?42(6), 205-144.



?0= CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

Coffy, F.,

M.R. Akkph,

T.N. Mebborf,

A.T. Mrhhi,

Q.M. Nhwes

?556 Rhopproeson kg Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gnuveon fhpkse ts ihor Broifki, ]orwealsèrh oif t`her

semiegeaoiah gkr t`h ]knstki mnoaeon shquhiah, Jkurion kg t`h Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty. Nkifki

?8?,22?-211.

CaIob`. J.

CaIo``. J’

I.C. Os`tki

?552 V`h Anoatkieoi: Bretes` Nkwhr Tonohknetèa thaìknkmy ei begoah oif iki-begoah osshc

bnomhs. T`.F. t`hses, Xievhrsety kg Nkifki.

?552 V`h Autteim Hfmh, Begoahs ei t`h Anoatkieoi, Netèas ?1, 6-?4.

Cennhr. M.@.,

J.V. @knnei,J. Oifrhws

?5=5 Oceikstrotemrop`y kg XL Tnhestkahih fhpksets, Ioturh 20?, 815-861.

Ceta`hnn, M.G.,

N.G. Thiiy.G.]. Q`kttki,

R.M. ]hst

?5=1 O akrrhnoteki kg _uothriory fhpksets ei t`h Bretes` /v/av. Nkifki: Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty kg

Nkifki Qphaeon Rhpkrt Iucbhr 6.

Cker, J. Rhef

Kolnay. L.T.,

C. Nholhj

?510 Gkur gneit ecpnhchits Oitequorehs Jkurion ?0, 280-27?.

?51= Rhpkrt ki hxaovotekis ot Joyweal Qoifs, Hsshx (?516), wet` skch kbshrvotekis ki t`h

Anoatkieoi Eifustry, oif ki t`h gouio oif mhknkmeaon semiegeaoiah kg t`h Anoatki aòiihn,

Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 1, 2?=-274.

Tonchr, s. ?5=8 O Tonohkne tèa seth ot Ikrt` Rkof, Turgnhht, Hsshx, Vroisoatekis kg t`h Hsshx Orhòhkn-

kmeaon Qkaehty =. ?-?1.

Totthrski, V.V.

Thimhnny. ].

?51= Qtufehs ei V`h Tonohknetèa Quaahsseki ei Himnoif: ik.N, V`h Boriòc Qhquhiah, Trk-

ahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 1, 0=-?18.

?0=1o Ieit` rhpkrt kg t`h Akccetthh gkr hxpnkreim Lhit's Aovhri, Fhvkisèrh, Bretes` Ossk

aeoteki gkr t`h Ofvoiahchit kg Qaehiah: Rhpkrt E@=1, ?50-245.

Thrrei, R.C.Q.

J. Rkså,

@. Fovehs

?0=1b V`h Gneit oif A`hrt Ecpnhchits gkuif ei Lhit 's Aovhri, Vkrquoy, Fhvkisèrh. Bretes`

Osskaeoteki gkr t`h Ofvoiahchit kg Qaehiah: Rhpkrt ?0=1. 245-2?6.

?5=5 Net`knkmy kg t`h Aònly Bkunfhr Anoy, Ioturh 268, ?4?-?46.

Telh, L..

@. Mkfwei

?581 V`h eithrmnoaeon ot Anoatki-ki-Qho. Hsshx, _uorthrny Jkurion kg t`h Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty

?40, 27?-2=2.

Trhhah, R.A.,

J.F. Qakursh,

Q.F. @kum`tki,L.N. Liufshi,

F.I. Thiihy

?554 V`h Tnhestkahih sho-nhvhn oif ihkthatkiea èstkry kg t`h hosthri Qknhit, skut`hri Himnoif,

Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h Rkyon Qkaehty kg Nkifki B120, 628-6==.

Trhhah, R.A.,

Q.M. Nhw es.

J.J. ]ychr,

F.R. Brefmnoif,

Q.O. Tornete

?55? Bhha`hs Tet, ]hst Qtkw, Quggknl. Ei: Q.M. Nhwes, AO . ]èthcoi oif F.R. Brefmnoif

(hfs), Ahitron Host Oimneo oif t`h Ghi Bosei, Gehnf Muefh, 56-?46, Nkifki: _uothriory

Rhshora` Osskaeoteki.




Royion, J.-T.,Comkmo. N..

Beifki, T.

Rkbhrts. C.B.

Rkbhrts. C.B.,

A.B. Qtreimhr,Q.O. Torgett

Rkh, F.O.

?50?

Rkhbrkhls, ]. ?556

Rkhbrkhls. ]., ?556V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

Rkhbrkhls, ]., tèsV. voi Lkngsa`kthi vknui

Rkhbrkhls, ]., ?552I.J. Akiorf,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

tès Vhp`rkgoats oif t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`h Grhia` Cosseg Ahitron.

vknuch

?507 Hxaovoteki kg o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ot Ochy's Hortòc Tet, Bkxmrkvh, ]hst Qusshx

O prhneceiory rhpkrt, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 82, 2?8-268.

?554 Ochy' s Hortòc Tet, Bkxmrkvh. Ei: A. Vurihr (hf.), V`h Arkchr Qycpkseuc, Ikrwea`

?554, Gehnf hxaurseki muefh, 72-7=, Aocbrefmh.

?552 Bkxmrkvh: V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ei Ochy's Hortòc Tet (QX 526 408). Ei V`h

Oraòhknkmy kg Aèa`hsthr oif Festreat (hf Q. ]kkfworf). Aèa`hsthr: Aèa`hsthr FestrAkuiaen. 2?-26.

?556 @kw knf es Bkxmrkvh Coi; Rhpny tk Bkwhi oif Qylhs. Ioturh 1=?: =8?

?556 O `kceief tebeo grkc Ceffeh Tnhestkahih shfechits ot Bkxmrkvh, XL, Ioturh 175, 1??

1?1.

?570 O Mozhthhr kg Bretes` Nkwhr oif Ceffeh Tonohknetèa Qeths. Akuiaen gkr Bretes` Oraòhkkmy Rhshora` Rhpkrt Ik. 0.

V`h Nkwhr oif Ceffeh Tonohknetèa Threkfs ei Bretoei. Nkifki: Rkutnhfmh oif Lhmoi To

Xpfoteim t`h Hornehst Kaaupoteki kg Hurkph. Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 18(1), 14?-148.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: o s`krt a`rkiknkmy, Oitequety 70, 605-841.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: O rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaonvknuch hvefhiah.

Fhish gkrhsts, aknf sthpphs, oif t`h Tonohknetèa shttnhchit kg ikrt`hri Hurkph, Aurrhit

Oit`rkpknkmy 11(8), 88?-807.

Rkså, J. ?50= Qtotus kg t`h ]knstkieoi mnoaeoteki ei t`h Bretes` _uothriory, _uothriory Ihwsnhtthr 81

?-5.

?505 Vroaeim t`h Bomeitki-Nenneimtki Qoifs oif Mrovhns grkc t`h ]hst Cefnoifs tk Host

Oimneo. Ei: F.@. Lhhi(hf.), V`h Tnhestkahih kg t`h ]hst Cefnoifs, Gehnf Muefh, ?1?-?1Aocbrefmh: _uothriory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki, ?42-??4.

?552 @em` Nkfmh-rhmekion akithxt oif mhknkmeaon boalmrkuif. Ei: I.C. Os`tki, J. Akkl,

Q.M. Nhwes oif J. Rkså (hfs). @em` Nkfmh: Hxaovotekis by M. fh M. Qehvhleim ?572-70

oifJ. Akkl ?500, ?1-26, Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

?556 Cojkr revhr systhcs kg ahitron oif skut`hri Bretoei fureim t`h Horny oif Ceffeh Tnhes

tkahih, Vhrro Ikvo 7, 618-661.

Rkså. J.,

@. Fovehs.Q.M. Nhwes

Rkusshou, F.F.

?552 Ei: I.C. Os`tki. J. Akkl, Q.M. Nhwes oif J. Rkså (hfs). @em` Nkfmh: Hxaovotekis by

M. fh M. Qehvhleim ?572-70 oifJ. Akkl ?500, 56-?42, Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

?50= Nhs osskaeotekis conoaknkmequh gkrhstehrh fhs tugs '@knstheiehis' fh no Groiah shpthi-trekionh. Xih oppneaoteki fu akiahpt fh bekch. Bunnhtei fh no Ahitrh Mekckrp`knkmequh

12, 5-?0, AIRQ.



?05 CORL B. RKBHRVQ. ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

Rkusshou, F.F.,

J.J. Tuesshmur

Qa`conz, R.G.

Qòalnhtki, I.J.

Qòalnhtki, I.J.,

I.F. Kpfylh

?554 T`ynkmhiàsh ht bekmåkmropèh fh Rhteihnno (Nyrkfesaus) Tensbry (Mostrkpkfo: Zkietefoh),

Mhkbeks 21, 8=-=4.

?574 Gneit oif poteioteki kg gneit orthgoats, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 27, 66-65.

?50= Kxymhi esktkphs, eah vknuch oif sho nhvhn, _uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehws 7, ?01-?54.

?5=1 Kxymhi esktkph oif ponohkcomihtea strotemrop`y kg hquotkreon Toaegea akrh W20-210:

Kxymhi esktkph thcphroturhs oif eah vknuchs ki o E4 8 oif o ?47 yhor saonh, _uothriory

Rhshora 1, 15-88.

Q`kttki, G.].

Q`kttki. G.]..

F.@. Lhhi,

M.R. Akkph,

O.T. Aurroit,T.N. Mebborf,

C. Oontk,

Q.C. Thmnor,E N . Rkbeiski

Qebrovo. W.,

F._. Bkwhi.

M.C. Rea`ckif (hfs)

Qeimhr, R..

J.J. ]ychr,

B.M. Mnofghnthr,

R.M. ]kngg

?581 V`h Tnhestkahih fhpksets kg t`h orho bhtwhhi Akvhitry, Rumby oif Nhoceimtki oif t`her

bhoreim upki t`h tkpkmropèa fhvhnkpchit kg t`h Cefnoifs, Tènkskp eaon Vroisoatekis kg

t`h Rkyon Qkaehty kgNkifki B21=, 245-274.

?570 V`h Tnhestkahih suaahsseki orkuif Broifki. Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h Rkyon

Qkaehty kgNkifki B286, 10=-644.

?551 V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets kg ]ovhrnhy ]kkf Tet, ]orwealsèrh, Himnoif, Jkurion

kg _uothriory Qaehiah 0, 251-128.

?507 _uothriory mnoaeotekis ei t`h ikrt`hri `hcesp`hrh, _uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehws 8.

?5=1 Hxaovoteki kg t`h Anoatkieoi Eifustry ot t`h Mkng Akursh, Anoatki-ki-Qho, Hsshx,

Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trh estkreh Qkaehty 15, 7-=6.

Qeimhr, R..B.M. Mnofghnthr.J.J. ]ychr

Qknkcki, J.F.

?551 V`h Nkwhr Tonhknetèa Qeth ot @k.xih, Himnoif. Aèaomk: V`h Xievhrsety kg Aèaomk Trhss.

?511 V`h ecpnhchiteghrkus mrovhns kg ]orrhi @enn, Jkurion kg t h Oit`rkpknkmeaon Eistetuth 71,

?4?-??4.

Qtreimhr, A.B.

Qtreimhr, A.B,

AQ . Mocbnh

?508 Ceffnh Tnhestkahih `kceief voreobene ty oif t`h kremei kg noth Tnhes tkahih ùcois. Ei:

H. Fhnski (hf.), Oiahstkrs: t`h òrf hvefhiah, 205-258, Ihw Ukrl: Onoi Ness.

?551 Ei shora` kg t`h Ihoifhrtòns. Nkifk i: Vòchs oif @ufski.

Qtuort , O.J. ?5=6 Tnhestkahih èstkry kg t`h Bretes` vhrthbronh gouio, Beknkmeaon Rhvehw 65, 228-277.

?5=8 V`h vhrthbroth gouio kg t`h typh Arkchreoi, Bkrhos 6, 71-=7.

?50? O akcporeski kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih coccon gouios kg Wkemtsthft (Vùreimeo, Mhrcoi

Fhckaroteh Rhpubnea) oif ]hst Ruitki (Ikrgknl, Himnoif), _uortfrponokitknkmeh 6, ?88-

?71.




Qtuort, O.J.,

R.M. ]hst

?502 Tnhestkahih vhrthbroths ei t`h Bretes` Esnhs. Nkifki oif Ihw Ukrl: Nkimcoi.

?500 Trhmnoaeon Tnhestkahih vhrthbro th gouios kg Host Oimneo. Ei: T.N. Mebborf oif J.O. Zono-

sehweaz (hfs), Tnekahih-Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kg Host Oimneo. Gehnf Muefh, Aocbrefmh:_uothcory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki,

?5=7 Noth Arkchreoi gouio oif gnkro ot Ksthif, Ikrgknl, Mhknkmeaon Comozeih ??1, 675-6=1

Qutaneggh, O.J. ?5=8 O òzorf ei t`h eithrprhtot eki kg mnoaeon/ eithrmnoaeon shquhiahs, _uothcory Ihwsnhtthr

?-1.

Qutaneggh, O.J.,

L. Lkwonslj

Vurihr, O.

?5=7 Tnhestkahih rkfhits kg t`h Bretes` Esnhs, Bunnhtei kg t`h Bretes` Cushuc (Ioturon @estkry

(Mhknkmy) 2=(2).

?552 Normh aorievkrhs oif hornehst Hurkphoi `kceiefs: aòimeim fhthrceioits kg rhskurah

ovoenobenety fureim t`h Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Jkurion kg@ucoi Hvknuteki 22.

?45-?27.

Vurihr, A.

Vurihr, A.,

C.T. Lhrihy

Wonka`, L.

?5=4

?5=1

?5=8

?5=?

?55?

Ebes

vknuch

V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets ot Corls Vhy, Hsshx, Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h

Rkyon Qkaehty B28=, 1=1-664.

@em` Nkfmh, Cenfhiònn. Ei: J. Rkså oif A. Vurihr (hfs), _uothcory Rhshora` Osskaeo

teki Gehnf Chhteim Muefh, Anoatki, ?4?-?48, Nkifki: Berlbhal Aknnhmh.

V`h akrrhnoteki oif furoteki kg Ceffnh Tnhestkahih eithrmnoaeon phrekfs ei ikrt`whstHurkph. Ei: L.]. Butzhr oif M.N. Esooa (hfs), Ogthr t`h Oustronkpetèahihs, 285-140, V`@omuh: Ckutki.

V`h omh kg t`h grhs`wothr bhfs kg t`h Anoatki Aòiihn, Jkurion kg t`h Mhknkmeaon Qkaeh

kg Nkifki ?2=, 0=-51.

Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeis hi Ckroveh (Va`åaksnkvoqueh). Ei: H. Bkiegoy oifB. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis, Tores. Hfetekis fu [email protected]..

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Hosthri, Ahitron oif Qkut`hosthri Hurkph.

Whitres, T.O.

]oha`thr, J. f'O.

]orrhi, Q.@.

?507 V`h Ior Wonnhy. Ei: R.M. ]hst oif AO. ]èthcoi (hfs), V h Ior Wknnhy oif Ikrt`

Ikrgknl, Gehnf Muefh, =-88, Akvhitry: _uothcory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki.

?5=2 Qwoisakcbh ?5=?, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Rkyon Oit`rkpknkmeaon Eistetuth (nkr ?5=?), =1-=0

?588 V`h Anoatki (Hsshx) aòiihn fhpksets. _uaerthrny Jkurion kg t`h Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty kg

Nkifki ?88,201-14=.

]hiboi-Qcet`, G.G.

]hst, R.M.

?505 V`h ush kg aoikieaon voreoths nkr fhthrceioteki kg begoah coiugoatureim thaìknkmy otBkxmrkvh Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth oif t`h bhòvekuron ecpneaotekis kg tès thaìknkmy,

Jkurion kg Oraòhknkmeaon Qaehiah ?7(?), ?=-27.

?587 V`h _uothcory fhpkse ts ot @kxih, Quggknl. Tènkskp eaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h Rkyon

Qkaehty kg Nkifki B215, 278-187.

?58= Eithrmnoaeon fhpksets ot Bkbbets`knh, Epswea`, Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h Rkyon

Qkaehty kg Nkifki B26?, ?-1?.

?571 Trkbnhcs kg t`h Bretes` _uothcory, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Mhknkmests' Osskaeoteki =6, ?6

?07.



?5? CORL B. RKBHRVQ, ANEWH Q. MOCBNH OIF FOWEF R. BREFMNOIF - V@H BREVEQ@ EQNHQ

?504 V`h prh-mnoaeon Tnhestkahih kg t`h Ikrgknl oif Quggknl akosts. Aocbrefmh: Aocbrefmh

Xievhrsety Trhss.

]èth. C.J. ?551 Nkwhr Tonohknetèa Akrh oif Gnolh Vhaìknkmy: O Akcporeski kg @kxih oif @em`

Nkfmh. BO fesshrtoteki. Xievhrsety kg Nkifki.

]èthcoi, AO.,

J. Rkså

?552 Vòchs revhr shfechits kg t`h Bretes` horny oif Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, _uothcory Qaehiah

Rhvehws ??, 171-1=8.

]esh, T.

]ychr, J.J.

?551 ]ovhrnhy ]kkf Gorc Tet, Aurrhit Oraòhknkmy ?11, ?2-?6.

?570 Nkwhr TonhkXtèa oraòhknkmy ei Bretoei: Os Rhprhshithf by t`h Vòchs Wonnhy. Nkifki:

Jkì Bolhr.

?5=6 Anoatkieoi oif Oa`huneoi Eifustrehs ei Bretoei - t`her a`rkiknkmy oif semiegeaoiah, Trk

ahhfeims kg t`h Mhknkmests Osskaeoteki 08, 15?-62?.

?501 V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ot @kxih, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Quggknl Eistetuth kg Oraòhknkmy

oif @estkry 18, ?75-?05.

?508 Tonohknetèa Qeths kg Host Oimneo. Ikrwea`: Mhk Bkkls.

?500 Tonohknetèa oraòhknkmy oif t`h Bretes` _uothriory shquhiah, _uothcory Qaehiah

Rhvehws =, =5-50.

]ychr, J.J..

Q.M. Nhwes,F.R. Brefmnoif

?55? ]orrhi @XE, Cenfhiònn, Quggknl (VN =66=61) . Ei: Q.M. Nhwes , AO . ]èthcoi oif

F.R. Brefmnoif (hfs), Ahitron Host Oimneo oif t`h G hi Bosei, Gehnf Muefh, Nkifki:_uothriory Rhshora` Osskaeoteki.

Zomweji. ].@. ?508 Oi kutneih kg t`h _uothriory Qtrotemrop`y kg t`h Iht`hrnoifs, Mhknkmeh hi Cejibkuw 84,6?-80.

?552 V`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Eah Omh ei Hurkph oif ets cojkr subfevesekis, _uothriory Qaehiah

Rhvehws ??, 801-85?.

Zhuihr, G.G. ?585 V`h Tnhestkahih Threkf. Nkifki: @utaèiski.

Corl B. Rkbhrts

X.A.N. Eistetuth kg Oraòhknkmy

1? -16 Mkrfk i Qquo rh

Nkifki ]A ?@KTU

Himnoif

Anevh Q. Mocbnh

Xievhrsety kg Qkutòcptki

Fhportchit kg Oraòhknkmy

Qkutòcptki Q45 8I@

Himnoif

Fovef R. Brefmnoif

Xievhrsety kg Furòc

Fhportchit kg Mhkmrop`y

Furòc F@? 1NH

Himnoif



jkrmhi @kec ?? V`h hornehstNors Norsski

kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Qaoifeioveo

Vès pophr h.xoceihs anoecs gkr Ceffnh oif Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa geifs grkc Qaoifeioveo, wetèi t`h akithxt kg

t`h mhknkmeaon èstkry kg t`h orho, w`hrh mnoaehrs

rhphothfny ckfegehf Tnhestkahih noifsaophs. V`kum` ik

uiocbemukus precory akithxt troahs kg'prh-@ocburmtoi

kaaupoteki orh likwi yht, o rhvehw kg vorekus nkaoneteas ei

skut`hri Fhicorl s`kws tòt tès orho òs o mrhot

pkt h ite on gkr suant geifs, tk `h hxpnkethf ei guturh rhshora`.

?. ( kuf

en ee CEQ gkr ùcoi shttnhchit

O stufy kg t`h p`yseaon akifetekis gkr shttnhchit es

hsshiteon gkr oi uifhrstoifeim kg t`h cemroteki kg ùcois.

KXV likwnhfmh kg t`h Qaoifeioveoi noifsaoph fureim t`h

Tnhestkahih es, `kwhvhr, hxtrhchny gromchitory fuh tk t`h

noae tòt Qaoifeioveo wos ogghathf by o iucbhr kg mnoaeotekis.

Krmoiea shfechits gkuif eithraonothf ei ckroeihs t`rkum`-

kut t`h w`knh kg Qaoifeioveo òvh bhhi eithrprhthf os

prh-foteim t`h @knstaeieoi Eithrmnoaeon ei ahrtoei aoshs,

ont`kum` t`her oatuon omh es stenn èm`ny uiahrtoei. Et es ikt

cuen t`h nnknstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon tòt nkaotekis kg prkgenhs

eivhstemothf by pknnhi oionyshs hxèbet o suggeaeìit

mhkmropèaon festrebuteki t`rkum`kut t`h w`knh kg

Qaoifeioveo tk phrcet o sa`hcotea ecprhsseki kg t`h

haknkmeaon akifetekis. V`h foto orh gor tkk eiakcpnhth,

`kwhvhr, tk phrcet t`h rhnotekisèp bhtwhhi noif oif sho,

gkr hxocpnh, tk bh hxoceihf wet` o vehw tk efhitegyeim oiy

p`yseaon kbstoanhs tk ùcoi hxpoiseki. Fureim t`h Hhceoi

Eithrmnoaeon, t`h ovoenobnh foto prhshit oi ecomh kg skut`hri-

ckst Qaoifeioveo fevefhf eitk o iucbhr kg queth normh

esnoifs secenor tk t`h prhshit-foy setuoteki ei hosthri

Fhicorl (Qtroif Ththrshi ?508< @kucorl-Iehnshi ?505)

(Gems ? oif 2). Jutnoif coy etshng òvh bhhi shporothf grkc

t`h Hurkphoi coeinoif by o skuif fureim ahrtoei ports kg

t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon. Vès wkunf òvh prhvhithf

cemroteki fureim t`h phol kg t`h eithrmnoaeon, ont`kum`òrfny fureim ets horny port, w`hi o akisefhrobnh vknuch kg

wothr wkunf stenn bh tropphf ei t`h eah s`hhts.

Oport grkc t`h ferhat hvefhiah gkr kaaupoteki, geifs kg

vorekus coccon rhcoeis aoi bh ushf ei t`h fesausseki ki

pkssebnh cemroteki rkuths. Kiny o sconn iucbhr kg gkssens

grkc t`h Arkchreoi oif t`h @knstheieoi òvh bhhi gkuif ei

noaustreih fhpksets ei Fhicorl. V`h knfhst _uothriory

bkih, o pehah kg oitnhr grkc o rhf fhhr (Ahrvus hnopùs)

wos gkuif ei Jutnoif, ei myttjo pkssebny foteim grkc t`h

Arkchreoi Eithrmnoaeon (Oores-Q4rhishi, ?500). Oi ueio kg o

wenf `krsh (Ha/uus ghrus), wos rhakvhrhf grkc grhs`wothr

fhpksets, fothf tk t`h @knstheieoi ki t`h boses kg pknnhi

oionyses. Vès geif wos onsk cofh ei Jutnoif.

Et es ikt uiten t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon tòt t`h gkssen

rhakrf bhakchs ckrh obuifoit, wet` bhovhr (Aostkr gebhr),

stroem`t-tuslhf hnhpòit (Hnhpòs iocofeaus (3 Tonohk-

nkxkfki oitequus)), Chral's rèikahrks (Feahrkrèiuslera`bhrmhises), gonnkw fhhr (Foco foco), rhf fhhr

{Ahrvus hnopùs), oif beski (Beski presaus). Qkch kg t`hsh

sphaehs whrh gkuif kiny ei shakifory akithxts ei ckroeih

fhpksets, oif t`her sphaegea rhnoteki tk t`h Hhceoi

Eithrmnoaeon es boshf ki ckrh skut`hri geif akithxts. Onn

t`hsh geifs whrh cofh ei Jutnoif wèa` summhsts o pkssebnh

cemroteki rkuth tk tòt port kg skut`hri Qaoifeioveo fureim

ahrtoei ports kg t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon. Coccon geifs grkc

kt`hr ports kg Qaoifeioveo orh uigkrtuiothny obshit. Vès

aoi bh tolhi os oi eifeaoteki tòt normhr coccons fef ikt

hxest ei tès orho. @kwhvhr, seiah t`h likwi nkaotekis kg

cothreon grkc Hhceoi geif spkts, os t`ksh grkc hornehr

eithrmnoaeons, orh vhry ghw ei iucbhr, t`h obshiah kg geifs

es ikt o mkkf ormuchit gkr eighrreim tòt cemroteki rkuths tk

t`h Qaoifeioveoi phieisuno whrh hiterhny noaleim.

V`h anoec tòt t`h Hhceoi wothr bosei akvhreim ports kg

t`h prhshit-foy Bontea coy onsk òvh òf o akiihateki wet`

t`h Oratea Kahoi veo Lorhneo es fesputhf by ihw rhshora`.

@of tès bhhi t`h aosh, t`hrh wkunf òvh bhhi o suetobnh

cemroteki rkuth gkr thrrhstreon gouio eianufeim ùcois.

Tknnhi oionyshs grkc ikrt`hri Geinoif eifeaoth fhpksets

fothf tk o phrekf bhgkrh t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon,

prhsucobny t`h @knstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon, wet` o suaahsseki

kg vhmhtoteki tòt wos haknkmeaonny hquevonhit tk tòt kg t`h

aurrhit eithrmnoaeon (Ocbrkseoie ?554). Vès onsk oppnehs tko akisefhrobnh hxthit tk t`h Hhceoi (Rkbhrtski ?55?). Eg o

noif neil òf hxesthf ei prhshit-foy Lorhneo, t`h opprkpreoth

akifetekis wkunf òvh hxesthf gkr t`h cemroteki kg shvhron

sphaehs kg thrrhstreon coccons ofopthf tk o bkrhon gnkro.

V`h kaaurrhiah oif t`h hxthit kg t`h mnoaeotekis wetèi

t`h horny ]hea`shneoi kg Qaoifeioveo rhcoeis o aònnhimeim

orho kg rhshora`. O iucbhr kg porteonny akigneateim




Gem. ?. Cop kg Qkut`whstQaoifeioveo, s`kweim t`h ckst

ecpkrtoit geif nkaotekis rhthrrhf tk

ei t`h thxt.

?. @knnhrup< 2. Qhhst< 1. Lknfeim

Gjkrf< 6. Whjstrup Qlkv< 8. HjbyLneit< 7. Whjstrup Ofon.

prkpksons gkr gurt`hr wkrl òvh bhhi subcetthf (Bhrmnuif

oif Nomhrnuif ?50?< Qtroif Ththrshi ?508< @kucorl-

Iehnshi ?505< Gkrsstr÷c oif Hrkihi ?55?< Coimhruf

?55?). Mnoaeotekis kg voryeim hxthit òvh bhhi fothf tk

kxymhi esktkph stomhs (KEQ) 8f oif 8b, os whnn os tk t`h

troiseteki bhtwhhi KEQ 8 oif 6. V`hsh orh bhnehvhf tk òvh

AKvhrhf normh ports kg t`h Qaoifeioveoi phieisuno, ont`kum`

t`h twk knfhst tòwhf akcpnhthny fureim eithrjoahit

eithrstofeons. V`h nothr mnoaeoteki, `kwhvhr, es uifhrstkkf tk

òvh vorehf ei ees hxthit uiten oaèhveim ets coxecuc

festrebuteki fureim t`h Noth ]hea`shneoi. Kg t`h eithr

stofeons. t`h Br4rup opphors grkc pknnhi oionyshs akifuathf

ei Fhicorl tk òvh eiaeufhf t`h oggkrhstoteki kg t`h

skutàc port kg t`h Qhoifeioveoi phieisuno.

Ckroeih fhpksets òvh yehnfhf o akisefhrobnh iucbhr kg

geifs. akisesteim coeiny kg t`h tusls oif thht` kg t`h wkknny

cocckt` (Cocecetnies precemhieus) ei bkt` skut`hri oifikrt`hri Qaoifeioveo (Bhrmnuif ht on. ?5=7< Oores-Q4rhishi

gt on. ?554< Nhpelsoor ?552). A?6 foteim òs rhvhonhf tòt o

iucbhr kg geifs mevh eigeieth vonuhs, kr geieth vonuhs ot t`h

roimh necet kg t`h cht`kf, eifeaoteim tòt t`hy bhnkim tk oi

horny port kg t`h ]hea`shneoi. ]et` t`h hxahpteki kg o

akupnh kg Noth Mnoaeon foths, t`h socpnhs mevh vonuhs kg

bhtwhhi 12 oif 22 Lyr BT. Vès vhry prkbobny akeiaefhs

wet` t`h @himhnk oif Fhihlocp Eithrstofeons, gkr wèa`

pknnhi oionyshs eifeaoth o sporsh pkpunoteki kg peih oif

bera` oif o prhfkceioiah kg Ayphroahoh oif Mroceihoh.

Vès hiverkichit, akcpotebnh gkr t`h cocckt`, hxesthf o

gor os t`h skut`hri ports kg ikrt`hri Qwhfhi, w`hrh shvhr

wkknny cocckt` geifs òvh bhhi cofh.

]kknny rèikahrks (Akhnkfkito oitequetotes), meoit fhhr

(Chmonkahrks memoithus), rheifhhr (Roimeghr toroifus),

sthpph beski (Beski presaus), cusl kx (Kvebks cksaòtus

oif soemo oithnkph (Qoemo totoreao), onsk kaaur fureim t`h

Ceffnh ]hea`shneoi. V`h cocckt` sthpph, wet` ets mkkf

mrozeim gkr bkt` normh oif sconn `hrf oiecons, wos oi

hiverkichit wèa` akvhrhf akisefhrobnh ports kg Hurkph

fureim t`h mnoaeon phrekfs oif onsk shrvhf os suetobnh

ùiteim mrkuifs gkr ùcois. V`h prhshiah kg oi obuifoit

gouio summhsts t`h hxesthiah kg opprkpreoth cemroteki rkut

gkr `kceiefs grkc bkt` t`h skut`whst oif t`h host.

2. Eifeaotekis kg shttnhchit fureim t`h Nkwhr

oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa

O iucbhr kg uiahrtoei Foies` geifs kg o Nkwhr kr

Ceffnh Tonohknetèa aòroathr orh hxoceihf bhnkw. ]òt e

ecchfeothny anhor es t`h goat tòt onn t`hsh geifs whrh cof

wetèi t`h orho kiah akvhrhf by t`h ]hea`shneoi eah. Vès



?58 J4RMHI @KNC OIF NORQ NORQQKI - QAOIFEIOWEO

Gem. 2. Cop kg Qkut`whst Qaoifeioveo. V`h òta`hf orhos eifeaoth

noif fureim t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon. V`h coxecuc hxthit kg t`h noif

eah fureim t`h ]hea`shneoi - t`h Coei Qtotekiory Neih es eifeaothf.

es t`h orho w`hrh t`h sconn iucbhr kg phkpnh w`k òvh

akiahrihf t`hcshnvhs wet` t`h prkbnhc nevh, oif et es kiny

ei tès orho tòt o shora` gkr horny Tonohknetèa orthgoats òs

bhhi uifhrtolhi.

2.?. WHEQVRXT QLKW (WHJQVRXT ]KKF)

Ocothur oraòhknkmests òvh bhhi aknnhateim rkum` gneit

orthgoats grkc shvhron nkaonetehs anksh tk t`h tkwi kg

A`resteoisghnf ei Qkut`hosthri Jutnoif seiah t`h ?574s.

O ghoturh sòrhf by onn t`hsh geifs es tòt t`hy fhrevh grkc

t`h bkttkc kg W-sòphf hrkseki munnhys up tk ?8 c ei

fhpt`, arhothf by t`h chnt wothr grkc t`h ]hea`shneoi eah,

wèa` akvhrhf t`h orho ki o iucbhr kg kaaosekis. Ei ?5=? o

nhst hxaovoteki on t`h ckst prkceseim kg t`hsh nkaonetehs,

Whjstrup Qlkv, wos aorrehf kut by t`h Eistetuth kg Trhès

tkreh Oraòhknkmy kg t`h Xievhrsety kg Oorùs, uifhr t`h

ferhateki kg Q.@. Oifhrshi. V`h noyhr grkc wèa` t`h geifs

òf bhhi wos`hf kut wos suaahssgunny efhitegehf ki tès

kaaoseki. V`h noyhr es ikw t`h bhf kg t`h brkkl wèa`gnkws t`rkum` t`h vonnhy. O sconn iucbhr kg wkrlhf gneits,

secenor nk t`h geifs onrhofy cofh ei shakifory akithxts ot t`h

bkttkc kn' t`h vonnhy, whrh gkuif ei o noyhr kg rust aknkurhf

soif oif mrovhn akvhrhf by obkut 0 c kg ckroeih anoy.

Normhr hxaovoteki gknekwhf ei ?5=2, tès tech wet` t`h

eivknvhchit kn'quothriory mhknkmests. O iucbhr kg trhia`hs

whrh fum ki t`h whsthri snkph ei krfhr tk hxpkså t`h

precory noyhrs, wèa` òf bhhi akvhrhf by rhahit noifsneps

prekr tk t`h hxaovoteki. V`h geif bhoreim noyhr wos o

grhs`wothr fhpkset, akisesteim kg normhr stkihs oif akorsh

mrovhn cexhf wet` soif oif kvhrnoef by twk kr t`rha

]hea`shneoi ckroeihs, rhprhshiteim t`h soch iucbhr kg

ofvoiahs by t`h eah, oif uifhrnoef by t`h Qooneoi ckroeih.

V`h mhknkmests whrh obnh tk hstobnes` tòt tès wos oi

Hhceoi grhs`wothr fhpkset, ont`kum` et es ecpkrtoit tk pkeit

kut tòt t`h noyhr onsk akitoeihf coiy gkroceiegaro

aòroathrestea kg t`h @knstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon. Vès aerauc-

stoiah, akcbeihf wet` t`h goat tòt o iucbhr kg t`h gneit

orthgoats whrh rknnhf oif tùs s`kwhf semis kg rh-fhpkseteki,

nhf tk t`h ossucpteki tòt t`h geifs ckst prkbobny fothf

grkc t`h @knstheieoi. Ikt kiny Foies` oraòhknkmests, but

onsk hxphrts grkc kt`hr akuitrehs frhw porteaunor otthiteki

tk t`h anksh secenorety wet` t`h Anoatkieoi eifustry. V`h

geif cothreon, wèa` fkhs ikt eianufh oiy òifoxhs,

akisests prhfkceioitny kg rkum` gnolhs oif akrhs, skch kg

wèa` coy bh eithrprhthf os a`kpphrs/a`kppeim tkkns,

rhtkua`hf gnolhs, hif oif troisvhrsh sarophrs oif pehahs

wet` ikta`hs oif fhiteaunoths (Gem. 1).

V`h Whjstrup Qlkv hxaovoteki bhaoch oi oraòhknkmeaon

shisoteki. O fhmrhh kg aonc òs shttnhf ki t`h subjhat seiah

t`hi oif t`h geifs ikw rhahevh kiny brehg chiteki

(Oifhrshi ?50?< Bhalhr ?5==< @knc ?507). Ik saehitegea

prhshitoteki òs oatuonny bhhi cofh tk foth. Vès es

ottrebuthf coeiny tk t`h goat tòt akisefhrobnh uiahrtoeity

òs oreshi kvhr t`h yhors obkut t`h aeraucstoiahs oif

foteim kg t`h geifs. V`hrh es o thifhiay tk rhmorf t`h geif

bhoreim fhpkset os o Tkstmnoaeon brkkl noyhr tòt bhaoch

akvhrhf fureim t`h @knkahih by rhwkrlhf ckroeih fhpksets.

Vès vehw, eithr oneo, es bkrih kut by t`h kbshrvoteki tòt

t`h geif bhoreim noyhr toens kgg ropefny wetèi t`h whsthrisnkph oif tòt t`h noyhr snkphs fkwi tkworfs t`h bkttkc kg

t`h vonnhy. Et es feggeaunt tk rhakiaenh tès vehw wet` t`h

foteim kg t`h noyhr tk t`h @knstheieoi/Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon.

Gurt`hrckrh, twk akrh socpnhs tolhi ei t`h veaeiety òvh

rhvhonhf o secenor strotemrop`y - oi Hhceoi noyhr wet`

rhfhpksethf kr cexhf @knstheieoi cothreons.

2.2. LKNFEIM GJKRF

Ot Lknfeim Gjkrf, ei Qkut`host Jutnoif, ocothur

oraòhknkmests òvh aknnhathf o ghw t`kusoif gneit gnolhs,

akrhs oif rkum` ecpnhchits kg oi horny Tonohknetèa

aòroathr, wèa` òvh bhhi fhsarebhf ei o brehg, eithrecorteanh (Qthvi`kvhf ?552). V`h geifs whrh cofh kvhr o

festoiah kg 24-14 c ot t`h gkkt kg oi opprkxecothny 14 c

èm` akoston anegg. Ecchfeothny obkvh tès orho, o rhahitny

uprkkthf trhh hxpkshf ports kg t`h precory noyhrs. V`hsh

akisest kg o noyhr kg brkwi anoy - ottrebuthf tk t`h

Qooneoi mnoaeoteki ki t`h boses kg prkvesekion mhknkmeaon

oionyshs - vesebnh ot t`h vhry bkttkc, gknekwhf by o




Gem. 1. Gneit orthgoats grkc Whjstrup Qlkv. Froweim: Krno Qvhifshi. Qaonh ei ac.



?5= J4RMHI @KNC OIF NORQ NORQQKI - QAOIFEIOWEO

84 ac noyhr kg chnt wothr soif, oif ot t`h tkp shvhron

noyhrs kg mrhy/mrhyes` brkwi anoy akitoeieim oi obuifoiah

kt Qhiki @eit, prhsucobny rhprhshiteim kih kr ckrh

]hea`shneoi ckroeihs, V h chnt wothr soif òs bhhi

mevhi o prkvesekion VN-foth kg ?=4 - 2?4 Lyr BT. Ei t`ksh

pnoahs w`hrh et aoi bh kbshrvhf, t`h gkkt kg t`h anegg

akisests kg o bnoales` brkwi sknef noyhr kg anoy, prkbobny

grkc t`h Qooneoi.Ei speth kg fhthrceihf hggkrts kvhr coiy yhors, et òs stenn

ikt bhhi pkssebnh tk geif oiy orthgoats ei sec ei t`h anegg.

O prkphr axaovoteki es, ei goat, runhf kut by t`h sthhpihss kg

t`h anegg oif t`h grhquhit noifsneps. Qthvi`kvhf boshs `hr

vehw tòt t`h orthgoats cust kremeioth grkc o tech bhgkrh t`h

ckst rhahit mnoaeoteki ki twk preiaepon ormuchits: ki t`h

kih òif t`h thaìknkmeaon ghoturhs oif ki t`h kt`hr òif

t`h goat tòt t`h gneit orthgoats fespnoy vorekus gkrcs kg

poteioteki wèa` òvh ikt bhhi kbshrvhf ki Foies` Noth

Mnoaeon oif Tkstmnoaeon orthgoats. Vès eianufhs ockimst

kt`hrs petthf hrkseki surgoahs, "kroimh-phhn" (weif

hrkseki), rkuifeim kg hfmhs, fhprhssekis oif rebs (weif

hrkseki) oif o strkim, porteon kr gunn surgoah mnozh-nelh

pknes` (weif hrkseki). Ei offeteki, opprkxecothny 84% kg

t`h cothreon hxèbets nëkst gessurhs. V`hsh kbshrvotekis

akiaur wet` t`h geifeims kg Futa` oif ikrt`hri Mhrcoi

eivhstemotekis (Qtophrt ?5=7: @ortz ?507).

Bv n'or t`h normhst prkpkrteki kg t`h geif cothreon akisests

kg akrhs oif gnolhs. Qkch sconn akrhs ankshny rhshcbnh

a`kpphrs kr a`kppeim tkkns. O rkum`, Nhvonnkeseoi thaìequh

es gkuif ei akijuiateki wet` sconnhr akrhs. Os o mhihroS

runh, t`h gnolhs òvh o normh streleim pnotgkrc, kaaosekionny

goahtthf, oif o normh (bnuit) streleim oimnh. O ghw errhmunor

bnofh-nelh ortegoats orh prhshit tkk. Kiny obkut twhity

tkkns òvh bhhi gkuif. V`hsh orh substoiteon gnolhs wet`

èm`, sthhp hfmh rhtkua`h, bnofhs wet` rhtkuaèim ki

t`h nkim hfmh, oif gnolhs wet` porteon, sarophr-nelh

rhtkuaèim.

Qthvi`kvhf `hrshng aoutekusny summhsts o foteim kg t`h

orthgoats tk t`h Hhceoi, kr tk kih kg t`h hornehst

]hea`shneoi eithrstofeons.

2.1. HJBU LNEIV (HJBU ANEGG)

Oi ocothur oraòhknkmest aknnhathf shvhron t`kusoif

akorsh gneit gnolhs oif akrhs grkc t`h bhoa` bhihot` oi

opprkxecothny 24 c èm` akoston anegg ot Hjby, ihor

Eshgjkrfhi, Ikrt` Zhonoif, eianufeim a`kpphr-nelh pehahs(Cofshi ?571< Cofshi ?570o< Cofshi ?570b). Ei ès

kpeieki t`h cothreon s`kws o streleim secenorety wet` t`h

Anoatkieoi eifustry (Gem. 6) (?).

Xigkrtuiothny, onn t`hsh geifs akch grkc rhwkrlhf

fhpksets. Ei t`h ceffnh kg t`h anegg, Cofshi gkuif oi

Hhceoi coreih mrovhn fhpkset, wèa` shporoths oi upphr

oif o nkwhr ckroeih grkc t`h ]hea`shneoi oif Qooneoi

rhsphatevhny. V`h gneit orthgoats coy òvh bhhi wos`hf kut

grkc t`h nkwhr ckroeih anoy but tòt rhcoeis tk bh

fhckistrothf.

2.6. WHJQVRXT OFON (WHJQVRXT REWHR WONNHU)

Ei ?5=0, kih kg t`h out`krs kg tès orteanh (J.@.) gkuif o

iucbhr kg gneit orthgoats kg o Nkwhr kr Ceffnh Tonohknetèa

typh ki t`h bkttkc kg t`h Whjstrup Ofon (revhr vonnhy) kiQkut`host Guihi. Qkchwòt nhss tòi ?444 gneit ethcs whrh

rhakvhrhf grkc t`h bkttkc kg t`h revhr ei t`h akursh kg

rhphothf vesets tk t`h seth kvhr o iucbhr kg yhors (@knc

?507< @knc ?50=).

V`h vonnhy òs o I]-QH krehitoteki, es opprkxecothny

8 lc nkim, oif rhoa`hs fhpt`s kg ?8-24 c. Vès es oatuonny

o W-sòphf hrkseki vonnhy, prhsucobny gkrchf by chnt

wothr - oif phròps hvhi o froeiomh aòiihn gkr t`h fhof

eah grkc Ahitron Guihi. V`h revhr gnkws eitk t`h Qtkrhbosnt

stroet nhss tòi 6 lc grkc t`h seth. V`hrh es ik fkubt tòt

t`h orho wos akvhrhf by eah ki shvhron kaaosekis fureim

bkt` t`h Qooneoi oif t`h ]hea`shneoi mnoaeotekis. O sconniucbhr kg akrh socpnhs tolhi ei o fegghrhit akiihateki ei

t`h veaeiety kg t`h seth fef ikt rhvhon oiy noyhrs knfhr tòi

t`h ]hea`shneoi. @kwhvhr, o thst trhia` fum eitk kih snkph

kg t`h vonnhy ei ?50? òs rhvhonhf t`h prhshiah, ot o fhpt`

kg obkut ?4 c, kg oi opprkxecothny kih chtrh tèal shrehs

kg gnuveotenh soifs, shvhrhny fespnoahf by t`h prhssurh kg t`h

eah, wèa` shporoth oi upphr oif o nkwhr ckroeih. Et cust

bh ossuchf tòt t`h orthgoats whrh wos`hf kut grkc fhhp

nyeim noyhrs ei t`h snkphs kg t`h vonnhy, ont`kum` ik

orthgoats akunf bh gkuif ei precory akithxts fureim t`h

ogkrhchitekihf thst hxaovoteki. Oikt`hr pkssebenety es tòt

t`hy kremeioth grkc t`h nkwhr, mrhy, stkiy ckroeih anoy tòt

wos ikthf fureim t`h hxpnkrotkry hxaovoteki oif es onsk

hiakuithrhf ferhatny bhnkw t`h revhr bhf.

V`h soch typh kg wkrlhf gneit aoi bh gkuif ei t`h revhr

kvhr o festoiah kg ckrh tòi ? lc< tès aeraucstoiah aoi bh

hxpnoeihf by t`h goat tòt t`h cothreon wos troispkrthf by t`h

kaaosekionny strkimny gnkweim wothr. Vès chois tòt t`h

pnoah kg kremei kg t`h orthgoats cust bh skum`t ot t`h pkeit ot

wèa` t`hy gerst kaaurrhf upstrhoc. Orthgoats orh onsk gkuif

ki t`h bhf kg o coi-cofh aoion kg ckrh rhahit foth, wèa`

akunf eifeaoth tòt t`h geifs orh ikt rhstreathf tk t`h revhr

akursh but aoi kaaur kvhr t`h hiterh weft` kg t`h vonnhy.

V`h geif cothreon akisests tk o mrhot hxthit - ckrh tòi

54% - kg rkum`, normh gnolhs, oif o ghw errhmunor bnofhs(Gem. 8). V`h gnolhs òvh normh streleim pnotgkrcs (strual

wet` o stkihòcchr - òrf phrausseki), brkof oif

kaaosekionny goahtthf pnotgkrcs, oif bnuit streleim oimnhs

(??4-?24´). V`hrh orh onsk obkut 28 akrhs, skch kg wèa`

orh vhry normh.

V`h iucbhr kg oatuon tkkns es queth sconn, opprkxecothny

24 ei iucbhr, eianufeim 2 ocymfonkef òifoxhs (kr, ot oiy



E'¼P V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. 6. Gneit orthgoats grkc Hjby Lneit. Froweim: Jkì ]ychr. Qaonh ei ac.

roth, pehahs rhshcbneim òifoxhs), hif oif sefh sarophrs,

fhiteaunoths, oif kbnkim akrh ecpnhchits kg treoimunor

arkss-shateki (tre`hfron peals). O gromchit kg o pknes`hf

Ihknetèa gneit oxh wos t`h kiny festeiatny ykuimhr geif.

O rhprhshitotevh shnhateki kg t`h cothreon òs bhhi s`kwi

tk aknnhomuhs grkc kt`hr akuitrehs (2). V`hy whrh

uioieckus ei pkeiteim kut, eifhphifhitny grkc hoa` kt`hr,

t`h horny Ceffna Tonohknetèa (Oa`hunhoi) aòroathresteas kg

t`h cothreon oif ets anksh rhshcbnoiah hsphaeonny tk t`h geifsgrkc Corllnhhbhrm, ihor Nhepzem (Boucoii ht on. ?501).

Eifeaotekis kg o prktk-Nhvonnkes thaìequh whrh gkuif ei t`h

cothreon.

2.8. @KNNHRXT

O whnn-likwi Foies` geif kg oi horny Tonohknetèa

aòroathr, akisests kg t`h corrkw spnet gonnkw fhhr bkihs

gkuif ei Hhceoi grhs`wothr fhpksets ot @knnhrup, ki t`h

ikrt`hri sefh kg t`h Mufhio vonnhy tk t`h whst kg t`h tkw

kg Noimo (Ahitron Jutnoif). V`h akcchraeon hxtroateki oi

utenezoteki kg feotkc cuf wos akifuathf `hrh grkc ?058

uiten obkut ?574. V`h mhknkmest oif bktoiest I. @ort/.

hstobnes`hf ei ?057 tòt t`h noaustreih noyhrs hxthifhf gkr

obkut 284 c, oif whrh uifhrnoef by noyhrs kg soif wet` o

tèalihss kg ckrh tòi ?4 c. Obkvh tès oif ot t`h fhhph

pkeit es o 6 c noyhr kg aonaeuc rea` cuf, oif obkvh tòt turi es o noyhr kg obkut 8 c kg feotkc cuf, t`h tkp kg

wèa` òs oi ofcexturh kg anoy oif soif. Obkvh t`h feot

cuf nehs opprkxecothny ?4 c kg strotegehf soif, oif ot t`

vhry tkp o queth tèi aoppeim kg ckroeih mrovhn. V`h cuf

noyhrs rhprhshit t`h w`knh kg t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon,

w`hrhos t`h anoy bhoreim cuf oif t`h soif whrh fhpkseth

ot t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h ]hea`shneoi. V`h mnoaehrs kg t`h



?55 J4RMHI @KNC OIF NORQ NORQQKI - QAOIFEIOWEO

notthr mnoaeon phrekf fef ikt nhovh oiy troahs kt`hr tòi t`h

tèi noyhr kg ckroeih mrovhn.

V`h rhcoeis kg = gonnkw fhhr slhnhtkis whrh gkuif ei t`h

feotkc cuf ei t`h phrekf bhtwhhi ?05= oif ?528. Ei t`h

?58()s o stufy wos aorrehf kut ki t`h bkias grkc @knnhrup.

eianufeim kih onckst akcpnhth, but èm`ny gromchithf

slhnhtki - geif W grkc ?5?2 (C4`n-@oishi ?588). Ogthr

rhgetteim skch kg t`h bkih gromchits et wos kbvekus tòt t`h

bkihs ikt kiny òf grhs` groaturhs aoushf by bheim negthf,

bun onsk hxèbethf coiy knf, precory groaturhs wèa` òvh

t`h soch aknkur oif bnoal stoeis kr fhifreths (pnoit nelh

prhaepetoteki kg coimoihsa kxefh) os t`h rhst kg t`h bkih

surgoah (Gem. 7). Ei offeteki, t`h bkihs òf bhhi strual ei

poers ei t`h soch woy - t`h soch potthri ki t`h rem`t oif

nhgt s`kunfhr bnofh oif ki t`h rem`t oif nhgt ùchrus, hta.

V`hrh whrh festeiat streleim orhos wet` sòtthrhf hfmhs,

aòroathrestea tbr bkihs aut tk rhckvh corrkw oif secenor

tk t`ksh grkc Chsknetèa seths. Et es t`kum`t prkvkleim tòt

t`h kiny cojkr necb bkihs tòt orh cesseim orh t`h twk

ghckro. Et es onsk ikthwkrt`y, `kwhvhr, tòt proateaonny t`h

hiterh slhnhtki es prhshit. V`hrh es ik semi kg gerh òveim

bhhi ushf, just os t`h prhshiah kg aut corls akunf ikt bh

fhckistrothf. Kih kg t`h kt`hr slhnhtkis grkc @knnhrup.

Ik. ?, s`kws coiy semis prhvekusny eithrprhthf os rhsunts kg

autteim tk mht ot t`h corrkw.

V`h gonnkw fhhr bkihs whrh gkuif ei t`h fhhphst pore

kg t`h feotkc cuf, wèa` prhsucobny foths grkc o

akcporotevhny noth port kg t`h Hhceoi, t`h `kcbhoc/spruah

phrekf kr t`h spruah phrekf, e.h. ogthr t`h cexhf kol gkrhst

òf rhoa`hf ets phol.

Gem. 8. Gneit orthgoats grkc Whjstrup Ofon. Froweim: Jkrmhi @knc. Qaonh ei ac.




O ihw oionyses kg t`h bkihs trkc @knnhrup es aonnhf gkr,

wet` o sphaeon hcpòses ki fesareceioteim bhtwhhi

aorievkrh-eifuahf oif ùcoi brholomh kg t`h bkihs

(Beigkrf ?50?).

2.7. QHHQV

Opprkxecothny ?44 oiecon bkihs oif o ghw gnolhs oif

bnofhs, wèa` coy foth grkc t`h phrekf prekr tk t`h ckstrhahit mnoaeoteki, òvh bhhi gkuif seiah ?584 ei o shrehs kg

mrovhn pets ot Qhhst, ki t`h whsthri kutslerts kg Lknfeim,

Qkut`host Jutnoif (]hsthrby ?58=). Oaakrfeim tk t`h

aurrhit vehw `hnf by mhknkmests, t`h Qhhst orho es port kg t`h

Host Jutnoif ykuim ckroeih noifsaoph tòt wos arhothf

fureim t`h ]hea`shneoi mnoaeoteki. V`hrh es brkof omrhhchit

tòt t`h orho wos akvhrhf by eah, ot nhost fureim t`h cojkr

ofvoiah likwi os t`h Groilgurt stomh, opprkxecothny

24 Lyr BT w`hi t`h eah rhoa`hf t`h preiaepon Coei

Qtotekiory Neih ?4-?8 lc tk t`h whst kg Qhhst, phròps onsk

fureim t`h nothst ykuim Bontea troismrhsseki. Kih prkbnhc,

`kwhvhr, es t`h obshiah kg uiakithsthf troahs kg ckroeih

fhpksets ei t`h upphr port kg t`h shquhiahs.

V`h geifs kg oiecon bkihs oif gneit orthgoats kremeioth

grkc ot nhost = mrovhn pets ei t`h Lknfeim Ofon. V`h shfe-

chits ei t`h mrovhn pets akisest coeiny kg gnuveotenh soif

oif mrovhn fhpksets.

(Jigkrtuiothny, onn t`h rhcoeis kg gouio oif orthgoats whrh

gkuif ei shakifory akithxts, gkr hxocpnh ei t`h cothreon

onrhofy hxaovothf, ot t`h gkkt kg snkphs, oif ei skrthf `hops

Kg stkihs. V`h fhpt` kg t`h mrovhn pets roimhs grkc o akupnh

kg chtrhs fkwi tk os cua` os opprkxecothny 0 c.

Kiny port kg t`h bkih cothreon òs bhhi efhitegehf tk

sphaehs nhvhn (Oores-Q4rhishi ?500): Hnhpòs iocofeaus

(3 Tonohknkxkfki oitequus), Feahrkrèius lera`bhrmhises, Chmonkahrks memoithus, Foco foco oif Beski presaus.

Ikih kg t`h bkihs s`kws troahs kg ùcoi eivknvhchit

(sua` os autteim tk mht ot t`h corrkw oif/kr corls nhgt by

saropeim/autteim), ont`kum` et mkhs wet`kut soyeim tòt o

nkaoteki wet` sua` oi obuifoiah kg bkihs es onsk o

nkaoteki kg pkthiteon oraòhknkmeaon eithrhst. V`h mrovhn

pets òvh yehnfhf o fkzhi kr sk uicestolobnh gneit

orthgoats, eianufeim kih bnofh obkut 0 ac nkim (Gem. =).

V`h pehah òs o yhnnkw aknkur (ghrrea kxefhs) oif hxèbets

o snem`t s`hhi ei pnoahs, wèa` coy bh ottrebuthf tk soif

pknesèim. V`h bnofh wos gkuif ei o shakifory akithxt,

but ei o shateki kg t`h mrovhn pet grkc wèa` t`h tkp skenòf bhhi rhckvhf bhgkrhòif, t`hrhby hxanufeim t`h

pkssebenety kg ets ofcexturh. O gurt`hr akisefhroteki es t`h

toat tòt soif wos of`hreim gercny tk t`h bnofh, tòt,

oaakrfeim tk t`h shfechitknkmests, akunf saorahny òvh

akch grkc t`h upphr noyhrs kg t`h mrovhn pet.

V`h ckst nelhny hxpnoioteki es tòt t`h geif `horeim

fhpksets whrh fhpksethf by chnt wothr fureim t`h Noth

Gem. 7. Rem`t oif nhgt iuchrus kg gonnkw fhhr grkc @knnhrup - spnet

t`h soch woy tk mht ot t`h corrkw. T`ktkmrop`: Mhhrt Brkvof.

Qaonh ei ac.

]hea`shneoi (mnoaeon kutwos`), ont`kum` t`h pkssebenety

aoiikt bh hxanufhf tòt t`hsh orh gnuveon fhpksets foteim

grkc t`h Hhceoi oif horny ports kg t`h ]hea`shneoi

mnoaeoteki. V`hrh es o mkkf fhon kg hvefhiah tk summhst t`

t`h Lknfeim vonnhy onrhofy hxesthf ei t`h Hhceoi Eithr-

mnoaeon. V`h aurrhit vehw kg Foies` os whnn os Qwhfes`

mhknkmests es tòt t`h nost Eah Omh fef ikt rhonny prkfuah

t`h prhvekusny ossuchf veknhit troisgkrcoteki ki t`h

noifsaoph. Et es pkssebnh, t`hrhgkrh, tòt t`h Qhhst geifs cu

bh hxpnoeihf ei rhnoteki tk t`h hxesthiah kg Lknfeim Ofon

(Lknfeim revhr vonnhy) ot o cua` hornehr stomh tòi prhveku

ossuchf.

2.=. EQKNOVHF GEIFQ< ORVHGOAVQ RHQHCBNEIM @OIF

OPHQ

Chiteki cust onsk bh cofh kg o akupnh kg Foies` geif

wèa` bhor o streleim ckrp`knkmeaon oif thaìknkmeaon

rhshcbnoiah tk Oa`hunhoi òifoxhs (Bhalhr ?5=?). Kih

t`hsh es chitekihf ki o iucbhr kg kaaosekis ei t`h



24? J4RMHI @KNC OIF NORQ NORQQKI - QAOIFEIOWEO

pubnes`hf nethroturh oif òs bhhi hifkrshf os o mhiueih

òifoxh by nhofeim hxphrts grkc kt`hr akuitrehs. @kwhvhr,

t`h corchr ei wèa` et wos kbtoeihf oif ets prkvhioiah

pksh akisefhrobnh prkbnhcs. V`h orthgoat es soef tk òvh

bhhi gkuif ot Wennhstrup, ei t`h ikrt` kg Jutnoif, onthr wèa`

et posshf eitk t`h òifs kg o whont`y aknnhatkr. Vès ocothur

oraòhknkmest puraòshf oraòhknkmeaon sphaechis grkc oi

oraòaknkmeaon fhonhr, w`k bkum`t sphaechis ei Groiah.Vès òs mevhi resh tk sk coiy cesmeveims surrkuifeim t`h

prkvhioiah kg t`h orthgoat, tòt et s`kunf ikw fhgeiethny bh

fesrhmorfhf. V`h kt`hr orthgoat, wèa` òs onsk rhahevhf t`h

hifkrshchit kg gkrhemi hxphrts, wos gkuif ki t`h bhoa` ot

Gehi÷, oi esnoif setuothf ei t`h Nennhbohnt Qtroet bhtwhhi

Guihi oif Jutnoif. Et akunf hquonny bh o Chsknetèa gneit

akrh oxh kr o Ihknetèa orthgoat. V`h prkbnhc goaeim us

- ot nhost ei Qkut` Qaoifeioveo - es t`h feggeaunty, eg ikt

ecpkssebenety, kg festeimuesèim bhtwhhi mhiueih òifoxhs

oif Noth Ihknetèa bnoils nkr fommhrs, sphor`hofs oif akri

sealnhs. Vès fhboth òs akiteiuhf ei Fhicorl gkr coiy

yhors oif aoiikt, ei onn goerihss, bh soef tk bh coleim oiy

prkmrhss (Mnkb ?5=2).

O gromchithf oif `hoveny rknnhf orthgoat wet` oi onthrhf

surgoah, rhshcbneim o òifoxh, wos gkuif ot Lorslkv Lneit,

o akoston anegg ki Noimhnoif, oi esnoif skut` kg Guihi<

fhtoens whrh pubnes`hf by o Mhrcoi oraòhknkmest oif o

Foies` mhknkmest (Mrkth oif Coomoorf Jolkbshi ?502). V`h

ecprhsseki wet` wèa` kih es nhgt ogthr rhofeim t`h orteanh

es tòt t`h orthgoat wos gkuif ei setu ei o ckroeih noyhr,

òveim bhhi fhpksethf fureim t`h ckst rhahit - Ukuim

Bontea - troismrhsseki. Vès es ikt akrrhat, `kwhvhr. Et wos

gkuif ei shakifory akithxt ki t`h bhoa` bhnkw t`h anegg

(ag. H. Coomoorf Jolkbshi, phrskion akccuieaoteki).

1. V`h knfhst uiakithstobnh troahs kg ùcoi

kaaupoteki

V`h rhcoeis kg wòt es mhihronny oaahpthf os t`h hornehst

shttnhchit bhnkim tk t`h @ocburmeoi Aunturh. V`h knfhst

seths whrh eivhstemothf os noth os ?50?-06 ot Jhns, ei

skut`hri Jutnoif (@knc oif Rehal ?552). Gurt`hr shttnhchit

rhcoeis òvh bhhi akigerchf ei ckrh rhahit yhors ki

skut`hri Jutnoif (@knc ?551), oif ei hosthri Fhicorl

(Woim Ththrshi oif Jkòishi ?551). Kih seth ei

skut`hrickst Qwhfhi yehnfhf orthgoats wèa` sòrh ahrtoei

ghoturhs wet` t`h hornehst geifs ei Fhicorl (Norsski ?556).

Rofekaorbki foteim kg rheifhhr bkih osskaeothf wet`rhcoeis grkc t`h @ocburmeoi Aunturh òvh prkfuahf o

foth kg ?2,824¿?54 BT (OOR-547) (@knc ?551). V`h

Brkcch Aunturh grkc t`h Onnhr4f Eithrstofeon hijkys o

rot`hr ckrh wefhsprhof festrebuteki ei t`h Qaoifeioveoi

phieisuno. Et es ikt uiten t`h horny port kg t`h Trhbkrhon tòt

shttnhchits sprhof ropefny os gor ikrt` os ikrt`hrickst

Ikrwoy.

Gem. =. Gneit bnofh grkc Qhhst. Froweim: Hrel ]hsthrby. Qaonh ei ac.

6. Fesausseki

Ont`kum` o fhtoenhf likwnhfmh kg Tonohknetèa

shttnhchits ei Qkut` Qaoifeioveo fureim t`h phrekf ?6 844 -

?4 444 BT òs mrofuonny bhhi buent up, t`h stufy kg t`h

Nkwhr, Ceffnh oif ckst kg t`h Xpphr Tonohknetèa es stenn

ot o akitrkvhrseon oif pekihhreim stomh. V`hrh es ik noal kg

geifs ei Fhicorl wèa` pkeit tk o gosaeioteim thaìeaon oif

ckrp`knkmeaon secenorety wet` Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tonohk

netèa typhs kg ecpnhchits ei kt`hr akuitrehs. @kwhvhr,

seiah ckst kg t`hsh whrh gkuif ei shakifory nkaotekis,

fhtoa`hf grkc t`her kremeion mhknkmeaon akithxts, t`hy orh

fhbotobnh. Ki t`h boses kg oi osshsschit kg anecotea oifioturon akifetekis, t`hrh es iktèim tòt wkunf òvh

prhvhithf ùcois grkc neveim ei Qkut` Qaoifeioveo, ot nhost

fureim eithrmnoaeon phrekfs oif eithrstofeons nkim bhgkrh t`h

nost mnoaeoteki (Oifhrshi ?5=5< Oores-Q4rhishi ?500). Ei

krfhr tk fhvhnkp oi efho kg w`hi t`h gerst phkpnh coy òvh

orrevhf `hrh, et es kbvekus tk tolh os o storteim pkeit t`h

knfhst geifs ei t`h ihem`bkureim akuitrehs tk t`h skut`. Eg

wh nkkl ot Mhrcoiy oif Himnoif, gkr hxocpnh, et es anhor

tòt t`hsh seths bhnkim tk t`h hornehst ei Hurkph (Rkhbrkhls

ht on. ?552).

]òt rhoskis orh t`hrh tòt aoi hxpnoei w`y wh orh

nommeim sk gor bhèif kur aknnhomuhs ei akuitrehs tk t`hskut` kg Fhicorl; V`h ckst phssecestea hxpnoioteki wkunf

bh tòt wh orh shoraèim gkr pòitkcs, oif tòt, ei speth kg

govkurobnh anecotea oif ioturon akifetekis, t`hrh wos queth

secpny ik shttnhchit sk gor ikrt` fureim t`h Nkwhr oif

Ceffnh Tonohknetèa. @kwhvhr, wh orh ckrh eianeihf tk pkeit

tk kt`hr rhoskis. Gerst oif gkrhckst, t`hrh es ik rhshora`

trofeteki ei tès orho, wèa` wenn kiny bh hstobnes`hf kiah




wh òvh toimebnh, rhneobnh geifs tk wkrl wet`. ]h onsk noal

t`h hxphrtesh wèa` aoi kiny bh oaèhvhf t`rkum` foeny

akitoat wet` oif gerstòif stufy kg orthgoat cothreon foteim

grkc t`hsh phrekfs.

Vès es o veaekus aeranh wèa` es cofh hvhi ckrh feggeaunt

by t`h goat tòt, gkr coiy yhors, t`h cojkrety kg Qaoi-

feioveoi oraòhknkmests òvh rhgushf hvhi tk fesauss t`h

pkssebenety kg sua` oi horny shttnhchit ei Qaoifeioveo. Kit`h w`knh, tès tkpea òs bhhi tolhi up kiny by uibeoshf

oif eitrhpef ocothur oraòhknkmests, w`k fk ikt òvh o

aorhhr tk wkrry obkut, ont`kum` t`hy orh likwi tk opprkoa`

t`her wkrl ei o skchwòt uiareteaon oif kvhrhitùseostea

corchr ki kaaosekis. Et es ihvhrt`hnhss typeaon tòt t`h Noth

Tonohknetèa geifs oif t`h ckrh kr nhss uiahrtoei geifs kg oi

Nkwhr kr Ceffnh Tonohknetèa aòroathr kg wèa` wh orh

onsk oworh òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf by ocothur oraòhknkmests

ei t`h cojkrety kg aoshs.

V`h fhghotest ottetufh tk t`h prkbnhc ockimst prkghs

sekion Qaoifeioveoi oraòhknkmests es ikt hiterhny wet`kut

justegeaot eki, `kwhvhr. Et es `kwhvhr ihahssory tk hcpòsesh

tòt, oport grkc ets cormeion, ikrt`hri nkaoteki, Qaoifeioveo

wos rhphothfny akvhrhf wet` eahaops kvhr t`h nkim phrekf

wet` wèa` wh orh akiahrihf `hrh. Vès òcphrs t`h

fesakvhry kg geifs foteim grkc t`h Nkwhr oif Ceffnh

Tonohknetèa, wèa` ei ckst aoshs coy bh hxphathf tk bh ei

shakifory akithxt oif fhhpny burehf. By onn oaakuits t`h

Qooneoi eahaops akvhrhf t`h w`knh kg Qaoifeioveo wèa`

rhfuahs t`h aòiahs kg fesakvhreim Nkwhr Tonohknetèa

geifs, gkr hxocpnh grkc t`h @knstheieoi Eithrmnoaeon.

Aòiahs kg fesakvhreim geifs grkc t`h Hhceoi Eithrmnoaeon

oif nothr phrekfs orh bhtthr, `kwhvhr. V`hrh es o festeiat

pkssebenety kg sua` geifs bheim cofh ei t`h noifsaoph

arhothf by t`h Qooneoi eah ei Qkut`whst Jutnoif, os tès orho

wos ikt arksshf by t`h eah fureim t`h ]hea`shneoi

mnoaeoteki. Ei kt`hr wkrfs, t`hrh s`kunf bh hxahnnhit aòiahs

kg fesakvhreim oraòhknkmeaon cothreon `hrh mkeim boal ot

nhost ?14,44 yhors.

V`hrh orh mrkuifs gkr kptecesc ei t`h goat tòt tktonny

rhneobnh geifs òvh bhhi cofh ei ikrt`whst Mhrcoiy, ei oi

efhiteaon noifsaoph (t`h Ontckroihre), gkr eistoiah ot

Qaònl`knz, w`hrh gneit gnolhs whrh gkuif ei o phot fhpkset

wèa` akunf bh fothf tk t`h Br4rup Eithrstofeon (Oriknf

?5=0< @ortz ?507). Oif o goerny normh iucbhr kg `hoveny

ckfegehf gneit orthgoats, eianufeim o òif oxh kg

akiveiaeimny Ceffnh Tonohknetèa aòroathr, wos gkuif kit`h surgoah kg o ènn ihor Frhnsfkrg ei t`h @usuc orho

(Lrhes Ikrfgrehsnoif), queth anksh tk t`h Mhrcoi-Foies`

bkrfhr (@ortz ?507).

V`h vehw kg t`h out`krs es tòt t`h `ypkt`hses, wèa`

coeitoeis tòt onn Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa geif

kaaurrhiahs ei Qaoifeioveo cust bh rhmorfhf os òveim

bhhi kbnethrothf by subshquhit eah troismrhssekis oif

hrkseki, es tkk phssecestea oif ei goat rhprhshits t`h norma

kbstoanh tk o brholt`rkum` ei tès orho kg rhshora`. Kihakunf stoth, wet` hquon justegeaoteki, tòt t`h vhry soch

mnoaeon oif hrksekion prkahsshs tòt orh aopobnh kg fhstrky

orh hquonny aopobnh kg prkthateim kr, ei govkurobnh

aeraucstoiahs, kg breimeim kremeionny fhhpny burehf geifs

t`h surgoah. Vès es suppkrthf by hxocpnhs grkc kt`hr

akuitrehs: @em` Nkfmh ei Himnoif (Os`tki ht on. ?55?)

oif geifs grkc vorekus mrovhn-pets ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs

(Qtophrt ?50?). Ei offeteki, Horny Tonohknetèa cothreon ei

ikrt`hri ports kg Qaoifeioveo coy òvh survevhf ei rkal

gessurhs oif aovhs, os whrh t`h opprkxecothny 244,444 yh

knf geifs grkc t`h Tkitihwyff aovh ei Ikrt` ]onhs,

akvhrhf by eah ki shvhron kaaosekis (Mrhhi ?506).

Eg kih whrh tk otthcpt o rkum` succory kg t`h Foies`

geifs rhghrrhf tk obkvh, et es anhor tòt ikih kg t`hsh es

suggeaehitny rhneobnh tk survevh o t`krkum` skurah-areteaon

hvonuoteki. Hvhi eg fhhpny burehf, t`hrh orh strkim

eifeaotekis tòt t`h geifs whrh ikt ei precory akithxt. Ki

eithrhsteim akisefhroteki es tòt Qaoifeioveoi oraòhknkme

òvh ofkpthf o fescessevh kr hxtrhchny fkubtgun ottetufh

ottoaèim o mrhot omh tk t`h geifs, w`hrhos oraòhknkmests

grkc kt`hr ports kg Hurkph wet` akisefhrobnh hxphrtesh ei

Tonohknetèa geifs oif t`h aeraucstoiahs ei wèa` geifs or

cofh fk ikt fespnoy t`h soch ihmotevh ottetufh. Ont`kum`

t`hy coy ikt bh hiterhny goceneor wet` t`h cothreon auntur

grkc Qkut` Qaoifeioveo, t`h goat s`kunf ikt bh kvhrnkklh

tòt t`hy òvh eitecoth likwnhfmh kg t`h prkbnhcs

osskaeothf wet` t`h geifs. Oraòhknkmests ei kt`hr ports kg

Hurkph orh onsk goahf wet` t`h aònnhimh kg festeimuesèim

bhtwhhi Ihknetèa oif Tonohknetèa orthgoats aknnhathf os

surgoah geifs.

ikths

? Jkì ]ychr tkkl port ei t`h eivhstemotekis oif akisefhrs t`hcothreon tk pksshss Nkwhr Tonohknetèa aòroathresteas.

2 V`h cothreon wos hxoceihf by Onoei Vuggrhou, w`k vesethf t`nkaonety ei ?50?. Mhròrf Bkseisle oif Joi Ceaòn Burfulehweaz



241 J4RMHI @KNC OIF NORQ NORQQKI - QAOIFEIOWEO

rhghrhiahs

Oores-Qkrhishi, L.

Wores Qkehishi. L..

L. Qtroif Ththrshi,@. Voubhr

?500 Foicorls gkrèstkreslh fyrhvhrfhi. Gro Estef ten Weleimhtef. Lkbhiòvi.

?554 Foies` Geifs kg Cocckt` {Coccutùs precemhieus (Bnuiehiboa`)). Qtrotemropèaon

pkseteki, foteim oif hvefhiah kg Noth Tnhestkahih hiverkichit. Foicorls MhknkmeslhXifhrs4mhnsh, Qhreh B: ?6. Lkbhiòvi.

Ocbrkseoie, M.L. ?554 Tnhestkahih strotemrop`y ei Ahitron oif Ikrt`hri Qwhfhi - o rheivhstemoteki kg skch

anosseaon seths, Xievhrsety kg Qtkal`knc, Fhportchit kg _uothriory Rhshora` Rhpkrt ?7.

Oifhrshi, Q.@.

Oifhrshi, Q.V.

?50? Qthionfhrhi E. Jahmhrsthionfhrhi. Qhsocs Foicorlsèstkreh. Lkbhiòvi.

?5=5 Estefhr km chnnhcestefhr. Ei: O. Ikrrhvoim oif V.J. Chyhr (hfs.), Foicorls ionur, Beif ?,

?55-284, Noifslobhrihs kpstohi, Lkbhiòvi.

Oriknf, W.

Os`tki, I’

O. Rkbhrts,

.?. ('kkl

?5=0 Ihuh Guifh ous fhr Qtheizhet Fet`corsa`his, Fet`corsa`hi I.G. 1/6.

?55? @em` Nkfmh. Nkifki: Bretes` Cushuc.

Boucoii, ]..

F. Coieo,

W. Vkhpghr.

N. Hesscoii

?501 Feh ponoknenèsa`hi Ihuguifh vki Corllnhhbhrm `he Nhepzem. Bhrnei: WHB.

Bhalhr, A.J. ?5=? Estefscoifhis rhfslobhr, Qlonl ?5=?:6, 1-=.

?5== Kc estefs-jo<mhrih km fhrhs rhfslobhr. Ei: J. Brkifsthf, Fh ahnfsth refhr. Tknetelhis

Foicorlsèstkreh, Hgthrslregt, 82?-828.

Bhrmnuif, B’Q. @oloisski,

H. Nomhrnuif

?5=7 Rofekaorbki-fothf cocckt` (Coccutùs precemhieus Bnuchiboa`) geifs ei Qkut`Qwhfhi, Bkrhos 8, ?==-?5?.

Bhrmnuif. B.H.,

H. Nomhrnuif

?50? Hhceoi oif ]hea`shn eoi strotemrop`y ei Qkut` Qwhfhi, Bkrhos ?4, 121-172.

Beigkrf. N.

Gkrsstr÷c, N.,

C. Hrkihi

?50? Bkihs. Oiaehit chi oif ckfhc cyt`s. Ihw Ukrl: Oaofhceh Trhss.

?55S Ihw Eigkrcoteki ki t`h Hhceoi oif Horny ]hea`shneoi ei Geinoif. Ei: B.M. Oifhrshi oif

N.-L. L÷iemsski (hfs.), Noth _uothriory Qtrotemrop`y ei t`h Ikrfea Akuitrehs ?84,444-

?8,444 B.T.Qtreoh 16, 1?-1=.

Mnkb. E'.W.

Mrhhi. @.Q. (hf.)

?5=2 Gornem gneit, Qlonl

?5=2:?, ?0-24.

?506 Tkitihwyff Aovh, o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa `kceief seth ei ]onhs: V`h gerst rhpkrt. Aorfegg:

Iotekion Cushuc kg ]onhs.

Mrkth. L..

H.C. Joakbshi

?502 Fhr Goustlhen vkc Lorslkv-Lnegg oug Noimhnoif (Foihcorl) , Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspki-

fhizbnott ?2, 20?-208.

@ort/ . Q. ?507 Toneeknetesa`h Guifh ous fhc Ontckroihimhbeht Ikrfgrehsnoifs, Kggo, ?48-?6=.



V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Cknc. .?. ?507 V`h _uothriory oif t`h Horny/Ceffnh Tonohknetèa kg Fhicorl. Ei: O. Vuggrhou oif Q. Qkc

(hfs.), A`rkikstrotemropèh hn goaehs aunturhns fu Tonåknetèquh eighrehur ht ckyhi fois

e'Hurkph fu Ikrf-Kuhst, Quppnåchit ou Bunnhtei fh ?'Osskaeoteki Groiaoesh pkur Gåtu

fu _uothrioerh 27, =8-04.

?50= Trecetev gneit e Whjstrup Ofon - fh gkrsth gyibkhr;, Orbkmgkr Qvhifbkrm km Kchmis

Cushuc, 0-?7.

?551 Qhttnhchits kg t`h @ocburmeoi oif Ghfhrchsshr Aunturhs ot Qnktshim, Qkut` Jutnoif, Jkurion kg Foies` Oraòhknkmy ?4 (?55?), =-?5.

@knc, J’ ?552

G. Rehal

@kucorl-Iehnshi, C. ?50"

Norsski, N. ?556

Nhpel&oor, J. ?552

Cofshi, H. ?571

nstefsjwmhrh vhf Jhnss4hrih. @ocburmlunturhi e Foicorl, Qlregthr gro cushucsrofht gk

Qkifhrjynnoifs oct 8. @ofhrsnhv.

Foicorl e estefhi - hi thmihshreh. Worv ?505:2.

V`h Hornehst Qhttnhchit ei Qkut`hri Qwhfhi. Noth Tonohknetèa Qhttnhchit Rhcoeis ot

Geijosj÷i, ei t`h Ikrt` kg Qaoieo, Aurrhit Qwhfes` Oraòhknkmy 2, ?85-?==.

Rhcorls ki t`h ]hea`shneoi chmogouio (Coccutùs, Akhnkfkito oif Beski) kg t`h

"eitromnoaeon" orho orkuif t`h Bontea, Oiiuon Zkknkmeao Ghiieae 20, 225-264.

Trecetev gneitluntur vhf Eshgjkrf, Oorb4mhr gkr ikrfesl Knflyifem`hf km @estkreh, =5-51

?570o Hi orlohknkmesl-mhknkmesl uifhrs4mhnsh og lneithi vhf Hjby Brk, Eshgjkrf, Chffhnhnshr g

Foisl Mhknkmesl Gkrhieim ?0:?, 11-67.

Coimhruf, J.

?570b Xi seth foikes o senhx pråèstkrequhs precetegs. Rhvuh Oit`rkpknkmequh, ?6-22.

?55? V`h Nost Eah Omh ei Qaoifeioveo. Ei: B.M. Oifhrshi oif N.-L. L÷iemsski (hfs. ). Noth

_uothriory Qtrotemrop`y ei t`h Ikrfea Akuitrehs ?84,444-?8,444 B.T., Qtreoh 16, ?8-25

Ck`n-@oishi, X. ?588 G4rsth selrh spkr og chiihslhr gro eithrmnoaeontef e Foicorl. Corvsponthfh likmnhr gro

feotkcåjkrfhi vhf @knnhrup, Oorb4mhr gkr ikrfesl Knflyifem`hf km @estkreh ?586, ?4?

?27.

Rkbhrtsski, O.-C. ?55? V`h Bekstro temrop`y kg t`h Noth Tnhestkahih ei Qwhfhi ?84,444-?8,444 B.T. - o Qurvhy

Ei: B.M. Oifhrshi oif N.-L. L÷iemsski (hfs.). Noth _uothriory Qtrotemrop`y ei t`h

Ikrfea Akuitrehs ?84,444-?8,444 B.T., Qtreoh 16, 15-67.

Rkhbrkhls, ].,

I. Akiorf,

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

?552 Fhish Gkrhsts, Aknf Qthpphs, oif t`h Tonohknetèa Qhttnhchit kg Ikrt`hri Hurkph, Aurrh


Qtophrt, F. ?5=7 Qkch ioturon surgoah ckfegeaotekis ki gneit ei V`h Iht`hrnoifs, Tonohkèstkreo ?0, 0-6?

?50? Oraòhknkmeaon Rhshora` ei t`h Lweithnkkejhi Tet, Cuieaeponety kg R`hihi. t`h Iht`hrnoif

Chfhf. Rejls Mhkn. Fehist 18, 246-222.

Qthvi`kvhf. Q. ?552 N4sguifhi ponohknetèsl gneit - hi vorc lortkgghn e foisl orlohknkme, Orlhhknkme e Qnhsvem?/5?,=?-=1.

Qtroif Ththrshi, L. ?508 V`h Noth _uothriory @estkry kg Fhicorl. V`h ]hea`shneoi Eahs`hhts oif Noif/Qho

Akigemuroteki ei t`h Noth Tnhestkahih oif @knkahih, Jkurion kg Foies` Oraòhknkmy 6.

=-22.

Woim Ththrshi T.,

N. Jkòishi

?551 Q4nbjhrm - Oi O`rhisburmeoi Qeth ki o Rheifhhr Cemroteki Rkuth t`rkum` Hosthri

Fhicorl, Jkurion kg Foies` Oraòhknkmy ?4, ?55?.



248 J4RMHI @KNC OIF NORQ NORQQKI - QAOIFEIOWEO

]hsthrby, H. ?58= Estefscoifhis rhfslobhr;, Qlonl 2, ?6-?7.

J4rmhi @knc

V`h Iotekion Cushuc

Fhpt. kg Trhèstkry oif Horny @estkry

Grhfhrels`kncs Loion ?2

FL-?22KL4bhiòviL.

Fhicorl

Nors Norsski

Xievhrsety kg Nuif

Eistetuth kg Oraòhknkmy

Qoifmotoi ?

Q-221 84 Nuif

Qwhfhi



Wossenej T. Njubei

Mhròrf Bkseisle?2 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Aouaosus rhmeki

V`h Aouaosus orho es ki o coei rkofgkr t`h fesphrson kg

horny `kceiefs kut kg Ogreao, os thstegehf by t`h Fcoiese

seth wet` ets foea kg E .P Cyr BT. V`h orho es rea` ei Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih seehs. t`kum` foteim òs prkvhf feggeaunt fuh tk

t`h hifhcea aòroathr kg gnkro oif gouio. Qtrotegehf kphi

oer seths nelh Oaònlonole orh vhry rorh, wènh aovh seths orh

akccki. Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs orh likwigrkc Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih fhpksets ei aovas nelh Ozya`, Lufork oif

Vrhumkn'iojo.

?. EieeECEELneec (by W.N.)

?.?. MHKMROT@EAON KWHRWEH]

V`h Aouaosus - t`h Aouaoseoi est`cus - gkrcs o vostbrefmh bhtwhhi t`h Tkites oif t`h Aospeoi Qho oifakiiaats t`h skut`hc Russeoi sthpph wet` t`h èm`noifs kgt`h Iaor Host. V`h ikrtàri port kg t`h Aouaosus esaòroathrezhf by o sthpph noifsaoph, wènh t`h ahitron portes fkceiothf by t`h ckuitoeis kg t`h Mrhot Aouaosus,w`ksh oxes ruis oarkss t`h est`cus. V`h skut`hri Aouaosuses gkrchf by t`h Vroisaouaoseoi Fhprhsseki (Aknaès-Nkwnoifs oif t`h Luro Bosei) oif t`h vknaoiea Vroisaouaoseoi Tnothou, o ikrtàri kutnehr kg t`h Orchieoi oif

Eroieoi Tnothou. V`h bkuiforehs kg t`h Aouaosus (tk t`hikrt` t`h Luco-Coitysa` Bosei, tk t`h skut` t`h OrosRevhr) orh ikt ioturo! borreàrh ei o mhkmropèaon shish< t`hrhorh ik anhor fegghrhiahs ei t`h noifsaoph ei bkt` ferhatekis,oif oaahss tk bkt` ikrt` oif skut` oif akitoats tk t`h IhorHosn pnoyhf o cojkr rknh ei t`h Tonohknetèa shttnhchit kgt`h Aouaosus.

V`h mrhot rhmekion fegghrhiteoteh¼! kg t`h Aouaosusnoifsaoph es coeiny t`h rhsunt kg tkpkmrop`y. V`h ckstecpkrtoit anecotea bkuiforehs orh krehithf onkim t`h refmh kgt`h Mrhot Aouaosus oif t`h ikrt`hri snkph kg t`h Aouaosus(Quroc-Aòei, Qtovrkpkn @enns). V`h anecotea bkuiforehs

òvh o cojkr eignuhiah ki thcphroturh oif prhaepetoteki kit`h est`cus. V`h Mrhot Aouaosus fevefhs twk anecotea zkihs:t`h thcphroth zkih kg t`h ikrt`hri Aouaosus oif t`hsubtrkpeaon anecoth zkih kg t`h Vroisaouaosus. Ckrhkvhr,t`h tkpkmrop`y subfevefhs t`h Aouaosus rhmeki eitk o normhnuecbhr kg nkaon anecotea prkveiahs.

V`h anecoth kg t`h whsthri oif ahitron port kg t`h gnotAouaosus gkrhnoif rhshcbnhs tòt kg t`h skut`hri Russeoi

sthpph. V`h Bnoal Qho rhmeki òs oi hosthri Chfethrroihoianecoth< t`h eignuhiah kg t`h ahitron Oseoi sthpphs esikteahobnh ei t`h Luro Bosei oif t`h hosthri port kg t`hAouaosus gkrhnoif. V`h Akiteihiton anecoth kg t`h vknaoieaVroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs es fkceiothf by orefety. Fegghrhitbhets kg vhmhtoteki, fhthrceihf by ontetufh, up tk t`h zkihkg phrhiieon sikw oif mnoaehrs aoi bh kbshrvhf ei t`hckuitoeis (Mvkzfhalej ?571).

O porteaunorny ikteahobnh ghoturh kg t`h Aouaosus

noifsaoph es t`h prhshiah kg oi hxthisevh oif stobnh rhgumhkg rhneat vhmhtoteki ei t`h Aknaès (whsthri Mhkrmeo)(Akaehvo ?502). V`h akrh kg t`h Aknaès gnkro orh rhneatVhrteory sphaehs (Lknolkvslej ?57?)< opprkxecothny 24% kgt`h sphaehs ei t`h Aouaosus orh hifhcea oif kiny gkuif eit`h Aknaès (Tovnkv ?560). Ckrh tòi 7,444 sphaehs kgpnoits orh likwi grkc t`h Aouaosus rhmeki w`hrhos grkct`h vost Russeoi pnoei kiny skch 1,844 orh likwi. V`hiucbhr kg oiecon sphaehs es ?14.

O porteaunorny sphaehs-rea` wkkfnoif es prhshit ei t`hAknaès rhmeki oif iuchrkus hfebnh wenf pnoits aoi bhgkuif t`hrh (Mrkssmhjc ?562, ?567). V`h govkurobnhanecoth oif t`h rea` gkkf skurahs whrh porteaunorny ottroa-tevh tk ùcois, os es s`kwi by t`h akiahitroteki kg Tonohknetèa seths ei tès rhmeki. V`h Aknaès rhmeki wos opporhitnyo porteaunorny govkurobnh rhgumh gkr oiecons, pnoits oifùcois fureim t`h mnoaeotekis (Njubei ?575, ?5=6).

Nechstkih gkrcotekis wet` aovhs oif o`res orh prhshit eit`h Mrhot Aouaosus oif ei t`h ckuitoei aòeis kg t`hNhsshr Aouaosus, oi hosthri hxthiseki kg t`h Vroisaouaoseoi@em`noifs. O reim kg lorstea noifsaophs surrkuifs onckstt`h hiterh ikrt`hri snkph kg t`h Aouaosus oif t`h whsthriport kg t`h skut`hri snkph ei t`h Aknaès rhmeki (grkcQktsaè tk t`h Lufork Aovhs ei Qkut` Ksshteo). Ei t`hikrt`hri lorst bhnt t`hrh orh Tonohknetèa seths ei gkr eistoiah

t`h Ckioshslo, Borolohvslo, Chzcojslo oif Vrhumkn'iojoaovhs. @uifrhfs kg obres oif aovhs orh likwi grkc t`hwhsthri port kg t`h skut` snkph ei t`h Aknaès, w`hrh t`hcenf oif ùcef anecoth òs nhf tk porteaunorny hxthisevhlorst gkrcoteki. Ei coiy kg t`hsh obres oif aovhs, ot onnontetufhs, Tonohknetèa seths òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf oifeivhstemothf, ockim t`hc t`h seths kg Lufork E oif EEE, oifAkio (Gem. ?).




Gem. ?. Nkwhr Tonohknet ea Qeths kg

t`h Aouaosus Rhmeki.

?. Fcoiese< 2. Oaònlonole<

1. Vocoi< 6. Ozya`< 8. Lufork E<

7. Lufork EEE< =. Akio<

0. Vrhumkn'iojo.

Ei t`h Nhsshr Aouaosus lorst aovhs orh kiny likwi ei t`hQkca`htsle, Qoa`fom oif Loroboa` ckuitoei roimhs. Ei t`hgkktènns kg t`h notthr roimh es t`h cuntepnh kaaupoteki seth kgOzya`. Kutsefh t`h lorst rhmeki t`hrh orh seths ei aovhsbhihot` novo gnkws, gkr hxocpnh ei t`h iorrkw mkrmhs kg t`hVroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs (Hrhvoi Aovh, Nusolhrt E oifkt`hrs). V`h vknaoiea rhmeki kg t`h Vroisaouaosus `knfs omrhot pktaiteon gkr t`h fesakvhry kg Tonohknetèa kphi seths<tk foth wh kiny likw t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths Fcoieseoif Oaònlonole (Gem. ?).

V`h Aouaosus rhmeki es whnn suppnehf wet` row cothreonsgkr t`h coiugoaturh kg stkih tkkns. V`h roimh kg ovoenobnhseneahkus rkals - shfechitory oif vknaoiea - eianufhsonckst onn t`h netèa cothreons ushf gkr orthgoats ei t`hTonohknetèa< vorekus typhs kg gneit, quortzeth, soifstkih,seneahkus nechstkih, saèst, kbsefeoi, oifhseth, bosont hta.Wknaoiea row cothreons (kbsefeoi, oifhseth, bosont) orhgkuif ei t`h rhmekis kg thatkiea upnegt ei t`h Vroisaouaosus(Orchieo, Fzovoa`hte, Ksshteo), w`hrhos gneit oif kt`hrshfechitory rkals orh fkceioit ei t`h Aknaès, t`h BnoalQho orho oif Luboi.

?.2. RHQHORA@ @EQVKRU

V`h rhshora` kg t`h Tonohknetèa kg t`h Aouaosus rhmekistorthf ei ?050 wet` t`h fesakvhry kg t`h Ceffeh Tonohk

netèa seth kg En'slojo by t`h Grhia` eivhstemotkr J. fh Boyh.V`h fesakvhry kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèa orthgoats gknekwhfs`krtny ogthr tès, fureim t`h Orchieoi hxphfeteki kg t`hGrhia` sovoit J. fh Ckrmoi. @h aknnhathf kbsefeoi orthgoatsgrkc t`h whsthri snkphs kg Ckuit Ororot (Ckrmoi ?545).

Ogthr t`h ?5?= Rhvknuteki eivhstemotekis whrh aorrehf kutby Qkveht oraòhknkmests. Qphaeon survhys oif pnoiihfeivhstemotekis kg Tonohknetèa seths whrh aorrehf kut ei

Obaòseo oif t`h Bnoal Qho rhmeki kg t`h Aouaosus bhgkrht`h Qhakif ]krnf ]or. V`h gerst Oa`hunhoi seths whrhfesakvhrhf ei t`h Qkveht Xieki ihor Quaùce oif Coelkpwènh t`h gerst Tonohknetèa aovh seths whrh fesakvhrhf oifporteonny hxaovothf ihor Qktsaè (Oa`styrslojo Aovhs oifkt`hrs) (Zocjotiei ?51=, ?565, ?57?). V`h ckst ecpkrtoitrhsunt ei t`h gerst fhaofh ogthr t`h Qhakif ]krnf ]or wost`h fesakvhry kg twk normh ihw geif prkveiahs wetÒa`hunhoi oif Ceffeh Tonohknetèa seths ei Orchieo(Toiealeio ?584) oif Qkut` Ksshteo (Njubei ?586, ?574).

V`h tèrf pòsh kg rhshora` bhmoi ei ?588. V`h gerst aovseths wet` uifesturbhf Oa`hunhoi noyhrs whrh fesakvhrhf oLufork E oif EEE (?588) oif Akio (?580) ei Qkut` Ksshteo

oif ot Ozya` (?574) ei Ozhrboefsaòi (Njubei ?585<Lonoifofzh ?578< Mushjikv ?571). Ot t`h soch techùifrhfs kg ihw Oa`hunhoi oif Ceffeh Tonohknetèa surgoseths whrh fesakvhrhf ei fegghrhit rhmekis kg t`h Aouaosush.m. Obofzha`slkh oif A`kfzka` ot Luboi (Outnhv ?571)Bkmks oif kt`hr seths ot t`h Bnoal Qho (Njubei oifQahneislej ?5=2), Qorbhbe, Aenkvoie oif gurt`hr seths eiEchrhtehi (Vusobrocesvene ?572), Fzrobhr oif Gkitoi eiOrchieo (Njubei ?57?), Zeore ei Loa`hteo (Bumeoiesvene?5=5), Aeleoie oif Thrsote ei skut`hri Mhkrmeo (Lelkfzhoif Lkrefzh ?5=0). Ockim t`h ckst ecpkrtoit rhahitfesakvhrehs orh t`h Vrhumkn'iojo Aovh ei t`h ikrt`hri

Aouaosus (Fkrkieahv ?552) oif t`h kphi-oer seth Fcoieseei skut`hri Mhkrmeo. V`h hxaovotekis ei Fcoiese prkvefhfNkwhr Tonohknetèa orthgoats, oi oraòea gouio oif t`h knfhrhcoeis kg @kck hrhatus ei Huroseo (Fzoporefzh ht on.

?55?< Mobuieo ?552).

V`h cojkrety kg Oa`hunhoi oif Ceffeh Tonohknetèa sethorh nkaothf ei upnoif setuotekis, ei t`h gkktènns oif nkwhrckuitoeis kg t`h whsthri oif ahitron ports kg t`h Aouaosu



245 WOQQENEJ T. NJXB?I OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLn - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

est`cus. Vès es ahrtoeiny ikt kiny o rhgnhateki kg t`h aurrhitstoth ue rhshora`, bun gor ckrh t`h rhsunn kg goatkrs sua` ost`h prhshiah kg oiaehi) rkuths kg akccuieaoteki bhtwhhit`h ('ouaosus oif t`h Ihor Host, kg iuchrkus ioturon rkals`hnthrs oif ioturon rhskurahs (eianufeim netèa cothreons)oif t`h porneaunorny govkurobnh anecotea akifetekishsphaeonny ei t`h Aknaès rhgumeuc.

Hxthisevh Oa`hunhoi oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa seths oifothnehrs òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf ei t`h ecchfeoth veaeiety kgrow cothreon skurahs. Qua` @eit wkrls`kps orh nkaothf eit`h Qoaòi Ckuitoeis kg t`h Luboi rhmeki ihor Coelkp(Obofzha`slojo oif kt`hrs), ei t`h Jostua` Ckuitoeis kgObaòseo oif ki t`h upphr Echrhte Tnothou anksh tk Lutoesseei skut`hri Mhkrmeo (Qorbhbe oif kt`hrs). Kbsefeoi oifoifhseth wkrls`kps orh gkuif ei Orchieo (Qotoie For,Hrlok-bnus, Otes oif kt`hr seths) oif ei skut`hri Mhkrmeo(Aeleoie, Thrsote).

V`h netèa osshcbnomhs ot t`h othnehr seths fk ikt rhprhshitfesarhth a`rkiknkmeaoS uiets. V`h strotemropèaon akithxt kggeifs aknnhathf grkc revhr thrroahs, hxpkshf ènnsefhs, mkrmhsoif revhr vonnhys es uilikwi. V`h strotemropèa pkseteki oift`h omh kg geifs trkc shfechits kvhrnyeim thrroah fhpksetsoif coreih shfechits orh onsk kgthi uiahrtoei. V`h omh kggeifs grkc t`h boson onnuveon goaehs kg thrroahs aoi bhhstobnes`hf wet` skch ckrh ahrtoeity. ]efh roimeim stufehskg t`h mhknkmeaon-mhkckrp`knkmeaon pkseteki oif omh kgthrroah surgoahs orh aurrhitny ei prkmrhss ei t`h rhmeki kgQktsaè oif Vuopsh. V`h subfeveseki kg Tnhestkahih fhpksetses boshf `hrh ki t`h shquhiah oif t`h mhka`rkiknkmy kgcoreih thrroahs oif kg t`h rhnothf revhr thrroahs ei t`h BnoalQho rhmeki (shh Gem. 2). O iucbhr kg Oa`hunhoi oif CeffnhTonohknetèa seths òvh bhhi fesakvhrhf ei t`h boson, onnuveon

ports kg t`hsh thrroahs (Qahneislej oif Kstrkvslej ?5=4<Kstrkvslej ht on. ?5==< Ezcojnkv ?554).

V`h cojkrety kg Oa`hunhoi geifs ei t`h Aouaosus akchsgrkc surgoah seths. Aòroathrestea kg t`hsh seths oif onsk kgt`h aovh seths es t`h prhshiah kg begoahs. Oa`hunhoi wet`ben oahs es t`h ckst ecpkrtoit goaehs kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa kg t`h Aouaosus. Begoahs orh gkuif ei porteaunornynormh iucbhrs ot seths ei t`h skut`hri port kg t`h Aouaosus,e.h. grkc t`h Vroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs, wèa` gkrc t`hikrt`hc port kg t`h hxthisevh Ihor Hosthri @em`noifs. V`hOa`hunhoi ei t`h Aouaosus opphors tk bh o ikrt`hchxthiseki kg o festrebuteki w`ksh ahitrh nehs ei t`h Ihor

Host. V`hrh orh opprhaeobny nhss begoahs ki Oa`hunhoi sethsikrt` kg t`h Vroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs< ei Echrhte, t`hBnoal Qho oif t`h Luboi rhmekis. V`h kiny hxahpteki tktès orh surgoah geifs oif seths ei t`h whst kg Qkut` Ksshteo(NoQh-Bonto. Lonhte, Afenhte oif kt`hrs ei t`h gkktènns oifLufork E, Lufork EEE oif Akio ei t`h ckuitoeis), w`hrhiuchrkus begoahs kaaur. Vès rhmeki es nkaothf bhtwhhi t`hNeoa`ve Revhr oif t`h Qurocsl (Nea`sl) ckuitoei roimh

oif gkrcs o neil bhtwhhi t`h Vroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs oift`h Mrhothr Aouaosus. V`h normh prkpkrteki kg begoahs grkct`h Qkut` Ksshteoi seths es, ckst prkbobny, rhnothf tk t`hckrh skut`hrny geifs grkc t`h Vroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs(Fzovoa`hte). Hvefhiah gkr sua` o rhnotekisèp cem`t bh t`hkaaurrhiah kg begoahs ot seths ei Qkut` Ksshteo wèa` orhcofh kg o iki nkaonny kaaurreim oifhseth (grkc t`h Fzovo

a`hte rhmeki;). V`h prhshiah kg anhovhrs ei osshcbnomhsgrkc bkt` t`h Vroisaouaoseoi @em`noifs (Ozya`, Qotoie-For, Aeleoie) oif Qkut` Ksshteo (Nosh-Bonto, Akio oifkt`hr seths) onsk eifeaoths sua` o rhnotekisèp (Njubei ?50?o<Lelkfzh ?507).

Hsphaeonny ecpkrtoit oif akcprh`hisevhny pubnes`hfOa`hunhoi seths orh Qotoie-For (Toiealeio ?584) oif Fzrobhr(Njubei ?57?, ?50?o, ?506), bkt` ei Orchieo, Nosh-Bonto(Njubei ?574, ?50?o) ei Qkut` Ksshteo, Jostua` (Lkrkblkv?57=, ?5=?) ei Obaòseo oif Obofzha`slojo ei t`h Luboirhmeki. Qeths wet` Xpphr Oa`hunhoi orthgoats (Nhvonnkesthaìequh, sconn iucbhrs kg noth typhs kg begoahs) orh likwigrkc t`h ikrt`hc Aouaosus. Vwk ckrp`knkmeaonny precetevhbegoahs (ocymfonkef, prktk-necoifh), akrhs oif gnolhs gkuifihor Qorotkvsl ki t`h Tshlups Revhr ot t`h gkkt kg t`h 18chtrh thrroah orh t`h kiny orthgoats wèa` cem`t bh hvefhiahkg oi opprhaeobny hornehr pòsh. Zocjotiei (?57?) anossegehft`hsh geifs os Nkwhr Oa`hunhoi. V`h prkbobnh oraòhknkmeaonnoyhr wos mhknkmeaonny ossemihf tk t`h horny kr ahitron portkg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Whneêlk ht on. ?575).

?.1. TNHEQVKAHIH A@RKIKQVROVEMROT@U

Fegghrhit subfevesekis kg t`h Tnhestkahih phrekf orh ushfei t`h Aouaosus rhmeki oif t`hy aoi kiny bh akrrhnothfbrkofny ei skch aoshs (Gem. 2). V`h subfeveseki ushf ei t`h

hosthri port kg t`h rhmeki es boshf ki t`h coreihtroismrhssekis ei t`h Aospeoi Qho (Ghfkrkv ?5=0). Ei t`hwhsthri Aouaosus troismrhssekis kg t`h Bnoal Qho orh t`hboses kg anossegeaoteki (Ghfkrkv ?5=0). Ei t`h ikrt` kg t`hrhmeki t`h subfeveseki kg thrrhstreon fhpksets, ei porteaunorckroeihs, hstobnes`hf gkr t`h Russeoi pnoei es usuonnyofkptaf (Ielegkrkvo ?502). Vk t`h skut`, ei t`h vknaoiearhmekis kg t`h Vroisaouaosus, thp`ro fhpksets orh bheim ushfeiarhoseimny gkr foteim. Toronnhn tk t`h mhknkmeaon zkiotekit`hrh hxests o strotemropèaon bekzkioteki ki t`h boses kggouion osshcbnomhs (Gem. 2).

V`h subfeveseki kg t`h Tnhestkahih ushf ei akuitrehs kg

t`h hx-Qkveht Xieki, oif t`hrhgkrh onsk ei t`h Aouaosus,fegghrs grkc tòt ei whsthri oif ahitron Hurkph (Trosnkv?506< Njubei ?551o-b). V`h Vhrteory/_uothcory bkuiforyes nkaothf ot t`h bosh kg t`h Opshrki Noyhrs oif MurejoNoyhrs kg t`h Aospeoi oif Bnoal Qhos rhsphatevhny, oifakrrhnoths wet` t`h Knfuvoe Hvhit ot ?.0=-?.7= Cyr BT.V`h _uothcory es fevefhf eitk t`rhh uiets - Hkpnhestkahih,Tnhestkahih oif @knkahih.



2?4 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Gem. 2. Tnhestkahih a`rkiknkmy ei

Hosthri Hurkph (ikth tòt t`h

strotemropèaon subfeveseki gkr

ikrt`hri oif ahitron Hurkph fegghrs

grkc t`h Qtoiforf feveseki gkr tès

orho< shh Rkhbrkhls oif Woi

Lkngsa`kthi, tès vknuch, gemurh ?).

HOQVHRI HXRKTH

Russeoi Tnoei

L.W. Ielegkrkvo ht on. ?504E Qhfe chit s | Gou io

Bnoal Qho Ao sp eo i Qho

T.W. Ghfkrkv ?5=0

Letkvoie ?5=7T.W. Ghfkrkv

?5=0

@ k E k a h i h

Wonfoe

Celunei

Ckslvo

Rksnov

Fihpr

Nea`vei

4a4þ

[k

8.

k

4A4KK

4_,AN

Klo

Lknlktkv

Tnotkv

Ceaòj nkv

Ckrkzkv

Ikmoj

Zhvoa`kv

Bkshriea

Fkcoslei

Ghrnofoi

Lryzoikv

Ollunhvo

Aestkpkn

k% NothkNP.-A- 6 ‖

K

£H´ Horny

Aòzor

Qeimen'

Ihw Hvlsei

Tkst-Loroimot

Loroimot

Verospkn

Vocoi

Kfhsso

Aòprkv

Rhmrhsseki

Xzuinor

Horny Hvlsei (upphr)

Horny Hvlsei (nkwhr)

Xpphr A`vonyi

Nkwhr A`vonyi

Xpphr Aòzor

Rhmrhsseki

Xpphr Aoufo

Rhmrhsseki

Nkwhr Aoufo

Aoufo(Murejo)

Murejo

Lujon'iea

CknfovoLecchrejo

Rhmrhsseki

Nkwhr Aòzor(Lkskz)

Nkwhr Aòzor(Qeimen')

AHIVRON

HXRKTH

]hea`shn

Hhc

Rhmrhsseki

Xruifzel(Xpphr Bolu)

Nkwhr Bolu

Vjurljoi

Xpphr

Ceffnh

Nkwhr

Xpphr

Ceffnh

Nkwhr

]ort`h [4_ Vrhhih

(/-, Frhit`h

@knsthei

Hesthr

Arkchr

( E - W )

Chiop

]oon

Hburki

Vhmhnhi

Trhthmhnhi

Lkpnhestkahih

V`h Opshrki noyhrs kg t`h Aospeoi Qho oif t`h Murejonoyhrs kg t`h Bnoal Qho orh ossemihf tk t`h Hkpnhestkahih.Ei t`h thrrhstreon anossegeaoteki systhc kg t`h Russeoi Tnoeitès phrekf eianufhs t`h Fkcoslei, Bkshriea, Zhvoa`kv,Ikmoe oif Ckrkzkv @krezkis. V`h gouion akcpnhxhsgrkc Kfhsso oif Vocoi orh onsk ossemihf tk t`h

Hkpnhestkahih.V`h Hkpnhestkahih es brkofny hquevonhit tk t`h Horny

Tnhestkahih kg t`h whsthri oif ahitron Hurkphoi anossegeaoteki oif es subfevefhf eitk twk gurt`hr uiets. V`h NkwhrHkpnhestkahih akitoeis t`h nkwhr oif nkwhr-ceffnh port kgt`h Opshrki. Vès phrekf es bekstrotemropèaonny aòroathrezhby t`h gouion osshcbnomhs grkc Kfhsso wet` t`h typh sphae



2?? WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLn - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Oraèfeslkfki chrefekiones chrefekiones oif es hquevonhittk t`h Noth Wennogroiaèoi kg whsthri Hurkph.

V`h Xpphr Hkpnhestkahih akitoeis t`h upphr-ceffnh oifupphr uiets kg t`h Opshrki oif es aòroathrezhf bek-strotemropèaonny by t`h gouio grkc Vocoi, wet` t`h typhsphaehs Oraèfeslkfki chrefekiones tocoihises, o nothr gkrckg t`h skut`hri hnhpòit. V`h hquevonhit stomh ei whsthri

Hurkph es t`h Hpe-Wennogroiaèoi.

Tnhestkahih

V`h Hkpnhestkahih/Tnhestkahih bkuifory es fhgeihf ott`h bosh kg t`h Vjurljoi fhpksets kg t`h Aospeoi Qho oift`h bosh kg t`h Aoufo fhpksets kg t`h Bnoal Qho. Ei t`hsubfeveseki ushf ei t`h Russeoi Tnoei rhmeki, tès bkuiforyes nkaothf ot t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Ceaòjnkv `krezki. V`hHkpnhestkahih/Tnhestkahih bkuifory es setuothf skchwòtbhnkw E`h Conuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory (4.=0 Cyr BT)wèa` fhgeihs t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih eiwhsthri oif ahitron Hurkph.

Nkwhr Tnhestkahih

V`h Nkwhr Tnhestkahih òs twk uiets. V`h knfhr porteianufhs ei t`h Aospeoi Qho orho t`h Vjurljoi, Bolu oifn 'ruif/el noyhrs, ei t h Bnoal Qho orho t`h Aoufo noyhrs. Eie`h anossegeaoteki kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei t`h hquevonhin uietsorh E`h Ceaòjnkv, Tnotkv oif Lknlktkv `krezkis.

V`h knfhr pòsh kg t`h Nkwhr Tnhestkahih es fhgeihf byt`h gouio trkc Verospkn, wèa` eianufhs Oraèfeslkfki

trkmkit`hree, Hquus cksboa`hises oif Feahrkrèius chrhle.

V`h ykuimhr pòsh kg t`h Nkwhr Tnhestkahih es rhprhshithfki t`h Russeoi Tnoei by fhpksets kg t`h Klo (3 Hesthr)Mnoaeoteki< o phrekf wet` o cojkr coreih rhmrhsseki kg bkt`

t`h Aospeoi oif t`h Bnoal Qho. Fearkstkiyx kaaurs eifhpksets kg t`h Klo Mnoaeoteki.

V`h whsthri oif ahitron Hurkphoi hquevonhit tk tès NkwhrTnhestkahih es t`h gerst port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kg t`h Aospeoi Qho es rhprhshithfby t`h nkwhr Aòzor noyhrs (Qeimen' oif Lkskz `krezkis),tòt kg t`h Bnoal Qho by t`h Hvlsei oif Xzuinor fhpksets.Ki t`h Russeoi Tnoei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih akitoeis t`hNea`vei, Fihpr, Rksnovo oif Ckslvo `krezkis.

V`h Nea`vei Eithrmnoaeon es aòroathrezhf by t`h Qeimen'

gouio wet` Tonohknkxkfki oineqecs. V`h fhpksets kg t`hFihpr Mnoaeoteki akitoei o gouion akcpnhx wet` Coccu-

tùs a`ksoreaus, t`h hornehst truh cocckt`. V`h Rksnovooif Ckslvo `krezkis orh aòroathrezhf by oi horny pòsh kgt`h Noth Tnhestkahih gouio akitoeieim Coccutùs

precemhieus.

Vès Ceffnh Tnhestkahih aoi bh hquothf wet` t`h shakifòng kg t`h whsthri oif ahitron Hurkphoi Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

Xpphr Tnhestkahih

V`h Xpphr Tnhestkahih bhmeis wet` t`h Celunei (3 Hhc)Eithrmnoaeon oif onsk eianufhs t`h fhpksets kg t`h Wonfoemnoaeoteki. V`h hquevonhit fhpksets ei t`h Aospeoi Qhorhmeki orh t`h upphr Aòzor oif t`h A`vonyi noyhrs, ei t`hBnoal Qho orho t`h Loroimot, Tkst-Loroimot oifIkvkhvlsei fhpksets. Vès Xpphr Tnhestkahih es t`h

hquevonhit kg t`h ahitron oif whsthri Hurkphoi NothTnhestkahih.

V`h akrrhnoteki tobnh (Gem. 2) akcporhs t`h feveseki kgt`h Tnhestkahih ei t`h Aouaosus rhmeki wet` tòt kg ikrt`hriahitron Hurkph. V`h akcporeski s`kunf bh trhothf wet`rhshrvoteki oif es, hsphaeonny gkr t`h knfhr port kg t`hshquhiah, rhnotevhny uiahrtoei. Akrrhnoteki wet` t`h Onpeihshquhiah shhcs tk bh queth ecpkssebnh, wet` t`h hxahptekikg t`h Noth Tnhestkahih. Gkr t`h solh kg uiegkrcety t`hQtoiforf akiteihiton subfeveseki kg t`h Tnhestkahih os ushfei ahitron oif whsthri Hurkph wenn bh ushf ei t`h gknnkweimthxt.

2. V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Aouaosus

2.?. HORNU TNHEQVKAHIH: FCOIEQE (BU M.B.)

V`h seth Fcoiese nehs ei skut`host Mhkrmeo, anksh tk t`hbkrfhr wet` Orchieo, ei o vknaoiea orho wèa` hxthifs eitkOrchieo oif Vurlhy tk t`h skut` (Gem. 1). Ecpkrtoit gkr t`horho orh t`h vknaoikhs kg t`h ikrt`-skut` krehithfFzovoa`hte roimh, tk t`h whst kg Fcoiese. Fureim t`h HornyTnhestkahih, novo grkc o vknaoik kg t`h Fzovoa`hte roimhgnkwhf hostworfs t`rkum` t`h vonnhy kg t`h Cosovhro revhroif eitk t`h nkwhr vonnhy kg t`h Teihzokure (Gem. 6). V`hnovo es ikrconny comihtezhf oif òs bhhi fothf tk ?.0 ¿ 4.?oif ?.5 ¿ 4.2 Cyr BT, summhsteim et s`kunf bh pnoahf ei t`h

Knfuvoe Hvhit (Cojsurofzh ht on. ?55?). V`h novo wos nothraut by bkt` t`h Cosovhro oif t`h Teihzokure, nhoveim otreoimunor prkckitkry kg novo, wèa` tkwhrs 54 c obkvh t`hprhshit nhvhn kg t`h revhrs. Ki tès prkckitkry noy t`hchfeohvon tkwi kg Fcoiese< t`h aetofhn ei t`h skut` kg t`hrueihf tkwi es buent ki Arhtoahkus fhpksets.

V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth wos fesakvhrhf ei t`h pet-ahnnors kg chfeohvon `kushs. Gknnkweim prhneceioryhxaovotekis by t`h Oraòhknkmeaon Ahitrh, Vegnes bhtwhhi?501-?50= oif ei ?505, t`h seth òs bhhi eivhstemothf seiah?55? (Fzoporefzh ht on. ?55?).

Qtrotemrop`yEi t`h ceffnh kg t`h novo gnkw t`hrh es o bosont refmh wet`

oaaucunothf shfechits ki bkt` sefhs (Gem. 1). V`h bosh kgt`h shateki, ki tkp kg t`h novo, es gkrchf by bnoal bosontsoif (WE), akvhrhf by o bnoales` brkwi soify nkoc (W)wet` iuchrkus bkihs oif netèa orthgoats. Ei o akiahitrotekiot t`h bosh kg noyhr W t`h ùcoi coifebnh (shh bhnkw) wosgkuif. Ihxt, o brkwi soify nkoc (EW) es prhshit, wèa`




i> 2444??

E7?4c)

•

2444-8444??(7?4-?826cn

•

8444-0444 Et(?82£-2610c)

•

0444-5444X!2610-2=t1c)

•

9 5444 gt(2=61cn

Gem. 1. Nkaoteki kg Fcoiese oif Oaònlonole ei t`h Fzovoa`hte rhmeki.

fegghrs trkc t`h uifhrnyeim noyhrs coeiny ei t`h obshiah kgo akcpkihit kg bosont os`. Bkihs oif orthgoats orh onskprhshit ei Noyhr EW, but nhss tòi ei Noyhr W. O bnkalyfhpkset, akcpkshf kg coeiny `krezkiton boifs kg aorbkiothakiarhteki lhrle gkrcs Noyhr EEE. Et shhcs tòt t`h aorbkiothakiarhtekis kg t`h lhrle gkrchf os o arust fhvhnkphf kit`h uifhrnyeim shfechits ei worc oif oref akifetekis.V`h cknnusas oif shhfs gkuif ei t`h lhrle eifeaoth fryakifetekis. Bkihs oif orthgoats orh onsk prhshit ei t`hfhpkset. eifeaoteim tòt ùcois whrh kaaosekionny prhshitfureim t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h lhrle. Obkvh t`h lhrle gknnkws4.84-4.04 c kg o yhnnkw, wholny nkocy shfechit (Noyhr EE).

Ei t`h nkwhr port kg Noyhr EE, 4.?4 - 4.24 c obkvh t`h lhrle,t`hrh es o `krezki wet` coiy stkihs eianufeim orthgoats. V`h?552-?556 hxaovotekis fhckistrothf tòt t`h stkihs kg tèsnoyhr hxthif kvhr o surgoah kg ot nhost =4 x =4 c. Ei krfhrtk anoregy tès setuoteki et es ihahssory tk hxaovoth normhroif ak`hrhit surgoahs. Bkihs orh rorh ei tès `krezki, but ocknor kg Oraèfeslkfki chrefekiones gkuif ei ?55?eifeaoths tòt Noyhr EE es onsk tk bh fothf tk t`h HornyTnhestkahih (Whluo oif Mobuieo ?55?). V`h tkp kg t`hshateki akisests kg o mrhy shfechit (Noyhr E), wèa`prkbobny rhprhshits oi onthroteki (sken gkrcoteki) kg t`huifhrnyeim noyhr. V`h surgoah kg Noyhr E es Akisknefothf byaorbkioth akiarhtekis. Ki tkp kg noyhr E es o tèi ùcusnoyhr wet` chfeohvon geifs oif t`h rubbnh noyhrs kg t`hchfeohvon tkwi.

V`h nkwhr noyhrs (WE-EW) coy òvh bhhi gkrchf ei orhnotevhny s`krt phrekf, by gnuveon prkahsshs tòt fharhoshft`rkum` tech. V`h noyhrs W oif EW orh ikrconny comihtezhf(Cojsurofzh ht on. ?55?) wèa` summhsts o prhneceioryakrrhnoteki kg t`hsh noyhrs wet` t`h Knfuvoe Hvhit. V`h

a`rkiknkmeaon pkseteki kg t`h upphr nhvhns, hsphaeonny kgnoyhr EE es feggeaunt tk hstobnes`. V`h ponohkcomihteaonoionyses kg Qknkmosvene eifeaoths tòt noyhr EE es comihteaorhvhrshf, wèa` summhsts o akrrhnoteki tk t`h Cotuyocophrekf ogthr t`h Knfuvoe Hvhit.

Gouion rhcoeis

V`h cojkrety kg t`h coark gouion rhcoeis rhakvhrhf tkfoth orh grkc Noyhr W, wènh o iucbhr kg bkihs bhnkimstk Noyhr EW. Noyhr WE ferhatny kvhrnehs t`h bosont novooif òs kiny yehnfhf o ghw bkihs, wèa`, ei aknkur oifèm` fhmrhh kg gkssenezoteki, fegghr grkc t`h kt`hr bkihs.

V`h lhrle Noyhr EEE akitoeis kiny o sconn iucbhr kgrhsestoit gouion rhcoeis, coeiny thht`. Ei Noyhr EE bkihsorh rorh.

V`h gouio grkc Noyhr W es ossemihf bekstrotemropèaonny t`h Noth Wennogroiaèoi (Whluo oif Mobuieo ?55?, Whluoei prhss).? V`h gouio es ykuimhr tòi t`h Wennogroiaèoiakcpnhxhs grkc Lkaoaùre oif Aonlo (Whluo ht on. ?508).wèa` bhnkim tk t`h horny Opshrkieoi (Mobuieo oif Whluo?50?, ?554< Whluo ?55?o-b). Fcoiese es ihvhrt`hnhss, kit`h hvefhiah kg t`h stomh kg fhvhnkpchit kg Oraèfeslkfki

chrefekiones, knfhr tòi 'Xbhefejo (Whluo oif Mobuieo?55?< Mobuieo oif Whluo ?551< Whluo ei prhss).

Haknkmeaonny t`h gouio es fkceiothf by sphaehs typeaonkg worc anecoth, kphi mrossnoif (Qtrutèk, Hquus, Feahrk-

rèius htrusaus, Oraèfeslkfki chrefekiones), but sphaehseifeaotevh kg gkrhsthf akifetekis orh onsk prhshit (Qus,

Xrsees htrusaus).

V`h bkihs kg Noyhr W noy ei shporoth akiahitrotekis,wèa` rhphothfny akitoeihf orteaunothf slhnhton ports(vhrthbroh, gkkt bkihs). Qkch kg t`h bkihs orh gromchithf



2?1 WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. 6. Fcoiese. Qa`hcotea shateki(tkton `hem`t opprkxecothny 6 c).

w Hxaovoteki ei buenfeim PE

E E

2,4CEK¿4,?

Vop`kikcea stufehs òvh ikt bhhi aorrehf kut yht, sk gkrt`h tech bheim et es ecpkssebnh tk hvonuoth t`h rknh kgùieois ei t`h oaaucunoteki kg t`h rhakvhrhf osshcbnomh<t`hrh orh bkihs oif oitnhrs wet` pkssebnh troahs kgckfegeaoteki by ùcois, t`kum` sconn coccon rhcoeisoif cknnusas orh gkuif coeiny ei t`h nkwhr Noyhrs (W, EW).V`h gknnkweim sphaehs orh efhitegehf by O. Whluo oifO. Cusa`hneQvene: Qkrh.x sp., Corckto sp., Opkfhcus ogg.fkceiois, Onnkareahtus sp., Hpechrekihs sp., Ceckcys hxmr. ùimoreaus, Lkwonsleo sp.

Gnkro

Tknnhi es kiny pkkrny prhshrvhf ei t`h Fcoiese shateki.@kwhvhr, ei o akprkneth H. Lvovofzh gkuif o sphatrucakitoeieim pknnhi kg trhhs (peih, spruah, bhha`, onfhr,a`hstiut, nech. bera`, `kribhoc), s`rubs (r`kfkfhifrki.òzhn) oif mross oif `hrbs (eianufeim Tknypkfeoahoh,A`hikpkfeoahoh, Ayphroahoh oif Mroceihoh) (Lnkptkvslojoan on. E55n). Offetekionny, shhfs whrh efhitegehf kg Bumnks-

skefhs orvhish, Oiaùso sp., Qtop`ynnho aknaèlo, Ikiho

gnovhsahis, Nyakpses krehitones oif Ahntes mnobroto.

Netèa orthgoats

Netèa orthgoats orh porteaunorny akccki ei Noyhr EE, butorh onsk prhshit ei Noyhrs W oif EW. Et es stenn ikt pkssebnhtk rhakmiezh fegghrhiahs ei t`h typknkmy kr thaìknkmy kgt`h vorekus noyhrs.

V`h orthgoats orh coeiny coiugoaturhf grkc seneaegehfvknaoiea tuggs oif orh kaaosekionny kg quortz (Bkseisle ht on.

?55?). V`hy orh strual grkc akbbnhs wèa` kaaur ei t`hvonnhys kg t`h Cosovhro oif Teihzokure.

Gnolhs colh up t`h cojkrety kg t`h orthgoats (Gem. 8).O iucbhr kg t`h sconnhr gnolhs orh strual grkc ckrh èm`nyseneaegehf gneit-nelh tuggs, wèa` orh kiny rorhny gkuif ei t`hrevhr mrovhns.

V`h fkrson surgoahs kg t`h gnolhs ikrconny òvh gnolhsaors wèa` orh usuonny strual grkc t`h soch ferhateki os

t`h gnolh etshng oif s`kw shreon lioppeim kg gnolhs. V`hgnolh hfmhs akcckiny s`kw fhgeieth ush whor (cormeionrhtkua`, spneithreim, sconn ikta`hs).

Rhtkua`hf gnolhs (Gem. 7) orh rorh, but prhshit ei t`h gkrckg hfmh rhtkua` oif sthpphf rhtkua`. O cuntepnh burei esprhshit, coiugoaturhf ki o normh gnolh wet` oi hfmh-rhtkua`hf vhitron goah.

Akrhs orh coeiny sp`hreaon/pkny`hfrea oif strual grkcshvhron ferhatekis. V`hrh orh onsk akieaon akrhs w`kshstreleim pnotgkrc es gkrchf by kih kr, ot ckst, o ghw bnkws.Thbbnh tkkns orh bkt` uiegoaeonny oif begoaeonny wkrlhf oifs`kw o mrhot kvhrnop wet` t`h aothmkry kg akrhs (Gem. =).

V`h `kceief coifebnh

V`h `kceief coifebnh fesakvhrhf ei Qhpthcbhr ?55?, eit`h nkwhr port kg Noyhr W, wos gkuif ei t`h ceffnh kg oakiahitroteki kg bkihs (Mobuieo ht on. ?55?). Rhcoeis kg Chmoithrhki (aroieuc, otnos, hpestrkp`hus, vhrthbroh),Aoies (aroieuc, pònoix ?, aoieie), Xrsus (aorponeo), Hquus

(tebeo, rofeus, ùchrus, vhrthbroh), Feahrkrèius (Cn -C1),Ahrvus (vhrthbroh), Bks (chtoaorpus, vhrthbroh), @ypknomus




Gem. 8. Fcoiese. Gnolhs. Qaonh ei ac.



2?8 WOQQENEJ E'. EJNBEI OIFM@R@ORF BKQEIQLE V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

(chtotorsus) oif Rhpteneo (vhrthbroh) akunf bh efhitegehf.V`h akiahitroteki onsk akitoeihf orthgoats oif coiupkrts.V`h coifebnh (Gem. 0) noy upsefh fkwi ei t`h ceffnh kg t`hakiahitroteki. V`h osahifeim rocus ki bkt` sefhs kg t`hcoifebnh òs bhhi groaturhf kgg. Kt`hrwesh t`h coifebnh eswhnn prhshrvhf wet` onn ?7 thht`. V`h fhmrhh kg whor kit`h thht` summhsts ou eifevefuon bhtwhhi 24-28 yhors ot t`htech kg fhot`. V`h rkbusteaety kg t`h pehah onnkws et tk bhefhitegehf os conh (Mobuieo ?552). V`h nkw weft` oif t`hiorrkw onvhknor ora` kg t`h chfeuc-sezhf pehah orh iktobnh.V`h rhmeki kg t`h oithrekr sycp`yses es iorrkw oif òs oprkikuiahf rhnehg. V`h ceffnh port kg t`h sycp`yses esakivhx: o aèi prkceihiah es ikn prhshit. V`h eiaeskrsprkjhat gkrworfs oif t`her onemichit es kiny snem`tny aurvhf.V`h aoieih es snem`tny pkeithf but fkhs ikt prktrufh obkvht`h `hem`t kg t`h kt`hr thht`. V`h prhcknors orh rhnotevhnysconn. V`h cknors òvh strkimny gknfhf hiochn oif òvh t`h

Frykpet`haus potthri oif o sext` ausp (tubhraunuc shxtuc).

V`h se/h kg t`h cknors feceies`hs opprhaeobny grkc C, tkC-,. Oaakrfeim tk N. Mobuieo (?552) t`h coifebnh s`kws o

roimh kg oraòea aòroathresteas, sua` os t`h X-sòphfonvhknor ora`, t`h oithrekr oif rhnotevhny nkw pnoahchit kgt`h gkrochi chitonh, obshiah kg t`h tremkiuc chitonh,nkrworf pkseteki kg t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h osahifeim roce oifrhfuateki kg t`h rhtrkcknor gksso. Ot t`h soch tech, t`hcoifebnh òs ahrtoei ghoturhs ei akccki wet` horny @kck

sopehis, h.m. rhfuateki ei t`h sezh kg t`h cknors grkc C, tkC <. o thifhiay tkworfs o vhrteaon krehitoteki kg t`h pnoiuconvhknorh, oif kiny o snem`t rhahsseki kg t`h oithrekrsycp`yshon surgoah.

V`h Fcoiese coifebnh s`kws secenoretehs tk ahrtoei HornyTnhestkahih sphaechis. Ockim Ogreaoi geifs t`hsh orh

K@ ?1 (@kck òbenes), HR =14, HR 552 oif, pkssebny, t`hofcetthfny vhry ykuim eifevefuon ]V ?8444. Ockim t`hJovo geifs t`hrh orh coiy secenoretehs tk Qoimeroi 5.N. Mobuieo (?552) bhnehvhs tòt t`h Fcoiese `kceief oift`h secenor Tet`haoit`rkpus grkc Qoimeroi rhprhshit o gkrcfhrevhf grkc @kck òbenes wèa` onrhofy sprhof eitkHuroseo ot t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Tnhestkahih. Fhrevhf grkc o`kceief typh wèa` onsk akitoeihf t`h oiahstkrs kg @kck

(•ceees, t`h rhprhshitotevhs kg t es horny cemroteki kgòbenes-eyph `kceiefs eitk Huroseo uifhrwhit t`her kwihvknuteki. Ei skch ghoturhs tès nhf tk poronnhns wet` t`hckrh rhahit @kck hrhatus, wènh ei kt`hr woys t`h thcpkkg hvknuteki wos ckrh ropef tòi gkr t`h notthr sphaehs(N. Mobuieo ?552).

2.2. HORNU CEFF NH TNHEQVKAHIH (BU M.B.)

2.2.?. Oaònlonole

Host kg t`h tkwi kg Oaònlonole ei skut`hc Mhkrmeo(Gem. 1) es t`h ?,001 c KF èm` vknaoik kg Oceroies, wèa`tkwhrs kvhr t`h Fzovoa`hte èm` pnothou by skch ?84 c.

Vès èm` pnothou es gkrchf kg Vhrteory (Cekahih-Tnekahih)pyrkanostea rkals oif novos oif Tnekahih-Horny Tnhestkahihbosonts (Coruosvene ?5=?< Mobuieo ht on. ?556).

Ei t`h horny ?574's O. Whluo uifhrtkkl ponohkitknkmeaonhxaovotekis ki t`h nkwhr snkphs kg Ct. Oceroies (Whluo?572, ?50=< Lo`nlh ?50=). O rea` gouio wos hxaovothfgrkc t`h nkocy whot`hrhf fhpksets, wet` Xrsus sp., Chnhs

chnhs, Toit`hro ag. temres, Coccutùs ogg. trkmkit`hree, Oraèfeslkfki sp., Hquus sþsshibkrihises, Hquus èppo-

rekikefhs, Feahrkrèius htrusaus. @eppkpktocus mhkrmeaus,

Trohchmoahrks vhrteakries oif Aopro sp. Vès gouio esossemihf tk t`h horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. nts akcpksetekisummhsts tòt ot tòt tech t`h Oaònlonole pnothou oif t`hsurrkuifeim rhmeki whrh akvhrhf by oi kphi sthpphvhmhtoteki. V`h ofcetthfny ghw ponohkbktoieaon rhcoeissuppkrt tès eithrprhtoteki (Ahntes, Net`ksphrcuc orvhish<

Ovolkv ?574). Et wos suppkshf tòt ùcois whrh portnyrhspkisebnh gkr t`h oaaucunoteki kg cothreon gkuif eiOaònlonole. Gkr tès rhoski C.L. Mobuieo kphihf o thst petihor t`h orho eivhstemothf by O. Whluo. Ot 4.04 - ?.?4 c

bhnkw t`h rhahit surgoah `h gkuif orthgoats oif bkihs, efhitegehf os Beski sp., Hquus sþsshibkrihises, Hquus èpporek-

ikefhs, Feahrkrèius htrusaus, Oraèfeslkfki sp., Corckto

sp. oif @kckt`hreuc. Onn t`hsh sphaehs, wet` t`h hxahptekikg @kckt`hreuc, whrh onrhofy likwi grkc tès seth.

Qkch kg t`h necb bkihs whrh gkuif ei oiotkceaonakiihateki. Vès òf onsk bhhi kbshrvhf fureim hornehreivhstemotekis oif summhsts tòt t`h cothreon òs, ot ckst,bhhi kiny snem`tny rhwkrlhf. Oi oifhseth gnolh wet` obrkof sarophr hfmh wos osskaeothf wet` t`h bkihs (Gem. 5).Et wos tùs hstobnes`hf tòt Oaònlonole es onsk oioraòhknkmeaon seth. Ihvhrt`hnhss, t`h prhaesh rknh kg

ùcois ei t`h oaaucunoteki kg t`h gouion osshcbnomhrhcoeis tk bh eivhstemothf.

2.2.2. Vocoi, Lurmoi Aecbon

O iucbhr kg ponohkitknkmeaon seths orh likwi grkc t`hVocoi phieisuno bhtwhhi t`h Qho kg Oskv oif t`h BnoalQho (Whrhsaomei ?58=). Qoif quorryeim ki t`h hosthris`krh kg t`h Boy kg Vocoi anksh tk t`h Mrhhl aety kgLhpy, òs uiakvhrhf iuchrkus oiecon bkihs. V`h bkihswhrh ckstny bhffhf `krezkitonny, bkt` ei akimnkchroth oifei eithrvhieim soify noyhrs. V`h cojkrety kg t`h rhakvhrhfcothreon akisests kg gromchits kg nkim bkihs oif slunns.

oitnhr oif esknothf thht`. Whrhsaomei summhsts tòt ùcoioatevety es rhspkisebnh gkr t`h brholomh kg ahrtoei bkihs(Gem. ?4,1-6).

"Qkch nkim bkihs kg chfeuc-sezhf oiecons, h.m. fhhr, orhgroaturhf ei o coiihr nothr proateshf by Ceffnh oif XpphrTonohknetèa phkpnh... Akcporobnh groaturh potthcs orh skchtechsgkuif ki bkihs grkc Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets ei t`h AhitronWknmo rhmeki. @kwhvhr, tk foth wh likw kg iktèim akcporobnh




Gem. 7. Fcoiese. Rhtkua`hf gnolhs (?-7) oif akrh (=). Qaonh ei ac.



2?= WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. =. Fcoiese. Akrh (?) oif oif phbbnh tkkns (2-6). Qaonh ei ac.




Gem. 0. Fcoiese. @ucoi coifebnh.Froweim N. Mobuieo. Qaonh ei ac.

trkc t`h whnn likwi Ceffnh Tnhestkahih seth ot Beikmrof ki t`hOpshrki phieisuno, w`hrh ckrh tòi 18,444 fegghrhit bkihs òvhonrhofy bhhi rhakvhrhf. V`h prhshiah kg stkih orthgoats ot t`h sethkg Aecbon wkunf bh oi ecpkrtoit eifeaoteki gkr o porteaunorny hornyùcoi prhshiah ei t`h thrretkry kg t`h XQQR" (Whrhsìomei ?58=o,p. 2?).

Qua` orthgoats òvh bhhi gkuif ei t`h Aecbon pet oifpubnes`hf (Gkrckzkv ?578). Kih kg t`hsh es o gnolh wetòi uigoahtthf streleim pnotgkrc oif o prkikuiahf bunb kgphrausseki, t`h kt`hr o fesa-sòphf orthgoat (Gem. ?4,?-2< sGkrckzkv ?578).



2?5 WOQQENX T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

2.1. CEFFNH TNHEQVKAHIH AOWH QEVHQ (BU W.N.)

21.?. Ozya`Vès aovh nehs anksh tk t`h vennomh kg Ozya` ei t`h

gkktènns kg t`h Loroboa` Roimh ei t`h skut`host kg t`hNhsshr Aouaosus kg Ozhrboefsòi (Gem. ?). V`h aovh nehs ot0(P) c KF (2(L) c obkvh t`h surrkuifeim orho). Et gkrcs o`krezkiton possomh kg monnhry-typh wet` o coei hitroiah

gkrchf by gevh aòcbhrs oif o ikrt`hri oif skut`hrimonnhry. V`h tkton orho kg t`h aovh es skch 2,?84 c2.V`h seth wos fesakvhrhf ei ?574 by C.C. Mushjikv oifeivhstemothf by èc kvhr o phrekf kg ckrh tòi 24 yhors.V`h gerst thst pets ot t`h aovh hitroiah rhvhonhf o Ceffnh

Tonohknetèa `krezki (Noyhr EEE), wènh subshquhitny oiupphr (Noyhr W) oif o nkwhr Oa`hunhoi `krezki (Noyhr WE)whrh hxaovothf. Hvhi knfhr cothreon wos fesakvhrhf ei?5=6 (Noyhrs WEE-P) (Mushjikv ?578, ?50?, ?508). V`hmrhothst fhpt` kg t`h fhpksets wos ?6 c, t`h tkton orhohxaovothf akvhrhf 244 ir. Bhsefhs stkih orthgoats oifgouioS rhcoeis t`h ?570 hxaovoteki kg t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs

rhakvhrhf o jow gromchit kg o "Trh-Ihoifhrtonhr" (Mofzehvoif Mushjikv ?5=4). Ei ?5=? o sconn akiahitroteki kg bhorcoifebnhs oif slunns (t`h sk-aonnhf èfeim pnoah) wosfesakvhrhf, wènh t`h hxaovoteki ei ?5=2 uiakvhrhf `hort`soif t ot ei ?5=1 o stkih ghoturh ("fwhnn eim").

Gem. 5. Oaònlonole. Gthtkua`hf gnolh. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr C. Mobuieo.

Gem. ?4. Vocoi. Gnolh (?), akrh (2), spnetthf bkihs (1-6). Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr O. Gkrckzkv (?-2) oif

I.L. Whrhsaomei.




Mushjikv (?5=6) efhitegehf ?4 noyhrs wetèi t`h aovhshatekis (E-P), but et es uigkrtuiothny ikt onwoys pkssebnh tkakrrhnoth t`hsh wet` t`h strotemrop`y kg t`h "coei prkgenh",socpnhf by Whnealk, w`k fesahrihf ?= `krezkis t`hrh.V`hsh whrh ossemihf tk t`rhh uiets (Whnealk ht on. ?504):

Xpphr Xiet: (@krezki ? 3 Mushjikv's Noyhrs E oif EE)

Ceffnh Xiet: (@krezkis 2-?2 3 Mushjikv's Noyhrs EEE-WE)Nkwhr Xiet: (@krezkis ?1-?= 3 Mushjikv's Noyhrs WEE-P)

GouioGouion rhcoeis whrh ikt rhakvhrhf by net`knkmeaon

`krezkis but whrh ossemihf tk t`h oraòhknkmeaon noyhrsopprkxecothny efhitegehf by Mushjikv fureim hxaovotekios "Horny Oa`hunhoi" (Noyhr WE), "Ceffnh Oa`hunhoi"(Noyhr W) hta. Os o rhsunt t`h gouio grkc hoa` kg t`hshnoyhrs es cexhf fuh tk t`h fegghrhit akifetekis prhvoeneimfureim t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h "noyhrs". Kiny t`h sconncoccon rhcoeis, wèa` whrh aknnhathf by Qunhjcoikv(?5=5) oaakrfeim tk streatny fhgeihf net`knkmeaon uiets oif

oionyshf by Corlkvo (?502), òvh o mkkf strotemropèaonprkvhioiah. Ei t`h gouion nest kg onn noyhrs tkmht`hr t`hrhorh 78 sphaehs, oeikim wèa` ?? rkfhits, 1 nomkckrp`s,E ocpèbeo, ? rhptenh, 6 bots oif 2? berfs. Onn 78 sphaehs orhprhshit ei t`h fhhp "ceffnh Oa`hunhoi" Noyhr (W). Gkrckrh fhtoenhf eigkrcoteki obkut t`h gouio t`h rhofhr esrhghrhf tk: Onehv ?575< Borysielkv ?55?o< Mofzehv ht oe.

?5=5< Muårei oif Boryaìelkv ?50=< Corlkvo ?502 oifWhnealk ht on. ?504.

Gnkro

V`h ponyiknkmeaon eivhstemotekis kg Zhnelski oif

Mubkieio (?508) fhckistrothf rhphothf aòimhs eivhmhtoteki grkc fhaefukus gkrhst wet` Tthrkaoryo, woniut,onfhr, bhha`, Zhnlkvo, kol, a`hstiut oif hnc (@krezkis ?=-?7, ?6-?1, upphr port kg Noyhr WE, nkwhr port kg Noyhr W),sua` os es gkuif tkfoy ei t`h nkwhr nyeim upnoifs oifvonnhys. tk upnoif gkrhst wet` bera`, Kstryo oif `kribhoc(@krezkis ?8-?6, ?2, Noyhr WE, coei port kg Noyhr W).Tknnhi grkc t`h oraòhknkmeaonny sthrenh Noyhr EW s`kws osubonpeih vhmhtoteki.

Netèa OsshcbnomhQtkih orthgoats whrh rhakvhrhf grkc Noyhrs P-WEE

("Thbbnh Aunturh"), WE ("Horny Oa`hunhoi"), W ("CeffnhOa`hunhoi") oif EEE ("Noth Oa`hunhoi" oif "HornyCkusthreoi")

- Noyhrs P-WEE: ?07 geifs kg ockim kt`hr cothreonsquortz, seneaegehf nechstkih oif aònahfkiy whrh hxaovothfgrkc t`h fhhphst noyhrs. V`h row cothreon akisesthf kgakbbnhs grkc t`h mrovhns kg t`h Luruêoj Revhr, 81 kg wèa`whrh rhakvhrh,f akcpnhth, wet`kut oiy troahs kg groaturh. Et

es feggeaunt tk fhaefh w`ht`hr t`h rhcoeieim pehahs orh truhorthgoats (Gem. ??). Ot o akighrhiah `hnf ei Bolu ei ?508skch rhshora`hrs bhnehvhf tòt onn pehahs whrh orthgoats,w`hrhos kt`hrs t`kum`t tòt onn whrh ioturon, uickfegehfpehahs. O tèrf mrkup (wet` ockimst kt`hrs W.T. Njubei)t`kum`t tòt skch kg t`h geifs cem`t bh phbbnh tkkns oifgnolhs. V`h aòroathr kg t`h geifs oif t`h prkvesekion ioturh

t`h pubneaotekis colhs et ecpkssebnh tk akch tk o akianusevhfhaeseki rhmorfeim t`h orthgoatuon stotus kg t`hsh geifs.

- Noyhr WE: (ogthr Mushjikv ?508:?7-24, 11-17 oif oiucbhr kg froweims by t`h out`kr \W. N.S) (Gems ?2-?1).Vès noyhr wos eivhstemothf kvhr oi orho kg ?28 c2, w`hrh?054 orthgoats whrh rhakvhrhf. Qkch orh `hoveny whot`hrhoif òvh rkuifhf hfmhs. Tkssebny t`hsh pehahs orh grkc t`bosh kg Noyhr W, wèa` wos gkrchf uifhr wht oif worchiverkichiton akifetekis. V`h orthgoats orh coiugoaturhfgrkc nyfeth (?406) oif gneit (=54), o sconn iucbhr orhcofh kg soifstkih, quortzeth, bosont oif opòieth). V`hosshcbnomh akitoeis akbbnhs (1=), tkkns (62= 3 22,7 %) oi

fhbetomh. V`h ghw akrhs (5) òvh o seimnh streleim pnotgkrc(2) kr orh fesakef. V`h ???7 gnolhs eianufh ?17 bnofhs(?2,? %). O normh prkpkrteki kg t`h gnolhs (64-84 %) orhnkim (8-?2 ac wet` o brhoft` kg 1 ac) oif tèi (nhss tòi?,8 ac). 86,8% kg t`h streleim pnotgkrcs orh uigoahtthf,

1? % fe`hfron oif ?6% goahtthf (ockim t`h notthr t`hrh orh14 gnolhs oif bnofhs wet` geihny goahtthf, ora`hf pnotgkrcsV`hsh thaìknkmeaon fhtoens onkih colh et uinelhny tòt t`heifustry es horny Oa`hunhoi. Vès es akigerchf by t`htypknkmeaon akcpkseteki kg t`h osshcbnomh. Akorsh phbbnhtkkns orh rhnotevhny rorh. V`h a`kpphrs (?7) oif a`kppeimtkkns (8) whrh coiugoaturhf ki akbbnhs wet` kih geot oif ki

akivhx sefh, t`h wkrleim hfmh bheim rhtkua`hf ki t`h gnotgoah. V`h 0 begoahs grkc tès nhvhn òvh o voreobnhckrp`knkmy (hnkimoth-kvoths, ocymfonkef, noiahknoth oifrkuifhf kvoth). V`hy whrh coiugoaturhf ki gnot akbbnhs,w`ksh sòph wos shnhathf ei krfhr tk secpnegy t`h coiugoa-turh kg t`h fhserhf geion gkrc. Os o rhsunt, t`hrh orh shvhronbegoahs wèa` orh kiny porteonny wkrlhf, s`kwi by t`her normorhos kg akrthx (Gem. ?2). V`rhh anhovhrs whrh onsk gkuif.Gnolh tkkns orh prhshit ei normh iucbhrs (Gem. ?1). Qefh-sarophrs orh porteaunorny akccki oif proateaonny onn gkrcsfhsarebhf by Bkrfhs (?57?) orh prhshit. Qecpnh sarophrs orhfkceioit (5=)< onsk prhshit orh fkubnå sefh-sarophrs (11 - eiport coiugoaturhf ki bnofhs), troisvhrsh sefh-sarophrs (2?),

akivhrmhit sefh-sarophrs (?1) oif fåjhtå sefh-sarophrs (24).Tkeits orh, by akitrost, rorh (=) oif kg pkkr quonety oifeianufh 7 fkubnå pkeits (necoahs). V`h osshcbnomh onskeianufhs 26 hif-sarophrs, 6 bkrhrs oif o boalhf liegh.Geionny, t`hrh orh 72 fhiteaunoths oif ?8 ikta`hf pehahs.

- Noyhr W: Vès noyhr es subfevefhf eitk 8 `krezkiswèa` yehnfhf iuchrkus gouion rhcoeis (78 sphaehs), but



22? WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. ??. Ozya`, nhvhns P-WEE. Orthgoats (;). Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr C.C. Mushjikv.

kiny rhnotevhny ghw stkih orthgoats (ei ?508 Mushjikv rhghrstk 205 pehahs). V`h cojkrety kg t`h orthgoats, oif onn t`h

begoahs (Gems ?6-?8), whrh gkuif ei t`h ceffnh port kg t`hnovht, wèa` wos fhsarebhf by Whnealk ht on. (?504:26) osgknnkws: "@krezkis (¼ oif ?4 orh aòroathrezhf by `krezkitonnoyhrs kg nechstkih snobs, nhishs oif akiahitrotekis kg soifoif aòrakon oif o èm` prkpkrteki kg bkih gromchits. V`hpkssebenety tòt t`hsh porteaunor ghoturhs rhprhshit o ùcoikaaupoteki nhvhn aoiikt bh runhf kut. Et s`kunf bhaiepòsezhf tòt t`h `kceief coifebnh wos gkuif ei

@krezki ?4". Noyhr W (@krezki ?) onsk akitoeis o tèalnoyhr kg `hort` cothreon oif t`h rhcoeis kg o stkih ghoturh

(shh bhnkw, "fwhnneim"), ei wèa` kiny o ghw stkihorthgoats (coeiny sefh-sarophrs) whrh gkuif. V`h sconniucbhr kg stkih orthgoats oif t`h èm` prkpkrteki kgrhtkua`hf gkrcs summhst tòt Noyhr W es aòroathrezhf byhpeskfhs kg s`krt thrc kaaupoteki. Os es t`h aosh ot t`honpeih seth kg Akio ei Qkut` Ksshteo kiny ùiteim orthgoats(whopkis oif èfh-wkrleim tkkns) whrh brkum`t tk t`h seth.V`h row cothreon sphatruc es fkceiothf by gneit (65,6%




Gem. ?2. Ozya`, nhvhn WE. Begoahs. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr C.C. Mushjikv.

`hrh, 6?,=% ei Noyhr WE) oif ikt by nyfeth (67,1% os normhny kg sefh-sarophrs (27), pkeits (2), hif-sarophrs (6),akcporhf tk 8=,7% ei Noyhr WE). Orthgoats orh onsk rorhny boalhf lievhs (1) oif o iucbhr kg fhiteaunoths oif ikta`h

cofh kg oifhseta oif kbsefeoi. Akrhs aoi òvh het`hr o pehahs. Oi ecpkrtoit osphat kg t`h eivhstemoteki es t`hseimnh streleim pnotgkrc (7 sphaechis), twk kr ckrh oionyses kg ush-whor ki t`h tkkns kg tès noyhr by Qahneislepnotgkrcs, kr orh kg fesakef gkrc (Gem. ?7,?). Gnolhs (?551). Vroahs kg whor whrh gkuif ki ?20 tkkns , ockimakcckiny òvh goahtthf streleim pnotgkrcs oif o sconn wèa` orh a`kpphrs, a`kppeim tkkns oif òifoxhs. V`hiucbhr kg Nhvonnkes gnolhs orh prhshit. V`h ckrp`knkmy phbbnh tkkns whrh ushf gkr o roimh kg (coeiny `hovy-futy)kg t`h a`kpphrs (7) es ckrh uiegkrc tòi ei Noyhr WE. V`h guiatekis, sua` os autteim wkkf oif brholeim bkih. V`h= òifoxhs orh coiugoaturhf grkc nyfeth, 6 kg t`hc ki oionyses s`kws tòt òifoxhs whrh ushf coeiny gkr autteimcossevh gnolhs. Gnolh tkkns orh whnn rhprhshithf oif akisest chot.



221 WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Y ¿ 3 Y

/ ^

uGem. ?1. Ozya`, nhvhn WE. Gnolh-tkkns. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr C.C. Mushjikv.

- Noyhr EEE: V`h orthgoats grkc tès noyhr orh cofh kgnyfeth (?=07), gneit (?251) oif kbsefeoi (?6) oif orhprkbobny noth Ceffnh Tonohknetèa.

Qhttnhchit ghoturhs

- V`h "@efeim pnoah": O akiahitroteki kg gkur bhorslunns grkc Noyhr W wos fesakvhrhf ei o vhrteaon gessurh

anksh tk t`h skut` wonn kg t`h aeraunor aòcbhr by Mushjikvei ?5=?. Et òs ahrtoei ghoturhs ei akccki wet` t`h "bhoraunt" kg t`h "Onpeih Tonohknetèa". Vès akiahitroteki kgbkihs prkbobny òs iktèim tk fk wet` ùcoi oatevetehs.

- V`h "Fwhn nei m": O aeraunor stkih ghoturh wosfesakvhrhf ot t`h bosh kg @krezki ? ei Noyhr W. Et wosnkaothf ei t`h ikrt`hosthri port kg t`h aeraunor aòcbhranksh tk t`h ikrt`hri wonn (Mushjikv ?5=6, ?5=8). Vès

"gkuifoteki" wos gkrchf kg nechstkih snobs oif, ei kihpnoah, kg fhhr oitnhrs. V`h struaturh wos prhshrvhf tk o`hem`t kg 24-14 ac oif t`h eiihr orho wos ?4 c2. O `hort`wos gkuif ot t`h ikrt`hosthri akrihr kg t`h struaturh(@hort` 6, shh bhnkw), grkc wèa` o ?= ac tèal noyhr wet`burit cothreon hxthifhf 6 c eitk t`h ahitrh kg t`h ghoturh(Mushjikv ?5=8: 06-08). Vès uifkubthfny eithrhsteim

shttnhchit ghoturh es uigkrtuiothny kiny prkvesekionny oifeiofhquothny fkauchithf.

- @hort`s: Bht whhi ?5=2-?5=1 o tkton kg gevh `hort`swhrh fesakvhrhf ei Noyhrs WE, W oif EW. Onn whrh gkuif eio pkkrny net port kg t`h aeraunor aòcbhr, 26 tk 14 c grkct`h aovh hitroiah (Mushjikv ?5=6). @hort` ? noy 0 c bhnkwt`h surgoah ei t`h upphr port kg Noyhr WE. V`h `hort` wos eio sònnkw fhprhsseki oif chosurhf 24 x 14 ac, wet` o genn




Gem. ?6. Ozya`, nhvhn W. Begoaeon (?-2) oif uiegoaeon (1) gnolh-tkkns.

Qaonh ei ac: Ognhr C.C. Mushjikv.

skch 8-= ac fhhp. @hort` 2 wos = c bhnkw t`h surgoah eiNoyhr W, `krezki 6, oif chosurhf 68 x 84 ac wet` o ?4 acEèal genn kg aòrakon-nelh cothreon. @hort` 1 wos gkuif8.8 c bhnkw t`h ckfhri aovh ei Noyhr W, ot t`h bosh kg@krezki ?. Vès wos t`h bemmhst `hort` wet` o tkton surgoah

kg skch ?4 c2, ei t`h gkrc kg oi N. nts weft` wos ? tk 1 c.V`h upphr port kg t`h ghoturh akitoeihf o noyhr kg os` grkcbhtwhhi =-0 tk ?1-?= ac tèal, bhnkw wèa` wos o aòrrhfnoyhr 7-5 ac ei fhpt`. ]`hrhos t`h aòrrhf noyhr wos kghvhi fhpt`, t`h kvhrnyeim os` noyhr wos kg voreobnh fhptòif ei pnoahs opphorhf tk gkrc sconn penhs. V`h 27 ac tèalfhpkset wos prkbobny t`h rhsunt kg t`h oaaucunoteki kgcothreon grkc shvhron shporoth `hort`s (Mushjikv ?5=6).

@hort` 6 wos gkuif ei t`h soch noyhr os @hort` 1, but noywetèi t`h stkih ghoturh nkaothf omoeist t`h ikrt`hri aovhwonn. V`h `hort` chosurhf 24 x 64 ac oif wos fum skch?8 ac fhhp eitk t`h gnkkr. Et wos hiankshf by nechstkih snooif surrkuifhf by burit bkihs (Mushjikv ?5=6). @hort` 8geionny, wos gkuif ei t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhn EEE,

@krezki 1, 1.8 c bhnkw t`h surgoah. Et wos fum snem`tny ei

t`h gnkkr oif chosurhf 64 x 88 ac, oif ets sefhs whrh neihfwet` nechstkih snobs. ]et` t`h hxahpteki kg @hort` 6 (eiseft`h stkih ghoturh) onn `hort`s, errhsphatevh kg t`her strotemrop`pkseteki, whrh nkaothf ot t`h soch pnoah wetèi t`h aeraunoaòcbhr. Vès wos ot o pkeit w`hrh t`h monnhry struaturh kt`h aovh aoushf o porteaunorny strkim froum`t (Mushjikv ?5=6

V`h `kceief coifebnh

Ei ?570 o gromchit kg `kceief coifebnh wos fesakvhrhei Noyhr W, @krezki 1. V`h pksthrekr port kg t`h bkfy kg tcoifebnh oif t`h nkwhr port kg t`h osahifeim rocus orhprhshrvhf. Kiny t`h tèrf cknor es prhshit< tk jufmh by t`h

grhs` focomh tk t`h pehah, t`h gerst twk cknors whrhprkbobny fhstrkyhf fureim hxaovoteki. V`h arkwi kg t`hshakif cknor es cesseim oif kiny ports kg t`h rkkts kg t`hgerst cknor orh prhshrvhf. O prhneceiory fhsarepteki kg t`hgeif by F.W. Mofzehv hcpòsezhf t`h rkbusteaety kg t`h jot`h sconn sezh kg t`h thht`, t`h pkkrny fhvhnkphf tourk-fkitesc oif t`h pkseteki kg t`h gkrochi chitones ot t`hnhvhn kg t`h gerst cknor (Mofzehv oif Mushjikv ?5=4). V`hoif kt`hr ghoturhs nhf tk t`h Ozya` coifebnh bheimfhsarebhf os rhprhshiteim o gkrc troisetekion bhtwhhi t`hnoth Oraòit`rkphs oif t`h horny Tonohoit`rkphs oif, eiporteaunor, tk o akcporeski wet` t`h coifebnh grkc Couhroif geifs grkc Oromk (Aòretkikv ?505< Mobuieo ?552).

Foteim

O comihtea rhvhrson, eithrprhthf os t`h Cotuyoco-Brui`hs bkuifory, wos rhakmiezhf ei t`h nkwhr port kg t`hshateki ei @krezki ?8 (ot t`h nhvhn kg t`h "Thbbnh Aunturhgeifs). Ei t`h noyhr ecchfeothny obkvh tès (@krezki ?6) otkkt` kg Cearktus hx mr. orvones skaeones, w`ksh hornehstkaaurrhiah es ot t`h tech kg t`h Bolu Vroismrhsseki ei t`hhorny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gouion akcpnhx grkc Verospkn(Corlkvo ?502), wos gkuif. Beski sa`khthisoale oif Hqu

sþsshibkrihises, gkuif ei Noyhr WE wet` Oa`hunhoi geifs(F.W. Mofzehv ht on. ?5=5:??), onsk òvh t`her bhst poronnh

ei t`h Verospkn gouio. V`h geifs grkc Noyhr W, eianufeimt`h `kceief coifebnh gromchit cem`t ckrh prkbobny fothtk t`h shakif port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.

2.1.2. LXFORK E

V`h Lufork aovh seths orh nkaothf ei t`h ahitron port kt`h skut`hri snkph kg t`h Mrhothr Aouaosus, ei t`hikrt`hosthri akrihr kg t`h Aknaès (Gem. ?). V`h aovhs nea




Gem. ?8. Ozya`, nhvhn W. Begoahs. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr C.C. Mjshjikv.

anksh tk t`h trhh neih ki t`h snkph kg t`h Aosovon'sleckuitoei< Lufork E es nkaothf ot o `hem`t kg ?744 ei KF,274 c obkvh t`h revhr. V`h akccki mhihses kg t`h aovhschois tòt t`hy orh ckrp`knkmeaonny secenor oif, ot osecenor tkpkmropèa pkseteki, pksshss secenor strotemropèhs.V`h aovhs, wèa` kphi kitk o sthhp snkph ei o boy bhtwhhitwk refmhs, akisest kg `krezkiton monnhrehs. V`hy goah skutòif òvh oi ora`hf rkkg. V`her hitroiahs aknnopshf ei

oitequety. Kvhronn, t`her net`knkmeaon oif oraòhknkmeaonshquhiahs orh secenor.

V`h Tonohknetèa seths ei t`h Lufork aovhs whrh fesakvhrhfei ?588 by t`h Nhieimrof rhshora`hrs kg t`h Qkut`-KsshtehiHxphfeteki kg t`h Mhkrmeoi Oaofhcy kg Qaehiahs uifhr t`hnhofhrsèp kg W.T. Njubei, w`k eivhstemothf t`h seths uiten?554, wet` o `hovy hcpòses ki t`h Lufork E seth. V`hrhsunts kg t`h hxaovotekis òvh bhhi prhshithf ei iuchrkus




Gem. ?7. Ozya`, nhvhn W. Akrh (?) oif gnolh-tkkns (2-7). Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr C.C. Mushjikv.

pubneaotekis, syit`hteaonny ei t`h bkkl Luforsleh phsahriyh

ponhknetea'hsleh stkjoile v Jumk-Kshtþ (Njubei ?504o) oifonsk ei pophrs by Njubei ht on. (?5=0, ?508o-b)< Njubei oifBorysielkv (?508), Njubei (?585, ?5==, ?50?o, ?50?a,?506, ?505, ?554, ?551o-b), Borysielkv (?5==, ?5=0,?50=), Borysielkv oif Fhflkvo (?5=0), Borysielkv oifBoroikvo (?501) oif Ihschjoikv (?505).

Qtrotemrop`y

V`h shfechits kg hoa` monnhry òvh t`her kwi aòroatar,eignuhiahf by nkaon gessurhs, hrksekion prkahsshs, goatkrs kghxthrion whot`hreim, fegghrhiahs ei t`h goaehs kgakithcpkrory shfechits oif t`h aòroatar oif fhmrhh kgeignuhiah kg oiecons oif ùcois. Vès nhofs tk sphaeonakifetekis ei t`h genns kg t`h fegghrhit monnhrehs, wèa` aoi



22= WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

bh up tk ?.8-6.8 c tèal, oif fhthrceihs t`h aòroathr kgt`h net`knkmeaoS oif oraòhknkmeaon `krezkis.

V`h fhpksens ei t`h hosthc monnhry orh portehunornyuiegkrc oif typeaon (Gem. ?=). Qex fegghrhit nhvhns akunfbh efhitegehf: nhvhn ? akitoeihf Hihkne tèh oif ykuimhrgeifs. nhvhn 2 o ghw geion Tonohknetèa oif Chsknetèa geifs.Nhvhns 1 oif 6 orh Ceffnh Tonohknetèa, nhvhn 8 (8o, 8b oif

8v) Oa`hunhoi, wènh nhvhn 7 wos sthrenh. Fesakrfoiahsbhtwhhi skch `krezkis eifeaoth strotemropèaon mops, wèaòrh t`h rhsunt kg hrkseki kg shfechits oif pkssebny onsk kgiki-shfechitoteki fureim aknf pòshs. Ei offeteki t`hrh orhgoaehs voreotekis ockim syia`rkikus shfechits grkc t`haovh's hitroiah tk t`h eiihr ports, os whnn os nkaon voreotekisei t`h eèalihss kg skch `krezkis.

Ei t`h Forl Monnhry t`h fhhphst Oa`hunhoi noyhr (nhvhn 8v)es up tk ?,4 c tèal oif ei oi uifesturbhf pkseteki. Fureimt`h gkrcoteki kg nhvhn 8v oif t`h kt`hr Oa`hunhoi `krezkis(8b, 8o) t`hrh wos cua` krmoiea cothreon ei t`h aovh, gerstkg onn os o rhsunt kg ùcoi oatevety. wèa` wos t`h skurah kgp`kspòth kg t`hsh nhvhns.

Gouio

Ontkmht`hr 54 sphaehs òvh bhhi rhakrfhf grkc nhvhns 2tk 8 (Whrhsaomei ?58=b< Borysielkv ?5==< Whrhsaomei oifBorysielkv ?504o< Borysielkv oif Boroikvo ?502< Njubeiht on. ?508o< ?508b). V`h nkwhrckst Oa`hunhoi fhpksets(nhvhn 8v) akitoeihf ockimst kt`hrs Cearktus hx. mr.orvones, Coaoao an', synvoio, Xrsus fhieimhre, Feahrkrèius

htrusaus broa`yahpònus, Ahrvus an', hnopùs oif Aopro ag.aouaoseo, wènh t`h upphrckst Oa`hunhoi nhvhn (8o) yehnfhf

Orveakno thrrhstres, n 'rsus sphnohus, Onahs onahs oif Rupeaopro rupeaopro.

V`h normhr coccon bkihs grkc t`h Oa`hunhoi `krezkisorh typeaon "leta`hi" wosth, wet` sconn gromchits kgnkimbkihs. Fureim t`h gkrcoteki kg t`hsh noyhrs t`h aovhwos oi kaaupoteki seth, ushf gkr o nkim phrekf kg tech. Eit`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhns (1 oif 6) t`hrh orh, `kwhvhr,coiy bkihs kg t`h oxeon slhnhtki oif rhcorlobny nhss bkihsgrkc t`h hxtrhcetehs< t`hsh bkihs whrh portny fhpksethfwet`kut ùcoi eithrghrhiah. V`h bkihs kg t`h CeffnhTonohknetèa nhvhns portny rhgnhat o ioturon top`kakhiksh.Coiy bkihs grkc t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhns orh miowhfby normh aorievkrhs. Ei t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns miow-corls kgpkraupeih (@ystrex) kaaur.

Coiy berf rhcoeis òvh bhhi aknnhathf grkc t`hOa`hunhoi oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa noyhrs (Buraol-Obrockvea oif Njubei ?5=2< Buraol-Obrockvea ?504<Borysielkv oif Ahrhpoikv ?508). Gurt`hrckrh t`hsh nhvhnsyehnfhf o ùmh iucbhr - ckrh tòi 84,444 - kg ges`rhcoeis. V`hsh bhnkim wet`kut hxahpteki tk t`h Bnoal Qaosoncki (Qonck trutto nobrox). V`hsh soncki-gromchitsakisest kg ieeiehrkus n'ei-rofeoths rofoneo oif kt`hr ports kg

t`h oxeon slhnhtki but onsk kg vhrthbroh, `ypuroneo oif `hofgromchits. Vk jufmh grkc t`h bhtthr prhshrvhf vhrthbroh oif`ypuroneo t`h sezh kg t`h sonckis vorehf bhtwhhi 4,8 oif?,1 c.

Tknnhi oionyses

V`h pknnhifeomroc kg t`h aovh fhpksets s`kws ?6

pknnhi zkihs oif o iucbhr kg sub-zkihs, wèa` rhprhshitport kg t`h Tnhestkahih oif @knkahih hvknuteki kgvhmhtoteki oif anecoth (Nhvlkvslojo ?504< Njubei ht on.

?508o). V`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns rhgnhat 1 worc pòshs(nkwhr port kg nhvhn 8v, nhvhn 8b, ceffnh port kg nhvhn 8o)oif 1 aknf pòshs (upphr port kg nhvhn 8v, nkwhr port kgnhvhn 8o, upphr port kg nhvhn 8o). V`h anecoth wos hsphaeonnyworc oif fry fureim t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h nkwhr port kgnhvhn 8v.

Netèa orthgohts

V`h netèa orthgohts orh prhfkceioitny kg nkaonny kaaurreim

row cothreons (quort/.eta, onhvreth, nechstkih, snoth, gneit)wèa` akunf bh gkuif het`hr os phbbnhs ki t`h boil oif eit`h thrroahs kg t`h Fzkfzkre kr os snobs ot t`h kutarkps kgnechstkih kr snoth. V`h nechstkih ihor t`h aovh akitoeisnoyhrs kg seneahkus snoth-nelh cothreon, ei ports troisgkrceimeitk onhvreth oif anoyhy nechstkih. Iki-nkaon row cothreonsorh kiny rhprhshithf by o ghw ponh, rhffes` oif rhf @eitsoif o seimnh kbsefeoi orthgoat (o necoah ei nhvhn 8v). Ckstkg t`h orthgohts orh cofh kut kg quortzeth (soifstkih),gknekwhf by gneit oif gneit-nelh rkals, onhvreth, snoth, oifnechstkih. V`hrh orh ecpkrtoit fegghrhiahs ei t`h rkal typhsrhprhshithf ei t`h vorekus nhvhns. Ei t`h fhhphst nhvhn (8v)ckrh tòi kih-tèrf kg t`h orthgohts akisest kg bofny skrthf,

nkaon row cothreons grkc t`h snoth-nelh, anoyhy, seneaegehfnechstkih-shfechits. Ei t`h upphr nhvhns (8o, 8b) t`h rowcothreon-shnhateki wos bhtthr. Nkaon seneaegehf rkals orhprhshit ei sconnhr iucbhrs oif t`h ush kg onhvreths, snothsoif gneits eiarhoshs. V`h orthgohts kg t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhnsorh aòroathrezhf by o èm` phrahitomh kg rhtkua`hf tkknsoif orthgohts wet` ush rhtkua` (obkut 84%). V`h gknnkweimtyphs orh iuchrkus (Gems ?0-2?): a`kpphr, a`kppeim tkkns,begoahs, secpnh oif troisvhrson sefh-sarophrs, sarophr-nelhtkkns, ikta`hf oif fhiteaunothf pehahs, anhovhr-nelhorthgohts, necoahs. _ueiski-pkeits, treoimunor pehahs wetìkta`hs.

V`h vorekus row cothreons wet` t`her fegghrhit lioppeim-aòroathresteas rhsunthf ei o shnhateki kg sphaegea rkals gkrsphaegea tkkns. A`kpphrs, a`kppeim-tkkns, begoahs, sefh-sarophrs, anhovhr-nelh tkkns oif bem ikta`hf orthgohts(wet` Anoatki-ikta`hs) orh ckstny cofh kut kg quortzethphbbnhs. V`h orthgohts grkc gneit-nelh rkals orh sconnhr(shnfkc nkimhr tòi 8-7 ac) oif ckrh aorhgunny wkrlhf.Qkch typhs - _ueiski pkeits, necoahs - orh kiny cofh




Gem. ?=. Lufork E. Qhateki ei t`h hosthri monnhry. ?: bnoal nkoc wet` spkrofea oimunor stkihs oif

nechstkih bnkals< 2: yhnnkw-mrhy nkoc wet` iuchrkus sòrp-hfmhf stkihs oif normhr bnkals< 1: anoy-

rea`, pkrkus yhnnkw-w eth (@krezki 1o) oif mrhy-brkwi (@krezki 1b, 1v) nkoc< 6: mrhy-w eth, anoy-rea`nkoc wet` `hovy aorbkioth fessknutekis< 8o: Akcpoat, anoy-rea` yhnnkw-mrhy nkoc wet` mrhy-mrhhi

noyhreim< 8b: anoyhy akcpoat yhnnkw nkoc wet` skch rkuifhf, ikt cua` akrrkfhf nechstkih fhbres<

8v: yhnnkw-brkwies` nkoc, ei ports stkih-nelh by p`kspòtesoteki< 7: brkwies`-yhnnkw soify anoy kranoyhy onvhret wet` whnn fhvhnkphf arucby struaturh, t`h upphr port p`kspòtezhf.




kut kg gneit. Kt`hr gneit tkkns orh secpnh oif troisvhrsonsefh-sarophrs. @occarstkihs, akrhs oif coiy akrteaon-gnolhs eifeaoth tòt stkia lioppeim tkkl pnoah wetèi t`haovh.

Ontkmht`hr t`hrh orh 8,444 orthgoats grkc t`h Oa`hunhoinhvhns (8o.b.v). V`h akrhs orh mnkbunor kr wet` kih streleimpnotgkrc os whnn os fesa-nelh. V`h gnolhs òvh brkof, pnoei

- skchtechs akrteaon - streleim-pnotgkrcs, whnn fhvhnkphfphrausseki akihs oif bunbs. Aorhgun hfmh-rhtkua` - sthpphfrhtkua`, cormeion rhtkua` - es rorh oif kaaurs kiny ki skchsefh-sarophrs, sconn hif-sarophrs, esknothf necoahs oif_ueeeski-pkeits kg gneit (Gem. 2?). V`h hfmhs kg iuchrkusgnolhs s`kw errhmunor ush-rhtkua`. V`h ckrh tòi 84 begoahsvory ei gkrc oif lioppeim-thaìequh (Gems ?0-24). V`kshcofh grkc snoth-nelh rkals òvh 'sthps' ki t`her surgoah os orhsunt kg t`h noceiothf struaturh kg t`h row-cothreon. Qkchbegoahs cofh ki @ot phbbnhs kr gnolhs orh kiny portnyrhtkua`hf. Qex vhry 'oraòea', cossevh snoth begoahs whrhgkuif ot t`h bosh kg nhvhn 8v. V`her onckst rhatoimunorsòph wet` o snem`tny rkuifhf feston hif, colhs t`hcsecenor nk anhovhrs. Kt`hr begoahs onsk òvh oi onckstrhatoimunor kutneih. Hsphaeonny whnn wkrlhf orh twknoiahknoth quortzeth-begoahs wet` snem`tny akivhx hfmhs oifeèi. ankremothf oif pkeithf feston ports. Kt`hr begoahs orhonckif-sòphf. V`h anhovhrs orh nhss nypeaon tòi ei t`hAkio aovh. Oi hsphaeonny aòroathrestea gnolh-anhovhr wosgkuif tkmht`hr wet` 6 begoahs ei grkit kg t`h hitroiah kgt`h Forl Monnhry. V`h gnolh-anhovhrs onsk akcpresh skchporeeonny rhtkua`hf begoaeon tkkns wèa` orh trophzkefon ott`h feseon hif. V`h phbbnh tkkns gkuif ei onn Oa`hunhoinhvhns oif ei onn ports kg t`h aovh orh ckstny cofh grkcquortzeth phbbnhs. Hsphaeonny iuchrkus orh uiegoaeonny

rhtkua`hf phbbnh tkkns wet` stroem`t kr akivhx wkrleimhfmhs. Ei offeteki t`hrh orh sefh-sarophrs oif pkeits os whnnos coiy ikta`hf oif fhiteaunothf pehahs.

@kceief rhcoeisV`rhh `kceief thht` (twk eiaeskr gromchits oif kih

prhcknor) whrh fesakvhrhf ei t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns ei ?585oif ?506. V`h gromchit kg o ceffnh nkwhr eiaeskr wosgkuif ei nhvhn 8b ei t`h Ahitron Aòcbhr (Zubkv ?504).V`h kt`hr twk geifs - t`h gromchit kg o phrcoihit eiaeskroif t`h prhcknor - akch grkc nhvhn 8o oif 8b kg t`h ForlMonnhry (Aòretkikv ?505).

Tonohkmhkmrop`y oif h`rkiknkmyV`h ponohkitknkmeaon rhsunts eifeaoth o festeiat aòimh ei

t`h ocpnetufh kg t`h vhmhtoteki bhets. V`h voreotekis ei t`hgrhquhiaehs kg coiy normhr coccons, rkfhits oif berfs eit`h fegghrhit nhvhns oif t`h kaaurrhiah kg skch sphaehs eiahrtoei parekfs kg t`h Tnaestkahih ennustroth t`hsh aòimhs. Eit`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns, 8b oif 8v, t`h phrahitomh kg Ahrvus

hnopùs, eifeaotevh kg o gkrhsthf noifsaoph, es onckst tweahos èm` os t`h phrahitomh kg Aopro aouaoseao, o sphaehswèa` eiòbets subonpeih chofkws. Ei noyhr 8o Aopro

aouaoseao es cua` ckrh ecpkrtoit. V`h ecpkrtoiah kgAoprhknus aoprhknus, Corths, Chnhs chnhs, Beski hta. onskeiarhoshs fureim gkrhsthf pòshs (Borysielkv ?5==, ?5=0<Whrhsaomei oif Borysielkv ?504o< Borysielkv oif

Ielknohv ?502< Njubei ?504b).V`h voreoteki ei t`h Tnhestkahih vhmhtoteki bhets es onsk

rhgnhathf ei t`h pkrteki kg bhors wèa` rhprhshit t`h coeiport kg t`h gouion cothreon. Ei t`h nkwhr nhvhns, w`hrh gkrhst-sthpph akifetekis orh eifeaothf, =8-08 % kg t`h bkihs orhgrkc bhors, w`hrhos ei nhvhns grkc aknfhr phrekfs tès es kiny14-68% (Borysielkv ?5==< Borysielkv oif Fhflkvo ?5=0).

V`h akcpkseteki kg t`h gouio ei t`h nkwhr nhvhn 8v, wet` Coaoao ag. synvoio, Xrsus ag. tèbhtoius oif Feahrkrèius

htrusaus broa`yahpònus, eifeaoths o gkrhst-sthpph kr osovoiio`-nelh worc anecoth noifsaoph. Vès akrrhspkifs tkt`h rhsunts kg pknnhi oionyses. Tonyiknkmeaon foto os whnn os

t`h coccon gkssens eifeaoth aknf akifetekis fureim t`hfhpkseteki kg t`h upphr port kg nhvhn 8v oif o shakif worckptecuc ei nhvhn 8b. Ei t`h upphr port kg nhvhn 8v oieconskg t`h ckuitoei chofkw bhnt kaaur gkr hxocpnh t`hrkfhits: Corckto aouaoseao, Trkcht`hkcys saòpks`-

ielkvh oif Aèkikcys muf. V`h worc anecoth fureim t`hgkrcoteki kg nhvhn 8b es uifhrneihf by t`h kaaurrhiahkg gkrhst fwhnnhrs (Aostkr gebhr, Mnes mnes, Aoprhknus

aoprhknus) oif oiecons wèa` prhghr o worc anecoth(@ystrex).

Foteim t`h anecotk-strotemropèaon suaahsseki ei t`hLufork aovhs es o feggeaunt hithrpresh. Hornehr Xroieuc/V`kreuc chosurhchits kg t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs kg Lufork Eyehnfhf foths kg 284-144 Lyr BT gkr nhvhn 8v oif ??4+ ?4Lyr BT gkr t`h upphr port kg nhvhn 8o (Ahrfyiahv ht on.

?585). Akrrhspkifeim VN omhs whrh rhahitny kbtoeiaf byLunelkv: nhvhn 8v ei t`h Qkut` Monnhry 174 ¿ 54 Lyr BT(RVN 1=5), nhvhn 8b 184 + =4 Lyr BT (RVN 1=1) (Njubeioif Lunelkv ?55?). V`h foths kg Ahrfyiahv oif Lunelkvmevh o gerst eifeaoteki kg t`h omh kg t`h Oa`hunhoi ei t`hAouaosus rhmeki. Oi osshsschit kg t`hsh foths by kt`hrcht`kfs shhcs vhry ihahssory, `kwhvhr.

Hornehr o akrrhnoteki kg t`h nkwhr Oa`hunhoi nhvhns tk t`hCeifhn-Ress eithrmnoaeon (Njubei ?5=6< Nhvlkvslojo ?504)kr t`h Ress-]þrc eithrmnoaeon (Njubei, Rhimorthi ht on.

?5=0) wos prkpkshf. Ei t`h choitech ponohkcomihteaoionyses by C.O. Thvzihr s`kwhf o rhvhrsh comihtesotekikg t`h boson nhvhn 7. Os o rhsunt ihw pknnhizkihs whrhhstobnes`hf oif ihw eifeaotkr sphaehs sua` os Feahrkrèius

htrusaus oif Xrsus fhieimhre whrh fesakvhrhf. V`hsh ihwkbshrvotekis fhcoif o aoutekus rhveseki kg t`h foth kg t`hnkwhr Oa`hunhoi nhvhns (Njubei ht on. ?508o). Feahrkrèius

htrusaus, Xrsus fhieimhre oif Coaoao synvoio akcckiny




Gem. ?0. Lufork E. Begoahs. Qaonh ei ac.

kaaur ei t`h gouio Cksboa` E, wènh Feahrkrèius htrusaus wèa` es aòroathrezhf by Xrsus fhieimhre, Feahrkrèius

oif Coaoao kaaur ei Nh Wonnkiiht (Njubei ht on. ?508o). htrusaus oif orveaknefs wet` rkktnhss cknors (OnhlshhvoBkihs kg Feahrkrèius htrusaus oif Xrsus fhieimhre whrh ?5==) oif onsk t`h noth Monhreoi gouio kg whsthri Hurkphgkuif ot Bocchiton oif Jkalrec, @oimhibehthi oif (Ozzorkne ?501). V`h gouio cem`t onsk bhnkim tk t`hCouhr os whnn os Ioithrrh. V`h prhshiah kg sphaehs sua` bhmeiieim kg t`h host-hurkphoi Qeimen' gouio-akcpnhx.os Ceckcys, @kckt`hreuc oif Huanofkahrks summhsts Qecenoretehs tk t`h Lufork gouio, but wet` eifeaotekis kgtòt t`h gouio grkc t`h nkwhr Lufork nhvhns akunf o fryhr anecoth, onsk hxest wetèi t`h gouion cothreon kg t`hakrrhspkif tk t`h Verospkn gouio kg t`h Russeoi Tnoei, Oa`hunhoi nhvhns W oif WE kg t`h Ozya` aovh ei Ozhrboe joi



21? WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLn - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. ?5. Lufork E. Begoahs. Qaonh ei ac.

Tonohkitknkmeaon omh osshsschits s`kunf bh aoutekusnyusaf. `kuwhr, ei vehw kg t`h sphaeon akifetekis kg t`hAknaès rhgumh. V`h rot`hr snkw roth kg hvknutekioryaòimhs wetèi skch sphaehs òs bhhi strhsshf shvhron techs

onrhofy (Xrsus (nhieimhi - Xrsus sphnohus, Hquus sthikies -

Hquus aoònnus) gkr t`h Aouaosus rhmeki, os whnn os t`hsurvevon kg skch rhneat sphaehs (Trkka`ktkio) oif t`hsphaeon hvknuteki kg t`h gouio ei tès rhmeki (Mobuieo ?585<




Gem. 24. Lufork E. Begoahs. Qaonh ei ac.

Borysielkv ?5==< Corlkvo ?502). "V`h rhoski kg tès

akunf bh o nkim esknoteki kg t`h Aouaosus gouio"(Borysielkv oif Fhflkvo ?5=0) oif onsk t`h hxesthiah kgt`h Aknaès rhgumh fureim t`h aknf phrekfs.

V`h ponohkbktoieaon kbshrvotekis onsk eifeaoth o nkimhrsurvevon kg Tnekahih rhneats ei t`h Aknaès gnkro, akcporhf tkwhsthri Hurkph oif kt`hr Aouaosus rhmekis. V`h rhoskisorh t`h sphaeon anecotea akifetekis. gerst kg onn t`h ùcefsubtrkpeaon anecoth kg t`h Aknaès, wèa` es stenn o stobnh

rhgumh kg gnkron rhneats (Akaehvo ?502). Os chitekihf horn

ei tès pophr, t`h akrh kg t`h Aknaès vhmhtoteki akisestskg thrteory rhneats oif obkut 24% kg t`h Aknaès gnkro eshifhcea (Tovnkv ?560< Lknolkvslej ?57?).

Ei oiy aosh t`h ihw rhsunts shhc tk eifeaoth o èm`hr omkg t`h nkwhr Oa`hunhoi noyhrs kg Lufork E. V`h nkwhr porkg nhvhn 8v gkrchf fureim o fry-worc, pkssebny hornehrCeffnh Tnhestkahih, phrekf. V`h ùcef-worc subtrkpeaonanecoth pòsh (nhvhn 8b) cem`t akrrhnoth tk oikt`hr Ceffnh




Gem. 2?. Lufork E. Gnolh-tkkns. Qaonh ei ac.

Tnhestkahih eithrmnoaeon. But t`hsh foths orh prhneceiory, os

t`h sphaeon hvknuteki kg gouio oif gnkro ei t`h Aknaèscolhs t`h akcporeski wet` t`h Hurkphoi bekstrotemrop`yfeggeaunt.

2.1.1. Lufork XE

V`h Lufork EEE aovh (Gem. 22) es setuothf bhihot` t`hhovhs Lufork E. EE oif W, ei t`h gkurt` nhvhn (grkc bhnkw)kg t`h aovh-systhc. V`h hitroiah es ot ?876 c KF oif 224-214 c obkvh t`h Fzkfzkre-revhr.

Tnhestkahih oif @knkahih shfechits orh 7-= c tèal oifgenn 04-54% kg t`h aovh. Ei t`h ckst ecpkrtoit troisvhrsonshateki ?4 nhvhns akunf bh efhitegehf. Nhvhns 1-6 foth tk t`h

Ceffnh Tonohknetèa. 7-0o orh Oa`hunhoi nhvhns. V`h corlhfùcefety ei t`h aovh nhf tk seithr gkrcoteki, gromchits kgseithr bheim oi ecpkrtoit akcpkihit kg t`h aovh's fhpksets.

Gouio

(onnhr BoryQielkv ?5==. ?504, ?50=, ?55?o< Borysielkvoif Fhflkvo ?5=0< Whrhsìomei oif Borysielkv ?504 b<Borysielkv oif Boroikvo ?502, ?501< Borysielkv oif

Ielknohv ?502< Borysielkv oif Ahrhpoikv ?508). Os yht

t`h coei port kg t`h gouio grkc t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèanhvhns 1-6 oif t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhn 8 es fhthrceihf oifpubnes`hf. Gkr t`h kt`hr Oa`hunhoi noyhrs (7-0o) t`hrh orhkiny prhneceiory nests boshf ki fhthrceiotekis. V`h stenneiakcpnhth gouion nests (Oa`hunhoi oif Ceffnh Tonohknetèanhvhns akcbeihf) akcpresh 64 coccon sphaehs, ?8 berfs,2 rhpteneo, 2 ocpèbeo oif ? sphaehs kg ges`. Grkc t`hOa`hunhoi nhvhns =-0o t`hrh orh 21=6 fhthrceihf bkihs kgnormhr coccons. V`h sconn gouio òs ikt yht bhhi oionyshfyht.

V`h nkwhr Oa`hunhoi nhvhns (0o, 0, =) orh strkimnyfkceiothf by rhcoeis kg Xrsus fhieimhre prohluforhises

(Qphnohus fhieimhre prohluforhises) wèa` rhprhshit ckrhtòi 08% kg t`h fhthrceiobnh normhr coccon bkihs. Bkihskg ofunt oiecons fkceioth. Whry bem upphr nost cknors,skch kg t`hc nkimhr tòi 60 cc (conhs;) orh prhshit.Coiy cknors hsphaeonny grkc nhvhn 0 orh `hoveny tk vhrystrkimny wkri. Cenl thht` shnfkc kaaur - but grkc nhvhn 8vt`hrh orh ckrh tòi 844 cenl aoieihs. Ei nhvhns = oif 0, osei t`h upphr Ceffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhns grkc Lufork E.




bkihs kg knf oiecons orh iuchrkus (Borysielkv oifFhflkvo ?5=0). V`h bhors fehf ioturonny, wet`kut oiyùcoi eithrghrhiah.

Tknnhi oionyses

V`h ponohkbktoieaon socpnhs trkc Lufork EEE oionyshfhornehr aoch kiny grkc t`h upphr t`rhh nhvhns, grkc cothreon

hxtroathf grkc t`h nkimbkihs ei t`h nobkrotkry (Njubei oifNhvlkvslojo ?5=2). Ckrh rhahitny socpnhs whrh tolhiferhatny grkc t`h shateki L-Q, wèa` rhsunthf gkr nhvhns ?-8ei t`h fhgeieteki kg ?? pknnhi zkihs (Nhvlkvslojo ?504).V`h nkwhr zkihs (?4-8) s`kwhf o rhphothf onthrioteki kgworc oif hknf pòshs. Fureim t`h aknf pòshs (arykchrhs)t`hrh whrh onwoys nhss pknnhi oif spkrhs. V`h kaaurrhiah kgakieghr pknnhi ei onn arykchrhs eifeaoths o ckrh ùcef oifaknfhr anecota fureim t`hsh phrekfs tòi tkfoy. V`h nhvhnsgrkc t`h worc pòshs (t`hrckchrhs) akitoei cua` ckrhpknnhi oif spkrhs. V`hsh pknnhi sphatro fegghr ei akcpk-seteki, hsphaeonny ei t`h prhshiah kg hxktea sphaehs os whnn ost`h OT oif IOT vonuhs.

Netèa orthgoats

V`h kiny porteonny hxaovothf Oa`hunhoi nhvhns yehnfhf 5?orthgoats. Ei nhvhns 7 oif = t`h row cothreon es coeiny bofquonety nkaon rkal (gneit wet` gessurhs, seneaegehf nechstkih),but ot t`h soch tech t`hrh orh orthgoats kg mkkf gneit grkciki-nkaon skurahs ei t`hsh noyhrs. Ei nhvhns 8, 0 oif 0o kinynkaon row cothreons orh prhshit. V`hsh orh kgthi suetobnhsua` os soifstkih phbbnhs oif ei skch aoshs snoth.

O cojkrety kg t`h orthgoats grkc onn nhvhns orh gnolhs oif- hsphaeonny ei nhvhn 7 - gnolh-gromchits oif fhbres grkcnkaon gneit. Aèps orh rorh oif rhtkua`hf tkkns orh ikt

iuchrkus (?2-?1 pehahs) . Ckst kg t`h tkkns - begoah,prktk-begoahs, sefh-sarophrs, anhovhrtelh tkkns - akchgrkc nhvhn 8. V`h t`rhh "prktk-begoahs" whrh cofh kut kg onkw-quonety soifstkih. V`h orthgoats kg t`h ceffnhOa`hunhoi nhvhns eianufh twk gneit orthgoats grkc iki-nkaongneit

A`rkiknkmy oif ponohkhiverkichitOi eifeaoteki kg t`h omh kg t`h vorekus osshcbnomhs es

mevhi by skch obsknuth foths. VN-foteim kg shfechitsrhsunthf ei t`rhh foths: Oa`hunhoi `krezki 0o: 874 ¿ ??2

Lyr BT, t`h hrkfhf nkwhr port kg t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa

noyhrs oif t`h troiseteki tk Oa`hunhoi noyhr 8: 282 ¿ 8?Lyr BT oif 268 ¿ 65 Lyr BT (Njubei oif Lunelkv ?55?<Njubei ?551o-b). V`hrh orh onsk twk Xroieuc-V`kreucfoths ki bkih cothreon grkc t`h nkwhr port kg CeffnhTonohknetèa noyhrs ei t`h ?58= skifomh (Ahrfyiahv ht on.

?585): ??4 ¿ ?4 Lyr BT oif 04 Lyr BT.

Eigkrcoteki ki osphats kg bkt` t`h ponohkhiverkichitoif t`h omh kg t`h noyhrs es prkvefhf by t`h aòimeim

phrahitomhs kg fhhr, ckuitoei mkot oif aovh bhor, oswkrlhf kut by M.G. Borysielkv. Offetekion eifeaotekis orprkvefhf by t`h ckrp`knkmeaon aòroathresteas kg wkng oifaovh bhor. Ei t`h nkwhr Oa`hunhoi nhvhns (0o-=) fegghrhiaei sphaehs akcpkseteki orh sconn< t`h phrahitomhs kg bkihkg ckuitoei mkot, eiòbeteim t`h èm`hr ckuitoei rhmekisoif rhf fhhr, neveim ei gkrhsthf hiverkichits, es ckrh kr

nhss t`h soch t`rkum`kut t`hsh noyhrs. Ei nhvhn 0o oif =t`hrh orh skch bkihs kg ckrh gkrhst eifeaotevh oiecons suos bhovhr, pkraupeih oif nyix, wèa` uiten ikw orhuilikwi grkc nhvhn 0. Offetekion eifeaotekis orh mevhiby t`h aorievkrhs. Grkc nhvhn = t`hrh orh twk coxennogromchits kg o sconn wkng. Boshf ki t`h nhimt` kg t`h uppaoieih (21 cc) tès wkng wos secenor tk Aoies nupus

nuihnnhises kg Nuihn Wehn (Bkiegoy ?5=?). Os gkr t`h aovhbhor rhcoeis, et es kiny pkssebnh tk akianufh tòt t`h thhtòrh akcporobnh ei sezh oif struaturh tk Xrsus fhieimhre

prohluforhises (Qphnohus fhieimhre prohluforhises) kgnhvhn 8v kg Lufork E (Borysielkv, ei prhss).

Ei t`h upphr Oa`hunhoi noyhrs (7-8) aovh bhor onskfkceioths, but t`hrh orh skch fegghrhiahs ei t`h kvhronnsphaehs akcpkseteki: nhvhn 7 es aòroathrezhf by t`hkaaurrhiah kg worct` eifeaotkrs sua` os Hcys krbeaunores

oif Xrsus chfethrroihus, tkmht`hr wet` onpeih sphaehs nelAuki oif Aouaoseoi turlhy (Vhtrokmonnus aouaoseaus).

Bkihs kg rhf fhhr orh ikt iuchrkus. V`h gouio kg nhvhn 8akitoeis bhovhr, pkraupeih oif Xrsus chfethrroihus os wos coiy bkihs kg rhf fhhr oif ckuitoei mkot. V`h cknorskg aovh bhor s`kw o akcbeioteki kg oraòea oif hvknvhfghoturhs eifeaoteim o troisetekion gkrc bhtwhhi Xrsus

fhieimhre prohluforhises grkc Lufork E, nhvhn 8v oifXrsus fhieimhre luforhises grkc Lufork EEE, nhvhn 6v.

Ei t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs t`h aovh bhor fkceioths wet` 00= % (nhvhns =-0) up tk 52-50% (nhvhns 8-7), ei t`h CeffnhTonohknetèa nhvhns tès oiecon ottoeis ==,2% (nhvhn 6) oif=?,? % (nhvhn 1). V`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhns orh onskaòroathrezhf by fegghrhit phrahitomhs kg Ahrvus hnopùs

oif Aopro aouaoseao: ei nhvhn 6 Ahrvus hnopùs esrhprhshithf by ?0,1%, wènh Aopro aouaoseao es kinyrhprhshithf by skch bkihs, w`hrhos nhvhn 1 akitoeis 8,5%kg Ahrvus hnopùs oif 7,5% kg Aopro aouaoseao (Njubeioif Nhvlkvslojo ?5=2< Whrhsaomei oif Borysielkv ?504bEi t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs bkihs kg mkot oif fhhr orh iktiuchrkus but rhf fhhr es hsphaeonny ei nhvhn 8 bhtthrrhprhshithf tòi mkot.

Ckrh worct` fhcoifeim sphaehs nelh Coaoao, twksphaehs kg pkraupeih oif t`h htrusaoi rèik kaaur ei t`hnkwhr Oa`hunhoi `krezkis kg Lufork E (nhvhn 8v), but orhobshit ei t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns kg Lufork EEE. Vèsakrrhspkifs whnn tk t`h ckrp`knkmeaon ghoturhs kg t`h wkngoif t`h aovh bhor tòt eifeaothf o ykuimhr omh gkr t`hOa`hunhoi noyhr kg Lufork EEE.



WOQQtNEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. 22. Lufork EEE. Qhateki (K, - L, - C,). ?: Forl brkwies nkoc wet` coiy fhbres< 2: Mrhy brkwies`

nkoc wet` uiskrthf snkph-fhbres oif bem nechstkih bnkhs< 1: Tonh nkoc wet` chfeuc oif akorsh fhbresoif skch bemmhr bnkhs< 6: Forl mrhyes` nkoc ei pnoahs mrhhies`, wet` coiy fhbres oif nechstkihgromchits< 8: Akcpoat yhnnkwes` nkoc wet` fegghrhitny rkuifhf fhbres< 7: Uhnnkw brkwies` nkoc, anoyhyoif arucbny< =: Nhss akcpoat, anoyhy nkoc, mrhhies`-mrhy< 0: Forl brkwi arucbny nkoc wet` coiyfhbres, akorsh ei t`h upphr port< 0o: Brkwi nkoc wet` p`ksp`oth fessknutekis oif esknothf sconn fhbres<5: Brkwi akcpoat stealy anoy< ?4: Nem`t yhnnkw soify nkoc wet` mrovhns.




V`h pknnhi oionyses hinormhs t`h pkssebenetehs kg foteimoif ponohkmhkmropèaon rhakistruateki. V`h gnkro kg t`hOa`hunhoi nhvhns kg Lufork EEE, stufehf by M.C. Nhvlkv-slojo, es fegghrhit grkc t`h hxtoit vhmhtoteki by t`h typhs kgaxktea pnoits prhshit. Ei onckst onn t`h socpnhs t`hrh orhpknnhi kg coiy rhmekion hxkteas, pnoits wèa` kaaur tk-foyei kt`hr rhmekis ei t`h Aouaosus. Fureim t`h gkrcoteki kg

t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs skch kg t`hsh hxktea sphaehs whrhhvhi fkceioit - Tthrkaoryo sp. oif Testoaeo sp. ei t`ht`hrckchrhs 1 oif 6 kg t`h nhvhns 7 oif =. V`h akcpksetekikg t`h troisrhmekion hxkteas es onsk cuntegorekus: Ofeoituc

ag. phfoituc , ag Meimlk sp., (nhvhn ?4), Vsumo sp., Ahfrus

sp., Mnyptkstrkbus sp., Torrkteo sp., Aoryo sp., Kscuifo

aeiiockcho ssp.

V`h hxktea sphaehs voies`hf ei fegghrhit rhmekis eifegghrhit phrekfs oif et es t`hrhgkrh ecpkssebnh tk foth t`hshfechits kg t`h aovh by t`her hxteiatekis. Qkch kg t`harethreo wkrlhf kut ei whsthri Hurkph aoi ikt bh oppnehf tkt`h Aouaosus rhmeki. Tthrkaoryo, gkr hxocpnh, wos prhshitei Ahitron Hurkph fureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Zomweji?58=, ?571), but ei t`h Aouaosus et stenn bhnkims tk t`hckfhri vhmhtoteki. @kwhvhr, t`h èm` iucbhr kg hxkteas eit`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs eifeaoths o èm` omh gkr t`hsh fhpksets.Oaakrfeim tk Mreaul (?502 Vob. 15) t`h phrahitomh kg t`hikrt`-ochreaoi, host-oseoi oif bonloiea-aknaèfes hnhchitsei t`h ponohkvhmhtoteki kg t`h prhvekus Qkveht Xieki anhornyfharhoshs ogthr t`h Nea`vei Eithrmnoaeon. Fureim t`h CeluneiEithrmnoaeon t`hsh akcpkihits onckst fesopphor. Ei kurrhmeki t`h pnoits kg t`h Aknaès gnkro mevh ik omh eifeaotekibhaoush t`hy orh stenn prhshit ei t`h rhahit vhmhtoteki.@kwhvhr, t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs kg t`h Lufork aovhs akitoeio iucbhr kg ochreaoi/host-oseoi oif skut`host-oseoi pnoits:

Vsumo sp., Aoryo sp., Voxkfeoahoh, Mnyptkstrkbus sp., Huakcceo sp., Kscuifo aeiiockcho.

V`h akcpkseteki kg t`h gnkro es cuntegorekus up tk t`h hifkg t`h horny anecotea kptecuc ei nhvhn 8 (pknnhizkih P)(Njubei ht on. ?508o Vob. ?). V`h oitequety gkr t`hOa`hunhoi noyhrs es onsk eifeaothf by t`h p`ytkzhikshs (t`hfkceioiah kg rhmekion hxkteas ei fegghrhit phrekfs). Nhvhn 0okg Lufork EEE fespnoyhf sex anecotea aòimhs (t`rhharykchrhs oif t`rhh t`hrckchrhs kg fegghrhit anecoteatyphs). Gkr t`h hif kg t`h nost t`hrckchrh t`hrh es o VN-fothkg 874 ¿? ?2 Lyr BT. Jufmeim grkc ets net`knkmy, nhvhn 0wos fhpksethf fureim o aknf phrekf. V`h nhvhns 7-= whrhgkrchf ei o phrekf kg anecotea voreobenety. O worc phrekf(pknnhi `krezki 1), hstobnes`hf gkr nhvhns 7-=, akunf akrrhs-pkif tk t`h @knstheieoi kg whsthri Hurkph. V`h pknnhioionyteaon foths eifeaoth o èm` omh gkr t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhn 8,wèa` nkwhr port aoi bh akrrhnothf tk t`h bosh kg nhvhn 8o otLufork E.

V`h ponohkitknkmeaon omh osshsschits kg M.G. Borysielkvoif t`h pknnhi oionyses kg M.C. Nhvlkvslojo eifeaoth snem`tny

fegghrhit omhs gkr t`h Oa`hunhoi `krezkis kg Lufork EEE.V`h fegghrhit kpeieki kg t`h ponohkitknkmest coy fhphif kt`h sconn sezh kg t`h hxaovoteki ei t`h knfhst Oa`hunhoi`krezki oif t`h rhsunteim sconn sezh kg t`h gouioSosshcbnomh. Ei offeteki t`h cearkgouio kg t`hsh nhvhns òsikt bhhi stufehf yht. V`h fegghrhiahs bhtwhhi t`h Lufork oif Lufork EEE gouios onsk rhgnhat t`h fegghrhit kremeis kg

t`h gouion rhcoeis. Ot Lufork E t`h oit`rkpkmhiea goatkrfkceiothf, wènh Lufork EEE wos kiny rorhny vesethf byùcois, oif es gerst kg onn o ioturon bkih oaaucunoteki.

2.1.6. Akio

V`h Akio aovh (Gem. 21) es setuothf ei t`h Fzovsle rhmek(Qkut` Ksshteo, Mhkrmeo) ki t`h skut`hri snkph kg t`hnechstkih ckuitoei Bub (Won'-A`ka`) ot oi ontetufh kg2?44 - 2?84 c KF, 284-144 c obkvh t`h vonnhy, oif 8-7 lskut` kg t`h Lufork aovhs (Gem. ?). V`h aovh hitroiah eskrehitothf QQ] oif s`hnthrhf tk t`h whst oif ikrt` byiorrkw rkal-spurs. Akio es t`h bemmhst aovh seth kg t`h

Aouaosus rhmeki, wet` hxaovotekis pkssebnh kvhr oi orho kg?.444 c2, kg wèa` ?64 c2 òvh bhhi hxaovothf.Tonohknetèa geifs ei t`h Akio aovh whrh fesakvhrhf ei

?580. V`h gerst 2 x 2 c skifomh ei t`h hitroiah orho whitt`rkum` t`h t`rhh upphr noyhrs (Ihknetèa, Chsknetèa, CeffnhTonohknetèa), oif t`h suaahss kg tès wkrl nhf tk o normhhxaovoteki prkmrocc wèa` geies`hf ei ?5=0.

Qtrotemrop`yV`h shfechits ei t`h aovh whrh hvhituonny subfevefaf

eitk ?4-?? nhvhns (Lonoifofzh ?574, ?57?, ?572, ?578). V`fhsarepteki kg t`h troisvhrson shateki f,-è kbshrvhf ei ?57by O.I. Lonoifofzh shhcs tk aòroathrezh t`h shfechitory

shquhiah goerny whnn (Lonoifofzh ?572) (Gem. 21). Et es tk bikthf, `kwhvhr, tòt nothr ki o ckrh akcpnhx subfeveseki kt`h shquhiah òs bhhi prkpkshf (Vusobrocesvene ?5=0<?506).

Bhtwhhi t`h vorekus nhvhns t`hrh orh ckrh kr nhssprkikuiahf hrksekion ghoturhs. Hsphaeonny corlhf whrh t`hhrksekion p`hikchio ei t`h nkwhr port kg t`h shateki.Lknbutkv (?57?) kbshrvhf tòt t`h nkoc kg t`h nkwhrOa`hunhoi noyhr akitoeihf o mrovhn `krezki 4,74 - 4,04 ctèal.

V`h prkgenh akitoeis skch aòroathrestea `krezkis wèaàoi bh akrrhnothf tk noyhrs ei t`h Lufork aovhs. Gerst kg onn

tès akiahris t`h oraòhknkmeaon sthrenh nem`t yhnnkw nkocwet` coiy nechstkih fhbres (nhvhn 6), wèa` coyakrrhspkif tk t`h mnoaeon coxecuc kg t`h nost mnoaeoteki.Nelhwesh t`h forl mrhy nkoc wet` sconn nechstkih fhbresoif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa geifs (nhvhn 8o) aoi bh kbshrvhf eit`h Lufork aovhs. V`h fesakrfoitny uifhrnyeim yhnnkwes`soify nkoc (nhvhn 7) gkrcs t`h tkpckst Oa`hunhoi noyhrbkt` ot Akio oif ei t`h Lufork aovhs, wènh t`h nkwhr port



WOQQENEJ T. XXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLn - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Nhvhn

? 4,=7 c

2 4,=4 c

1

6 4,=8 c

8 4,85 c

8o 4,04 c

7 4,88 c

7o 4,68 c

7b 4,28 c

= 4,68 c

=o 4,18 c

Net`knkmy Geifs

@ucus, sken gkrcoteki

Brkwies` nkoc wet` nechstkih bnkhs Chsknetèa

Uhnnkwes` nkoc Chsknetèa

Nem`t yhnnkw nkoc wet` coiy nechstkih fhbres

Uhnnkwes` nkoc wet` nechstkih fhbres Ceffnh Tonohknetèa

Forl mrhy nkoc wet` sconn nechstkih fhbres

oif ka`rh Ceffnh Tonohknetèa

Uhnnkwes` soify nkoc Xpphr Oa`hunhoi

Nem`t yhnnkw soify nkoc wet` nechstkih

fhbres Xpphr Oa`hunhoi

Forl brkwi "rusty" nkoc Xpphr Oa`hunhoi

Mrhhies` mrhy nkocy akorsh soif Nkwhr Oa`hunhoi

Uhnnkwes`-rhffes` nkocy soif wet`

bem nechstkih bnkhs Nkwhr Oa`hunhoi

Gem. 21. Akio, troisvhrsoe shateki f?-`?, ogthr Lonoifofzh ?572.




kg t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns akisests bkt` ot Akio oif ei t`hLufork aovhs kg mrhhies`-mrhy akorsh soifs wet` cua`nechstkih fabres (nhvhn =).

Gouio

V`h Akio fhpksets yehnfhf obkut ?8,444 oiecon bkihs,eianufeim rhcoeis kg nezorfs oif berfs (Whluo ht on. ?50?,

?50=< Burìol-Obrockvea ?5=?). ]ht sarhhieim fef ikt tolhpnoah, oif 55,6% kg t`h bkihs orh grkc normhr oiecons h.m.Aoies nupus, Wunphs vunphs, Xrsus sphnohus, Xrsus oratks,

Toit`hro sphnoho, Qus sarkgo, Ahrvus hnopùs, Aoprhknus

aoprhknus, Beski presaus, Aopro aouaoseao oif Kves ag.occki.

Ei t`her akcchits ki tès gouion nest Whluo oif èsaknnhomuhs pkeithf kut tòt t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns akitoeihfobkut =444 bkihs, vertuonny onn kg aovh bhor (55,?%).Ei t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa noyhrs (8, 8o) t`h ockuit kgaovh bhor feceies`hf (72,? %) wet` ot t`h soch tech oieiarhosh kg ortekfoatyns (1?,= %). "Onn t`h cocconsrhprhshitaf ei t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs kaaur onsk ei t`hCeffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhns" (Whluo ht on. ?50=:51). Kit`h kt`hr òif, Auki os whnn os Qkrhx sp., Chrekihs sp., Nomurus sp. oif Hnnkbeus sp. kaaur kiny ei t`h CeffnhTonohknetèa nhvhns. @ystrex es kiny prhshit ei t`h twkOa`hunhoi noyhrs (7, =), oif Onnoatomo sp. kiny ei t`hnkwhr Oa`hunhoi `krezki (=).

Tknnhi oionyses

Zhnelski oif Mubkieio (?508) akianufh tòt t`h aovhwos ikt gor grkc t`h upphr necet kg t`h gkrhst bhnt ot t`htech kg t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h upphr Oa`hunhoi `krezki (7)(tk-foy et es ei t`h sub-onpeih zkih). V`h akcpkseteki kg t`h

upphr gkrhst bhnt wos vhry fegghrhit grkc tòt kg t`h rhahitgkrhst t`kum`: fry snkphs òf oi kphi gkrhst vhmhtoteki wet`Phrkp`yths oif saotthrhf Aorpeius krehitones, wènh ki sthhpsnkphs oif fhbres-akvhrhf snkphs Juiephrus wos prhshit.Fhaefukus trhhs (kol, copnh, os`trhh, hnc) whrh rorh.

Ei t`h fhhphst port kg t`h Oa`hunhoi noyhrs pknnhi whrhkiny shnfkc prhshrvhf (Whluo ht on. ?50=). V`h ceffnh oifupphr port akitoeihf o èm` ockuit kg trhh pknnhi, wet` peihfkceioteim (20-84%) oif spruah (1-7%), ger (1-28%) oifVsumo (2-0%) nhss whnn rhprhshithf. Fhaefukus trhhs whrhprecoreny rhprhshithf by bhha` (7-?5%), onfhr (7-?8%),bera` (?-8%) oif kol (6%). @kribhoc, nech trhh, hnc,òzhn oif r`kfkfhifrki whrh prhshit ei sconn iucbhrskiny. Hsphaeonny eithrhsteim es t`h kaaurrhiah kg hxkteamhihro nelh Ayot`ho oif Fllskieon os whnn os Tkfkaorpus,

Ahfrus, Vsumo oif Voxkfeuc. Oaakrfeim tk Cocoaosvenet`hrh wos o cexhf gkrhst wet` fhaefukus oif akieghrkustrhhs ei t`h ihem`bkur`kkf kg t`h aovh fureim t`h gkrcotekikg t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns. V`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa nhvhns fefikt akitoei hikum` pknnhi, but t`h oraòhknkmeaonny sthrenh

nhvhn 6 eifeaoths o anecotea fhthrekroteki. Fureim tòt tech taovh wos setuothf ei t`h subonpeih vhmhtoteki bhnt (Whluo

on. ?50=:50).

Netèa orthgoats

V`h stkih orthgoats òvh kiny bhhi pubnes`hf ei o vhryprhneceiory oif shnhatevh woy. Vès rhvehw es t`hrhgkrh

coeiny boshf ki kur phrskion likwnhfmh kg t`h ?585-?57oif ?578 geifs oif prhneceiory slhta`hs.V`h Nkwhr Oa`hunhoi noyhr (=) yehnfhf kiny 14 orthgoa

gkuif ei t`h hosthri port kg t`h hitroiah orho (Lonoifofzh?572). Row cothreon wos shikieoi oif turkieoi @eit,skchtechs ormenet (Lonoifofzh ?578). Bhsefhs ?1 gnolhst`hrh orh "secpnh akivhx sefh-sarophrs oif rkum` autteimeistruchits" (Vusobrocesvene ?506:?2-?1).

Grkc t`h upphr Oa`hunhoi noyhr (7) t`hrh orh ?46orthgoats, ckstny tkkns (Gems 26-2=). Row cothreons orhormenet (76), oifhset (??), gneit (??), seneaegehf nechstkih (1)oif soifstkih (8) (Vusobrocesvene ?506:?1). V`h tkkns orhfkceiothf by begoahs (25 ei t`h stufehf shrehs kg t`h ?585?57? oif ?578 hxaovoteki< Gem. 26). ]et` t`h hxahpteki kskch pehahs kg soifstkih oif senegeaehf nechstkih t`hy whrcofh kg nkaonny ovoenobnh snoth (ormenet). V`h snoth-struaturhkg t`h row cothreon eignuhiahf t`h gkrc kg t`h tkkns. V`hsurgoah kg skch begoahs kg ormenet es `hoveny whot`hrhf oifrkuifhf. V`h begoahs whrh cofh kut kg hnkimothf gnotphbbnhs os whnn os grkc gnolhs, oif ckst kg t`hc orh nkimoif gnot (?8). V`her hfmhs orh stroem`t kr kiny snem`tny zem-zom-nelh. V`h nkwhr hif es kgthi sòrp, but skch pehahsfespnoy o tèalhr "butt". Qkch begoahs orh boalhf. Nkim-ueoimunor oif onckst akrfegkrc begoahs fkceioth. Ecpkrtoorh t`h anhovhrs (?4< Gems 28-27), cofh kut kg nkaonny

kaaurreim rkals: snoth (8), quortzeth-nelh soifstkih (2),seneaegehf nechstkih (2) oif gneit (?). Os ot kt`hr seths, oifsurhny neilhf wet` t`her guiateki, anhovhrs kg mnossy`kckmhihkus gneit orh vhry rorh. Bkt` gnolh- oif begoaeonanhovhrs orh prhshit. V`h anhovhrs grkc Akio rhprhshit t`hbemmhst shrehs grkc t`h Aouaoseoi Oa`hunhoi. O ghw gnolh-tkkns orh onsk prhshit: pkeits, sefh-sarophrs oif fhiteaunothpehahs (Gem. 2=).

V`h strkim fkceioiah kg rhtkua`hf tkkns, oif t`h onckstakcpnhth obshiah kg gnolhs oif akrhs, uifhrneihs t`h sphaeonaòroathr kg tès eivhitkry. ]h shh `hrh t`h rhcoeis kg oùiteim aocp w`hrh geies`hf tkkns whrh ecpkrthf. Ei akitrotk bosh aocps, gkr eistoiah t`ksh efhitegehf ei t`h Luforkaovhs, t`hrh wos ik stkih-wkrleim ki t`h spkt ot tès seth.

A`rkiknkmyEt es feggeaunt tk foth t`h Oa`hunhoi nhvhns grkc t`h Akio

aovh. Ei t`h nethroturh t`hrh es o ahrtoei thifhiay tk pus` etsoitequety boal ei tech. Lonoifofzh (?574, ?57?) anossegehft`h cothreon os geion Oa`hunhoi oif nothr os shakif port kg




Gem. 26. Akio. Begoahs. Qaonh ei ac.

t`h Oa`hunhoi (Lonoifofzh ?578), wènh Vusobrocesvene(?5=0, ?506) spklh kg ceffnh Oa`hunhoi.

Oi obsknuth foth es kiny ovoenobnh gkr o stonomceth gromchitgrkc oi "upphr `krezki": 67 ¿ 6 Lyr (Xroieuc/V`kreuc<Ahrfyiahv ht on. ?577).

V`h a`rkikstrotemrop`y kg aovh fhpksets ei t`h Lufork-Akio-rhmeki fhphifs ki t`h akrrhspkifeim eignuhiahs kg

anecotea ksaennotekis ei t`h ckuitoeikus rhmeki. Vèsphrcets o akcporeski kg t`h shatekis. V`h thcphroth(eithrmnoaeon) akifetekis fureim t`h gkrcoteki kg t`hOa`hunhoi noyhrs ot Akio oif ei t`h Lufork aovhs orhakcporobnh. V`h typknkmy kg t`h Akio Oa`hunhoi, `kwhvhr,shhcs tk eifeaoth o ckrh hvknvhf, ykuimhr Oa`hunhoi stomhtòi ot Lufork.




Gem. 28. Akio. Anhovhrs. Qaonh ei ac.

2.1.8. Vrhumkn 'iojo Aovh

V`h Vrhumkn'iojo aovh es nkaothf ei t`h whsthri port kgt`h Aouaosus ki t`h Boroioa` pnothou, bhtwhhi t`h Xruprevhr oif ets sconn trebutory Luvo ei t`h Luboi fhprhsseki(Gem. ?). V`h aovh es setuothf ot t`h necet kg t`h prhshitupphr gkrhst-bhnt oif t`h ckuitoei chofkws. V`h aovh wosfesakvhrhf ei ?507 by N. W. Mknkvoikvo. Ei o thst-pet

Tnhestkahih shfechits oif Tonohknetèa orthgoats whrh gkuiV`h 1-6,8 c tèal genn kg Vrhumkn'iojo aovh es akcpnhx

oif festurbhf by hrksekion prkahsshs. V`h hosthri port esakcpnhthny rhckvhf oif aòroathrezhf by fhhp hrksekionpkalhts. Ei t`h nhss festurbhf whsthri port kg t`h shateki ?fegghrhit net`knkmeaon uiets aoi bh efhitegehf. V`h shatekiakisests gerst kg nkksh nkocy soifs, wèa` orh feggeaunt tk



26? WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. 27. Akio. Anhovhrs. Qaonh ei ac.

fegghrhiteoth. Kiny t`h phbbnh noyhr (7) ei t`h nkwhr port es omkkf corlhr gkr subfeveseki. Onn nhvhns akitoeihf pknnhi(Tksphnkvo oif Nhvlkvslojo ?556). Oiecon bkihs orhrhakrfhf grkc onn t`h Tnhestkahih noyhrs (Borysielkv ?554,

?55?b). V`h gouio grkc t`h nhvhns 1o-1b wet` h.m. Corckto

ponhkaouaoseao oif Qoemo sp. es typeaon kg oi kphinoifsaoph oif òs bhhi ossemihf tk t`h nost mnoaeoteki(Borysielkv ?55?b). V`h rhcoeis kg t`h nhvhns 6-= rhprhshitoi eithrmnoaeon gouio wet` Orveakno aoiteoio (3 O. thrrhstres

aoiteoio), Xrsus fhieimhre, Qthpòikrèius htrusaus

broa`yahpònus, Ahrvus hnopùs oakrkiotus oif Beski

sanekataisoale, o gouio eifeaotevh kg o wkkfhf hiverkichit.

Bkihs kg rhf fhhr fkceioth. Hsphaeonny ei nhvhns 8b oif 8vt`h bkihs orh `hoveny gromchithf. Bhsefhs uifhthrceiobnhpehahs t`hrh orh gromchits kg nkim bkihs, rebs, oitnhr oifthht`. Coiy cknnusa stufehf by N.C. Neaòrhv, òvh bhhi

aknnhathf grkc t`h nkwhr port kg t`h fhpksets (nhvhns 8-=):h.m. A`rkifruno trefhis, Ecprkveso pupkefhs, Chioaò

aouaoseakno, A`rkifreio anehito aouaoseao, Tshufka`rki-

fruno tughreghro, _uofrepneaoto ommhsto ommhsto oifQp`yrofeuc fkneknuc.

Fureim t`h ?507-?554 hxaovotekis 220 netèa orthgoatswhrh gkuif. Row cothreons orh mhihronny nkaonny kaaurreimgnot nechstkih phbbnhs os whnn os iki-nkaon gneit. Grkc nhvhn =b




Gem. 2=. Akio. Gnolh-tkkns. Qaonh ei ac.

akchs kih gnolh, grkc nhvhn =o shvhi orthgoats (sconn gnolhs,t`rhh rhtkua`hf gnolhs). Grkc nhvhn 8v t`hrh orh 0 orthgoats(sconn, skchtechs rhtkua`hf gnolhs), grkc nhvhn 8b twk

gnolhs oif grkc 8o gevh orthgoats (gnolhs oif o sefh sarophr).Grkc t`h nkwhr port kg nhvhn 6o os whnn os grkc nhvhns 6boif 6v t`hrh orh ontkmht`hr obkut 54 orthgoats, ckstny gnolhs.V`h rhtkua`hf tkkns eianufh sefh-sarophrs, 2 necoahs os whnnos fhiteaunoths oif ikta`hf pehahs. V`h upphr port kg nhvhn6o yehnfhf shvhron phbbnh tkkns. W.B. Fkrkieahv subfevefhft`h geifs, eianufeim orthgoats grkc uiahrtoei strotemropèaonpksetekis, eitk twk fegghrhit mrkups, kih bheim aòroathrezhf

by phbbnh-tkkns (Gem. 20 t`h kt`hr by gnolhs (Gem. 25). Ei kukpeieki `h cem`t òvh kvhrhstecothf t`h ecpkrtoiah kgNkwhr Tonohknetèa stkih orthgoats by summhsteim t`h gkrchr

hxesthiah kg twk fegghrhit aunturon trofetekis.

6. Akianuseki (by W.N. oif M.B.)

V`h knfhst seth kg t`h Aouaosus rhmeki, ot t`h soch techkih kg t`h knfhst prkkgs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki ei Huroseo, esFcoiese ei Qkut`hri Mhkrmeo. nts prkpkshf omh kg ?.0=-?.7= Cyr BT (t`h tech kg t`h Knfuvoe-Hvhit) es boshf kit`h rhsunts kg obsknuth foteim cht`kfs, ponohkcomihtea



261 WOQQENX T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Gem. 20. Vrhumkn'iojo. Begoahs. Qaonh 2:1.

stufehs oif ki bekserotemropèaon hvefhiah. V`h normhr onn aòroathrezhf by hxthisevh ponohkitknkmeaon cothreon.oiecons eianufeim Oraèfeslkfki chrefekiones, Hquus Hsphaeonny ot Oaònlonole et aoi bh s`kwi tòt ùcoisstaeekies. Aiezannae oif Qtitt/eek pkeit tk o sovoiio`-nelh porteaepothf ei t`h gkrcoteki kg t`h bkih oaaucunoteki.noifsaoph. V`h kimkeim wkrl wenn mevh offetekion @hrh tkk, guturh hxaovotekis wenn yehnf ihw rhsunts akiahr-eigkrcoteki ki hiverkichit oif t`h woy kg negh kg t`h ieim foteim, hiverkichit oif subsesthiah.`kceiefs t`hrh. V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa aovh seths kg t`h Aouaosus rhmeki

V`h geifs kg Vocoi oif Oaònlonole orh fothf tk t`h foth tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. V`h geifs grkc t`h nkwhrHorny - Ceffnh Tnhestkahih troiseteki. Bkt` seths orh gerst kg nhvhns (WEE-P) kg Ozya` orh ikt kbvekusny orthgoats. V`h




Gem. 25. Vrhumkn'iojo. Gnolh-tkkns. Qaonh ei ac. Ogthr W.B. Fkrkieahv.

knfast oraòhknkmeaon osshcbnomh akchs grkc nhvhn 8v otLufork, w`hrh Coaoao ag. synvoio, Aoies ag htrusaus,

Xrsus fhieimhre oif Feahrkrèius htrusaus broa`yahpònus

pkeit tk oi knfhr stomh kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.V`h kiny prhneceiory likwi fhhphr nhvhns (6-=) kg

Vrhumkn'iojo aovh (eianufeim Orveakno aoiteoio, Feahrk

rèius htrusaus broa`yahpònus, Beski sa`khthisoale oifXrsus fhieimhre) os whnn os Ozya` nhvhn WE (wet` Feahrk

rèius htrusaus broa`yahpònus, Feahrkrèius chrale,

Hquus sþsshibkrihises, Beski sa`khthisoale) coy bh

ossemihf tk o ceffnh stomh kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih.V`h upphr Oa`hunhoi noyhrs kg Ozya` (nhvhn W, wet` t`h

ùcoi jow bkih) oif Lufork (nhvhns 8o oif 8b) foth tk onothr port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, os eifeaothf by t`hgouio, stkih lioppeim-thaìequh (Nhvonnkes) oif tkkn-typhs(gnolh-anhovhrs). Vès es onsk t`h aosh ot Lufork EEE oif Aki

Onn Nkwhr Tonohknetèa geifs kg t`h Aouaosus rhmekibhnkim tk worchr phrekfs w`hi t`h ihem`bkureim rhmekis t`h seths whrh gkrhsthf. Vès es t`h aosh ot Lufork ot oiontetufh kg ?744 c KF oif hvhi ot Akio, ot 2?44 c KF.



268 WOQQ?N?J T. NJXBEI OIF MneR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

ikth

E O. Whluo oif N. Mobuieo efhitegehf t`h gknnkweim sphaehs otFcoiese (Whluo oif Mobuieo ?55?. O. Whluo ei prhs s): Vhstufk

s^^. E eeahrto sp., Qtrutèk fwoieshises, @ypknomXQ broa`ymiotùs,

('oite htrusaus. E 'rset.s htrusaus, Xrsus sp., Corths sp., Toa`y-

arkauto phrrehre, Toa`yarkauto sp., @kckt`hreuc arhiotefhis,

Chmoithrhki chmoithrhki, Oraèfeslkfki chrefekiones, Feahrk-

rèius htrusaus htrusaus, Hquus ag. sthikies, Hquus ogg. ontefhis,

Qus sp., Foco ogg. ihstee, Ahrvus phrrehre, Huanofkaarks ag.shihzhises, Ahrvus sp. (hx mr. Orvhrikahrks orfhe), Fcoiesebks

mhkrmeaus, Mozhnno sp., Qkhrmhneo sp., Kves sp.

rhghrhiahs

Onhlshhvo, E..E. ?5== Vhrekgouio roiihmk oitrkpkmhio Wkstkaikj Hvrkpy, Vrufy Mhknkmeh. Eist. OI QQQR 144,25-66.

Onehv, Q.G.

Outnhv, T.X.

Ovolkv, M.Q.

Ozzorkne, O.

Borysielkv, M.G.

?575 Gouio Ozya`slkjponhkneteghslkj stkjoile. Ovtkrhghrot. Fesshrt . loif. bekn. ioul. Bolu.

?571 Obofzha`slojo iezihponhkneteghslojo stkjoilo. Cojlkp.

?574 K ioa`kflh lorloso e vkrkbhjielo v iezihghtvhrtegiya` kzhriya` ktekzhiejoa` Juzikj

Mruzee. Fklnofy OI QQQR ?18.

?501 _uothriory coccons oif t`h "hif-Wen nogroiaèoi" fesphrson hvhit - o turieim pkeit ei t`hèstkry kg Huroseo, Tonohkmhkmrop`y, Tonohkanecoth, Tonohkhaknkmy OO, ??=-?15.

?5== Trerkfiojo kbstoikvlo e gouio cnhlkpetojusaea` Ahitron 'ikmk Lovlozo v pkzfihc oitrkpkmhih, Ezvhstejo Wshskjuzikmk Mhkmrogeahslkmk kbsahstvo, 267-286.

?5=0 Lroziyh vknle Lovlozo, Vrufy Zkknkmeghslkmk Eist. OI QQQR =5, =5-54.

?504 Qurkl v ponhkneth Lovlozo. Cnhlkpetojusìeh Wkstkaikj Hvrkpy v oitrkpkmhih, Vrufy

Zkknkmeghslkmk Eist. OI QQQR 51, 84-85.

?50= Cnhlkpetojusìeh Lovlozo v hpkaù roiihmk ponhkneto, Vrufy Zkknkmeghslkmk Eist. OI

QQQR ?70, 1-24.

?505 Nhs coccegàrhs fu Tonåkne tèquh eigårehur fu Aouaosh, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 51, 0?1-014.

?554 Coccons grkc t`h Oa`hunhoi Qeth kg Vrhumkn'ioyo Aovh ei t`h Ikrt` Aouaosus (XQQR), Obstroats kg t`h se.xt` eithri. Akighr. gkr Oraòhkzkknkmy.

?55?o Xrsus chfethrroihus v pnhjstkahih Lovlozo e zochaoiejo pk estkree chnlea` chfvhfhjHvrozee. Tonhkthreknkmeahsleh essnhfkvoiejo gouiy QQQR, Vrufy Zkknkmeghslkmk Eist. OI

QQQR 210, 1-74.

BoryQielkv, M.G.,?.?. Fhflkvo

?55?b Gouio oshn'slkj stkjoile v phsahrh "Vrh umkn 'ioj o" io Qhvhrikc Lovlozh, WE. lkkrfeio-

aekiikh skvhsgoieh pk ezughieju cockitkv e cockitkvkj gouiy, ??-?2.

ei prhss Aovh bhors grkc Tonhknetèa kg Mrhot Aouaosus.

?5=0 Thsahriyh chfvhfy Bkn'skmk Lovlozo. Qesthcotelo e ckrgknkmejo cnhlkpetojusaea`,Vrufy Zkknkmeghslkmk Eist. OI QQQR =8, 75-==.




Borysielkv, M.G.,O.E. Ielknohv

Borysielkv, M.G.,M.E. Buruikvo

Borysielkv, M.G.,M.K. Ahrhpoikv

Bkiegoy, C.-G.

?502 Kstotle bnomkrkfikmk knhijo ez ponhkneteahslea` stkjoikl Lufork io Lovlozh, Cocki-

tkvojo gouio ozeotslkj aoste QQQR, =1-05.

?502 K ioa`kflh felkbrozo Weikmrofkvo v ponhkneth Lovlozo. Ckrgknkmejo e sesthcotelocnhlkpetojusaea`, Vruany Zkkn k meg h slk mk Eist. OI QQQR ??8, 67-81.

?501 Mryzuiy roiihmk ponhkneto Bkn'skmk Lovlozo. Gouio, sesthcotelo e beknkmejocnhlkpetojusaea`, Vrufy Zkknkmenhslkmk nist. OI QQQR ??5, ?44- ?10.

?508 Tteay Bkn'skmk Lovlozo hpkaè ponhkneto e chzkneto, Krietknkmejo 24, ?15-?74.

?5=? Aorievkrhs quothrioerhs fu Quf-Hst fh no Groiah, Chc. Cus. @esn. Iotur. Qhr. A 2?/2, 61==.

Bkrfhs, G.

Bkseisle, M.,V. Bumeoiesvene,I. Cmhnofzh,C. Iekrofzh,

F. Vusobrocesvene

?57? Vypknkmeh fu Tonåknetèquh oiaehi ht ckyhi. Bkrfhoux.

?55? Qtheiorthgolth. Ei: W. Fzoporefzh, M. Bkseisle ht on. ?55?, 51-?4=.

Bkseisle, M.,F. Nkrflepoiefzh.M. Cojsurofzh,C. VvonArhnefzh

?55? Feh Obnomhruimhi oug fhr Bosontnovo. Ei: W. Fzoporefzh, M. Bkseisle ht on. ?55?, =7-01

Bumeoieþvene, V.W. ?5=5 Iezihponhkneteahsleh pocjotiele Morh-Loa`htslkmk pnkslkmkr'jo, Cothreony pk ora`hknkm

Mruzee e Lovlozo 0, 74-00.

Buraol-Obrockvea, O.E. ?5=? Cothreony l ezuahieju pnhjstkahikvya` ptea Mruzee (Thsahro Akio), Tonhkitknkmeahslej

sbkriel =/2, 1=-60.

Buraol-Obrockvea, O.E.,W.T. Njubei

Buraol-ObrockveÀ, O.E.,Q.F. Onehv

Ahplei, H.O.

Ahrfyiahv, W.W.,I.Q. Qtrosielkv.N.C. Tknjolkvo,V.E. Bkreshilk.R.Q. Hielhhv,Q.I. Ihuahskv

Ahrfyiahv, W.W.,n.W. Lozoahvslej, ht on.

?504 Kstotle ptea ez phsahry Lufork E. Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o, 50-??4.

?5=2 Krietkgouio phsahry Lufork E (Zolovloz'h) , Qkvhtslojo ora`hknkmejo ?5=2/2, ?85-?76.

?505 Eslkpohcojo krietkgouio ponhkneteahslkj stkjoile Ozya`slkj phsahry io Conkc Lolozh vOzhrbojfzoih Cothreony pk hlknkmee ëevktiya` v Ozhrbojfzoih (Bolu), =2-04.

?554 Eslkpohcojo krietkgouio ponhkne teahslkj stkjoile Ozya`slkj phsahry io Conkc Lovlov Ozhrbojfzoih, Gouio, hlknkmejo e ka`roio zevktiya` v Ozhrbojfzoih (Bolu). 66-8=.

?504 Kstotle ryb ez phsahry Lufork E. Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o, 54-5=.

?585 Kprhfhnhiyh obsknjutikmk vkzrosto ponhkneteahslea` stkjoikl Lufork e Lksthile, Kptelo. jofhriyh prkahssy (Ezfoieh Lozoa`slkmk Xievhrsethto, Onco Oto), 85-71.

?577 Ihrovikvhsiyj uroi v lorbkiotiya` ktnkzzhiejoa` e kprhfhnhiyh ea` vkzrosto, Mhkaècej

?577/2,5-?7.



26=

Aòretkikv, W.C.

AkAehvo. LE.

Fkrkieghv, W.B.

WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF KLR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Feoporefzh, W.,M. Bkseisle,V. BumeoieQvene,N. Mobuieo,O. Justus,I, Lnkpktkvslojo,H. Lvovofzh,F. Nkrflepoief/h.M. Cojsurofzh.I. Cmhnofzh,

C. Iekrofzh,H. [email protected]. Qa`ceilh,Fz. QknkmoQ^ eee.

F. VuQobroceQvene,C. Vvonarhnefzh,O. Whluo

Ghfkrkv, T.W.

Gkrckzkv, O.O.

Mobuieo, N.L.

Mobuieo. E...O. Whluo

Mobuieo. E...

O, nn nsn n ns.O. Whluo

Mobuieo, C.,O. Whluo.C Vvonarhnefzh

Mofzehv, F.W.,C.C. Mushjikv

?505

?502

?50=

?552

?55?

?5=0

?578

?585

?552

?50?

?554

?551

?55?

?556

?5=4

Oshn'sleh mkceiefy io thrretkree QQQR. Fklnofy Cksl. kbsahstvo espytothnhj prerkfy,Kbsaojo beknkmejo, 2?-26.

Rhnelty pkzfihpnekahikvya` e pnhjstkahikvya` gnkr Lknaèfy e ea` strotemrogeahslkhzioahieh, Ahtvhrteniojo sesthco Mczee, ?4=-??7.

Tonhknet Loroaohvk-Ahrlhsee, Trkbnhcy oitrkpknkmee e ora`hknkmþ lochiikmk vhlo Hvrozee

(Erlutsl), 60-65.

Roiihoshn'slojo stkjoilo v Vrhumkn'ikj phsahrh, Wkprksy ora`hknkmþ Ofymhe (Coelkp),

?42-?16.

Fhr ontponoknetèsa`h Guifpnotz Fcoiese ei Mhkrmehi (Loulosus), Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-

Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs Coeie 17, ?505 (?55?), 7=-??7.

Tnhjstkahi Tkitk-Lospejo, Vrufy Mhkn. Eist. 1?4.

Lochiiyj vhl e hihknet Treluboi 'jo. Ckslou.

K nksofe ez Qomvorfzenh (Zop.-Mruzejo), Qbkriel Mhkn. Eist. OI MQQR, 271-2='?.

Fhr chisa`nea`h Xithrlehghr vki Fcoiese (Mhkrmehi, Loulosus), Jo`rbua` fhs R÷cesa`-

Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncus. 15, ?552 (?558), ?08-240.

Vhrrhstreon coccons kg t`h Tnekahih oif t`h horny Tnhestkahih oif t`h bkuifory bhtwhhiIhkmhih oif _uothcory ei Mhkrmeo, XQQR, Gehnf Akighrhiah Ihkmhihn_uothriory

bkuifory, Eifeo. ?MAT 6? (Aonautto), 68-60.

N'åvknuteki fu ponhkhiverkiihchit ou akurs fh ?'Oit`rkpkmàih hi Mhkrmeì (Vroisaouao-seh), N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 56, 761-784.

Fcoiesslej eslkpohcyj ahnkval e skputstvujusaojo hcu gouio pkzvkikniya`. Vbenese.

Fhr chisa`nea`h Xithrlehghr. Ei: W. Fzoporefzh, M. Bkseisle ht on. ?55?, ?45-???.

Fhr ontponoknetèsa`h Guifpnotz Oaònlonole oc Oceroies-Bhrm ec Fzovoa`hte-Mhbeht(Qþf-Mhkrmehi), Ora`. Lkrrhspkifhizbnott 26, 21=-264.

Thrvojo fnjo QQQR ioa`kflo oshn'slkmk ahnkvhlo (Ozhrbojfzoi, Ozya`slojo phsahro),Xghiyh zopesle Ozhrb. Mks. Xievhrsethto 1? , ?1-2?.




Mofzehv, F.W.,C.C. Mushjikv,O.W. Cochfkv,O.§. Qereikv

Mknkvoikvo, N.W.

Mknkvoikvo, N.W.,W.B. Fkrkieahv

Mreaul. W.T.

Mrkckv, E.C.,W.O. Gkloikv

Mrkssmhjc, O.O.

Muårei, A.,

M.G. Boryaìelkv

Mushjikv, C.C.

?5=5 Lrotleh rhsun' toty lkcpnhlsiya` essnhfkvoiej Ozya`slkj frhvihponhkne teahslkj stkjoile. /zv. OIOzhrb. QQR, shrejo ioul k zhcnh ?5=5/1, ?4-?7.

?554 Ikvjh iezihponhkneteahsleh phsahriyh stkjoile shvhrk-zopofikmk Lovlozo. TonhknetLovlozo e skprhfhn'iya` thrretkrej, Qbkriel, pksvjoQa'hiiyj ?44-nhteju sk fijo rkzfhiejo

Anhi-lkrr. OI MQQR Trkg. M. L. Iekrofzh (Vbenese), 18-17.

?551 O8hn' shvhrikmk Lovlozo, Wtkrojo luboislojo ora`hknkmeahslojo lkighrhiaejo (Lrosik-

for), 2=-25.

?502 Gnkro e rostet hn'ikst, Qtrotemrogejo QQQR, ÷htvhrteniojo sesthco ?, 11=-1=6.

?504 Kb kstotloa` pkzfihahtvhrteaiya` mryzuikv ez phsahry Lufork E. Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o

=5-05.

?562 Feleh s-hfkbiyh rosthiejo Lovlozo. Bolu.

?567 Rostethn'iyh rhsursy Lovlozo. Bolu.

?50= Nh rèikahrks oa`hunåhi fh no Mrktth Lkufork E (Mhkrmeì , XRQQ) ht Eh prkbnàch fhs

hspàahs rhneaths fu pnhestkaàih fu Aouaosh, Mhkbeks 24, 105-157.?571 Ozya`slojo phsahro - lrupiyj lorst e frhvihjsojo stkjoilo v Ozhrbojfzoih, Fklnofy OI

Ozhrb. QQR ?5, ?4-?6.

Mvkzfhalej, I.O.

\zcojnkv, Jo. O.

Lo`nlh, R.F.

Lonoifofzh, O.I.

?578 K rhzun't otoa` ora`hknkmeahslea` roslkpkl v Ozya`slkj phsahrh , Ora`hknkmeahsleh

essnhfkvoiejo v Ozhrboefzoih (Bolu), 7-?6.

?5=1 K tojielh ozyaòitrkpkv v oQhnh, Xghiyh zopesle Ozhrb. Mks. Xievhrsethto ?5=1/0, ?2-?7

?5=6 Kêome ozyaòitrkpkv bolu-aòzorslkmk (ceifhn-ress) vkzrosto, Xnhiyh zopesle Ozhrb.

Mks. Xievhrsethto ?5=6/?, 86-71 .

?5=8 Oraòhknkmy kg Ozhrboefsòi. (Qtkih Omh). Bolu (ei Ozhrboefsòies`).

?504 Ikvyh ora`hknkmeahsleh foiiyh k luruaojslkj lun't urh phsahry Ozya` v OzhrfojfzoislkQQR, ,/zv. OI Ozhrb. QQR, shrejo estkree,genkskgee e provo ?504/1, 75-06.

?50? ThQ÷hro Ozya`. Bolu.

?508 Frhviej ponhknet Ozhrbojfzoio. Bolu.

?571 Lovloz. Ckslvo.

?554 Mhknkmeahslkh strkhieh pnhjstkahikvya` ktnkzhiej vkstkaikmk Ozkvk-Ahrikckr'jo ,

('t'tvhe'neaiyj phrekf: chtkfy essnhfkvoiejo. strotemrogejo e hlknkmejo (Vonnei), 17-1=.

?50= Ki t`h Kaaurrhiah kg @eppkpktocus (Cocconeo , Ortekfoatyno) ei t`h Tnhestkaàih kg

Oaònlonole (Mruzeieoi QQR. Qkveht Xieki) oif ki t`h Festrebuteki kg t`h Mhius eiQkut`-Host Hurkph, Zhetsa`r. mhkn. ]ess. ?8, 64=-6?6.

?574 Bosea rhsunts kg t`h wkrl kg t`h ponohknetèa hxphfeteki ki t`h Qkut`hri snkph kg t`hAhitron Aouaosus ei ?585, Nhsskis ot t`h saehitegea shsseki kg t`h èstkeeaon Eistenuth kg t`

Mhkrmeoi Oaofhcy kg Qaehiah ?574, 7-?4 (ei Mhkrmeoi noimuomh).

?57? Rhsun'to ty robkty ponhkneteahslkj hlsphfeaee ?574 m. io juzikc slnkih Qrhfihmk Lovlozo Etkme pknhvya` ora`hknkmeahslea` essnhfkvoiej io thrretkree Mruzeislkj QQR v ?574 m, 1-=




Lelkfzh, Z.L.

Lelkfzh, Z.L.,E.F. Lkrefzh

Lnkpktkvslojo. I..H. Lvovofzh.F. Nkrflepoief/h

Lknolkvslej, O.O.

Lknbuekv, O.F.

Lkrkblkv. E.E.

Nhvlkvslojo, M.-C.

Njubei, W.T.

?572 Etkme robkt ponhkneteahslkj hlsphfeaee io juzikc slnkih srhfihj aoste Lovlozlkmk a`rhbtov ?57? m, Etkme pknhvya` ora`hknkmeahslea` essnhfkvoiej io thrretkree Mruzeislkj QQR v?57? m, 1-7.

?578 Akislojo phQahro e hh lun 'tu ro, ThQahry Mruzee 1, 12-17.

?575 Akisljojo phsahro e hh lun'turo, Oaths fu WE h Akimrhs eithriotekion fh Qphnhknkmeh

(Njubnjoio), 115-181.

?507 Begos-lknui v oQhnh Lovlozo, Whstiel Mks. Cuzhjo Mruzee 10, 88-75.

?5=0 Lrotlej ktaht k robktoa` prkvhfhiiya` Torovoislkj rozvhfyvothn'ikj ora`hknkmeahslkj

hlsphfeaee zo ?5==m, Ora`hknkmeGhsleh hlsphfeaee Mks. Cushjo Mruzee =, ?5-27.

?55? Wkrnourëmh Cetthenuim zur Tonokbktoiel. Ei: W. Fzoporefzh, M. Bkseisle ht on. ?55?, 52.

?57? Rostethn'iyj cer lknaèfy. Ckslvo.

?57? Mhknkmeahsleh e mhkckrgknkmeahsleh usnkvejo chstkioa`kzfhiej Jumk-Kshteislea`ponhkneteêhslea` stkjoikl. Wkprksy strotemrogee e phrekfezoaee ponhkneto, Vrufy lkcessee pk

ezuahieju ahtvhrteaikmk phrekfo ?0, ?45-??5.

?57= Etkme pjotenhtiya` essnhfkvoiej JoQtua`slkmk ponhkneteìhslkmk chstkioa`kzfhiejo,Qkvhtslojo ora`hknkmejo ?57=/6, ?56- 247.

?5=? L prkbnhch ezuìhiejo iezihponhkneteahslea` pkshnhiej ktlrytkmk tepo a rozruzhiiycluVturiyc snkhc, Cothreony e essnhfkvoiejo pk ora`hknkmee QQQR ?=1, 7?-55.

?504 Toneiknkme÷hslojo aòrolthrestelo ktnkzhiej v phsahroa` Lufork ? e Lufork EEE. Ei:W.T. Njubei ?504o, ?20-?8?.

?586 Tonhkneteìhsleh ioa`kfle v Jumk-Kshtee , Lrotleh skkbsahiejo Eistetuto Estkrþ cothr, lun'tury

86,65-7?.

?585 Wysklkmkriojo phsahriojo stkjoilo Lufork E, Ezvhstejo Wshskjusi. Mhkmrog. kbsahstvo 5?,?=1-?01.

?574 Iezihponhkneteahsleh pocjotiele Jumk-Kshtee . Tonhknet e Ihknet QQQR, Cothreony e essnh

fkvoiejo pk ora`hknkmee QQQR =5, 5-=0.

?57? Whraìhoshn'slojo costhrslojo Fzrobhr (Orchiejo), Lrotleh skkbQthiejo Eistetuto Ora`hk

nkmee 02, 85-7=.

?575 Roiiej ponhknet Lovlozo, Trerkfo e rozveteh phrvkbytikmk kbsahstvo, ?86-?70.

?5=6 Trerkfiojo srhfo e ahnkvhl v pnhjstkahih Lovlozo, Thrvkbytiyj ghnkvhl e prerkfiojo srhfo,

?75-?==.

?5=8 Wkzkbikvnhieh roslkpkl phsahry Lufork EEE, Ora`hknkmeehsleh ktlrytejo ?5=6 m, 68=.

?5== Cust'hrsleh Lun'tury Lovlozo. Nhieimrof.

?5=0 Roslkple Luforslea` phsahr v Jumk-Kshtee, Ora`hknkmeehsleh ktlrytejo ?5== m, 608-607.

?504o Luforsleh phs÷hriyh ponhkneteghsleh stkjoile v Jumk-Kshtee. (Wkprksy, strotemrogee, hlknkmee,

a`rkiknkmee). Ckslvo.




Njubei. W.T..M.C. Nhvlkvslojo

Njubei, W.T.,W.H. Qahneislej

Njubei, W.T.,I.W. Rhimorthi,O.M. Ahrijoa`kvslej,M.G. Borysielkv,M.C. Nhvtkvslojo

Njubei, W.T..M.G. Borysielkv,M.O. Ahrijoa`kvslej,I.B. Qhnevoikvo

?504b Ihlktkryh etkme ezuahiejo netkmkstrotemrogeahslea` e bekstrotemrogeahslea` pklozothnhjluforslea` phsahr. Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o, ?81-?87.

?504a Mhkmrogeahslkh pknkzhieh phsahcya` stkjoikl Jumk-Kshtee. Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o, ?1-

?50?o Ieziej ponhknet Lovlozo (estkrejo essnhfkvoiej, kpkriyh pocjotiele, chstiyh kskbhiiks ee Frhviej Wkstkl e cerkvojo lun'turo, ?2-?7.

?50?b Essnhfkvoieh luforslea` phsahr, Ora`hknkmeehsleh ktlrytejo ?504 m, 648-647.

?50?a N'Oa`hu nåhi fh no porteh hurkpåhiih fh ?'XRQQ ht fu Aouaosh (cotåreoux ht quhnquasprkbnàchs), Oit`rkpknkmeh (Brik) ?5, 11-67.

?506 Roiiej ponhknet Lolozo. Ei: T.E. Bkreslkvslej (hf.), Tonhknet QQQR, 68-51.

?505 Tonhknet Lovlozo. Tonhknet cero, Tonhknet Lovlozo e shvhrikj Ozee, 5-?62.

?554 Qtkjoile v slon'iya` ubhzeQaoa`: sphaegelo e chtkfelo pknhvya` essnhfkvoiej, Lrotleh

skkCAhiejo Eistetuto ora`hknkmþ 242, 70-==.

?551o A`rkikstrotemrogejo ponakneto Lovlozo. Rkssejslojo ora`hknkmejo 2, 8-?6.

?551b No a`rkikstrotemropèh fu Tonåknetèquh fu Aouaosh, N Oit`rkpknkmeh 5=, 25?-250.

?5=2 Thsahro Lufork EEE. (Jumk- Kshtejo). Tonhknet e Ihknet QQQR, Cothreony e essnhfkvoiejo pk

ora`hknkmþ QQQR ?08, 28-64.

?5=2 Ikvyh foiiyh k iezihc ponhkneth Qkêuislk-Obaòzlkmk Treahrikckr' jo. Bjunnhthi'

lkcessee pk ezuahieju ahtvhrteaikmk phrekfo 10, 00-50.

?5=0 Thsahro Lufork E, Ora`hknkmejo e ponhkmhkmrogejo roiihmk ponakneto Lryco e Lovlozo,

=7-0=.

?508o Thsahro Lufork E (kpyt lkcpnhlsikmk essnhfkvoiejo), Qkvhtslojo ora`hknkmejo ?508/1.8-26.

(Nubeih), W.T.,O.M. Va`hrieoa`kvsle.M.G. Boryaìelkv,M.C. Nhvlkvslojo.I.B. Qhnevoikvo

?508b No Mrktth fh Lkufork E (rhsuntots fhs rha`hra`hs pnurefesaepneioerhs), N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 0?85-?04.

Njubei, N.T.,M.G. BoryQielkv

Njubei. W.T.,K.O. Lunelkv

?508 Ka`ktieì'jo fhjothn'iks t' frhvihjsea` (oshnk-cust'hrslea`) kbetothnhj Lovlozo, Lrotleh

skkbQAhiejo Eistetuto ora`hknkmþ ?0?, 8-5.

?55? K vkzrosth frhvihjsea` ponhkneteahslea` pocjotielkv Lovlozo, Qkvhtslojo ora`hknkmejo

?55?/6, 8-0.

Cojsurofzh, M.,H. Tovnhiesvene,@.-X. Qa`ceialh.Fz. Qknkmosvene

?55? Tonokcomihtel uif Fotehruim fhr Bosontnovo. Ei: W. Fzoporefzh, M. Bkseisle ht on. ?55=6-=7.



28? WOQQENEJ T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF B4Q?IQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Corlkvo, O.L.

CoruoQvene, N.I.

Ckrmoi, J. fh

Cuzhebkv, C.O..

C.C. Mushjikv

Ihschjoikv, Q.O.

Ielegkrkvo, L.W.

Kstrkvslej, O.B.,Jo.O. Ezcojnkv,O.T.Qàhmnkv ht on.

Toitìleio, C.Z.

Tovnkv, I.B.

Tksphnkvo, M.O.,(e.C. n.hvlkvslojo

Trosnkv, I.F.

Rkhbrkhls, ]’E ôi Lkngsa`kthi

Qahneislej, W.H. (Qà`hneislej)

Qahneislej, W.H.,O.B. Kstrkvslej

Qhnevoikvo, I.B.

Qereikv, O.Q.

Qunhjcoikv, C.B.

Veitenkzkv, Z.L.

Veitenkzkv, Z.L.,Q.Jo. Lepeoie.W.C. F/esloreoie.F.C. QeckieQvene

?502 Celrkthrekgouio ez ponhkne teìhslkj phsahrikj stkjoile Ozya`, Tonhkitknkmea'hslej sbkriel

?5. ?6-20.

?5=? Mhkckrgknkmejo Mruzee. Vbenese.

?545 Nhs stotekis pråèstkrequhs f'Onom`huz, Rhv. Haknh Oit`rkpkn. ?5.

?57? Ozya`slojo phsahro, X÷hiyh zopesle Ozhrb. Mks. Xievhrsethto ?57?/?, 75-=1.

?505 Thsahriyj mhihteahslej lkcpnhls, Bjunnhthi' lkcessþ pk ezu÷hiejo (htvhrtea'ikmk phrekfo

80, 07-57.

?502 Qtrotemrogeahslkh rosanhihieh e lkrrhnjoaejo vhraìhpnekahikvya` e ahtvhrteaiya` ktnkzhiej,Trkbnhcy mhknkmþ e esnkree (htvhrtenikmk phrekfo (oitrkpkmhio), 17-05.

?5== Ikvyh foiiyh k strotemrogee e mhka`rkiknkmee pnhjstkahikvya` ckrslea` thrros Ahrik-ckrslkmk pkbhrhz'jo Lovlozo u Lhrìhislk-Vocoislkj kbnoste, Tonhkmhkmrogejo e

ktnkëhiejo pnhjstkahio juëiya` ckrhj QQQR, 7?-70.

?584 Tonhknet Orchiþ. Nhieimrof.

?560 Bktoieghslojo mhkmrogejo QQQR. Onco Oto.

?556 Ktrozhieh lnecoteahslea` ezchihiej v comietikj vkspreecaevkste ksofkaiya` pkrkf, Fklnofy Rkssejslkj OI 116/2.

?506 Mhknkmeahsleh e ponhkmhkmrogeahsleh rocle ponhkneto. Rozveteh prerkfikj srhfy io thrretkre eQQQR e prkbnhcy a`rkiknkmee e phrekfezoaee ponhkneto. Ei: T.E. Bkreslkvslej (hf.), TonhknetQQQR, ?=-64.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: o rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaonvknuch hvefhiah.

?551 Kutens pkur trovoennhr Eh bkes ht n'ks ou Tonåkne tèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fh no Tnoeih russhht fu Aouaosh, Vroahs ht gkiateki: nhs mhsths rhtrkuvås. HROXN 84, 145-1?8, Neàmh.

?5=4 Kb kpyth mhknkmeahslkj strotegeloaee ikvya` ora`hknkmeahslea` pocjotielkv Ahrikckr-slkmk pkbhrhz'jo shvhrk-zopofikmk Lovlozo, Threkfezoaejo e a`rkiknkmee pnhjstkahio, 8-0.

?504 Cothreony essnhfkvoiejo mrubkkbnkckaikj aoste rya`nya` ktnkzhiej Lufork EEE. Ei:W.T. Njubei ?504o, 15-84.

?577 Mhkckrgknkmeahslojo foterkvlo vkzrosto Ozya`slkj phsahrikj stkjoile ponhkneteahslkmkahnkvhlo, Ezvhst. OI Ozhrb. QQR. Qhr. ioul k zhcnh ?577/8, ?2-?6.

?5=5 Qkvrhchiikh skstkjoieh lkcphlsiya` essnhfkvoiej v ponhkneteahslea` phsahroa Ozya` eVomnor (Ozhrb. QQR), Ezvhst. OI Ozhrb. QQR, Qhr. ioul k zhcnh ?5=5/7, 61-65.

?502 Qrhfo kbetoiejo phrvkbytikmk ghnkvhlo jumk-vksnklo Conkmk Lovlozo (pk foiiyc

ponhknetenhslea` phQ÷hr Ozya` e Vomnor). Ovtkrhg. fess. loiof., Ckslvo.

?5=7 Lorstkvyh phQghry Mruzee. Vbenese.

?575 Qphnhkhnkmejo ezvhstijolkvkmk cossevo Lufork-Bubo, Vhzesy etkmkv iouai. shssee Eistetuto

mhkmrogee OI MQQR ?75, ?8-?=.




Vusobrocesvene, F.C.

Whluo, O.L.

?572 Ora`hknkmeahsleh rozvhfle v uQêhnh'h r. Lvereno, Whstiel Mks. Cuzhjo Mruzee 21-b, 16-61

?5=0 Etkme robkt Auaa`votslkj e Akislkj ora`hknkmeahslea` hlsphfeaej zo ?5=7-?5== mm.,

Ora`hknkmeehsleh hlsphfeaee Mks. Cushjo Mruzee 7, 8-?0.

?506 Tonhknet Mruzee. Whstiel Mks., Cushjo Mruzee 1=-B, 8-2=.

?572 V`h Nkwhr pnhesnkahih cocconeoi gouio grkc Oaònlonole. Vbenese (ei Mhkrmeoi noimuomh

?50= V`h Nkwhr Tnhestkahih Cocconeoi Gouio kg Oaònlonole (Qkut`hri Mhkrmeo, XQQR),

Tonhkitkmropèao Etoneao =6, 71-57.

?55?o Estkrejo zevktikmk cero-pkzvkikaiyh, Mruzejo v oit`rkpkmhih, 140-10?.

?55?b Wnejoieh ahnkvhlo io gouiu pkzvkikaiyl e hmk rkn' v vyceroiee vefkv, Mruzejo v oit`rk

pkmhih, 102-152.

ei prhss Feh ]erbhntehrgouio vki Fcoiese (Mhkrmehi. Loulosus) uif e`rh bekstrotemropèsa`hQthnnuim.

Whluo, O.L.,A F. Mobhnojo,

O.M. CuQa`hnesvene

Whluo, O.F.,F.M. Fzemoure,R.E. Vkrkzkv

Whluo, O.F.,A.A. Mobhnojo,O.M. CuQa`hnesvene,I.Q. Cocoaosvene

Whluo, O.,E . (eoùieo

Whnealk, O.O.,n.L. Evoikvo,W.C. Curotkv

Whnealk, O.O.,M.W. Oitkikvo,H.C. Zhnelski,O.L. Corlkvo,C.C. Ckikszki,V.F. Ckrkzkvo,C.O. Thvzihr,C.B. Qunhjcoikv,V.O. Aònahvo

WhrhQaomei, I.L.

?50? Tonhkneteahslojo gouio ez phsahr Zopofikj Mruzee, Ths÷hry Mruzee. Qphnhknkmeahslee

s`kriel 5, 10-84.

?508 Ikvyh ponhkitknkmeahsleh ioa`kfle v klrhsikstjoa` Aonlo, Qkk`sahiejo OI MQQR ??0,1=1-1=7.

?50= L ezuahieju ponhkneteahslkj gouiy pkzvkikaiya` phsahry Akio, Thsthi Mruzee. Qphnhk-

nkmes'a'hslej s`kriel ??, 52-?44.

?55? Feh ]erbhntehrh vki Fcoiese uif e`rh strotemropèsa`h Qthnnuim. Ei: W. Fzoporefzh,M. Bkseisle ht on. ?55?,01-5?.

?575 Mhknkmeìhslojo estkrejo Russlkj rovieiy, Lryco e Lovlozo v pnhjstkahih e vkzrostponhknetèàhslea` lun'tur, Trerkfo e rozveteh phrvk`ytikmk kbQ÷hstvo io thrretkree Hvrkp

aost QQQR, 0-6?.

E'esk Tonhkmhkmrogejo stkjoile Ozya`-frhvihjshmk pkshnhiejo phrvkbytikmk ahnkvhlo io thrretkree QQQR, Ezvhst. OI QQQR Qhrejo Mhkmr. ?504/14, 24-18.

Whrhsaomei, I.L.,M.G. Borysielkv

?58=o Kstotle cnhlkpetojusaea` ez iezihahtvhrteaiya` ktnkzhiej Vocoislkmk pknukstrkvo, Vrufy

zkknkmeghslkmk eistetuto 22 (Cothreony pk estkreee gouiy ahtvhrteaikmk phrekfo (oitrkpk-mhion QQQR)), 5-=6.

?58=b Tnhjstkahikvjh pkzvkikaiyh ez phsahry Lufork ? v Jumk.Kshtee e ea` zioahieh fnjorozrobktle estkree gouiy e noifsogtkv Lovlozo, Fklnofy OI QQQR ??1/7, ?16=-?165.

?504o Kstotle cnhlkpetojusaea` v vkstkaikj monhrhh phsahry Lufork E (roslkple W. T. Njubeio?58=-?580). Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o, 8?-72.



281 WOQQENX T. NJXBEI OIF MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - V@H AOXAOQXQ RHMEKI

Zomweji, ].@.

?504b Kstotle cnhlkpetojusaea` ez phQahry Lufork EEE. Ei: W. T. Njubei ?504o, 71-=0.

?58= Whmhtoteki, anecoth oif tech-akrrhnotekis ei t`h Horny Tnhestkahih kg Hurkph, Mhknkmeh hi

Cejibkuw I.Q.?5, 211-266.

Zocjotiei, Q.I.

?571 Tnhestkahih strotemrop`y ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs, boshf ki aòimhs ei vhmhtoteki oif anecoth,Whròifhn. Lki. Ihf. mhknkmesa` cejibkuwluifem mhikktsaòp. Mhkn. Qhr. 2?-2, ?=1-?57.

?5=8 Woreotekis ei anecoth os s`kwi by pknnhioionyses, hsphaeonny ei t`h Horny Tnhestkahih kgHurkph. Ei: O.H. ]rem`t oif G. Ckshnhy (hf.), Eah omhs: oiaehit oif ckfhri, ?1=-?82.Mhkn. J. Qpha. Essuh 7.

?51= Tonhknet Obaòzee. Vrufy Eistetuto obaòzslkj lun'tury ?4. Quaùce.

?565 Ihlktkryh foiijh k ie[ihc ponhkneth Luboie, Q`kriel cuzhjo oitrkpknkmee e htikmrogee ?2,608-650.

Zhnelski, H.C.,Z.T. Mubkieio

Zubkv, O.O.

?57? Ka'hrle pk ponhknetu. Ckslvo/Nhieimrof.

?508 Qchsahieh vysktikj pkjosikste lol ksikvo rhlkistrulaee lnecoteahslea` ezchihiej vmkriya` stroioa`, Chtkfy rhlkistrulaee lnecotkv, 1=-68.

?504 K zubh oraòitrkpo ez phQahry Lufork E. Ei: W.T. Njubei ?504o, ?82.

Wossenej NjubeiEistetuth kg OraòhknkmyFvkrzkvojo Iob. ?5Qt. ThthrsburmRusseo

Mhròrf BkseisleGkrsaùimsbhrhea` Ontstheizhet

Qa`nkss Ckirhpks8787= IhuwehfMhrcoiy



jhoi Toun Royioe ?1 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Otnoitea Ckrkaak:Nekihe Comkmo t`h Aosobnoiao hvefhiahGoteco-Zk ro Qbeè-OnokueFhies Mhroofs

Rhahit wkrl ei t`h Aosobnoiao orho akisefhrobny

ckfegehf hornehr eithrprhtotekis kgets prknegea Tonohknetèa

rhakrf. Ihw rhsunts rhpkrthf ei eès pophr strhss t`h

obshiah kg troahs kg o vhry horny ètcoi kaaupoteki. V`h

coei port kg t`h rea` Oa`hunhoi shquhiah ot Aosobnoiao

foths grkit t`h shakifport kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih,

t`kum` ponohkcomihtea foto summhsts tòt t`h hornehst

troaås kg etcoi oatevetehs foth grkc bhgkrh t`h Brui`hs-

Cotuyoco bkuifory (V`kcos-? quorry, nhvhnN).

V`rkum`kut t`h Oa`hunhoi shquhiah t`h soch netèa row

cothreons whrh ushf, wèa onnkws akcporeski kg

thaìknkmeaon aòroathresteas kg t`h vorekus osshcbnomhs.

?. Eitrkfuateki

V`h Aosobnoiao rhmehc, ki t`h Otnoitea akost kg t`h

Ckrkaaoi Chsåto, es rea` ei Tonohknetèa seths prhshrvhf ei

oi hxahptekionny whnn fhvhnkphf shrehs kg nettkron fhpksets

(Gem. ?). Vès shrehs gkrchf t`h boses gkr t`h fhgeieteki kg

t`h cojkrety kg t`h strotktyphs kg t`h anosseaon stomhs kg t`h

Com`rhb's coreih Tnhestkahih (Ihuvennh oif Ru`ncoi

?56?< Bebhrski ?57?< Vhxehr ht on. ?508). V`h fhpksets

yehnfhf vorekus gkssens kg `kceiefs (Bebhrski ?587<

Hiikuaè ?575, ?5=2). wèa` orh ot t`h kremei kg t`h gerstoiotkceaonny ckfhri ùcois (@ubnei ?55?). Rhahit wkrl

òs hstobnes`hf o ihw net`kstrotemropèaon (Vhxehr ht on.

?556< Nhgàvrh ht on. ?556), bekstrotemropèaon oif

oraòhknkmeaon grochwkrl (shh Vobnh ?), tòt wenn bh ushf ei

tès pophr tk fesauss t`h omh kg t`h gerst kaaupoteki kg t`h

Aosobnoiao rhmeki oif tk prhshit skch osphats kg ets

Oa`hunhoi shquhiah.

2. Lrkc t`h Tnekahih tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

V`h bosh kg t`h strotemropèa shrehs kg Aosobnoiao es kg

Tnekahih omh (Royion ht on. ?554), foteim grkc bhgkrh t`h

_uothcory vknaoiesc kg t`h Ceffnh Otnos (Hn Mrokue?556).

V`h knfhst gksseneghrkus seth ei t`h Aosobnoiao shquhiah es

t`h Nessosgo lorst akcpnhx, fhvhnkphf ei t`h tkp kg nettkron

fhpksets tòt òvh t`her bosh ot obkut ?=4 c obkvh prhshit

sho nhvh!?. nts cearkgouio, wèa` akitoeis Toroht`kcys sp.,

Rusaeikcys sp.. Cus sp. oif Mhrbennefoh, summhsts o Ceffnh

kr Horny Tnekahih omh.

O`n-On-Kum`noc es o ykuimhr seth, systhcoteaonny

hxaovothf grkc ?505 kiworfs, oif nkaothf ei o s`krhneih

aut ei bhoa` fhpksets ot ?40 c obkvh sho nhvhn (Royion

ht on. ?554). nts vhrthbroth gouio, by gor t`h rea`hst kih kg

t`h Ikrt` Ogreaoi noth Ahikzkea oif kiny akcporobnh tk t`h

rea` seths kg hosthri Ogreao, summhsts oi omh kg orkuif

2.8 Cyr BT (Mhroofs ?551o< ?558). Ckrh tòi =4 sphaehs

òvh bhhi efhitegehf, bhnkimeim tk onn coei mrkups: ges`hs,

rhptenhs (meoit tkrtkesh, nezorfs, siolhs, arkakfenhs oif t`h

rorh Ocpèsbohiefoh), vorekus berfs (wet` o rhcorlobnh

akhxesthiah kg phimuei oif kstrea`, oif wet` pshufkfkitkr-

iet`hs, meoit sho berfs wet` gonsh thht`) oif coccons, t`h

ckst akccki mrkup. Aorievkrhs orh rhprhshithf by 21 toxo,

?1 kg wèa` orh ihw (Mhroofs, ei prhss), h.m. @yohiefoh

(Arkauto, Tnekarkauto), o sobrh-tkkt`hf ghnef, Custhnefoa,

Aoiefoh (Wunphs, Iyathrhuths), t`h knfhst likwi bhor grkc

Ogreao oif o ckrsh. V`h `hrbevkrhs akcpresh hnhpòit, o

costkfkit, o gkssen pem (Lknpka`khrus pòaka`khrkefhs), o

bkvef-sezhf meroggh (Qevot`hreuc couruseuc), oithnkphs

(Lkbus oif Foconesaus), o t`rhh-tkhf `krsh (@epporeki), o

rèikahrks (Ahrotkt`hreuc), o ckilhy (V`hrkpet`haus), os

whnn os o normh vorehty kg rkfhits oif eishatevkrhs. Et es

kbvekus tòt t`h normh prhfotkrs pnoyhf o cojkr rknh ei t`hgkrcoteki kg tès gksseneghrkus seth, kg wèa` wh òvh o

rhprhshitotevh socpnh ikw. Vroahs kg `kceiefs, bh et os

gkssens kr ei t`h gkrc kg orthgoats, orh akcpnhthny obshit ei

tès normh osshcbnomh, oif t`h O`n-On-Kum`noc seth tùs

shhcs tk foth grkc bhgkrh t`her orrevon ei t`h Com`rhb.

V`h Horny Tnhestkahih kg Aosobnoiao, ikt whnn likwi ei

fhtoen yht, es aurrhitny t`h kbjhat kg systhcoteaon rhshora`,

oif vorekus strotemropèaon uiets òvh bhhi efhitegehf

bhtwhhi 68 oif ?44 c obkvh sho nhvhn. Ik ecpkrtoit

gksseneghrkus seth es likwi yht, oif ik stkih orthgoats òvh

bhhi rhakvhrhf ei setu. Geifs rhakvhrhf grkc fhpksets

gkrchrny ottrebuthf tk t`h Cooregehi, t`h Ckunkuyhi kr t`hQonåtehi orh het`hr mhkgoats aknnhathf grkc èm`-hihrmy

nettkron goaehs (knf aknnhatekis kg Bebhrski ei t`h Fåprhz

quorry oif rhahit aknnhatekis by J.T. Royion oif F. Nhgàvrh

ei t`h Ber Os Qcor pet), kr orh rhahit orthgoats grkc

suphrgeaeon aknnuveon fhpksets, os ei kt`hr seths ei Ckrkaak

(Royion oif Vhxehr ?505): ot yht t`hrh es ik 'Thbbnh

Aunturh' ei setu ot Aosobnoiao.



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28= JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - V@H AOQOBNOIAO HWEFHIAH

Gem. ?. Nkaoteki kg seths ei t`h Aosobnoiao orho: ?. Qefe Obfhr-ro`coih< 2. Mrktnh fhs Kurs< 1 Qefe Obfhrro`-coih Hxthiseki<6. V`kcos ?< 8. Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks Kunof-@ocefo ?< 7. O n-OE-Kum`noc< =. Ber Os Qcor< 0. Qefe Chssokuf< 5. Nessosgo<?4. Mòufkur Bhi @obeb< ??. Qefe On Lòfer Host.

1. V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih

V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih es aòroathrezhf by obuifoit

ùcoi kaaupoteki. Fhpksets kg tès phrekf orh vhry whnn

fhvhnkphf oif fespnoy mrhot net`kstrotemropèaon fhtoen:

shvhi coreih uiets orh efhitegehf, sthpphf bhtwhhi 5 oif

18 c obkvh prhshit sho nhvhn oif akvhrhf by akiteihiton

gksseneghrkus fhpksets (Vhxehr ht on. ?556). V`h obuifoit

geifs fesakvhrhf ei t`h quorrehs kg Qefe-Obfhrro`coih,

V`kcos-? oif Kunof @ocefo-E onnkw us tk aòroathrezh t`h

akithcpkrory 'oiecon' hiverkichit oif tk hstobnes` t`h

ieoei neihs kg t`h nkaon Oa`hunhoi shquhiah.V`rkum`kut t`h shquhiah orlkshs oif aocbreoi ghnfsporea

quortzeths - kgthi rhghrrhf tk os Hn @oil quortzeths - gkrc t`h

preiaepon row cothreons. V`hy whrh obuifoitny prhshit ei

vorekus sezhs ki t`h gkrchr bhoa`hs oif rkaly kutarkps, oif

mevh t h osshcbnomhs o rot`hr 'oraòea' aòroathr. Hxphrechits

wet` t`hsh rkals òvh mevhi us o mkkf efho kg t`her gnoleim

aòroathresteas. V`h row cothreons orh vhry t`kum` oif

cossevh, oif vhry òrf tk gnolh, t`kum` lioppeim es goaenetothf

by coleim ush kg pnoih surgoahs, ioturon kr orthgeaeon kihs.

Groaturhs orh vhry anhor: òrf phrausseki arhothf fhakrteaothf

surgoahs wet` whnn corlhf ihmotevh saors oif onsk hitoenhf

grhquhit lioppeim oaaefhits sua` os brholomh kg gnolhs kr

phbbnhs onkim t`h oxes kg phrausseki (Qerht brhols,

oaaefhitonny brklhi phbbnhs, monhts o ui hinàvhchit ghifus).

Gneit akistetuths kiny obkut 8% kg t`h row cothreons, upuitenn t`h Xpphr Oa`hunhoi, w`hi gneit wos skum`t gkr ckrh

systhcoteaonny. Gneit es nkaonny ovoenobnh ei t`h gkrc kg sconn

phbbnhs (? tk 8 ac ei feochthr) ei vorekus akorsh mroeihf

nettkron fhpksets.

V`h hxpnketoteki kg t`h soch row cothreons t`rkum`kut

t`h Oa`hunhoi shquhiah ot Aosobnoiao onnkws o akcpoeëski

kg t`h thaìknkmeaon aòroathresteas kg skch rhprhshitotevh

shrehs. V`hy orh prhshithf `hrh onkim t`h neihs kg t`h

anossegeaoteki ckfhn fhvhnkphf ki boses kg o stufy kg t`h

osshcbnomhs grkc Xiet N kg t`h V`kcos quorry, brehgny

hxpnoeihf bhnkw. Vès ckfhn es boshf ki t`h aòroathr kg

t`h wkrleim surgoahs, t`her fespkseteki oif hxpnketoteki< et

eithmroths fyiocea osphats (shquhiahs kg prkfuateki kg

gnolhs oif kg sòpeim, rhfuateki kg kbjhats, rh-ush hta.) oif

guiatekion kihs (sphaegea ckrp`knkmy, troisgkrcoteki by

usomh...). Qhvhi coei mrkups orh fesahrihf:

Mrkup ?: gnoleim aorrehf kut by useim akrteaon streleim

pnotgkrcs

Mrkup 2: gnoleim grkc kih iki-akrteaon streleim pnotgkrc,

pkssebny rh-ofjusthf

Mrkup 1: gnoleim useim twk iki-akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcs

gkr kih oif t`h soch wkrleim surgoah

Mrkup 6: gnoleim useim t`rhh tk gevh iki-akrteaon streleim

pnotgkrcs gkr kih oif t`h soch wkrleim surgoahMrkup 8: gnoleim grkc iki-akrteaon streleim pnotgkrcs

bhnkimeim tk vorekus wkrleim surgoahs

Mrkup 7: hxpnketoteki/sòpeim kg gnolhs oif gromchits

Mrkup =: kbjhats troisgkrchf by usomh

V`h mrkup-subfevesekis tùs rhpksh upki thaìknkmeaon

oif/kr shakifory ckrp`knkmeaon arethreo (sua` os rh-ush kg

streleim pnotgkrcs, rhaurrhiah kg gnolh rhckvons, nhimt` kg

bnoils (bkt` orthgeaeon oif ioturon kihs), surgoah sezh kg

gnolh rhckvons oif prhshiah/obshiah kg akrthx).

Mrkup 6 akitoeis ckst kbjhats wet` cuntepnh gnolh

rhckvons. Qtorteim wet` gnoleim grkc akrteaon streleim

pnotgkrcs (mrkup ?) oif gknekwhf by oi eiarhosh kg gnolhfsurgoahs tès mrkup akitoeis t`h cojkrety kg akcpnhx oif/kr

typeaon kbjhats. V`h ckst akcpnhth begoahs os whnn os t`h

bhst hxpnkethf akrhs orh wetèi tès mrkup. Mrkup 7, wet`

akrhs ki gnolhs oif gromchits oif tkkns ki gnolhs thstegehs

tk t`h geion stomhs kg t`h lioppeim prkahss.

Ethcs troisgkrchf by usomh kr rh-utenezoteki orh ot t`h

kremei kg port kg t`h kbshrvhf osshcbnomh voreobenety. Vobnh 2




survhys skch aòroathresteas kg gkur rhprhshitotevh shrehs kg

t`h Oa`hunhoi shquhiah ot Aosobnoiao, os osshcbnhf grkc

?5=0 kiworfs fureim hxaovotekis by t`h Cesseki pråèstk-

requh ht ponåkitknkmequh groimoesh ou Corka oif t`h

Eistetut Iotekion fhs Qaehiahs fh n'Ora`åknkmeh ht fu

Totreckeih ot Robot: chcbhr N kg t`h V`kcos-? quorry

(V@ NE oif V@ N8). t`h Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks kg t`h

Kunof @ocefo-? quorry (MFR) oif Qefe-Obfhrro`coihHxthiseki (QOH). Vobnh ? kiny akisefhrs t`h hgghatevh tktons

kg t`h vorekus mrkups wet` hxanuseki kg (ioturon) bnoils.

Vob nh 2 s hh thxt gkr hxpnoioteki

Qeths: V@ NE V@ N8 MFR QOH

Omh: 94.=0 Cyr BT ; ¿4.6 Cyr BT >4.6 Cyr BT

Mrkups ee % i % i % i %? ?0 7 ?0 6.0 == ?8 1? 8.6

2 87 ?0.0 =5 2?.2 =? ?1.0 72 ?4.=

1 10 ?2.0 ?? 2.5 21 6.8 57 ?7.7

6 ?26 6?.7 7? ?7.6 ??4 2?.8 ?55 16.8

8 ?0 7 77 ?=.= 18 7.0 8 4.5

7 17 ?2.? 5= 27 ?44 ?5.8 ?0? 1?.6

= 0 2.= 6? EE 5= ?0.5 1 4.8

Vkton 2«)Q ?44 1=1 EE Cn 8?1 ?44 8== XCE

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki likwi yht òs bhhi fesakvhrhf ei

t`h V`kcos-? quorry, ei nhvhn N kg t`h Gkrcoteki ? kg t`h

Kunof-@ocefo Mrkup (Royion oif Vhxehr ?505). V`h

osshcbnomh akitoeis gnolhs strual grkc fesakefon akrhs oif

grkc pkny`hfrkis. Bhsefhs a`kppeim-tkkns, pkny`hfrkis oif

skch anhovhrs, begoahs gkrc t`h ckst aòroathrestea hnhchit

wetèi t`h tkkns. V`hy orh kgthi porteon kiny oif usuonnyfespnoy nothron kr nonaron-feston akiaovetehs, tòt colh up t`h

pkeit kg t`h begoahs.

V`h gouio grkc tès seth es fkceiothf by èppkpktocus,

nelh t`h prkbobny skchwòt ykuimhr seth kg Vem`hieg

(Vhriegeih) ei Onmhreo, oif akitoeis gurt`hrckrh hnhpòit,

zhbro oif mozhnnhs. Tonohkcomihtea foto summhsts oi omh ei

hxahss kg 4.=0 Cyr BT gkr t`h coei port kg tès nkaon horny

Oa`hunhoi shquhiah (Qhi, ei netthres).

Worekus seths (Qefe On Lòfer, Moif`kur Bhi @obeb,

Kunof @ocefo ?) ovh yehnfhf sconn osshcbnomhs

fkceiothf by fhbetomh. V`hsh osshcbnomhs orh bheim

stufehf ikw, oif aoi bh fothf ei t`h gerst port kg t`h Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih (Mrkup kg Kunof @ocefo). V`h coei port kg t`h

Oa`hunhoi seths grkc t`h Aosobnoiao shquhiah, eianufeim

t`h `kceief seths grkc t`h V`kcos quorrehs (Mhroofs ht on.

?504), `kwhvhr foth grkc t`h shakif òng kg t`h Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih (Oigo Mrkup). V`h Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks kg t`h

Kunof-@ocefo-? quorry (Royion ht on. ?551) yehnfhf o rea`

netèa eifustry oif oi obuifoit gouio wet` obkut 84

vhrthbroth sphaehs (Mhroofs ?551b, ?556) t ot eifeaoth o

rot`hr kphi oif fry hiverkichit. HQR-foteim kg tkkt`

hiochn kg Ahrotkt`hreuc secuc (R`kfhs ht on. ?556) mevh

t`h osshcbnomh oi omh kg obkut 644 Lyr BT. V`h obuifoit

rhcoeis kg wèth rèikaårks summhst sphaeonezhf ùiteim by

`kceiefs. Akcporhf tk t`h nkaon horny Oa`hunhoi kih aoi

kbshrvh oi eiarhosh kg fesakefon akrhs oif kg gnolh

prkfuateki< anhovhrs orh rorh wènh begoaeon pehahs orhnormhr, aòroathrezhf by akivhx oif/kr akiaovh hfmhs tòt

akistetuth o pkeithf hxtrhcety (ag. Gem. 2).

Ei t`h V`kcos-? aovh t`h nhvhn tòt yehnfhf t`h ùcoi

coifebnh ei ?575 es ikw uifhr hxaovoteki. V`h rhakvhrhf

osshcbnomh es queth fegghrhit grkc t`h shrehs kg t`h Mrktth

fhs Rèikaårks, os et es fkceiothf by gnolhf phbbnhs, oif

akcporobnh tk t`h shrehs aknnhathf ot t`h tech kg t`h

fesakvhry kg t`h jow (Mhroofs ht on. ?504). Vès voreobenety

aoi prkbobny bh hxpnoeihf by t`h sconn sezh kg t`h socpnh

rhakvhrhf grkc t`h eigenn yht.

O ckrh rhahit stomh es whnn ennustrothf ot Qefe-Obfhr-

ro`coih-Hxthiseki. @hrh wh kbshrvh oi ecpkrtoit ush kg

bnkal-gromchits oif grhquhit rhayaneim kg rknnhf orthgoats

wet` cuntepnh saors. Gnolhs orh coeiny prkfuahf grkc

fesakefon akrhs oif pkny`hfrea gkrcs orh queth rorh. Qk orh

prhfhthrceihf gnolhs, but t`hsh akhxest wet` o fevhrsh

tkknlet ki gnolhs. Begoaeon pehahs orh mhihronny cofh ki

gnolhs oif ckstny fespnoy akivhx sefhs oif thif tkworfs

kvoth gkrcs, hvhi tk fesakefon kihs. Anhovhrs orh rorh `hrh.

V`h upphr port kg t`h Oa`hunhoi shquhiah es rhprhshithf

ot t`h Aop Aòthnehr seth, wet` oi omh ei hxahss kg 244 Lyr

(kpteaonny stecunothf nuceihsahiah foths by R`kfhs ?554):

prkfuateki kg prhfhthrceihf gnolhs oif tèi, sconn begoahs,

o fevhrsh sht kg tkkns ki gnolhs oif vhry ghw anhovhrs

(Fhbhiot` ht on. ?502).V`h Oa`hunhoi shrehs kg Aosobnoiao orh tùs

aòroathrezhf by o normh `kckmhihety, wèa` es tk o normh

hxthit t`h rhsunt kg t`h ush kg t`h soch ceihron rhskurahs

kvhr vorekus ùifrhfs kg t`kusoifs kg yhors. V`h row

cothreon, obuifoitny ovoenobnh ei onn sezhs, onnkwhf o

prkfuateki kg normh gnolhs kr vknuceikus gromchits kg

phbbnhs oif bnkals. V`h kiny akistroeit akisesthf ei t`h

troispkrt kg `hovy kbjhats, coleim vknuceikus gnolhf ethc

rorh ei t`h hxaovothf seths. V`h vorekus typhs kg bnoils

eitrkfuahf tk t`h seths orh vhry whnn rhakmiezobnh ei t`h

begoahs kg t`h vorekus shrehs.

V`h eifustrehs thstegy tk o ahrtoei stobenety t`rkum`kut t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (nothron fessycchtreh prkphr tk o porteon

sòpeim, gkr hxocpnh), but t`hy onsk bhor wetihss kg oi

eiarhoseim akcpnhxety kg hnhchitory ckfhs kg rhfuateki

oif kg o akiteiukus thaìknkmeaon hirea`chit ei wèa`

hornehr oaquerhchits rhsurmh (t`h pkny`hfrea prkxecon pore

kg skch begoahs kg t`h Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks, gkr hxocpnh)

V`h kbshrvhf aòimhs ei t`h ckrp`knkmy kg t`h vorekus



285 JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - V@H AOQOBNOIAO HWEFHIAH

Akivhxh hfmh(s)

Tkeit, akiaovh hfmh(s)

04

Akiaovh hfmh(s)

Avh hfmh + axh hfmh

Gem. 2. Festrebuteki (ei %) kg vorekus begoah hfmh-typhs kg t`h osshcbnomhsR eikaårks), V@?/N? (V`kcos ? _uorry, Nhvhn N?).

Tkeit, avh hfmh, avx hfmh

QOH (Qefe Obfhrro`coih Hxthiseki), MFR (Mrktth fhs

kbjhats aoi bh quoitetëhf< tbr eistoiah t`h rhcorlobnyrhmunor aòimh kvhr tech kt" t`h oimnh gkrchf by t`h

ferhatekis kg t`h twk gnolh rhckvons tòt fhnecet o shquhiah

kt gnolh rhckvons ki kih (kr twk) wkrleim surgoahs. V`h

ihot akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi t`h iucbhr kg gnolh rhckvons oif

t`h iucbhr kg streleim pnotgkrcs (ag. Gem. 1) es o

thaìknkmeaon akistoit (o suaahsseki kg x gnolhs kremeioteim

trkc kih pnotgkrc), vhregeaf ei hxphrechits oif fhthrceihf

by t`h chaòieaoS aòroathresteas kg t`h row cothreon.

]etèi tès 'Oa`hunhoi' uiety t`h aòimhs wetèi t`h

begoahs rhgnhat ei kur vehw o ckrp`k-guiatekion hvknuteki,

rhnoyhf ei tech by o ckrh systhcotea prkfuateki kg gnolhs,

eianufeim prhfhthrceihf kihs.

O akcporeski kg t`h prkbobnh ush kg t`h kbjhats

efhitegehf ei kur anossegeaoteki wet` hxphrechiton rhsunts

(Vkt` ?508) nhofs tk t`h gknnkweim akianusekis rhmorfeim

t`h oatevetehs phrgkrchf ot t`h seths: V`kcos-? NE: skch

stkih wkrleim. èfh snetteim, `hovy futy buta`hry, bkih

brholeim< V`kcos-? N8: stkih wkrleim fkceioths. nem`t

futy buta`hry< Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks: stkih wkrleim

ecpkrtoit, èfh snetteim, nem`t oif `hovy-futy buta`hry,bkih brholeim< Qefe-Obfhrro`coih Hxthiseki: stkih

wkrleim ecpkrtoit, èfh snetteim, nem`t futy buta`hry, bkih

brholeim.

V`h normh saonh hxaovotekis tòt orh ei prkmrhss ikw ot

Aosobnoiao wenn onnkw us tk fhvhnkp t`hsh prhneceiory

eithrprhtotekis ei ckrh fhtoen oif tk prkpksh ckrh

sphaegea guiatekion `ypkt`hshs gkr t`h vorekus seths

fesausshf `hrh.

6. Akianusekis

Os o rhsunt kg t`h rhahit oif kimkeim wkrl ei t`h

Aosobnoiao rhmeki o ghw akianufeim pkeits aoi bh strhsshf`hrh:

- os yht t h Aosobnoiao rhmeki òs ikt yehnfhf oiy hvefhiah

kg vhry horny ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`h Ckrkaaoi Otnoitea

akoston orho

- ponohkcomihtea foto summhsts t ot t`h hornehst troahs kg

ùcoi kaaupoteki foth grkc (just;) bhgkrh t`h Brui`hs-

Cotuyoco bkuifory (4.=0 Cyr BT)




Choi iucbhr kg gnolh rhckvons akcporhf tk iucbhr kg streleim pnotgkrcs

8 7 = 0 5

Iucbhr kg streleim pnotgkrcs phr kbjhat

? 4 ? ? ? 2 ?

Gem. 1. Choi iucbhr kg gnolh rhckvons akcporhf tk iucbhr kg streleim pnotgkrcs, gkr t`rhh osshcbnomhs: QOH (Qefe Obfhrro`coih HxthisekiMFR (Mrktth fhs R eikaårks), V@?/N? (V`kcos ? _uorry, Nhvhn N?).

- t`rkum`kut t`h voreobenety fhckistrothf by kur rhahit

hxaovotekis vorekus ckrp`k-thaìknkmeaon stomhs orh

fesahriobnh. V`hsh fk ikt onnkw o gkrcon subfeveseki kg

t`h Oa`hunhoi shquhiah but t`h opphoroiah kg

prhfhthrceihf gnoleim thaìequhs, oppnehf tk t`h preiaepon

row cothreon (quortzeth), ihvhrt`hnhss aòroathrezhs o

rot`hr rhahit pòsh kg tès shquhiah.

Geionny, kur aurrhit stoth kg likwnhfmh es prhshithf `hrh

ei t`h gkrc kg t`h syit`hteaon tobnh n< wènh semiegeaoitny

ckfegyeim hornehr foto, t`h aurrhit grochwkrl rhgnhats kiny

o prkvesekion stomh kg kur kimkeim rhshora`.

Outkresoteki fh pubnehr ik. 672 fu ?6 juei ?558

ikth

? V`h seth wos fesakvhrhf Coy ?=t` ?558, by F. Nhgàvrh oifJ.T. Royion.

rhghrhiahs

Bebhrski, T. ?587 Nh meshchit fh n'Otnoit`rkph fh Qefe Obfhrro`coih, Bunnhtei f'Ora`åknkmeh corkaoeih10-52.

?57? Nh aofrh ponåkmåkmropèquh fh no Tråèstkerh fu Corka otnoitequh ht Nh Tonåknetèquheigårehur fu Corka otnoitequh, Tetbneaotekis fu Qhrveah fhs Oitequetås fu Corka, Robot



27? JHOI-TOXN ROUION HV ON. - V@H AOQOBNOIAO HWEFHIAH

Fhbhiot`. O.,

J.T. Royion.

J.T. Vhxehr

?502 Nhs eifustrehs fhs @kck hrhatus corkaoeis: a`rkiknkmeh, typknkmeh. Trhcehr Akimrhs

eithriotekion fh Tonhkitknkmeh ùcoeih. Råsucås, 06-08, Ieah.

Hn Mrokue, C. ?556 Akitrebuteki o n'åtufh fhs gkrcotekis nerrkronhs quothrioerhs fh no råmeki fh Aosobnoiao

(Corka): såfechitknkmeh, cearkgoaeàs ht ceiåroux nkurfs. V`hsh fh ?'Xievhrsetå fh

Bkrfhoux ?.

Hiikuaè, H. ?575 Fåakuvhrth f'ui Tet`åaoit`rkpehi ou Corka, AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores F, 275, =71-=78.

?5=2 Ikuvhnnh fåakuvhrth f'ui oraòit`rkpehi ou Corka, AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores F, 2=6, 1400-

1454.

Mhroofs, F.,

T. Bhrerk,

@. Rka`h

?504 No gouih ht n'eifust reh fhs seths o @kck hrhatus fhs aorreàrhs V`kcos (Corka). Tråaesekis

sur ?'omh fh ahs `kceiefås, AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores 25?(??), ?58-?50.

Mhroofs, F. ?504 No gouih fhs seths o @kck hrhatus fhs aorreàrhs V`kcos (Aosobnoiao, Corka), _uothr-

ioreo 22, 78-56.

?551o Lknpka`khrus pòaka`khrkefhs (V`kcos, ?006) (Quefoh, Cocconeo) fu Tnekaàih

supårehur fh O`n on Kum`noc (Aosobnoiao, Corka), Måkbeks 27(7), =1?-=6?.

?551b Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Arkaefuro (Cocconeo, Eishatevkro) grkc Kunof @ocefo ?, Ckrkaak,

oif t`her p`ynkmhihtea rhnotekisèps, Trkahhfeims Lki. Ihf. Olofhceh v. ]hthisaòpphi

57(1), 20?-256.

?556 Rkimhurs ht Nomkckrp`hs fu Tnåestkaàih ckyhi fh no "Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks" , Aorreàrh

Kunof @ocefo ? o Aosobnoiao, Corka, I. Jb. Tonokit. Ob`. ?5?(2), ?6=-?=2.

?558 Rkimhurs ht eishatevkrhs (Cocconeo) fu Tnekaàih geion fh O`n On Kum`noc (Aosobnoiah,

Corka), Måkbeks 20(?), 55-??8.

ei prhss Aorievkrhs fu Tnekaàih thrceion fh O`n On Kum`noc (Aosobnoiao, Corka), Måkbeks,

subcetthf.

@ubnei, J.J. ?55? N'åchrmhiah fhs @kck sopehis ora`fequ.hs: Ogrequh fu Ikrf-Kuhst ht Hurkph

kaaefhitonh. V`hsh f'Htot fh ?'Xievhrsetå fh Bkrfhoux ?.

Nhgàvrh. F.,

J.T. Vhxehr.

J.T. Royion,

Q. Kaaehtte,

J. Hvei

?556 Hirhmestrhchits-Råpkishs fhs voreotekis anecotequhs fu Tnåestkaàih supårehur ht fh

n'@knkaàih sur Eh nettkron fh Aosobnoiao (Corka ), _uothrioerh 8(1-6), ?=1-?04.

Kaaèhtte. Q..

J.T. Royion,

T. Tea`ht,

J.T. Vhxehr

?551 Oceikstrotemropèh fu fhriehr ayanhs anecotequh ou Corka otnoitequh, fh Aosobnoiao o

Voimhr, AR. Oaof. Qa. Tores 1?=(??), ?728-?712.

Royion, J.T..

?.?'. E'hxehe

?505 Fåakuvhrth f'Oa`hunåhi oiaehi fois no aorreàrh V`kcos E o Aosobnoiao ht prkbnàch fh

?'oiaehiihtå fh no pråshiah ùcoeih ou Corka, AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores 140(??), ?=61-?=65.

Royion, J.T.,

J.T. Vhxehr,

F. Mhroofs,

G.Z. Qbeè-Onokue

?554 Xi ikuvhou meshchit ponåkitknkmequh pnek-pnåestkaàih hi Ogrequh fu Ikrf: O`n On

Kum`noc (oiaehiih aorreàrh Fåprhz) o Aosobnoiao (Corka), AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores 1?4(??),

1?8-124.

http://archdiqu.es/

http://archdiqu.es/

http://archdiqu.es/



: > 9 : V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Royion, J.T.,

F. Mhroofs,

N. Comkmo,

O. @ojrokue,

J.T. Vhxehr,

F. Nhghvrh,

G.Z. Qbeè-Onokue

?551 No Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks (Aorreàrh Kunof @ocefo ? - oiaehiihchit V`kcos EEE, Aoso-

bnoiao), ikuvhou seth oa`hunåhi fu Corka otnoitequh, AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores 1?7(??),

?6==-?601.

R`kfhs, H.

R`kfhs, H.,

J.T. Royion,

F. Mhroofs,

G.Z. Qbeè-Onokue

?554 Kpteaon Foteim kg _uortz grkc Qhfechits. V`hsh fh fkatkrot. Xievhrsety kg Kxgkrf: Kxgkrf

?556 Trhceàrhs foth RTH pkur ?'Oa`hunåhi fu Corka otnoitequh (Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks .

Aosobnoiao), AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores 1?5(??), ??45-???8.

Vhxehr, J.T.,

J.T. Royion,

F. Nhgàvrh

?508 Ikuvhnnhs prkpksetekis pkur ui aofrh a`rkiknkmequh roeskiiå fu _uothrioerh corkaoei,

AR. Oaof. Qa. Tores 14?(??), ?01-?00.

Vkt`. I.

nn9n96 Akitrebuteki pkur ui ikuvhou aofrh strotemropèquh fhs gkecotekis nettkronhs quothcoerh

fh no råmeki fh Aosobnoiao (Corka), AR. Oaof. Qae. Tores 1?0(??), ?26=-?281.

?508 V`h Knfkwoi Rhosshsshf, o Anksh Nkkl ot Horny Qtkih Ortegoats , Jkurion kg Oraòhknkm

eaon Qaehiah ?2, ?4?-?24.

Jhoi-Toun Royion oif Nekihn Comkmo

Xievhrsetå fh Bkrfhoux ?

Eistetut fu _uothrioerh

XCR 5511 AIRQ oif MFR ??22 AIRQ

Ovhiuh fhs Goauntås, G-11648 Vonhiah Ahfhx

Groiah

oif

Cesseki pråèstkrequh ht ponåkitknkmequh groigoesh ou Corka

Goteco-Zk`ro Qbeè-Onokue

Eistetut Iotekion fhs Qaehiahs fh ?'Ora`åknkmeh ht

fu Totreckeih

Ovhiuh Jkì Lhiihfy, Aosehr Tkston

Robot-Qkuesse

Corka

Fhies Mhroofs

Nobkrotkerh fh Tonhkitknkmeh fhs vhrtåbrås ht

Tonhkitknkmeh @ucoeih

Xievhrs etå fh Tores WE, aosh ?47

6 pnoah Russehu, =8282 Tores ahfhx 4 8

Groiah,

XCR ?82 AIR Q, Cusåh fh ?'@kcch

Tnoah fu Vrkaofårk, =8??7 Tores

Groiah

oif

Cesseki pråèstkrequh ht ponhkitknkmeh groiaoesh ou Corka



Mhròrf Bkseisle ?6 Qtkih orthgoats kg t`h Hurkphoi NkwhrTonohknetèa: o s`krt ikth?

M. fh Ckrtennht rhmorfhf netèa orthgoats os o chosurh kg

ùcoi hvknuteki. @h sow tès prkmrhsseki os uieneihor oif

wet`kut rhmekion fegghrhiahs, Oa`hunhoi òifoxhs

aòroathrezhf t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa oif hsphaeonny rkum`

òifoxhs whrh t`kum`t tk rhprhshit t`h hornehst stomh iochf

A`hnnhoi (Fh Ckrtennht ?001). By eitrkfuaeim shvhron

Oa`hunhoi substomhs Brhuen ikt kiny ckfegehf tès

subfeveseh¼S but gerst kg onn oif akitrory tk t`h speret kg

Fh Ckrtennht's uieneihor hvknuteki `h akistruathf vorekus

aunturon trofetekis: poronnhn tk t`h "begoah aunturh" (Obbh-

venneoi, Oa`hunhoi) hxesthf o "gnolh aunturh" (Anoatkieoi,

Nhvonnkeseoi), hoa` wet` ets kwi mhkmropèaon oif

hiverkichiton festrebuteki (Brhuen ?512).

Vkfoy bkt` t`h efho tòt Nkwhr Tonohknetèa orthgoats

iaotny rhprhshit stomhs kg ùcoi hvknuteki os whnn os t`h

ossucpteki tòt t`hy aòroathrezh fegghrhit aunturon

trofetekis orh ikt vhry pkpunor ockim oraòhknkmests.

Worekus akitrebutekis ei tès vknuch uifhrneih t`h ikteki

tòt Nkwhr Tonohknetèa orthgoats fk ikt rhprhshit anhor

a`rkiknkmehs! uiets kr èstkreao! trofetekis. Vès coy bh kih

kg t`h rhoskis w`y nhss otthiteki es poef tk netèa orthgoats

tòi, nkr eistoiah, tk gouion rhcoeis kr hiverkichiton foto.

@kwhvhr, stkih orthgoats gkrc by gor t`h ckst akcckiaothmkry kg geifs grkc t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa. V`her prhshiah

thstegehs tk t`h prhshiah kg ùcois, oif stkih orthgoats orh t`h

kiny truny furobnh corlhrs kg t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg

Hurkph. V`h knfhst seths akitoei netèa orthgoats, aòroathrezhf

by tnolhs wet` sòrp autteim hfmhs tòt hiobnhf `kceiefs tk

moei oaahss tk chot, oi ofoptotekion ofvoitomh tòt onnk whf

o gost pkpunoteki eiarhosh oif subshquhit hxthiseki kg horny

`kceiefs eitk Huroseo.

Orthgoats oif Iki-Orthgoats

Qeiaa t`h whnn-likwi hknet` fesausseki ot t`h bhmeiieim

kg t`h twhiteht` ahitury (Rutkt ?542< shh onsk Ofreoi ?560)et es akccki likwnhfmh tòt t`hrh es o normh mrhy orho

w`hrh ik kbjhatevh arethreo tk festeimues` orthgoats grkc

ioturon prkfuats oppny. V`h prkfuats kg vknaoiea oatevetehs

shrvh os oi hxocpnh< t`hsh eianufh t`h sk aonnhf thp`rkgoats

fesausshf ei tès vknuch by Royion, Comkmo oif Beifki

(shh onsk: Bkseisle ht on. ?504< Bkiegoy ?55?). Onsk ei

revhr mrovhns oif stkih neihs (aoennkutes) et es ikt onwoys

pkssebnh tk shporoth orthgoats grkc iki-orthgoats (ag. Qa`cufh

?552). Onn otthcpts tk anoregy t`h fegghrhiahs bhtwhhi

orthgoats oif ioturon prkfuats (ag. Totthrskis ?501< Lunh-

chyhr ?507< Onbrha`t ht on. ?556) orh òcphrhf by t`h goat

tòt Nkwhr Tonohknetèa stkih wkrleim thaìequhs whrh sk

secpnh tòt t`hy akunf hoseny bh ecetothf by ioturon prkahsshs,

sua` os groaturh fureim vknaoiea hruptekis oif rkal gonns oif

by stkihs ètteim hoa` kt`hr ei èm` hihrmy gnuveon akithxts

(ag. Rkhbrkhls ?507< ?556< Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi,

tès vknuch). Ei sua` o akithxt t`h ihahssoreny remkrkus

shnhateki kg orthgoats wenn rhsunt ei o sconn shrehs kg netèas tòt

cem`t rhprhshit kiny o groateki kg t`ksh pehahs kremeionny

cofh by `kceiefs (ag. Moufzeisle, ei prhss).

Qkchwòt bhtthr akifetekis hxest ot seths ei geih-mroeihf

s`krh kr revhr boil shfechits (Cehshi`hec E: Vurihr, ei

prhss), trovhrteih soifs (Benzeimsnhbhi: Coieo oif ]hbhr

?507) kr nkhss fhpksets (Oa`hi`hec: Juilcoiis ?55?< ?558).

Row Cothreons

Wertuonny onn Nkwhr Tonohknetèa stkih orthgoats orh cofh

kut kg seneaegehf rkals wèa` kaaurrhf ot kr anksh tk t`h

seths. V`h thrc "nkaon", wèa` kih kgthi hiakuithrs ei t`h

saehitegea nethroturh, s`kunf bh rhstreathf tk seths ferhatnysetuothf ki t`h row cothreon kutarkps, wèa` kgthi òvh t`h

aòroathr kg o wkrls`kp. Ei t`h Hurkphoi Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa sua` seths orh rorh, Aomiy-no-Morhiih oif

Bkxmrkvh bheim twk hxocpnhs kg tès aothmkry. Ei coiy

aoshs t`h seneahkus rkals wèa` `kceiefs utenezhf fef ikt

kaaur ot t`h seth etshng but ot o festoiah kg o ghw lenkchtrhs

(Gnkss ?556). Esknothf row cothreons grkc festoiahs kg obkut

24 lc (Krmioa), up tk 14 lc (Vhrro Ocoto) kr hvhi grkc

"normhr festoiahs" (Lufork E) orh hxahptekis, eifeaoteim tòt

et wos uiusuon tk troispkrt netèa orthgoats grkc kih seth tk

oikt`hr.

V`hrh es o guiatekion rhnotekisèp bhtwhhi tkkn-typhs oiftyphs kg row cothreon. V`h iuchrkus sconn gnolhs orh

prhfkceioitny grkc `kckmhihkus geih-mroeihf seneahkus

rkals. Ei akitrost, anhovhrs oif phbbnh tkkns orh ckstny

cofh kut kg tkum`, akorsh cothreons. Ei t`h ghw aoshs w`hrh

"phbbnh tkkns" whrh cofh kg gneit, wh cem`t bh fhoneim ikt

wet` tkkns but wet` akrhs gkr gnolh prkfuateki (ag. t`h

"phbbnh akrhs" grkc 'Xbhefeyo: Bor-Ukshg oif Mkrhi-Eibor




?551). V`h a`keah kg row cothreon gkr begoahs es ikt os anhor

tut. Coiy kg t`hc orh ki quortzeth oif bosont, nelh t`h

anhovhrs oif phbbnh tkkns, wènh ei gneit-rea` rhmekis t`hrh

orh iuchrkus begoahs cofh ki brettnh gneit. Begoahs whrh

onsk cofh kut kg bkih os es whnn fkauchithf ot seths

eianufeim Gkitoio Roiuaaek, Conomrktto.

V`h strotemropèa suaahssekis kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèa nhvhns,

ei Hurkph gkr eistoiah Thtronkio, Krmioa oif Voutovhn, s`kwtòt t`h a`keah kg row cothreons fhvhnkphf t`rkum` tech. Ei

t`h upphr noyhrs kg t`hsh seths t`h ockuit kg `kckmhihkus

seneahkus rkals es èm`hr tòi ei t`h nkwhr noyhr.

E èleeeNe Vhaìequhs

V`h aòroathrestea sconn gnolhs kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa

whrh strual grkc sconn tk chfeuc-sezhf akrhs. V`h streleim

pnotgkrc coy òvh bhhi prhporhf by kih kr o ghw bnkws,

bun t`h rhfuateki goah wos ikt prhporhf oif bhaoch

errhmunor fureim gnoleim. Akrrhspkifeimny t`hrh es ik

fegghrhiah bhtwhhi prhghrhiteon oif prhporotkry gnolhs. Akrh

rhfuateki wos rhoneshf by ferhat "òrf" phrausseki. Nkw

quonety rkals nelh quortz whrh onsk wkrlhf ei o bepknor woy,

rasunteim ei sphaegea akrhs oif gnolh typhs wet` normh stroem`t

feston oif prkxecoe hxtrhcetehs wèa` coy bh speeithrhf oif

nkkl nelh pehahs hsquennåhs (Lkboyosè ?5=8).

@occhrstkihs shhc tk òvh bhhi a`kshi of `ka oif

subshquhitny oboifkihf< òcchrstkihs wet` anhor

akiahitrotekis kg phrausseki saors thstegyeim tk o nkimhr ush,

orh rorh. Ei nothr pòshs kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa normhr

cossevh gnolhs wet` tèal streleim pnotgkrcs whrh prkfuahf

ei t`h sphaeon Anoatkieoi thaìequh fhsarebhf gerst ei

Himnoif (Anoatki-ki-Qho, Qwoisakcbh hta).

Ot t`h hif kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa hnkimothf gnot gnolhs

kaaosekionny orh prhshit oif whrh prkfuahf grkc akrhs wet`prhporhf rhfuateki goahs. Qua` prhporhf akrhs orh likwi

gkr eistoiah grkc Aomiy-no-Morhiih, Nuihn Wehn oif grkc

Leernea`-Qhhughr, w`hrh t`hy kaaosekionny fespnoy o akivhx

prhporhf rhfuateki goah oif o prhporhf-streleim pnotgkrc.

Akishquhitny t`hrh es o fegghrhiah bhtwhhi prhghrhiteon oif

prhporotkry gnolhs. Vès Nhvonnkes thaìequh akiteiuhs oif

subshquhitny fhvhnkps ei t`h Ceffnh Tonohknetèa.

Rhtkua`hf Gnolhs

Gnolhs shrvhf os autteim tkkns, t`her sòrp hfmhs bheim

ushf wet`kut rhtkuaèim oif kgthi fespnoyeim semis kg ush.

O aòroathrestea p`hikchiki kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa orh

sconnhr gnolhs wet` ikta`hf oif/kr fhiteaunothf rhtkua`hf

hfmhs. V`hsh sconn tkkns orh vhry iuchrkus ei hvhry ckrh

ecpkrtoit eivhitkry< t`hy rhgnhat o leif kg oatevety tòt wos

wefh-sprhof oif hkccki onn kvhr t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa,

prhsucobny wkkf wkrleim. Os o rhsunt kg t`her guiateki

t`hsh sconn tkkns orh errhmunory sòphf oif feggeaunt tk

anossegy. V`hy t`hrhgkrh movh t`h ecprhsseki kg Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa tkkns bheim "uistoiforfezhf". Akiteiukusny

rhtkua`hf wkrleim hfmhs orh rorh ei t`hsh osshcbnomhs.

V`h Bretes` seth @em` Nkfmh es oi hxahpteki tk t`hsh

kbshrvotekis obkut Nkwhr Tonohknetèa lioppeim thaìequh

tkke typhs oif wkrleim hfmhs, oif rhcoeis oi hiemcotea

p`hikchiki (Os`tki ht on. ?552).

Ot @em` Nkfmh gnolhs wet` snem`tny akivhx kr onckst

stroem`t sarophr hfmhs orh hkccki oif coy bh anossegehf secpnh kr troisvhrson sefh-sarophrs. V`hrh orh onsk roankers

fåjåtås {Qpetzsaòbhr) wet` onckst stroem`t hfmhs. Vèal

hnkimothf pkeits wet` errhmunorny rhtkua`hf fhiteaunothf oi

ikta`hf hfmhs orh usuonny anossegehf os _ueiski pkeits.

Qconn oif s`krt hif-sarophrs wet` rhmunorny rhtkua`hf sarop

hifs orh hkccki.

Ei bemmhr eivhitkrehs (gkr eistoiah Benzeimsnhbhi oif

Fcoiese) bureis kaaur, skchtechs cuntepnh kihs, oif skc

ki truiaotekis. V`h burei bhvhns skchtechs s`kws semis kg

ush< but ei mhihron, eithitekion bureis orh oi hxahpteki

t`kum` ei t`h Hurkphoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèa.

Thbbnh Vkkns

O choieimgun anossegeaoteki kg phbbnh tkkns es o feggeaunt

hithrpresh. V`h trofetekion subfeveseki eitk uiegoaeon

a`kpphrs oif begoaeonny sòphf a`kppeim tkkns es t`h ckst

akivhiehit anossegeaoteki. Onckst onn t`h a`kppeim tkkns orh

onthriothny wkrlhf oif surhny whrh ikt autteim tkkns.

Offetekion subfevesekis gkauseim ki t`h ockuit kg t`h

wkrlhf surgoah, t`h ockuit kg akrthx, kr t`h sòph kg t`h

wkrleim hfmh orh pkssebnh oif ushgun ei t`h fhsarepteki kg

bem shrehs os gkr eistoiah grkc surgoah aknnhatekis oif grkc

thrroah bkfehs (shh gkr hxocpnh Aknneio-Merorf ?5=7<

Vovksk ?5=0< Lrþmhr ?556< Gehfnhr ?556).

Trecory akithxt seths wet` o vorehty kg geif cothreon,eianufeim bkihs, ei mhihron akitoei kiny o necethf iucbhr

kg phbbnh tkkns. @hiah et fkhs ikt shhc urmhit tk hnobkroth

o ckrh skpèsteaothf subfeveseki kg t`hsh secpnh tkkns.

Anhovhrs

Anhovhrs orh subfevefhf eitk begoaeon anhovhrs wet` normh

autteim hfmhs oif gnolh anhovhrs cofh ki bem gnolhs. Begoaeo

anhovhrs orh sputiels kg Oa`hunhoi begoahs os t`hy kaaur

hvhryw`hrh ei t`h soch akithxt. Ei akitrost, gnolh-anhovhrs

(Vexehr ?587< Vovksk ?5=8) opphor ot t`h hif kg t`h Nkwh

Tonohknetèa oif orh cua` ckrh iuchrkus oif aòroathrest

ei t`h horny Ceffnh Tonohknetèa ot seths wet` o fkceioiah

t`h Nhvonnkes thaìequh oif kiny esknothf begoahs.

Begoahs

Os o rhsunt kg rhahit wkrl, gerst kg onn ei ikrt`hri Groiah

(Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch) oif skut`hri Himnoif

(Rkbhrts, Mocbnh oif Brefmnoif, tès vknuch) t`h anos

segeaoteki oif subfeveseki kg begoahs nkst cua` kg ets aòrc



278 MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - QVKIH ORVHGOAVQ KG V@H HXRKTHOI NK]HR TONOHKNEV@EA

os t`hsh stufehs fhckistroth tòt t`hrh orh ik rhakmiezobnh

typknkmeaon trhifs ei tech. Hsphaeonny t`h trofetekion vehw

akiahrieim t`h hvknuteki grkc rkum`ny wkrlhf horny begoahs

tk ckrh hvknvhf kvoths oif hnkimothf begoahs aoi ikt bh

suppkrthf by t`h hvefhiah grkc t`h Hurkphoi Nkwhr

Tonohknetèa.

Vypknkmeaon voreobenety kg begoahs akunf bh fhthrceihf by

guiateki< et es. gkr eistoiah, feggeaunt tk ecomeih tòt t`hhnkimothf begoahs wet` onthriothny sòphf (zem-zom-nelh)

hfmhs shrvhf t`h soch purpksh os t`h Himnes` "twesthf

kvoths".

Eivhitkry Vyphs

Ei t`h Hurkphoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèa t`hrh orh gerst kg onn

twk eivhitkry typhs: Vyph O osshcbnomhs akitoei gnolhs,

rhtkua`hf gnolhs, oif phbbnh tkkns, Vyph B osshcbnomhs

òvh akcporobnh orthgoats, but ei offeteki t`hy akitoei

begoahs oif anhovhrs.

O gerst mrkup kg Vyph O-seths es rhprhshithf by Fcoiese

oif pkssebny Krah, knfhr tòi ?,8 Cyr BT oif tùs knfhr

tòi t`h gerst begoahs (ag. Bkseisle ?558). V`h gnolhs,

rhtkua`hf gnolhs oif phbbnh tkkns grkc t`hsh seths s`kw ik

cojkr fegghrhiahs grkc t`h Ogreaoi Knfkwoi seths oif akunf

bh anossegehf os "Knfkwoi". V`h shakif, cua` ckrh

ecpkrtoit, anusthr kg Vyph O-seths (sua` os Whrthsz÷nn÷s,

Thtronkio, Mojfoi. Eshrieo oif Benzeimsnhbhi) foths tk t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih oif es akithcpkrory wet` t`h Oa`hunhoi.

V`hsh seths orh ikt necethf tk o sphaegea tech-spoi but foth

grkc vorekus Ceffnh Tnhestkahih phrekfs, eianufeim t`h noth

Nkwhr Tonohknetèa (Ben/eimsnhbhi). V`her mhkmropèaon

festrebuteki akvhrs t`h w`knh kg eiòbetothf Hurkph,

eianufeim ets skut`hri oif whsthri ports w`hrh Oa`hunhoi

osshcbnomhs onsk kaaur. Et es o setuoteki akcporobnh tk t`hHost Ogreaoi kih, wet` akcporobnh fesaussekis oif

ormuchits (ag. Nholhy ?5=8< Qtenhs ?504).

V`h Vyph B-seths akitoei onn t`h Vyph O-orthgoats os whnn

os begoahs oif anhovhrs, oif orh trofetekionny anossegehf os

"Oa`hunhoi". Ot t`hsh seths t`h iucbhr kg begoahs oif

anhovhrs vorehs akisefhrobny, but et fkhs ikt shhc vhry ushgun

tk rhstreat t`h thrc "Oa`hunhoi" kiny tk seths wet` o èm`

phrahitomh kg begoahs (Vuggrhou ?50=). Akitrory tk t`h Vyph

O-seths t`h Oa`hunhoi fespnoys o sphaegea festrebuteki potthri,

tòt eianufhs t`h Aouaoseoi rhmeki, t`h skut`hri Hurkphoi

phieisuno oif whsthri Hurkph, wènh ik Oa`hunhoi seths orh

likwi grkc ahitron oif hosthri Hurkph.

V`h Aouaosus rhmeki es neilhf tk t`h Ogreaoi "arofnh" kg

begoahs oif anhovhrs by Oseo Ceikr oif t`h Nhvoiteih

akrrefkr. Grkc t`h Aouaosus rhmeki t`hsh typhs akunf òvh

hxthifhf tk skut`hri oif whsthri Hurkph. Gkr t`h skut`whst

Hurkphoi geifs, Onechi (?5=8) prkpkshf o akiihateki tk

Ikrt` Ogreao kvhr Qeaeny oif t`h Qtroet kg Mebrontor. V`h goat

tòt t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gouios grkc bkt` sefhs kg t`h

stroet orh ikt rhnothf aoiikt bh ushf os oi ormuchit omoeist

akitoat by ùcois.

V`h aòroathr kg t`h pkssebnh rhnotekisèp bhtwhhi Vyph

O oif Vyph B òs bhhi t`h subjhat kg coiy fesaussekis.Et es ecpkrtoit tòt t`hrh orh Vyph B-seths wet` kiny esknothf

begoahs oif anhovhrs (h.m. Qknhenòa, Voutovhn, Nuihn Wehn,

Onfàih oif Whikso-Nkrhtk) wèa` ei t`h obshiah kg t`hsh

esknothf pehahs wkunf akcpnhthny akrrhspkif tk Vyph O-

seths. Ei offeteki t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa suaahsseki kg

Whikso-Iktoraèreak akitoeis onthrioteim nhvhns wet` (o)

coiy phbbnh tkkns grkc nechstkih, skch begoahs kg

quortzeth oif gneit, oif sconnhr gnolhs grkc gneit os whnn os

(b) noyhrs (Onpò H, H ?) akitoeieim gerst kg onn rhtkua`hf

oif uirhtkua`hf gnolhs kg gneit, but ik begoahs (Cusse, tès

vknuch).

V`h hxocpnhs rhghrrhf tk obkvh akunf eifeaoth tòt t`hrh

wos ik guifochiton fegghrhiah bhtwhhi Vyph O oif Vyph B

seths. V`h prhshiah kr obshiah kg begoahs oif anhovhrs cem`t

fhphif ki t`h leif kg oatevetehs phrgkrchf ot o seth. Ei tès

akithxt et es streleim tòt Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seths wet` coiy

hnhpòit bkihs, sua` os Vkrronbo, Ocbrkio, Orefks,

Gkitoio Roiuaaek, No Tknnhfroro oif Lornea`-Qhhughr,

mhihronny yehnf èm` phrahitomhs kg begoahs oif anhovhrs.

V`h setuoteki ot Whikso-Iktoraèreak es hsphaeonny eifeaotevh

kg tès pkeit: tès seth yehnfhf o slunn kg o ykuim hnhpòit

nyeim upsefh fkwi wet` o fesorteaunothf, brklhi coifebnh.

V`h hnhpòit's bkihs whrh surrkuifhf by begoahs, phbbnh

tkkns, oif gnolhs. @hrh et shhcs kbvekus tòt begoahs oif

phbbnh tkkns shrvhf tk fesshat oi hnhpòit (Tephrik ?552<Cusse, tès vknuch)< sua` o guiateki akunf hxpnoei t`h

spoteon festrebuteki kg begoahs. V`h Orefks ? - hnhpòit wos

ot nhost oaakcpoiehf by skch wosth gnolhs kg begoah

prkfuateki (Ropksk oif Qoitkijo, tès vknuch) oif kiny ot

Orefks 2 oif No Tknnhfroro t`h hnhpòit bkihs whrh gkuif

wet`kut begoahs oif anhovhrs.

ikth

? Vès s`krt ikth prkvefhs skch phrskion akcchits akiahrieimt`h Voutovhn fesausseki ki Hurkphoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèa stkiheifustrehs, tòt wos aòerhf by t`h out`kr. V`h akcchit wosupfothf ei Corhi ?558 (ag. Bkseisle ?558).




rhghrhiahs

Ofreoi, ].

Onbrha`t, M.,

@. Himhnòrf,

@. Cþnnhr-Bhal,

M. Xirot`

?560 Feh Gromh fhr ikrffhutsa`hi Hknet`hi. Tofhrbkri.

?556 Zur Xithrsa`hefuim vki Orthgolthi uif Ioturbrua` oi fhr Guifsthnnh Qh`rhcuz. Ei:

M. Onbrha`t oif @. Cþnnhr-Bhal (hf.), ?556, Fos Tonoknetèluc vki Qh`rhcuz `he Qocs

oc Hup`rot. (Vþbeimhr Ckikmropèhi zur Xrmhsaèa`th ?4), ?2?-?1?, VXbeimhi.

Onechi, C.@. ?5=8 Nhs "est `chs " èspoik-corkaoei ht seaunk-tuiesehi oux thcps oa`hunåhis, N'Oit`rkpknkm

=5, 155-617.

Os`tki, I.C.,

J. Akkl,

Q.M. Nhwes,

M. Rkså (hf.)

Bor-Ukshg, K.,

I. Mkrhi-Eibor

Bkiegoy, H.

Bkseisle, M.

?552 @em` Nkfmh. Hxaovotekis by M. fh M. Qehvhleim ?572-70 oif J. Akkl ?500. Nkifki:

Bretes` Cushuc Trhss.

?551 V`h Netèa Osshcbnomhs kg 'Xbhefejo: O Nkwhr Tonohknetèa Qeth ei t`h Jkrfoi Wknnhy.

Jhrusonhc: V`h @hbrhw Xievhrsety kg Jarusonhc.

?55? Nhs prhceàrhs eifustrehs fhs Quf Hst fh no Groiah ht fu Cosseg Ahitron. Ei: H. Bkiegoy

oif B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hf.), Nhs prhcehrs hurkpåhis, 71-04, Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected]

?558 Feh hrsthi Chisa`hi ei Hurosehi. Qha`sth Rufkng Wera`kw-Wkr nhsuim ?552. Jo`rbua` f

R÷cesa`-Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs Coeiz 15, ?552 (?558), ?1?-?0?.

Bkseisle, M.,

L. Bruiioalhr,

L.T. Noishr,

Q. Qthpòi.

B. Xrboi,

L. ]þrmhs

Brhuen, @.

Aknneio-Merorf, J.

Gehfnhr, N.

?504

Gnkss, @.

?512

?5=7

?556

?556

Ontponoknetèsa`h Guifh vki Lornea`, Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz (Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi),

Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`nott ?4, 258-1?6.

Nhs eifustrehs o åanots fu Tonåknetèquh oiaehi. E. Nh Anoatkiehi, Tråèstkerh ?, ?28-?54.

Nhs eifustrehs oraòequhs sur monhts fhs thrrosshs quothrioerh fh no pnoeih fu Rkussennki

(T.K., Groiah). Vrovoux fu Nobkr. fh Tonhkitknkmeh ùcoeih ht Tråèstkerh ?, Corshennh.

Ont- uif cetthnstheizhetnea`h Guifh ei @hsshi. Gþ`rhr zur `hssesa`hi Wkr- uif Grþ`-

mhsaèa`th 2. Qtuttmort.

Rk`cothreonvhrskrmuim ec Tonoknetèluc fhs Centhnr`heimhbehths. Ckikmr. fhs R÷cesa`

Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncus. 2?, Coeiz: RMZC.

Mouf/eisle, Q.. ei prhss LorXa`-Qhhughr. Xithrsuaùimhi zu heihr ontponoknetèsa`hi Guifsthnnh ec Ihuwehfhr

Bhalhi (R`heinoif, Fhutsa`noif). Coeiz: RMZC.

Juilcoiis. J.

Lkboyosè, @.

?55? Feh Qtheiorthgolth ous Oa`hi`hec ei fhr Qoccnuim Toun ]hrihrt, Oraòknkmesa`hs

Lkrrhspkifhiz`nott 2? , ?-?7.

?558 Nhs hishcbnhs netèquhs f'Oa`h i`hec f'opràs no aknnhateki fh Toun ]hrihrt, Buen. fh no

Qka. pråèst. groia. 52, 27-17.

?5=8 V`h hxphrechiton stufy kg bepknor gnolhs. Ei: H. Qwoiski (hf.), Netèa thaìknkmy: colei

oif useim stkih tkkns, ??8-?2=, V`h @omuh-Tores .



27=

Lreemhr, @.

Lunhchyhr, J.

Nholhy. C.F.

Njubei. W.T.,M. Bkseisle,

Coieo, F.,

V`. ]hbhr

Ckrtennht, M. fh

Cusse. C..

Totthrskis. N.].

Tephrik, C.

Ropksk, ?...

C. Qoitkijo

Royion, J.-T.,

N. Comkmo,

T. Beifki

Rkbhrts, C.B..

AQ. Mocbnh,

F.R. Brefmnoif

Rkk`rkkls, ^^'.

Rkhbrkhls, ].,

V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

Runkt. O.

Qa`cufh, L.

Qtenas. F.

E'ovksk. ^.

Vexehr. J.

MHR@ORF BKQEIQLE - QVKIH ORVHGOAVQ KG V@H HXRKTHOI NK]HR TONOHKNEV@EA

?556

?507

?5=;

tèsvknuch

?507

?001

tès

vknuch

?501

?552

tès

vknuch

tès

vknuch

?556

Feh ontpon÷knetèsa`h Mhr÷nnmhroth-Eifustreh fhr Cuezhibhrmhr Mrupph ei Kbhr`hsshi.

Cothreonehi zur Wkr- uif Grþ`mhsaèa`th vki @hsshi ?4. ]ehsbofhi.

Feh ont- uif cettanponoknetèsa`hi Guifh vki Lornea`. Fess. L÷ni.

Aunturon Totthris ei t`h Knfuvoe Qhquhiah. Ei: L.]. Butzhr oif M.N. Esooa (hf.), Ogthr t`h

Oustronkpet`haeihs, 6==-651, V`h @omuh: Ckutki.


Benzeimsnhbhi EEE. @kck hrhatus - sheih Luntur uif Xcwhnt. Whr÷gghitneaùimhi fhs

Noifhscus. gþr Wkrmhsaèa`th ei @onnh 15. Bhrnei.

Nh Tråèstkrequh. Oitequete fh n'`kcch. Tores: Rheiwonf.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Etony.

Arethreo gkr Fhthrceieim t`h Ottrebuths kg Coi-Cofh Netèas, Jkurion kg Gehnf

Oraòhknkmy ?4, 25=-14=.

EE Tonhkneteak eighrekrh. Ei: O. Muefe oif C. Tephrik (hf.), Etoneo prhestkreao, ?15-?75.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Ebaeeoi Thieisuno.

Vhp`rkgoats oif t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`h Grhia` Cosseg Ahitron.

tèsh V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Bretes` Esnhs.

vknuch

?507 Ki t`h "Nkwhr Tonohkn etèa" seth No Bhnnh Rka`h: Oi onthriotevh eithrprhtoteki, Aurrhit

Oit`rkpknkmy 2=, 175-1=4.

Xpfoteim t`h Hornehst Kaaupoteki kg Hurkph, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 18, 14?-148.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: o rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaon

vknuch hvefhiah.

?542 Nhs eifustrehs precetevhs. Fåghish fhs åknet`hs. Nhs oatekis ioturhnnhs pkssebnhs skit

eiopths o prkfuerh fhs hgghts shcbnobnhs o no rhtkua`h eithitekihnnh, Chc. fh no Qka.

f'Oit`rkp. fh Bruxhnnhs 24, ?-7=.

?552 Zwhe arkchrzhetnea`h Orthgolt-Guifpnotzh ei fhr Jþimhrhi @ouptthrrossh oc Iehfhrr`hei,

Heszhetonthr uif Mhmhiwort 62, ?-26.

?504 Eifustreon toxkikcy ei t`h Horny Qtkih Omh kg Ogreao, Oit`rkpknkmeh (Brik) ?0, ?05-24=.

?5=8 Nhs òa`hrhoux sur åanots fh ?'Oa`hunåhi Ckitoboioes. _uortor 27, ?1-1?.

?5=0 Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fu @outh Noimuhfka. V`hsh fh ?'Htot. Corshennh.

?587 Nh òa`hrhou fois ?'Oa`hunåhi ikrf ogreaoei. Ikths typknkmequhs, Akimr. pråèst. fh

Groiah, ?8h shsseki, Tketehrs-Oimkunhch, 5?6-521.




Vuggrhou, O. ?50= Nh Tonhknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fu Ikrf fh no Groiah (Ikrf, Tos-fh-Aonoes, Tea

fois ski aofrh stronesropèquh. V`hsh Fkatkrot f'Htot Xievhrsetå fh Nennh, Nennh.

Vuggrhou, O., tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Akiteihiton Ikrt`whsthri Hurkph.

T. Oitkeih vknuch

Vurihr, H. ei prhss Cehshi`hec E. Hxaovotekis ot o Nkwhr Tonohknetèa Qeth ei t`h Ahitron Rèihnoif kg

Mhrcoiy. Coeiz: RMZC.

Mhròrf Bkseisle

Gkrsaùimsbhrhea` Ontstheizhet

Qa`nkss Ckirhpks

8787= Ihuwehf

Mhrcoiy



Cortei J Oetlhi ?8 A`rkikchtrea thaìequhs gkr t`h CeffehTnhestkahih

O brehgkut neih es mevhi kg t`h gknnkweim foteim

thaìequhs: pktosseuc-ormki, uroieuc-shrehs, gesseki troal,

nuceihsahiah (VN oif KQN), hnhatrki spei rhskioiah (HQR),

oiþik oaef roaaiþzoteki (OOR), k`sefeoi `yfroteki, oif

mhkcomihtea rhvhrson strotemrop`y. Kxymhi esktkph

a`rkikstrotemrop y es onsk chitekihf, bkt` ei rhsphat kg

gkssen coreih cearkgouio oif ei rhsphat kg eah kbtoeihf by

chois kg nkim akrhs hxtroathf grkc t`h pknor eah aops<

rhahit rhvesekis tk t`h ostrkikceaonny-òshf foteim kg

kxymhi esktkph stomhs `hykif Qtomh ?7 orh eifeaothf os

whnn os tk t`h pktosseuc-ormki foteim kg rhvhrson

strotemrop`y, t`h Brui`hs-Cotuyoco troiseteki ikw bheim

/9/>/>'hf ot 4.=Q Cyr oYk.

?. Eitrkfuateki

V`h vorekus thaìequhs tòt orh brehgny kutneihf `hrh coy

bh akivhiehitny mrkuphf eitk t`ksh boshf ki rofekoatevh

fhaoy kr buenf-up (pktosseuc-ormki< uroieuc-shrehs<

aonheuc-6?), ki t`h hgghats kg rofekoatevety (gesseki troals<

nuceihsahiah< hnhatrki spei rhskioiah), oif ki a`hceaon

aòima (oceik oaef roahcezoteki< kbsefeoi `yfroteki). Onn

t`hsh orh prkahsshs eitreisea tk t`h socpnh. Ei offeteki t`hrh

orh t`h tech saonhs prkvefhf by mhkcomihtea rhvhrsons oifby ostrkikceaon aonebroteki kg t`h kxymhi esktkph

a`rkikstrotemrop`y< gkr akivhiehiah kg rhghrhiah skch

fhtoen kg t`hsh orh mevhi eianufeim chiteki kg t`h rhahit

snem`t nhimt`hieim kg bkt` ot t`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Ceffeh

Tnhestkahih.

Kg t`h a`rkikchtrea thaìequhs kg eithrhst gkr t`h hornehst

kaaupoteki kg Hurkph et es t`h pktosseuc-ormki oif gesseki

troal thaìequhs tòt orh t`h ckst whnn-fhvhnkphf, gknekwhf

by uroieuc-shrehs (tk t`h hxthit tòt t`h kaaupoteki wos

subshquhit tk tòt thaìequh's necet kg orkuif 844 Lyr).

Qeiah t`hsh orh kiny oppneaobnh ei ahrtoei mhknkmeaon rhmekis

t`hrh es strkim eithrhst ei t`h ush kg hnhatrki spei rhskioiah(HQR) oif nuceihsahiah< ihet`hr òvh bhhi cua` trehf

oraòaknkmeaonny bhykif shvhron ?44 Lyr, but HQR s`kunf

hiakcposs o cenneki yhors wet`kut feggeaunty oif t`hrh orh

eifeaotekis tòt. uihxphathfny, nuceihsahiah coy rhoa`

bhykif òng-o-cenneki. Bkt` kg t`h a`hceaon aòimh

thaìequhs orh òifeaopphf by t`her strkim fhphifhiah ki

hiverkichiton akifetekis oif w`hi o iucbhr kg mnoaeon/

eithrmnoaeon ayanhs orh hiakcposshf wetèi t`h bureon phrekf

t`h strkim thcphroturh-fhphifhiah es o porteaunor frowboal.

V`h pkssebenety kg useim aonaeuc-6? es stenn èm`ny

prkbnhcotea, oif rofekaorbki foteim, wènh vhry pkwhrgun ei

nothr phrekfs, òs tkk s`krt o neceteim roimh tk bh rhnhvoit<

hgghatevhny et es a. 64 Lyr BT ot prhshit oif èm`ny uinelany

hvhr tk hxahhf a. =4 Lyr BT.

2. Tktosseuc-ormki foteim

2.?. BOQEQ

]et` ets hikrckus roimh (a. ?4 Lyr tk orkuif 644 Cyr)

tès thaìequh òs bhhi, oif es, kg aruaeon ecpkrtoiah. Et es

boshf ki t`h oaaucunoteki, ei vknaoiea novo oif os`, kg

ormki-64 prkfuahf grkc t`h snkw rofekoatevh fhaoy kg oiy

pktosseuc-64 prhshit (pktosseuc-64 es o ioturonny-kaaurreim

esktkph kg pktosseuc). V`h hvhit fothf es t`h vknaoiea

hrupteki< fureim tès, oif wènh novo es cknthi, prhvekusny

oaaucunothf ormki (o mos) es rhnhoshf t`hrhby shtteim t`h

rofekoatevh ankal tk zhrk. V`h omh es fhrevhf grkc t`h

chosurhf rotek kg ormki-64 tk pktosseuc-64.

Ormki-ormki foteim òs t`h soch boses but hcpnkys oi

ofvoitomhkus thaìequh. Kih ofvoitomh es tòt pktosseuc

oif ormki orh fhthrceihf ki hxoatny t`h soch sub-socpnht`hrhby ovkefeim pkssebnh hrrkrs fuh tk ei`kckmhihety<

oikt`hr ofvoitomh es tòt t`h ormki aoi bh mrofuonny

rhnhoshf by sthpwesh `hoteim kg t`h socpnh oif oi omh aoi

bh fhthrceihf ot hoa` sthp. Akistoiay ei omh (oi 'omh

pnothou') es eifeaotevh kg rhneobenety. Hgghats aouseim t`h omh

tk bh hrrkihkusny tkk nkw orh t`ksh wèa` mevh resh tk

rhnhosh kg oaaucunothf ormki fureim bureon sua` os ceihron

onthroteki (fuh tk whot`hreim), kr shakifory `hoteim< ki t`h

kt`hr òif eiakcpnhth rhnhosh ot tech-zhrk kg prhvekusny-

oaaucunothf ormki wkunf mevh resh tk oi omh tòt es

hrrkihkusny tkk knf, os onsk t`h prhshiah kg obskrbhf

otcksp`hrea ormki. Bhaoush kg fegghrhiteon ormki rhnhosh ot

fegghrhit stomhs kg t`h `hoteim t`hsh eithrghreim hgghats

coieghst t`hcshnvhs t`rkum` upsht tk t`h omh pnothou<

oionyses by t`h eska`rki thaìequh es onsk feomikstea.

Xsh kg o noshr gkr `hoteim phrcets foteim kg seimnh mroeis

(kg t`h krfhr kg ? cennemroc kr nhss). Vès onnkws pktosseuc-

rea` mroeis kiny tk bh shnhathf< onsk knfhr, akitoceioteim

mroeis tk bh fhthathf oif ovkefhf.



2=4 V@H HORNEHQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

2.2. OTTNEAOVEKI

Kbvekusny t`h ecpkrtoit quhsteki es t`h rhnotekisèp

bhtwhai t`h ùcoi kaaupoteki oif t`h vknaoiea prkfuats

tòt orh fothf. ]`hrh twk noyhrs kg novo, kr os`, broalht t`h

oraòhknkmy t`hrh es ik prkbnhc (hxahpt, skchtechs, o

rot`hr wefh broalht). O rhahit hxocpnh w`hrh t`h quhsteki

kg osskaeoteki es areteaon es t`h ?.0-?.7 Cyr omhs gkr `kceief

aroieon cothreon grkc Jovo (Qwes`hr ht on., ?556)< w`hrhost`h foteim kg t`h `kribnhifh arystons es ikt ei fkubt,

hxahnnhit omh pnothoux oif eska`rkis òveim bhhi kbtoeihf,

t`h osskaeoteki kg t`h arystons wet` t`h gkssens es eiferhat.

Ckrh rhnhvoit tk Hurkph es t`h foth kg 4.=1 Cyr omk

kbtoeihf gkr t`h Etoneoi seth kg Eshrieo (Qhveil ht on., ?50?<

Akntkrte ht on., ?502)< kih s`kunf ikth `hrh tòt ihet`hr kg

t`h fhthrceiotekis uteneshf t`h ofvoitomhkus ormki-ormki

thaìequh, t`kum` t`h omrhhchit bhtwhhi twk nobkrotkrehs

useim fegghrhit ceihrons es summhstevh kg rhneobenety. @kwhvhr

wet`kut t`h hvefhiah kg oi omh pnothou t`h pkssebenety

aoiikt bh runhf kut tòt ei bkt` aoshs t`h omh kbtoeihf wos

hrrkihkusny ei hxahss bhaoush kg eiakcpnhth rhckvon kg

ormki ot tech-zhrk.

1. Xroieuc-shrehs

1.?. BOQEQ

Oi hvhituon fhaoy prkfuat (o 'foum`thr') kg ioturonny-

kaaurreim uroieuc-210 es g`kreuc-214 oif w`hi t`h gkrchr

es prhshit ei ihwny-gkrchf arystons t`h mrofuon buenf-up kg

t`h notthr aoi bh ushf gkr foteim. V`h ckst wefhsprhof

oppneaoteki es tk aovh sphnhkt`hcs (stonoateths, stonomceths

oif gnkwstkihs)< ihwny-gkrchf aonaeth (aonaeuc aorbkioth)

akitoeis kiny uroieuc-210 oif ets foum`thr uroieuc-216<

t`hrhogthr t`hrh es buenf-up kg t`kreuc-214 oaakrfeim tk ets

òng-negh kg =8.6 Lyr oif t`h roteks bhtwhhi t`hsh t`rhhonnkw t`h omh tk bh fhthrceihf. Ei skch aeraucstoiahs t`h

rotek bhtwhhi t`h twk uroieuc esktkphs aoi bh ushf gkr

foteim - ki o cua` nkimhr techsaonh. V`hrh es onsk oikt`hr

ioteeeonny-kaaurreim esktkph kg uroieuc, uroieuc-218, oif

buenf-up kg ets foum`thr prktoateieuc-21? (òng-negh, 16.1 Lyr)

aoi bh ushf gkr s`krthr roimh foteim, usuonny ei akcbeioteki

wetne t`kreuc-214.

V`h trofetekion chosurhchit thaìequh es by onpò spha-

trkchtry. Vès rhquerhs bhtwhhi o ghw mrocs oif o ghw this

kg mrocs kg socpnh< t`h upphr omh necet es orkuif 184 Lyr.

O cua` suphrekr opprkoa`, vhry cua` ckrh hxphisevh oif

fhcoifeim kg hxphrtesh, es by t`hrcon ekiesoteki coss

sphatrkchtry (VECQ)< socpnh whem`ts aoi bh nkwhr by o

goatkr kg ?4 oif ei mkkf aeraucstoiahs t`h omh roimh aoi bh

grkc o ghw ùifrhf yhors tk obkut 844 Lyr. Mocco spha

trkchtry aoi onsk bh ushf, wet` t`h ofvoitomh kg bheim obnh

tk chosurh o w`knh sphaechi (h.m. t`h Oromk aroieuc), but

wet` t`h shrekus fesofvoitomhs kg eiarhoshf uiahrtoeity oif

fharhoshf rhneobenety.

1.2. OTTNEAOVEKI

V`hrh òs bhhi wefhsprhof oppneaoteki tk sphnhkt`hcs

but onsk, wet` voryeim fhmrhhs kg suaahss, tk spreim-fhpkset

corn, aonea`h, aonarhth, cknnusaoi s`hnns, roteth hmm s`hnns

(h.m. kstrea`), oif thht` (porteaunorny t`h hiochn). Oppneaotek

tk bkih òs nkim bhhi trehf but, wet` hxahptekis, t`h foto

òvh bhhi prkbnhcotea. Akron es oi hxahnnhit cothreon<

ont`kum` ikt kg ferhat oraòhknkmeaon eithrhst, wet` t`h èmòaauroay kbtoeiobnh useim t`h VECQ thaìequh et òs o vhry

ecpkrtoit rknh ei hxthifeim aorbki-?6 aonebroteki bhykif

t`h trhh-reim necet.

Qocpnh purety es kih ecpkrtoit quhsteki< porteaunorny

wet` t`h socpnh-typhs just chitekihf, but onsk wet`

sphnhkt`hcs tkk, t`hrh es t`h pkssebenety tòt fhtreton mroeis

(akitoeieim t`kreuc-214) whrh eiakrpkrothf ot aryston

gkrcoteki t`hrhby coleim t`h opporhit omh hrrkihkusny tkk

knf< vorekus cht`kfs, eianufeim t`h eska`rki thaìequh, orh

hcpnkyhf tk fhon wet` sua` 'ferty aonaeth'. Vwk kt`hr

eithrghreim hgghats orh rharystonnesoteki oif shakifory

fhpkseteki (kvhrmrkwt`) - bkt` orh fhthatobnh t`rkum`

cearksakpea hxoceioteki kg tèi shatekis. Rharystonnesoteki

onnkws ckbenesoteki kg uroieuc oif t`kreuc< tès es kih

gkrc kg 'kphi systhc' ei wèa` t`h omh es festkrthf by

nkss kr moei. Ei mhihron, oi eifeaoteki tòt 'ankshf systhc'

akifetekis òvh ikt hxesthf es mevhi by oi uioaahptobnh

sprhof ei akhvon socpnhs. Bhaoush oromkieth es

eitreiseaonny uistobnh (akivhrteim tk aonaeth) oiy sua`

socpnhs, uigkrtuiothny rot`hr rorh, orh t`her kwi prkkg kg

eithmrety.

6. Aonaeuc-6? oif kt`hr rofekesktkphs

V`h hgghatevh a. 64 Lyr BT necet kg aorbki-?6

eihvetobny prkcpts t`h quhsteki os tk w`ht`hr t`hrh esoikt`hr aksckmhiea rofekesktkph wet` o òng-negh ckrh

opprkpreoth gkr t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. Qkch pkssebenetehs

(wet` òng-nevhs mevhi ei porhit`hses) orh: onuceieuc-27

(=24 Lyr)< bhrynneuc-?4 (?844 Lyr)< aonaeuc-6? (a. ?44

Lyr)< a`nkreih-17 (144 Lyr). Ont`kum` t`hrh es skch

pkssebenety kg useim onuceieuc-27 oif bhrynneuc-?4 gkr

shfechit akrhs, et es kiny aonaeuc-6? tòt `knfs oiy

prksphat gkr oraòhknkmeaon oppneaoteki, ki oaakuit kg ets

kaaurrhiah ei bkih. @kwhvhr, w`hrhos aorbki-?6 es

gkrchf ei t`h upphr otcksp`hrh oif es sprhof, t`rkum`

gkrceim aorbki fekxefh, ckrh kr nhss uiegkrcny t`rkum`

t`h beksp`hrh oif t`h kahois, aonaeuc-6? es gkrchf grkc

iki-rofekoatevh aonaeuc-64, ei t`h tkp chtrh kr sk kg skenoif ont`kum` et hithrs bkihs veo pnoit negh t`hrh es ik

chaòiesc gkr sprhofeim wkrnfwefh< `hiah nkaon

voreotekis eignuhiahf by sken èstkry orh tk bh hxphathf oif

sk t`h tech-zhrk nhvhn es uiahrtoei. O gurt`hr prkbnhc es t`h

feggeaunty kg chosurhchit, hvhi useim oaahnhrotkr coss

sphatrkchtry.



2=? CORVEI J. OEVLHI - A@RKIKCHVR?A VHA@IE_XHQ

8. Gesseki troals

Os wet` pktosseuc-ormki t`h coei eivknvhchit es

t`rkum` oppneaoteki tk vknaoiea cothreon wet` wèa` ùcoi

rhcoeis òvh bhhi osskaeothf. Hxesteim troals ei ceihrons kg

sua` cothreon orh hroshf by t`h `hoteim ei`hrhit ei t`h

vknaoiea hrupteki. V`hrhogthr spkitoihkus iuanhor gesseki kg

uroieuc-210 ei t`h ceihron aoushs mrofuon rh-oaaucunoteki<

t`h troals aoi bh akuithf useim oi kpteaon cearksakph oif`hiah, ogthr fhthrceieim t`h akithit kg uroieuc oif t`h

shisetevety kg t`h ceihron gkr troal oaqueseteki. t`h tech tòt

òs hnopshf seiah t`h hrupteki aoi bh hvonuothf. Qkch

suetobnh ceihrons orh zeraki, kbsefeoi, ceao, sp`hih oif

opoteth< `kwhvhr, otthcpts tk foth t`h opoteta akcpkihit kg

`kih oif thht` òvh sk gor cht wet` feggeaunty.

Oppneaoteki ei rhahit oraòhknkmy es usuonny runhf kut

bj Qporsety kg troals< gkr t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih t`h ckrh

nelhny prkbnhc tk bh hiakuithrhf es gofeim, e.h. skch nkss kg

troals wet` tech. Qhvhron thaìequhs òvh bhhi fhvhnkphf tk

fhon wet` tès. ockim tàc t`h pnothou akrrhateki cht`kf.

Ei enees. e`hrh orh suaahssevh oiihoneims kg eiarhoseim

streimhiay oif ogthr hoa` o chosurhchit es cofh kg t`h

rotek kn' t`h iucbhr kg 'os gkuif' troals rhcoeieim ei kih

pkrteki tk t`h iucbhr kg ortegeaeonny-eifuahf troals

rhcoeieim ei oikt`hr pkrteki. Vroal sezh es oikt`hr

porochthr tòt es ushgun.

Os wet` noshr foteim kg seimnh mroeis by t`h pktosseuc-

ormki thaìequh et òs t`h strkim ofvoitomh kg uteneseim kiny

o ghw mroeis, t`hrhby ceieceseim akitoceioteki resls. V`h

coei oppneaoteki òs bhhi tk `kceief hvknuteki ei Host

Ogreao.

7. Nuceihsahiah foteim

7.?. BOQEQ

Vès akcpreshs t`hrcknuceihsahiah (VN) oif kpteaon

foteim, t`h notthr uteneseim kpteaonny-stecunothf nuceihs

ahiah (KQN). V`hsh cht`kfs orh boshf ki t`h aucunotevh

hgghat kg iuanhor rofeoteki ki t`h pkseteki kg hnhatrkis ei

t`h aryston struaturh kg ahrtoei ceihrons, coeiny quortz oif

ghnfspor.

V`h iuanhor rofeoteki es prkvefhf by troaå ockuits kg

pktosseuc-64, rubefeuc-0=, t`kreuc oif uroieuc tòt orh

ioturonny prhshit ei t`h socpnh oif ets surrkuifeims. V`h

foteim semion es kbtoeihf, ei t`h aosh kg VN, by `hoteim

mroeis hxtroathf grkc t`h socpnh oif chosureim t`h nem`t

hcetthf by chois kg o èm`ny shisetevh p`ktkcuntepnehr< ei

t`h aosh kn KQE t`h nuceihsahiah es kbtoeihf b9 sèreeim

nem`t ki t`h mroeis: noshrs oif ònkmhi nocps aoi bh ushf,

oif onsk, hxahpt wet` quortz, eigrorhf-hcetteim fekfhs - ei

wèa` aosh t`h nuceihsahiah coy bh thrchf ERQN.

V`h VN thaìequh wos nërst ushf ei oppneaoteki tk pktthry,

t`h hvhit fothf bheim t`h gereim by t`h oiaehit pktthr

(t`hrhby shtteim tk zhrk t`h prhvekusny oaaucunothf VN).

Qubshquhitny et wos hxthifhf tk stonomcetea aonaeth (wèa`

òs zhrk VN ot gkrcoteki) oif tk burit gneit. V`h notthr

oppneaoteki, onkim wet` t`h HQR foteim kg tkkt` hiochn, òs

òf porteaunorny ecpkrtoit ecpoat ki `ypkt`hshs akiahrieim

t`h rhnotekisèp bhtwhhi oiotkceaonny-ckfhri ùcois oif

Ihoifhrtòns. V`h KQN semion grkc quortz oif ghnfspor, oif

tk o nhsshr hxthit t`h VN semion, aoi onsk bh sht tk zhrk by

hxpksurh tk foynem`t< tès kaaurs fureim troispkrtoteki oiffhpkseteki kg weifbnkwi shfechit (sua` os nkhss oif soif)

oif secenorny, but nhss hgghatevhny, gkr wothrnoei shfechit.

Ei t`h notthr aosh ush kg KQN es porteaunorny ofvoitomhkus

akcporhf tk VN.

Gkr het`hr cht`kf et es ihahssory tk hvonuoth t`h fksh-

roth kg iuanhor rofeoteki tòt t`h socpnh òs bhhi rhaheveim

fureim bureon. Vès es fkih portny by rofekoatevh oionyses ei

t`h nobkrotkry oif portny by ki-seth chosurhchit (kg t`h

phihtroteim mocco rofeoteki tòt rhoa`hs t`h socpnh grkc

ets surrkuifeim sken oif rkal, up tk o festoiah kg obkut

4.1 c). Et es onsk ihahssory tk hstecoth t`h wothr akithit kg

socpnh oif sken/rkal - bhaoush oiy wothr prhshit otthiuoths

t`h iuanhor rofeoteki.

7.2. OTTNEAOVEKI

V`h omh roimh es èm`ny fhphifhit ki socpnh-typh,

thaìequh, oif seth< ot prhshit shvhron ùifrhf t`kusoif

yhors es o typeaon upphr necet gkr gneit, quortz, aonaeth, oif

shfechit< `kwhvhr eg skch typhs kg ghnfspor orh prhshit ei

t`h notthr t`hrh es o thifhiay gkr t`h omh tk bh uifhrhste-

cothf, porteaunorny bhykif 84 Lyr. Vès es t`rkum` semion

eistobenety (gofeim) oif t`h sk-aonnhf '?44 Lyr borrehr' ei

Hurkphoi oif Aèihsh nkhss òs bhhi t`h subjhat kg cua`

fesausseki oif thaìknkmeaon rhshora`< ki t`h kt`hr òif gkr

nkhss grkc Onoslo oif Ihw Zhonoif VN omhs up tk 044 Lyròvh bhhi rhpkrthf (Bhrmhr ?552).

]et` gneit oif quortz t`h omh roimh necetoteki oreshs grkc

soturoteki rot`hr tòi gofeim< `hiah seths kg nkw rofekoatevety

(e.h., nkw fksh-roth) orh ofvoitomhkus. V`h Ceffnh Tnhestk

ahih pkthiteon kg quortz òs bhhi fhckistrothf by @uitnhy

ht on. (?551< ?556) w`k òvh kbtoeihf akiskioit VN omhs

up tk 044 Lyr gkr o suaahsseki kg èm` sho nhvhn fuih soifs

ei Oustroneo. Oikt`hr opprkoa` tk nkim roimh foteim wet`

quortz es ush kg t`h 'rhf VN phol'< tès phol fkhs ikt sugghr

grkc soturoteki oif `hiah aoi bh ushf errhsphatevh kg t`h

nhvhn kg seth rofekoatevety. Ki t`h kt`hr òif et es oppneaobnh

tk vknaoiea prkfuats rot`hr tòi shfechit< o akiskioit omh

òs bhhi rhpkrthf (Ceonnehr ht on., ?556) gkr puceah fothf ot

804 Lyr omk by pktosseuc-ormki.

Et es tk bh ikthf tòt Russeoi (oif skch kt`hr) wkrlhrs

òvh nkim bhhi kbtoeieim cenneki-yhor omhs gkr shfechits

oif rhmorf t`h opprkoa` kg t`h rhst kg t`h nuceihsahiah

akccuiety os bheim ki t`h wrkim troal (shh, gkr eistoiah,

Qnulkv ht on., ?551)< tès vehw es rhaeprkaothf.




Hxahpt ot t`h necets kg t`h thaìequh t`h oaauroay

ottoeiobnh es usuonny ei t`h roimh 8-?4% kg t`h omh. V`h

untecoth borrehr tk bhtthr oaauroay es uiahrtoeity obkut t`h

ovhromh fksh-roth fureim t`h bureon phrekf< bhaoush kg

mhka`hceaon nhoaèim t`h rofekoatevety coy bh fegghrhit

grkc tòt chosurhf tkfoy oif nelhwesh t`h wothr akithit

bhaoush kg anecotea gnuatuoteki. Os chitekihf obkvh t`h

wothr obskrbs o prkpkrteki kg t`h rofeoteki gnux oif `hiahseths wèa` òvh onwoys bhhi bkih-fry orh ofvoitomhkus.

Aknnhateki kg shfechit socpnhs es bhst fkih by o

nobkrotkry sphaeonest os sphaeon prhaoutekis ihhf tk bh tolhi

ei krfhr tk ovkef t`h snem`thst hxpksurh tk foynem`t. V`h

usuon opprkoa` es tk frevh o s`krt sthhn tubh (obkut 8 ac

feochthr by ?4 ac nkim) eitk t`h shateki, t`h hxpkshf hifs

bheim fesaorfhf fureim nobkrotkry prkahsseim (ei vhry

subfuhf rhf nem`t)< eg t`h shfechit es Akisknefothf t`hi o

nucp aoi bh tolhi oif t`h surgoah sarophf kgg ei t`h

nobkrotkry. V`h `knh cofh gkr hxtroateki kg socpnh es ushf

gkr chosurhchit kg t`h mocco-roy fksh-roth, het`hr wet` o

pkrtobnh mocco sphatrkchthr (toleim oi `kur), kr, by bureon

kg o sconn aopsunh gennhf wet` o èm`ny-shisetevh

tàrcknuceihsahiah pkwfhr (gkr upworfs kg shvhron

ckit`s, prhghrobny o yhor).

=. Hnhatrki Qpei Rhskioiah (HQR)

Vès es yht oikt`hr woy kg chosureim t`h aucunotevh

hgghat kg iuanhor rofeoteki. nts preiaepon oraòhknkmeaon

oppneaotekis òvh bhhi tk tkkt` hiochn oif tk stonomcetea

aonaeth. Ei tech roimh HQR rhoa`hs boal tk shvhron cenneki

yhors omk< ets nkwhr necet es o ghw t`kusoif yhors. Os wet`

onn thaìequhs, aorhgun shnhateki kg chosurhchit porochthrs

es ihahssory gkr vonef rhsunts.

V`h obkvh rhcorls obkut fksh-roth hvonuoteki orhoppneaobnh but wet` offetekion akcpnhxety ei t`h aosh kg

tkkt` hiochn, fuh tk uroieuc cemroteki eitk t`h tkkt`.

Bhaoush kg tès twk omhs orh qukthf, t`hsh bheim boshf ki

t`h twk ossucptekis obkut t`h teceim kg t`h uroieuc

eimrhss: horny uptolh (HX) oif neihor uptolh (NX). Eg t`h

eithrion rofeoteki gnux es fkceioit t`h HX omh wenn bh

substoiteonny nkwhr tòi t`h NX omh (but ihvhr nkwhr tòi

by òng) w`hrhos eg t`h gnux es prhfkceioitny grkc t`h

bureon sken t`h fegghrhiah es uiecpkrtoit. Normh thht`

(h.m. hnhpòit, cocckt`) orh prhghrrhf< usuonny shporoth

fhthrceiotekis ki obkut o fkzhi socpnhs orh ovhromhf.

Bhaoush t`h uroieuc-shrehs thaìequh es onsk ogghathf by

uroieuc cemroteki, but tk o fegghrhit fhmrhh, et es pkssebnh

tk hneceioth t`h uptolh uiahrtoeity by oppnyeim bkt`

thaìequhs tk t`h soch socpnh. Kbvekusny tès fkubnhs t`h

wkrl oif t`hrh es onsk necetoteki ei oaauroay - tk obkut

¿?4% kg t`h omh, w`hrhos t`h oaauroay gkr o 'stroem`t' HQR

foth eg o porteaunor uptolh ckfhn es ossuchf es o nettnh bhtthr

tòi gkr nuceihsahiah, t`kum` secenorny necethf by

uiahrtoeity obkut ovhromh wothr akithit.

0. Oceik Oaef Roahcezoteki (OOR)

V`h foteim es boshf ki t`h snkw akivhrseki wetèi o

prkthei cknhaunh kg oi oceik oaef (sua` os osportea) grkc

ets N gkrc, ot gkrcoteki, tk ets F gkrc, uiten oi hquenebreuc

cexturh kg t`h twk es rhoa`hf. Hpechrezoteki kg esknhuaeih

es oikt`hr rhoateki uteneshf, iktobny ei t`h foteim kg kstrea`

hmms`hnns. V`hsh prkahsshs orh strkimny eignuhiahf by

hiverkichiton akifetekis, thcphroturh ei porteaunor. Qeth-by-seth aonebroteki omoeist rofekaorbki es usuon oif gkr mkkf

rhneobenety t`h socpnhs ushf gkr tès s`kunf bh kg t`h soch

typh oif soch prhshrvoteki akifeteki os t`h kihs bheim foth

Ei horny oppneaoteki t`h thaìequh oaquerhf o rhputoteki

gkr uirhneobenety, porteaunorny ei oppneaoteki tk pkkrny

prhshrvhf bkih. @kwhvhr mkkf rhneobenety es ikw bheim

kbtoeihf by aorhgun shnhateki kg socpnh typhs (sua` os

kstrea` hmms`hnn os chitekihf obkvh, whnn-prhshrvhf bkih,

oif tkkt` hiochn), streat otthiteki tk t`h vonefety kg t`h

rofekaorbki foths ushf gkr aonebroteki, oif ckrh streimhit

nobkrotkry prkahfurhs. Xseim osportea oaef t`h nost 84-?44 Ly

aoi bh akvhrhf oif, useim t`h hpechrezoteki kg esknhuaeih,

rhoaèim òng-o-cenneki yhors es ghosebnh. Bhsefhs hxthiseki

kg omh roimh oikt`hr ofvoitomh kvhr rofekaorbki es t`h

akcporotevh hosh kg chosurhchit oif `hiah nkwhr akst - sk

tòt oi oraòhknkmest aoi uifhrtolh o cua` wefhr socpneim

kg seth tòi akunf bh oggkrfhf useim rofekaorbki kiny.

Ei t`h akithxt kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih et es porteaunorny

ecpkrtoit tk lhhp ei ceif t`h strkim eignuhiah kg

thcphroturh< et es ikt kiny ihahssory tk chosurh t`h

prhshit-foy vonuh ot t`h seth but onsk tk hstecoth t`h

thcphroturh èstkry kg t`h seth t`rkum` wòthvhr mnoaeons

oif eithrmnoaeons òvh kaaurrhf fureim t`h bureon phrekf.

Hvhi kiny os gor boal os t`h nost eithrmnoaeon tès eitrkfuahs

offhf uiahrtoeity oif et bhakchs opprkpreoth tk aonaunothomhs ki t`h boses kg fegghrhit thcphroturh sahioreks (shh, gk

hxocpnh, Cennhr ht on. ?551). Oi onthriotevh opprkoa` tk

aonebroteki, porteaunorny ei t`h aosh kg s`hnns, es oceik-

xtrotemrop`y< aòroathrestea (F/N) roteks orh hstobnes`hf os

bheim rhprhshitotevh kg porteaunor anecotea pòshs, et bheim

ecpkrtoit tk lhhp ei ceif tòt F tk N akivhrseki roths gkr

s`hnn orh sphaehs-sphaegea os whnn os hiverkichitonny

fhphifhit. O rhahit oppneaoteki tk seths hxthifeim eitk t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kg ikrt`whsthri Groiah òs bhhi rhpkrthf

by Boths(?551).

5. Kbsefeoi @yfroteui

Vès tkk es o a`hceaon prkahss strkimny eignuhiahf by

hiverkichiton akifetekis, porteaunorny thcphroturh. Et es

boshf ki t`h snkw gkrcoteki kg `yfroteki recs ki grhs`ny-

anhovhf kbsefeoi. Xiten t`h noth ?5=4's t`h govkuraf

opprkoa` wos by rhmekion aonebroteki useim likwi-omh

socpnhs. Qeiah t`hi t`h hcpòses òs bhhi ki kbtoeieim

obsknuth omhs eifhphifhit kg kt`hr thaìequhs kr

oraòhknkmeaon a`rkiknkmy. Vès opprkoa` rhquerhs twk



2=1 CORVEI J. OEVLHI - A@RKIKCHVREA VHA@IE_XHQ

cojkr hvonuotekis ei offeteki tk chosurhchit kg t`h

`yfroteki rec etshng: (e) t`h hgghatevh bureon thcphroturh oif

(ee) nobkrotkry chosurhchit (ot hnhvothf thcphroturh oif

prhssurh) kg t`h rec mrkwt`-roth gkr hoa` typh kg kbsefeoi

tòt es fothf.

Foths òvh bhhi rhpkrthf ei t`h omh roimh grkc 244 tk

nKK.KKK yhors omk. Mrkwt`-roths vory wefhny bhtwhhi

fegghrhit ports kg t`h wkrnf< t`h akcporotevhny ropef`yfroteki roths ei trkpeaon akuitrehs onnkw ckrh rhahit

foteim tòi ei Oratea rhmekis.

?4. V`h Mhkcomihtea Rhvhrson Vech Qaonh

(MRVQ)

O gksseneshf rhakrf kg t`h ferhateki kg t`h post

mhkcomihtea gehnf (mhihrothf t`rkum` fyiock oateki ei t`h

hort`'s cknthi akrh) es prkvefhf by t`h whol but phrcoihit

comihtesoteki tòt es oaquerhf by novo os et akkns fkwi,

nelhwesh gkr bolhf anoy oif `hothf stkihs< shfechit coy

onsk oaquerh o gksseneshf rhakrf fureim fhpkseteki (uifhr

suetobnh akifetekis) kr fureim subshquhit akisknefoteki.

Vès notthr typh kg comihtesoteki es hvhi wholhr oif et es

nhss rkbust, bheim vunihrobnh bkt` tk festurboiah oif tk

'kvhrpreiteim' fureim nothr phrekfs w`hi t`h gehnf coy òvh

o fegghrhit ferhateki< `kwhvhr vorekus comihtea 'anhoieim'

thaìequhs aoi bh ushf tk hneceioth sua` kvhrpreits oif sk

fhthrceih t`h precory ferhateki. Qhfechit òs t`h strkim

ofvoitomh kg meveim o cua` ckrh akiteiukus rhakrf tòi

novo< ki t`h kt`hr òif, porteaunorny w`hi t`h comihtesoteki

es oaquerhf fureim akisknefoteki, et coy bh t`h ovhromh

ferhateki kvhr shvhron ùifrhf yhors tòt es rhakrfhf,

t`hrhby sckktèim-kut ropef aòimhs os whnn os eitrkfuaeim

o tech nom.

Rkum`ny hvhry cenneki yhors t`hrh es o rhvhrson kg t`hferhateki kg t`h gehnf ki t`h hort`'s surgoah< tès gknnkws o

fyeim-fkwi kg t`h hort`'s fyiock, t`hrh bheim o 84:84

aòiah kg et storteim up ei t`h kppkseth ferhateki tk

gkrchrny. V`h shquhiah kg sua` rhvhrsons es t`h boses kg t`h

comihtea tech saonh (onthcotevhny aonnhf t`h Mhkcomihtea

Tknorety Vech Qaonh - MTVQ). V`h cojkr rhvhrsons orh

likwi os a`rkis (h.m. t`h Cotuyoco a`rki< tès rhvhrshf

a`rki prhahfhf t`h prhshit 'ikrcon' pknorety Brui`hs

a`rki)< t`hrh òvh onsk bhhi s`krthr hpeskfhs kg aòimhf

pknorety oif t`hsh orh likwi os suba`rkis (h.m. t`h

Jorocennk< tès ikrcon suba`rki nosthf obkut 74 Lyr oif

kaaurrhf ihor t`h hif kg t`h Cotuyoco).

Ei hornehr thrceiknkmy anossegeaotekis sua` os 'obkrthf

rhvhrsons', 'hxaursekis', oif 'hvhits' whrh ushf. V`hsh

thifhf tk bh ushf gkr hpeskfhs kg ferhatekion eistobenety

oif t`hy whrh ikt ihahssoreny wkrnfwefh< nkaoneshf

hpeskfhs kaaur w`hi. fureim o phrekf kg whol coei

fyiock, t`h gehnf grkc hnhatreaon hffehs ihor t`h surgoah

kg t`h cknthi akrh moei fkceioiah< `kwhvhr sua`

setuotekis usuonny rhsunt ei veknhit aòimhs kg ferhateki

wèa` stkp s`krt kg rhvhrson. V`h hgghats kg p`yseaon

festurboiah tk t`h shfechit coy bh cestolhi gkr sua` oi

hpeskfh oif sua` akiguseki es kih kg t`h goatkrs tòt colh

et ecpkrtoit tk eithrprht t`h comihtea rhakrf akishrvotevhny.

Qua` hgghats coy onsk bh ceseithrprhthf gkr t`h kaaurrhiah

kg o rhvhrson tkk oif w`hi o rhvhrson es bheim eighrrhf t`hrh

s`kunf onwoys bh gunn pubneaoteki kg t`h comihtea foto sk

tòt osshsschit kg t`h strhimt` kg t`h hvefhiah, oif phròpsnothr rhosshsschit, aoi bh cofh. O aosh ei pkeit es t`h

Etoneoi seth kg Eshrieo chitekihf hornehr gkr wèa`, tk tès

out`kr's likwnhfmh, t`hrh òs stenn bhhi ik prkphr

pubneaoteki kg t`h comihtea foto ckrh tòi o fhaofh ogthr et

bheim thitotevhny rhpkrthf tòt t`h gkssen-bhoreim shfechit

wos fhpksethf fureim t`h Cotuyoco a`rki. Xiten t`h foto

orh prhshithf tès ossemichit s`kunf bh trhothf wet` strkim

rhshrvoteki.

Ot kih tech et wos `kphf tòt wholhr voreotekis ei

ferhateki tòi t`h obkvh cem`t bh hgghatevh ei foteim

Tonohknetèa shfechits but et es kiny kvhr t`h nost ghw

t`kusoif yhors tòt t`hsh shaunor voreotekis òvh prkvhf

ushgun oif hvhi t`hi, coeiny gkr pktthry lenis oif `hort`s

rot`hr tòi shfechits. Qua` foteim es usuonny aothmkreshf

os oraòhkcomihtesc rot`hr tòi ponohkcomihtesc.

V`h a`rkiknkmy kg t`h vorekus a`rkis oif suba`rkis es

boshf precoreny ki pktosseuc-ormki foteim kg t`h novo ei

wèa` t`h comihtea ferhateki wos rhakrfhf oif uiten

rhahitny t`h oaahpthf omhs whrh t`ksh mevhi by Coileihi

oif Fonrycpnh (?5=5)< `kwhvhr rh-hvonuotekis (h.m., Bolse

ht on. ?552< Bolse ?551< Qphnn oif CaFkumonn ?552)

eifeaoth o snem`t nhimt`hieim kg t`h techsaonh sk tòt t`h

Brui`hs-Cotuyoco bkuifory es ikw pnoahf ot 4.=0 Cyr

(rot`hr 4.=1 Cyr), t`h Jorocennk suba`rki grkc 4.55 tk

?.48 Cyr (rot`hr tòi 4.54-4.5= Cyr), oif t`h Knfuvoesuba`rki grkc ?.=0 tk 2.42 Cyr omk (rot`hr tòi ?.7=-

?.0= Cyr).

Bhaoush t`h suaahsseki kg rhvhrsons es onsk rhakrfhf ei

t`h shfechit akrhs grkc wèa` kxymhi esktkpa voreotekis

orh kbtoeihf, t`h a`rkis oif suba`rkis aoi onsk bh fothf

ostrkikceaonny (shh bhnkw). Ei goat t`h rhvesekis chitekihf

obkvh whrh subshquhit tk, oif ei omrhhchit wet`, t`h

ostrkikceaonny-boshf eifeaotekis kbtoeihf by Qòalnhtki ht

on. (?554).

Nkhss (iktobny ei Aèio) onsk aorrehs bkt` o comihtea

rhakrf oif o anecotea rhakrf< t`h notthr es coieghsthf os

voreoteki ei comihtea susahptebenety ki oaakuit kg nkhssòveim o nkwhr susahptebenety tòi t`h eithrvhieim

ponohkskns.

??. Kxymhi Esktkph A`rkikstrotemrop`y

Vès a`rkikstrotemrop`y es boshf ki t`h anecotea

fhphifhiah kg t`h esktkph rotek (kxymhi-?0 tk kxymhi-?7)

ei coreih gkssen cearkgouio, stufehf ei nkim akrhs tolhi

grkc t`h kahoi gnkkr. V`h rotek es precoreny eignuhiahf by




Fhpt` ei akrh (chtrhs)

Gem. ?. Kxymhi esktkph voreoteki ei t`h cearkgouion rhcoeis kg akrh W20-210 grkc t`h Toaegea (rhfrowi grkc Qòalnhtki oif Kpfylh ?5=1<?5=7). V`h vhrteaon saonh eifeaoths t`h fhveoteki (ei ports phr t`kusoif) kg t`h kxymhi-?0 akithit grkc o Qtoiforf< t`h ckrh ihmotevh t`hfhveoteki t`h worchr t`h anecoth. Foths gkr t`h stomhs orh mevhi ei Vobnh ?. Xseim nkimhr akrhs coiy ckrh stomhs tòi s`kwi `hrh òvh ikw

bhhi efhitegehf. Hsshiteonny t`h soch potthri kg voreoteki es gkuif ei akrhs kbtoeihf hnshw`hrh orkuif t`h wkrnf, ei omrhhchit wet` t`h

eithrprhtoteki kg t`h voreotekis os precoreny rhgnhateim t`h ockuit kg wothr nkalhf up ei t`h pknor eah aops oif ei mnoaehrs. Comihteachosurhchits ki t`h shfechit ei t es oif kt`hr akrhs eifeaoth tòt t`h Brui`hs-Cotuyoco troiseteki kaaurrhf fureim Qtomh ?5.

t`h ockuit kg wothr nkalhf up ei pknor eah aops oif

mnoaehrs< `hiah et rhgnhats wkrnfwefh anecoth. Gemurh ? es oi

hxocpnh kg t`h voreotekis gkuif oif et onsk eifeaoths t`h

suaahsseki kg akkn oif worc stomhs fhgeihf ki t`h boses kg

t`h rotek< worc stomhs òvh kff iucbhrs oif akkn stomhs

òvh hvhi. V`h soch potthri kg voreoteki òs bhhi gkuif ei

kahoi akrhs grkc fegghrhit ports kg t`h wkrnf oif t`h

akrrhnoteki wet` et kg Akiteihiton anecoth es hvefhiahf ei

vorekus woys, h.m. comihtea susahptebenety voreotekis, pknnhigrhquhiay voreotekis ei phot bkms< pknnhi eifeaotekis ei

kahoi akrhs.

porhit`hses< gkr Qtomhs ?-?7 t`h rhveshf omhs fk ikt fegghr grkcQTHACOT omhs by ckrh tòi 8 Lyr.

Vobnh ?. Kxymhi esktkph stomh: akcchiahchit omhs (ei Lyr).

Qtomh Omh Qtomh Omh

E ?2 EE 621

2 26 ?2 6=Q

e 85 ?1 826

6 =? ?6 8f8

8 ?20 ?8 724

7 ?07 ?7 785

= 268 ?= =?2 (705)0 141 EQ =74 (=27)

5 115 ?5 =0= (=17)

?4 172 24 0?4 (=71)

2? 078 (=54)

Ikth: Gkr Qtomhs ?-?7 t`h omhs orh os mevhi ei t`h QTHACOTaonebroteki kg Ecbreh ht on. (?506)< gkr Qtomhs ?=-2? t h omhs orhgrkc Bosseikt ht on. (?556) wet` t`h QTHACOT omhs mevhi ei

Esktkph voreotekis eifeaotevh kg anecoth orh onsk gkuif ei

nkim akrhs frennhf eitk t`h pknor eah aops< t`hsh s`kw ckrh

fhtoen tòi t`h coreih akrhs oif t`hrh es eifeaoteki tòt

t`hrh es akrrhnoteki wet` Hurkphoi eithrstofeons.

Os chitekihf obkvh t`h rhcoihit comihtesoteki kg t`h

shfechit ei t`h kahoi akrhs onnkws akrrhnoteki wet` t`h

mhkcomihtea rhvhrson tech saonh oif `hiah t`h obsknuth

foteim by pktosseuc-ormki kg t`h novos ei wèa` t`h

hnhchits kg t`h rhvhrson shquhiah orh kbshrvhf aoi bh

troisghrrhf tk t`h akrhs oif `hiah tk t`h stomhs. @kwhvhr

ikw tòt et òs bhhi hstobnes`hf tòt t`hrh es mkkf

akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi t`h anecotea potthri eifeaotaf by t`h

esktkph rotek oif t`h Cenoilkveta` ostrkikceaon prhfeatekis

boshf ki aòimhs ei t`h hort`'s krbeton ckteki (haahitreaety

kg t`h krbet orkuif t`h sui< kbnequety kg t`h haneptea<

prhahsseki kg t`h hqueikxhs) t`h suaahsseki kg stomhs aoi b

fothf ostrkikceaonny oif `hiah wet` bhtthr oaauroay - tk

t`h krfhr kg orkuif 8 Lyr.

?2. Akianufeim rhcorls

Oi ecpkrtoit aòroathrestea kg t`h gkrhmkeim thaìequhs e

tòt t`hy orh obsknuth, ei t`h shish kg meveim omhs ei

aonhifor yhors tòt orh boshf hsshiteonny kiny ki nobkrotkry

chosurhchits< hxahpteim t`h comihtea tech saonh oif

oceik oaef ei ets aonebrothf gkrc, t`hy orh eifhphifhit kg

oiy kt`hr a`rkiknkmy, oraòhknkmeaon kr kt`hrwesh.



2=8 CORVEI J. O?VLHI - A@RKIKCHVREA VHA@IE_XHQ

Ahrtoeiny skch meva rot`hr wefh hrrkr necets oif t`hrh òvh

bhhi aoshs kg uirhneobenety oif ofjustchit but t`h

ecpkrtoiah kg t`her eifhphifhiah s`kunf ikt bh

ueunae vonuhf. Ei (`h nkim rui t`h "sk-aonnhf obsknuth foteim

cht`kfs" (Rkhbrkhls ?556: 141) wenn mevh o gerrihr

gkuifoteki tk t`h uifhrstoifeim kg ùcoi fhvhnkpchit tòi

bekstrotemrop`y< pkwhrgun oif ecpkrtoit t`kum` t`h notthr

coy bh et es t`h chray kg rhmekion iki-syia`rkihety w`hiushf ki bhtwhhi-rhmeki boses. Ei porteaunor et s`kunf bh oi

urmhit prekrety tk akigerc by a`rkikchtrea foteim t`h

vonefety kg t`h 'vknh ankal' (Mocbnh ?556: 2=8) os o òng-

cenneki yhor tech corlhr t`rkum`kut Hurkph.

Areteaescs kg t`h a`rkikchtrea thaìequhs orh kgthi ei

rhsphat kg rhsunts kbtoeihf ei o thaìequh's eigoiay oif/kr

rhsunts ikt prkphrny pubnes`hf< skchtechs onsk uirhneobenety

sthris trkc pkkr osskaeoteki kg t`h socpnhs ushf wet` t`h

oraòhknkmy. Qua` areteaescs fk nhss tòi justeah tk t`h

prhshit stoth-kg-t`h-ort kg pktosseuc-ormki foteim (ei ets

seimnh mroei ormki-ormki ckfh) oif tk coss-sphatrkchtrea

uroieuc-shrehs foteim (VECQ): t`h gkrchr ikw òs t`h

rhcorlobnh oaèhvhchit kg rhfuaeim hrrkr necets ei cenneki-

yhor socpnhs tk o ghw phrahit oif t`h notthr kg bheim o boses

gkr aonebroteim rofekaorbki omhs. Ont`kum` t`h thaìequhs kg

nuceihsahiah oif HQR orh ikt yht gunny fhvhnkphf t`her

akitrebuteki òs onrhofy bhhi kg areteaon ecpkrtoiah ei t`h

uifhrstoifeim kg t`h kremei kg ckfhri ùcois (h.m., Oetlhi

oif Wonnofos ?552< Qa`woraz oif Mrþi ?552). V`h gurtàr

prkmrhss kg t`hsh ckrh wefhny oppneaobnh thaìequhs ihhfs

t`h akiteiuhf stecunoteki kg oppneaoteki oif fureim tòtihahssory pòsh t`hrh wenn eihvetobny bh skch rhsunts nothr

s`kwi tk bh uirhneobnh. But et es ei t`h nkim thrc eithrhsts

kg oraòhknkmests tk tknhroth t`hsh - oif tk ceiecesh t`her

ecpoat by emikreim rhsunts ikt prkphrny pubnes`hf ei o gunny-

rhghrhhf jkurion, wet` fuh osshsschit kg rhneobenety.

Xntecothny et es kiny tòils tk a`rkikchtrea thaìequhs tòt

et es pkssebnh tk colh oiy hstecoth kg t`h poah kg ùcoi

fhvhnkpchit oif t`h krfhr kg hvhits ki o wkrnfwefh boses.

Vès pophr òs otthcpthf kiny t`h brehghst kutneih kg t`h

thaìequhs akiahrihf< gurt`hr fhtoens, oif ckrh rhghrhiahs

tk kremeion pophrs, aoi bh gkuif hnshw`hrh (gkr eistoiah,

Oetlhi ?554< Qcort oif Groiahs ?55?< Voynkr oif Oetlhi

?558).

rhghrhiahs

Oetlhi, C.J.

Oetlhi, C.J.,

Wonnofos, @.

?554 Qaehiah-òshf foteim ei oraòhknkmy. Nkifki oif Ihw Ukrl: Nkimcoi.

?552 Nuceihsahiah foteim rhnhvoit tk ùcoi kremeis. Ei: C.J. Oetlhi, A.B. Qtreimhr oif

T.O. Chnnors (hfs). V`h kremei kg ckfhri ùcois oif t`h ecpoat kg a`rkikchtrea foteim,2=-15, Treiahtki, Ihw Uhrshy: Treiahtki Xievhrsety Trhss.

Bolse, O.L.,

W. @su,

C.K. Ca]enneocs,

E'. n-'orrhe

?552 64

Or/ 1'Or foteim kg t`h Brui`hs-Cotuyoco mhkcomihtea gehnf rhvhrson, Qaehiah 287, 187-

18=.

Bolse, O.L. ?551 O ihw Mhkcomihtea Tknorety Vech Qaonh gkr 4-?= Co. Mhkp`yseaon Rhshora` Nhtthrs 24(?8), ?74=-?7?4.

Bosseik, G.A.,

N.F. Nobhyreh,

H. Weiahit,P. _uefhnnhur,

I.J. Qòalnhtki,

U. Noiahnkt

?556 V`h ostrkikceaon t hkry kg anecoth oif t`h omh kg t`h Brui`hs-Cotuyoco comihtearhvhrson, Hort` oif Tnoihtory Qaehiah Nhtthrs ?27, 5?-?40.

Boths, CR. ?551 _uothriory oceikstrotemrop`y ei ikrt`whsthri Groiah, _uorthriory Qaehiah Rhvehws ?2,=5?-045.

Bhrmhr. M.]. ?552 Foteim nkhss up tk 044 lo by t`hrck-nuceihsahiah, Mhknkmy 24, 641-647.



2=7 V@H HORN?HQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

Akntkrte, C.,

C. Arhcosaè,

C.A. Fhnetono,

F. Hsu,

C. Gkrioshre,

O. CaT`hrrki.

C. Ieaknhtte,

R. voi Ktthrnkk,

A. Thrhttk,B. Qono,

W. Qa`ceft,

J. Qhveil

?502 Rhvhrshf comihtea pknorety ot oi horny nkwhr ponohknetèa seth ei Ahitron Etony, Ioturh 14

?=1-?=7.

Mocbnh, A.

@uitnhy, F.J.,

J.V. @uttki,

J.R. Trhsaktt

?556 Vech gkr Bkxmrkvh coi, Ioturh 175, 2=8-2=7.

?551 V`h stroifhf bhoa`-fuih shquhiah kg skut`-host Oustroneo: o thst kg t`hrcknuceihsahiah

foteim, 4-044 lo, _uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehw ?2, ?-24.

Ecbreh, J.,

J.F. @oys,

F.M. Corteiski,

O. Canityrh,

O.A. Cex,

J.J. Ckrnhy,

I.M. Teseos,

].N. Trhnn,

I.J. Qòalnhtki

?556 Gurt`hr t`hrcknuceihsahiah foths grkc t h fuih shquhiah ei t`h skut`-host kg Oustroneo,

_uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehw, ei prhss.

?556 V`h krbeton t`hkry kg Tnhes tkahih anecoth: suppkrt grkc o rhveshf a`rkiknkmy kg t`h

coreih f'*4 rhakrf. Ei: O. Bhrmhr, J. Ecbreh, J. @oys, M. Lulno oif B. Qontzcoi (hfs),

Celclkveta` oif Anecoth, port E', 275-148, Fkrfha`t, @knnoif: Tnhiuc Rhefhn.

Coileihi, H.O.,

M.T. Fonrycpnh

?5=5 Rhveshf mhkcomihtea pknorety techsaonh gkr t`h eithrvon 4-8 c.y. B.T., Jkurion kg'Mhk-

p`yseaon Rhshora` 06 (B2), 7?8-727.

Ceonnehr, F.,

J. Goei,

Q. Qoizhnnh,

V.@. Tennhyrh,

C. Ckitrht.

Q. Qkucoio,

A. Gonmuàrhs

?556 Otthcpts ot foteim puceah fhpkse ts orkuif 804 lo by ush kg rhf VN oif HQR kg xhik-

netèa eianusekis, Rofeoteki Chosurachits 21, 155-646.

Cennhr, M.@.,

T.B. Bhouckit,

O.J.V. June,

B. Jkìski

?551 Tnhestkahih mhka`rkiknkmy oif ponohkt`hrckchtry grkc prkthei feomhihses ei kstrea`

hmms`hnns: ecpneaotekis gkr t`h hvknuteki kg ckfhri ùcois. Ei: CJ. Oetlhi.

A.B. Qtreimhr oif T.O. Chnnors (hfs), V`h kremei kg ckfhri ùcois oif t`h ecpoat kg

a`rkikchtrea foteim, 65-70, Treiahtki, Ihw Jhrshy: Treiahtki Xievhrsety Trhss.

Rkhbrkhls, ].

Qa`woraz, @.T.,

R. Mreni

?556 Xpfoteim t`h hornehs t kaaupot eki kg Hurkph, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 18, 14?-148.

?552 Hnhatrki spei rhskioiah (HQR) foteim kg t`h kremei kg ckfhri coi. Ei: C.J. Oetlhi,

A.B. Qtreimhr oif T.O. Chnnors (hfs), V`h kremei kg ckfhri ùcois oif t`h ecpoat kg

a`rkikchtrea foteim, 64-60, Treiahtki, Ihw Jhrshy: Treiahtki Xievhrsety Trhss.

Qhveil, J.,

H.@. @hbhfo,

@.I.O. Trehc,

R.@. Whrsaùrh

?50? O ikth ki oi opprkxecothny =14,444-yhor-knf coccon gouio oif osskaeothf ùcoi

oatevety seths ihor Eshrieo, Ahitron Etony, Jkurion kg Oraòhknkmeaon Qaehiah 0, ?48-?47.



2== CORVEI J. OEVLHI - A@RKIKCHVREA VHA@IE_XHQ

Qòalnhtki, I.J..

O. Bhrmhr,

].R. Thntehr

?554 Oi onthriotevh ostrkikceaon aonebroteki kg t`h nkwhr Tnhestkahih techsaonh boshf ki KFT

seth 7==, Vroisoatekis Rkyon Qkaehty Hfeiùrm`, Hort` Qaehiahs 0? , 28?-27?.

Qòalnhtki, I.J.,

I.F. Kpfylh

?5=1 Kxymhi esktkph oif ponohkcomihtea strotemrop`y kg hquotkreon Toaegea akrh W20-210:

thcphroturhs oif eah vknuchs ki o ?4' oif ?47 yhor saonh, _uonhriory Rhshora` 1, 15-88.

?5=7 Kxymhi-esktkph oif ponohkcomihtea strotemrop`y kg hquotkreon Toaegea akrh W20-215: Noth

Tnekahih tk nothst Tnhestkahih. Ei: R.C. Aneih oif J.F. @oys (hfs), Eivhstemoteki kj Noth_uonhriory Tonhkkahoikmrop`y oif Tonhkanecotknkmy, Chcker ?68, Mhknkmeaon Qkaehty

kg Ochreao, 665-676, Aknkrofk: Bkunfhr.

Qnulkv, O.N.,

Q.O. Qòl`kvhts,

N.V. Wkslkvsloyo,

CM. Nyos`hilk

Qcort, T.N.,

T.F, Groiahs (hfs)

Qphnn, V.N.,

E. CaFkumonn

Qwes`hr, A.A.,

M.@. Aurtes.

V. Joakb,

O.M. Mhtty,

O. Quprejk.

]efeosckrk

?551 O areteaesc kg Qtoiforf VN foteim thaìknkmy, Iuanhor Eistruchits oif Cht`kfs ei

T`yseas Rhshora` =1, 1=1-10?.

?55? _uonhriory foteim cht`kfs: o ushr's muefh. Vhaìeaon muefh ik. 6, _uothriory Rhshora`

Osskaeoteki, Aocbrefmh.

?552 Rhvesekis tk t`h omh kg t`h Brui`hs-Cotuyoco bkuifory oif t`h Tnhestkahih mhkcomihtea

pknorety techsaonh, Mhkp`yseaon Rhshora` Nhtthrs ?5, ??0?-??06.


Vorneim, F.@.

Voynkr, R.H.,

C.J. Oetlhi (hfs)

?501 Tonohkcomihtesc. Nkifki oif Ihw Ukrl: Aòpcoi oif @onn.

?558 A`rkikchtrea Foteim ei Oraòhknkmy. Ihw Ukrl: Tnhiuc Trhss.

Cortei J. Oetlhi

Hchretus Trkghsskr kg Oraòhkchtry

Kxgkrf Xievhrsety

7 Lhbnh Rkof

Kxgkrf KP? 1_J

Xiethf Leimfkc



aeevh s Mocbnh ?7 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:t`h hiverkichiton boalmrkuif

V`h oec kgtès akitrebuteki es tk hxoceih skch kg t`h

hiverkichiton essuhs surrkuifeim t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg

Hurkph. V`h hvefhiah prhshithf bkt` ei tès vknuch oif ot

t`h HQG wkrls`kp ei Voutovhn roeshf essuhs obkut seth

rhakistruhtekis, rhmekion akcporeskis, t`h fhgeieteki kg

Hurkph oif t`h ecpoat kg fegghrhit a`rkiknkmeaon saonhs gkr

ckfhnneim t`h roth kgùcoi hvknuteki oif t`h rknh kg

hiverkichiton shnhateki. V`h hvefhiah akisefhrhf `hrh es

kxymhi esktkph stomh 5 oif knfhr (9144Lyr), oif ets

oraòhknkmy es pnoahf uifhr t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa gnom kg

akivhiehiah. Ei tès fesausseki hiverkichit es tolhi tk

rhghr tk t`h p`yseaon aòimhs tk t`h akiteihit oif t`h hgghat

tès òf upki pnoit oif oieeion rhskurahs. V`h skaeon

hiverkichit kg t`h hornehst Hurkphoi `kceiefs es ikt

akisefhrhf `hrh. @kwhvhr, t`h aknkiezeim obenety kg t`hsh

`kceiefs, wèa` cust òvh eivknvhf skaeon goatkrs, es brehgny

fesausshf oif onthcotevh hiverkichiton ckfhns orh

rhvehwhf wèa` hxpnoei t`h teceim kg aknkiezoteki.

?. Eitr kfu et eki

Hiverkichiton oionyses eivknvhs coiy spoteon oifthcpkron saonhs (h.m. Butzhr ?502). E frow t`h festeiateki

`hrh bhtwhhi nkaon (kr seth boshf) oionyses wèa` aoi, w`hiprhshrvoteki es mkkf, prkvefh hvefhiah gkr t`h foy-tk-foyoatevetehs kg horny `kceiefs oif rhmekion stufehs w`hrh techovhromeim fuh tk mhknkmeaon prkahsshs kgthi ihahssetoths onkim-thrc vehw kg bhòvekur. V`h gkrchr aoi bh soef tkeigkrc us ki oi haknkmeaon techsaonh obkut t`h vorekuswoys tòt `kceiefs fhont wet` t`h ecchfeoth akifetekis kghxesthiah - whot`hr, gkkf, wothr, prhfotkrs oif kt`hr`kceiefs. V`h rhmekion saonh aoi, ki kaaoseki, offrhss t`hsoch ecchfeoth shnhateki prhssurhs ont`kum` wet` nhssa`rkiknkmeaon prhaeseki. @kwhvhr, et es wefhny oaahpthf eiNkwhr Tonohknetèa stufehs tòt kur foto ot tès saonh rhghr tkmhknkmeaon (kr hvknutekiory) techsaonhs.' V`hsh prkvefh uswet` t`h kppkrtuiety tk kbshrvh nkim-thrc hvknutekioryprkahsshs. V`h prkphr ush kg hiverkichiton foto w`hieithrprhteim t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa rhquerhs tòt wh lhhpt`hsh oionyteaon akiahpts gercny ei ceif.

V`h oec kg tès akitrebuteki es tk hxoceih skch kg t`hhiverkichiton essuhs surrkuifeim t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kgHurkph. V`h hvefhiah prhshithf bkt` ei tès vknuch oif ot

t`h HQG wkrls`kp ei Voutovhn roeshf essuhs obkut sethrhakistruhtekis, rhmekion akcporeskis, t`h fhgeieteki kgHurkph oif t`h ecpoat kg fegghrhit a`rkiknkmeaon saonhs gkrckfhnneim t`h roth kg ùcoi hvknuteki oif t`h rknh kghiverkichiton shnhateki. V`h hvefhiah akisefhrhf `hrh eskxymhi esktkph stomh (KEQ) 5 oif knfhr (9144 Lyr), oif etsoraòhknkmy es pnoahf uifhr t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa gnom kgakivhiehiah. Ei tès fesausseki hiverkichit es tolhi tkrhghr tk t`h p`yseaon aòimhs tk t`h akiteihit oif t`h hgghattès òf upki pnoit oif oiecon rhskurahs. V`h skaeonhiverkichit kg t`h hornehst Hurkphoi `kceiefs es iktakisefhrhf `hrh. @kwhvhr, t`h aknkiezeim obenety kg t`hsh`kceiefs, wèa` cust òvh eivknvhf skaeon goatkrs, esbrehgny fesausshf oif onthcotevh hiverkichiton ckfhns orhrhvehwhf wèa` hxpnoei t`h teceim kg aknkiezoteki.

2. Nka on hive rkichits oif `k cei ef nkaonhs

2.?. EIVRKFXAVEKI

V`h pophrs ei tès vknuch fhckistroth tòt t`h nkaonhiverkichit kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèa `kceiefs cust bhakisefhrhf os o noifsaoph. V`h oraòhknkmeaon ikteki kg sethos oppnehf tk oiytèim but aovhs òs nettnh rhnhvoiah tk t`h

buseihss kg uifhrstoifeim `kceief bhòvekur grkc tèsphrekf. ]òt wh orh fhoneim wet` orh nkaonhs wetèi noifsaophs w`hrh t`h fhisety kr prhshrvoteki quonety kg cothreones sua` tòt hxaovoteki òs bhhi fhhchf wkrt`wènh.2

V`h nkim-thrc eivhstemotekis ot Benzeimsnhbhi oifihem`bkureim trovhrteih fhpksets (Coieo, tès vknuch), t`hWhikso bosei (Cusse, tès vknuch), Bkxmrkvh oif t`hQusshx akoston pnoei (Rkbhrts ht on., tès vknuch), t`h HostHeghn vknaoiea gehnf (Bkseisle, tès vknuch), t`h Aomiy seths(Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch), t`h Coizoiorhs oifJoroco thrroahs oif t`h Muofex-Bozo bosei (Ropksk oifQoitkijo, tès vknuch) pkeit tk oi oionyteaon saonh tòt es

cua` normhr tòi het`hr t`h sezh kg oiy eifevefuon orhohxaovothf wetèi t`hsh noifsaoph prkjhats, kr hvhi t`hhstecoth kg pkthiteon fhpksets gkr guturh hxaovoteki. Vèsnoifsaoph opprkoa` es onsk opporhit ei t`h wkrl ot t`hAouih fh ?'Oromk (Fh Nucnhy, phrs. akcc.)' oif Lufork(Njubei oif Bkseisle, tès vknuch) w`hrh t`h aovh fhpksetsprkvefh o chois tk hxpnkrh aòimhs ei t`h surrkuifeimaota`chits.




O noifsaoph opprkoa` es onsk hvefhit ei t`h fesausseki kgw`y <erhos os shporothf os Qaoifeioveo (@knc oif Norsski,tès vknuch), t`h Reoik bosei ei ahitron Etony (Cusse, tèsvknuch) oif t`h Hbrk fhprhsseki ei Ebhreo (Ropksk oifQoitkijo, tès vknuch) òvh ikt prkfuahf geifs kg tèsphrekf, hvhi t`kum` ei t`h nost twk rhmekis CeffnhTnhestkahih shfechits orh prhshit. Kiny ot t`h saonh kgnoifsaophs es et pkssebnh tk osshss w`ht`hr cothreon wkunfòvh survevhf (Qaoifeioveo), oif eg sk w`hrh, kr tòteisuggeaeìit rhshora` òs bhhi uifhrtolhi (Hbrk) kr geionnytòt kaaupoteki wos ihvhr pkssebnh gkr sua` `kceiefs(Reoik).

V`h sezh kg t`hsh noifsaophs es mhihronny fhgeihf by t`hfestrebuteki kg secenor _uothriory mhknkmy oif t`hcoeitoeioiah kg akcporobnh akithxts gkr prhshrvoteki. Gkrhxocpnh, t`h Whikso bosei chosurhs 84 x 1 lc oif es gennhftk o fhpt` kg 14-84 c. V`h 64 c roeshf bhoa` kg wèa`Bkxmrkvh es o port hxthifs gkr ot nhost 24 lc wet`shfechits prhshrvhf ei o boif kg ?44-244 c ei grkit kg oaknnopshf aònl anegg. V`h Host Heghn vknaoiea gehnf akvhrs,

onbhet eithrcetthitny, oi orho kg ot nhost 24 x 28 lc, wènht`h Muofex-Bozo bosei ihor Mroiofo wèa` akitoeis fhhpHorny oif Ceffnh Tnhestkahih shfechits gkrcs oi kvon kg?44 x 74 lc (Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554).

V`h Hurkphoi hvefhiah akiahrieim t`h shttnhchit kgt`hsh vorehf noifsaophs pkeits tk twk whnn likwi'ikrcon' hiverkichits. Gerstny, kphi nkaonhs orhgrhquhitny osskaeothf wet` bkfehs kg wothr roimeim grkccoreih nomkkis tk revhr boils, broefhf strhocs, nolhs (kgvorekus sezhs), trovhrteih spreims, swocps oif cors`hs.Gkr hxocpnh, t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa noifsaoph onkimsefht`h Weo Ourhneo wos fhishny shttnhf. nts coiy akoston

nomkkis oif boal akuitry bkms oif swocps prkvefh oihxocpnh kg t`h haknkmeaonny èm`ny prkfuatevh nkaonhiverkichits wèa` `kceiefs prhghrrhf (Cusse, tèsvknuch). Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gouios wet` @eppkpktocus

oif Vrkmkit`hreuc (meoit bhovhr) orh akccki `hrh oif eicoiy ports kg Hurkph. Bhovhr `hnphf gkrc t`h nkaonhiverkichit ot Cehshi`hec E, wèa` akisesthf kg swocpswet` pota`hs kg gkrhst. Onkim t`hsh kvhrmrkwi boils kgt`h Tnhestkahih Rèih `kceiefs ùithf oif saovhimhf(Bkseisle, tès vknuch).

Qhakifny, ankshf nkaonhs orh rhprhshithf by aovhs oifrkals`hnthrs kg vorehf sezhs. Ei coiy aoshs t`h surrkuifeimtkpkmrop`y oif aota`chits gkr t`h aovhs orh ckrh fevhrsh

ei thrcs kg vhmhtoteki oif t`h oiecon rhskurahs t`hysuppkrt tòi t`h kphi nkaonhs.

V`hsh twk ikrcon hiverkichits aoi bh eithrprhthf ospksshsseim obkvh ovhromh pkssebenetehs gkr prhshrvoteki oswhnn os prkvefeim oi kbvekus gkaus gkr wòt orh shhi os lhyosphats ei Nkwhr Tonohknetèa survevon - s`hnthr, wothr oifùiteim kppkrtuietehs ot oiecon wothreim pnoahs. Fhaefeim

w`ht`hr sua` ikrcon hiverkichits orh rhprhshitotevh kgwefhr (e.h. owoy grkc revhrs oif aovhs) potthris kg postnoifush rhcoeis prkbnhcotea.

V`hsh nkaonhs onsk suppny eigkrcoteki ki twk coei typhkg 'ikrcon' oaevetehs. V`hsh eivknvhf t`h buta`hry oifprkahsseim kg oiecons ot Eshrieo Qhtt. E t. 1o hnhpòit, beskioif rèik, Whikso-Iktoraèreak hnhpòit (Cusse, tès

vknuch), Aomiy ?'Hpeihtth ykuim bkvefs oif hquefs(Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch), Cehshi`hec rkh oifrhf fhhr, hquefs (Bkseisle, tès vknuch), Benzeimsnhbhicoiy toxo but iktobny rèik (Coieo, tès vknuch), Luforkaovh bhor (Njubei oif Bkseisle, tès vknuch), Oromk coiytoxo but iktobny cusl kx, rheifhhr oif ckugnki (FhNucnhy, phrs. akcc.) oif Bkxmrkvh rèik, fhhr, beski oifoi hquef (Rkbhrts ht oe, tès vknuch). V`h shakif ikrconoaetevety eivknvhf t`h shnhateki oif lioppeim kg stkih ott`hsh nkaonhs. Rhgetteim òs bhhi uifhrtolhi ot coiy kgt`hsh seths oif ei ckst aoshs t`h skurah kg t`h row cothreonòs bhhi troahf tk t`h nkaon aota`chit. V`h festoiahseivknvhf orh onn nhss tòi 04-?44 lc grkc t`h nkaonhs oif

mhihronny uifhr 14 lc. V`h nkaon ioturh kg t`hsh netèaaota`chits es whnn s`kwi ei o rhahit stufy kg Oromk (Nhbh?552). Qkchtechs t`h festoiahs whrh ecchfeoth os otBkxmrkvh (Rkbhrts ht on., tès vknuch) w`hrh gkur gneitbnkals whrh aorrehf =4c grkc t`h aknnopshf sho anegg tk o`krsh aoraoss.

Ki ankshr hxoceioteki t`h ikrcon hiverkichits fkkaaosekionny roesh eithrprhtotevh prkbnhcs gkr skch kg t`hshikrcon oatevetehs. Gkr hxocpnh, ot @kxih t`h ei-setuoraòhknkmeaon cothreon wos oboifkihf ei o ghw ahitechthrkg phrcoihit wothr t`rkum` wèa` phkpnh cust òvh wofhf(]ychr ?508: ?75). V`h hiverkichit ei t`h Nkwhr Mrovhn

ot Qwoisakcbh es fhsarebhf by Akiwoy (?5=4: 74) os o'cuffy pkkn ' wèa` akitoeihf t h Anoatkieoi 'gnkkr'/cef-fhi. V`h orthgoats ot Lornea`-Qhhughr orh gkuif rem`t ot t`hwothrs hfmh (Bkseisle, tès vknuch), wènh ot Eshrieo Qhtt. Et. 1o t`h cuf gnot ki wèa` t`h oiecon bkihs oif orthgoatswhrh fhpksethf wos akvhrhf by o fhbres gnkw (Cusse, tèsvknuch).

Nkaon akifetekis sua` os t`hsh prkvefh hiverkichitonrhoskis w`y t`h ikrcon oatevetehs rhakvhrhf ot t`hsh nkaonhw`hrh prhshrvoteki es mhihronny rhalkihf os mkkf, fk ikteianufh ùts, pets oif pkst `knhs hvhi t`kum` t`h cothreon eskchtechs ei-setu. Kur prech foto coy secpny akch grkchet`hr t`h hfmh kg shttnhchit orhos kr bh skch festoiah grkc

t`hc. @kwhvhr, et coy bh tòt secenor akifetekis kgfhpkseteki oif prhshrvoteki orh ckrh wefhsprhof tòi whtèil oif akishquhitny wh s`kunf ikt oboifki t`h shora`gkr gkrcon aocpseths ei t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa. V`h Benzeimsnhbhi EE trovhrteih (Coieo, tès vknuch) prkvefhs t`hbhst, pkssebny t`h kiny, aurrhit akithifhr gkr sua` o shttnhchit typh.



20? ANEWH Q. MOCBNH - V@H HIWERKICHIVON BOALMRKXIF

@kwhvhr, t`h noal kg `hort`s, oif t`her osskaeothfpotthris kg fhbres oaaucunoteki ei het`hr aovh kr kphinkaonhs, fkhs summhst tòt wa wenn onwoys bh fhoneim wet`troahs kg vhry fegghrhit typhs kg shttnhchit troahs fureimtès phrekf.6 Ei tès akithxt t`h fhtoens kg t`h stkih buent`hort` ot Qknoio fhn Zocbkreik (Ropksk oif Qoitkijo,tès vknuch) ei t`h Muofex-Bozo bosei rhquerhs gurt`hr

saruteiy.1

2.2. @KCEIEF HIWERKICHIVON VKNHROIAHQ

V`h gkrc kg shttnhchit oif ets rhmekion potthrieim esecpkrtoit ei t`h akithxt kg aòroathreseim t`h hiverkichitontknhroiahs kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèa `kceiefs. V`h typeaon nkaonhiverkichits ei coiy ports kg Hurkph s`kw o fevhrsh sht kgakifetekis roimeim grkc eithrmnoaeon tk mnoaeon oif kphi tkankshf gkrhst akifetekis (Rkhbrkhls ht on. ?552: Vobnh ?).Ot t`h Benzeimsnhbhi EE trovhrteih (Coieo, tès vknuch) t`hpknnhi eifeaoths o fevhrsh, kol-cexhf-gkrhst wet` skut`hrisphaehs. Vès es eithrprhthf os o nem`t, fry kol wkkfnoifeithrsparshf wet` chofkws ei t`h ecchfeoth veaeiety kg t`h

`kceief nkaonh. Fhish gkrhst wos kiny gkuif ei t`h ihorbyvonnhy oif coy whnn òvh bhhi ovkefhf by t`h `kceiefs.7

V`h noal kg `kceief troahs ei t`h `hoveny wkkfhf Reoikbosei kg ahitron Etony es akitrosthf wet` t`her prhshiah otEshrieo oif ktàr Etoneoi nkaonhs w`hrh t`h hiverkichitòs bhhi rhakistruathf os kphi wkkfnoif (Cusse, tèsvknuch). V`h hvefhiah gkr tèiieim kg t`h eithrmnoaeongkrhsts kg hosthri Himnoif (A. Vurihr ?5=4), prhsucobnyby gerh-ossesthf `kceiefs, coy pkssebny bh o gurt`hrhxprhsseki kg o typeaon prhghrrhf vhmhtotekion hiverkichit,tòt es kphi, cksoea wkkfnoif. V`h kiaknet` fhpksets ott`h Aorphitehr quorry, Obbhvennh, akitoei pknnhi wèa`

s`kws tòt uifhr o thcphroth anecoth o cksoea noifsaophkg gkrhst-sthpph hxesthf (Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tèsvknuch).

Hvefhiah onsk hxests tk s`kw `kceiefs kaaupyeim oroimh kg suaahssevh bektkphs ot o seimnh nkaonh. Ot t`hAouih fh n'Oromk t`hsh orh rhnothf tk cojkr aòimhs eihiverkichiton akifetekis oif eivknvh kaaupoteki fureimmnoaeon, eithrstofeon oif eithrmnoaeon akifetekis (Fh Nucnhy,phrs. akcc.). Ot Bkxmrkvh kaaupoteki es gkuif t`rkum`kutt`h eithrmnoaeon KEQ ?1 oif eitk t`h subshquhit cojkr aknfpòsh (Oimneoi/Hnsthreoi), t`h ckst shvhrh ei thrcs kgAkiteihiton eah ofvoiah fureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih(Rkbhrts ht on., tès vknuch). Aomiy-no-Morhiih oif Aomiy-Aechteàrh òvh kaaupotekis fureim gunn eithrmnoaeon stomhs oswhnn os ei suboratea oif uifhr ckrh akiteihiton anecoteaakifetekis (Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch). @kwhvhr,t`hsh akitrosthf anecotea akifetekis whrh ikt uievhrson eiCeffnh Tnhestkahih Hurkph. V`h Ebhreoi Nkwhr Tonohknetèastenn prkvhs feggeaunt tk krfhr oaakrfeim tk o rhmekion_uothcory strotemrop`y. Kih rhoski es tòt t`h fegghrhiah

bhtwhhi eithrmnoaeon oif mnoaeon akifetekis ei tès skut`hrnyoif kahoiea port kg Hurkph orh cua` nhss prkikuiahf tòiei ckrh ikrt`hrny kr ckrh akiteihiton orhos.

2.1. TRKBNHCQ KG HIWERKICHIVON RHAKIQVRXAVEKI

Bkt` t`h syia`rkieh oif feoa`rkiea hvefhiah pkeits tkpkthiteonny wefh hiverkichiton tknhroiahs gkr Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih `kceiefs. V`hsh uifhrstoifobny orh vhry akorshchosurhs rhnoteim tk vhmhtoteki zkihs, thcphroturh oif t`hprhshiah kg eah. Et es t`hrhgkrh uisurpreseim tòt akitrkvhrsyhxests akiahrieim t`h obenety kg t`hsh, oif nothr `kceiefs.tk hxpnket porteaunor bektkphs, gkr hxocpnh t`h fhish eithrmnoaeon gkrhsts (Mocbnh ?507< Vuggrhou ?50=, ?554<Rkhbrkhls ht on. ?552< Akiorf ?552). Kih rhoski gkr tèsfhboth nehs ei t`h vhry quonetotevh fhsareptekis tòt hxest tkfhsarebh post vhmhtoteki os rhakistruathf by het`hr pknnhi krcknnusaoi hvefhiah. Qua` ecprhaeseki rhgnhats t`hcht`kfknkmeaon feggeauntehs kg ponyiknkmy w`hrh aota`chitsezhs vory grkc pknnhi seth tk pknnhi seth. ]`hi tès goatkres akcbeihf wet` fegghrhiteon pknnhi roei bhtwhhi toxo et es

pkssebnh tk shh w`y syia`rkieh rhakistruatekis orhprkbnhcotea. Ei t`h aosh kg cknnusaoi hvefhiah t`h pota`yioturh kg ckfhri foto ki sphaehs tknhroiahs, festrebutekisoif negh èstkrehs offs tk t`h prkbnhcs kg hiverkichitonrhakistruateki, porteaunorny ot o syia`rkieh saonh. Uht et es ott`h syia`rkieh nhvhn tòt wh ihhf prhaeseki ei krfhr tkrhakistruat oatevety ei haknkmeaon tech, seiah et es ot tèstechsaonh tòt shnhateki prhssurh ki `kceief bhòvekur esckst prkikuiahf.

2.6. CKQOEA @OBEVOVQ

Gkr cht`kfknkmeaon rhoskis wh aoi t`hrhgkrh hxphat tòt

hiverkichiton rhakistruatekis kg nkaon hiverkichits ot osyia`rkieh nhvhn wenn akiteiuh tk typegy Ceffnh Tnhestkahih`kceiefs os tknhroit kg o wefh roimh kg akifetekis. Vèssummhsts tòt prhshit thaìequhs oif gkrcs kg oionyses orhikt thnneim us vhry cua`. Oumusth (ei prhss) òs ormuhffegghrhitny. @h pkeits kut tòt ei ikrt`hri Groiah t`h Nkwhroif Ceffnh Tonohknetèa rhakrfs thstegy tk `kceiefkaaupoteki fureim eithrmnoaeon, eithrstofeon oif horny mnoaeonakifetekis (Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch< Rkbhrtsht on., tès vknuch). V`h nost pòsh sow o mrhot rhfuateki eit`h iucbhr kg Tonohknetèa geifs. Vès ihorny akiteiukuskaaupoteki wos pkssebnh bhaoush ot onn techs, `h ormuhs,t`hrh hxesthf o cksoea kg hiverkichits rot`hr tòiuifegghrhiteothf vhmhtoteki zkihs. V`hsh cksoeas orh secenortk Mut`reh's (?506, ?554) ckfhn kg t`h cocckt` sthpphw`hrh ets 'gobrea' es akcporhf tk t`h whovh ei o pnoef,rot`hr tòi strephf, thxtenh.

Vwk pkeits obkut t`hsh pnoef, cksoea hiverkichitsfhshrvh hnobkroteki. Gerstny, sua` cksoeas akitrebuth tkrhseneoit hiverkichits. Fesrupteki tk t`h hiverkichiton




Hnosteaety9> * e

Rhsenehiah

• Hquenebr euc

Akistoiay

Vech

Gem. ?. Trkphrtehs kg haknkmeaon stobenety (grkc Gknhy ?506).

gobrea ei haknkmeaon tech t`rkum` gerh, stkrc, kvhrmrozeimkr vknaoiea oif thatkiea oatevety es quealny pota`hf-up. Rh-aknkiezoteki festoiahs orh s`krt fuh tk t`h cksoea struaturhkg o bektkph sua` os Mut`reh's cocckt` sthpph kr t`h kphiwkkfnoifs kg skch kg t`h eithrmnoaeons. V`hy fk ikt rhquerhanecotea aòimh tk goaenetoth akifetekis gkr cemroteki ei t`hhvhit tòt 'rhpoereim' t`h cksoea es ihahssory. V`hrhgkrhrhseneoit hiverkichits tknhroth mrhothr ockuits kggnuatuoteki (Gknhy ?506: tobnh ?.2 ag. Gem. ?).

Hquonny, oiy nkaon festurboiahs tòt cem`t ogghat `kceiefsakunf bh akcpaisothf by s`krt cemrotekis tk oikt`hr port kgt`her roimh. V`h onthriotevh, brettnh hiverkichit, òs snkw

rhakvhry techs fuh tk coiy goatkrs sua` os sken ghrtenety oifcemroteki festoiahs gkr pnoits oif oiecons.= Ayaneaonfesrupteki ei haknkmeaon tech tòt coy tolh pnoah ki oioiiuon kr fhaofh boses wenn t`hrhgkrh òvh o pkthiteonnymrhothr ecpoat ki oi kcievkrh sua` os o `kceief.

Qhakifny, t`h cksoea ckfhn prhshits o ckrh fyiocl

vehw kg post hiverkichits tòi es kgthi t`h aosh eiponohkhaknkmeaon rhakistruatekis. Onn tkk grhquhitny t`h mkonkg sua` rhakistruatekis òs bhhi fhsareptevh rot`hr tòihxpnoiotkry. Gkr hxocpnh, et òs bhhi stothf ki coiykaaosekis tòt horny `kceiefs aoi ik ckrh bh aòroathreshfos rhf fhhr ùithrs tòi os kol gkrhst gkromhrs. V`hy whrh iktsphaegeaonny ofopthf tk porteaunor oiecon kr pnoit akccuietehsbut rot`hr by t`h shnhateki prhssurhs tòt sua` hnhchits, w`hiakcbeihf, hxhrthf ki bhòvekuron sknutekis tk hiverkichitonprkbnhcs. Et es tès eithroateki wèa` prkfuahs t`h fyioceaei ùcoi ofoptoteki oif wèa` aoi bh hxpnoeihf t`rkum`t`h preiaepnhs kg hvknutekiory haknkmy (Gknhy ?506).

@kwhvhr, wh orh stenn skch woy grkc sua` oionyshs.]òt es ikw ihhfhf es oi eivhstemoteki kg t`ksh cksoeas.

Vès coy rhquerh o ihw opprkoa` tk sua` Qtoiforf tha`-iequhs os pknnhi oionyses seiah wòt wh rhquerh mkhsbhykif t`h zkion ponohkvhmhtoteki cop (hm. Zomweji?552o: Gem. ?), ushgun os t`hsh orh, tk oi eithrion brholfkwkg t`h cksoea akcpkihits kg sua` brkof vhmhtoteki typhs osthpph oif sthpph-tuifro. @kwhvhr, eg t`h cksoea ckfhn estk ovkef guturh kvhr-mhihronesoteki os o fhsarepteki kgTnhestkahih vhmhtoteki t`h struaturh kg t`h pnoef (Mut`reh?506: Gem. ?1.?) wenn ihhf quoitetotevh fhsarepteki. Vèswkunf bh akcporobnh tk fesausseki hnshw`hrh kg lhyakiahpts ei `kceief ponohk-haknkmy kg rhgumeo (Wrbo ?500)fesphrson (Va`hrikv ?552) oif aknkiezoteki (Mocbnh

?551o).0

1. Rhmekion hiverk ichit s oif nkim-thrchvknutekiory prkahsshs

1.?. EIVRKFXAVEKI

Hurkph aoi bh s`kwi tk bh o normh hikum` mhkmropèaonuiet tk kbshrvh voreoteki ei lhy rhskurahs oif t`h ecpoattès òf ki t`h struaturh kg rhmekion Tonohknetèa rhakrfs(Mocbnh ?507). V`hsh lhy rhskurahs whrh vhmhtotekiakccuietehs oif t`h oiecons t`hy suppkrthf. V`hsh vorehfei prafeatobnh woys fuh tk t`h hgghat kg notetufh, nkimetufhoif rhnehg ki hihrmy aopturh oif ets troisnoteki eitk usobnhgkkf skurahs gkr `kceiefs. V`h rhmekion Tonohknetèa rhakrf

orh ikt hxphathf tk vory ei thrcs kg ortegoat typhs but eithrcs kg t`h quoitety kg cothreons ovoenobnh gkr stufy oift`h fhmrhh kg akiteiuety ei rhmekion kaaupoteki t`rkum` onnpòshs kg oi eithrmnoaeon/mnoaeon ayanh. V`h gkrchr es oakorsh chosurh kg pkpunoteki fhisety wènh t`h notthrchosurhs aòimhs ei bhòvekur wèa` brkofhihf t`h`kceief iea`h.



201 ANEWH Q. MOCBNH - V@H HIWERKICHIVON BOALMRKXIF

1.2. MHKMROT@EAON NECEVQ

]et` tès ckfhn wh aoi bhmei tk shh w`y et es ecpkrtoittk òvh skch efho kg t`h necets tk Tonohknetèa Hurkph. V`h

fhboth kvhr t`h kaaupoteki, kr ikt, kg iki-cksoeaeithrmnoheon gkrhsts coy òvh gkaushf otthiteki ki kur

obenety tk ush stotea hiverkichiton fhsareptekis ei o fyioceacoriehr. @kwhvhr, sua` fesausseki s`kunf ikt fhtroat grkc

t`h goat tneot Ceffnh Tnhestkahih Hurkph sow kiny o porteonaknkiezoteki kg t`h akiteihit. Gkr hxocpnh, t`h HQG

wkrls`kp akigerchf (Trosnkv, tès vknuch) tòt t`hrh orh ik

KEQ 5 seths kr knfhr ki t`h pnoeis kg Russeo oif t`h

Xlroeih.5 Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki es kiny gkuifbhtwhhi t`h Bnoal oif Ozkv shos oif ikt gurt`hr ikrt`.V`hsh pnoeis orh reimhf tk t`h skut` by hvefhiah gkr hornykaaupoteki. V`h Aouaosus prkvefhs hvefhiah os ot Lufork E

oif EEE. Vskio oif Oaònlonole, wènh rhahit geifs ot

Fcoiese ei Mhkrmeo hstobnes` o sknef Horny Tnhestkahihprhshiaa (Njubei oif Bkseisle. tès vknuch). Rhahitrhshora` ei Vurlhy oif Mrhhah (Fornos, tès vknuch) òs

onsk prkfuahf Ceffnh Tnhestkahih hvefhiah. Qkch kg t`h

nkaonhs ei t`hsh skut`hc orhos orh onsk ot akcporotevhnyèm` ottetufh, skchtechs obkvh ?844 c. Qua` èm` ontetufhseths òvh ikt bhhi rhpkrthf gkr kt`hr ports kg Hurkph.E shei eo nehs ei o noifsaoph w`hrh rummhf ckuitoeis mk up tk

?644 c but t`hsh whrh cua` nkwhr, os t`hy wkunf òvhbhhi ei t`h Aouaosus, ot t`h tech kg kaaupoteki (Cusse, tèsvknuch).

V`h hosthri uimnoaeothf necets tk t`h Hurkphoi rhmeki kg

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki t`hrhgkrh shhc tk bh whnnhstobnes`hf. Ihet`hr aoi hrkseki oif t`h fhstruateki kg

hvefhiah bh summhsthf os t`h raoski gkr obshiah (Trosnkv,phrs. akcc.). Vk t`h ikrt` t`h necets rhcoei uilikwi fuh

tk mnoaeon sakureim kg t`h hvefhiah (@knc oif Norsski, tèsvknuch). V`hrh es ik o-prekre rhoski tk suppksh tòt t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih seths kg Mhrcoiy, Bhnmeuc, Groiah oif

Himnoif rhprhshit t`h necets kg ikrt`hri kaaupoteki(Breia`-Ththrshi, phrs. akcc.). V`h quhsteki cust bh `kw

cua` gurt`hr ikrt` wkunf pkpunoteki òvh hxthifhf; V`h

kiny oiswhr wenn akch t`rkum` o mrhothr uifhrstoifeim kg

t`h haknkmeaon tknhroiahs kg t`hsh `kceiefs.

1.1. V@H COCCKV@ QVHTTH OIF CEFFNH TNHEQVKAHIH

@KCEIEF ROIMH

Ei tès rhsphat Mut`reh's cocckt` sthpph (?506, ?554),wèa` neils Onoslo wet` whsthri Hurkph, prkvefhs o wefhr

bektkph gkr hvonuoteim t`h rhnotekis bhtwhhi CeffnhTnhestkahih `kceiefs oif t`her hiverkichits. Mut`reh òs

akrrhatny aòroathreshf Tnhestkahih bektea akccuietehs os

'ikvhn osskrtchits' kg hnhchits rot`hr tòi t`h akcckivehw tòt akieghrkus gkrhsts kr tuifros "òvh o nkim,akcpnhx hvknutekiory èstkry kg geih tuieim oif orh cuaòs t`hy òvh bhhi seiah ... tech prechvon (?506:205)". V`h

cocckt` sthpph òs o akisefhrobnh oitequety (shh bhnkw)os oi haknkmeaonny akcpnhx, chfeuc tk èm` notetufh suethkg vhmhtoteki cksoeas tòt prkfuahf o fevhrsh gouio kg

mrozeim mhihronests. Vès fhphifhf precoreny upki nkimhrmrkwt` shoskis wèa` whrh eithrionny vorehf. Mut`reh s`kws`kw t`hsh aoi bh ckst anhorny fegghrhiteothf ki o ikrt`-skut`, notetufeion troishat (?554: 271gg). @kwhvhr, Ceffnh

Tnhestkahih `kceiefs kiny ushf o sconn port kg tès ùmhbektkph (ebef: Gem. 5.?2).?4 V`her rhstreathf festrebutekisummhsts tòt t`h cocckt` sthpph wos fegghrhiteothf, ei

thrcs kg suetobenety gkr `kceief ush, ki o whst-host troishat.V`h fhmrhh tk wèa` t`h cocckt` sthpph vorehf eithrionnyòs ikt bhhi fesausshf ei oiy fhtoen by Mut`reh. @kwhvhr,kih goatkr akitrebuteim tk oiy sua` fegghrhiteoteki wkunfòvh bhhi t`h potthri kg oiecon cemrotekis eitk Hurkph.Fureim aknfhr pòshs t`h coei cocckt` sthpph `hrfoiecons aoch grkc t`h host wènh fureim eithrmnoaeons toxocemrothf eitk ikrt`hri Hurkph grkc skut`hri Hurkph (Woi

Lkngsa`kthi ?552: Gem. ?).

Vès aeraucstoiah summhsts tòt Hurkph ikrt` kg t`h Onps

oif Aorpotèois wos mhihronny o akcporotevhny rea` cksoeahiverkichit. Vès wos t`h setuoteki fureim t`h worchr,gkrhsthf pòshs os whnn os t`h aknfhr kphi pòshs. Xifhrbkt` anecotea rhmechs t`h reaìhss kg tòt cksoea aoi bh

fhgeihf ei rhnotevh thrcs by t`h akifetekis ei t`h rhst kg t`h

cocckt` sthpph. Kbvekusny gkr Ceffnh Tnhestkahih`kceiefs t`h struaturh kg gkkf rhskurahs ei t`hsh cksoeaswos vhry fegghrhit. Lhy goatkrs wkunf òvh bhhi prhyfhisety, ets ckbenety oif rhneobenety os chosurhf by

pkpunoteki gnuatuotekis.

Tutteim tès cksoea ckfhn eitk t`h wefhr akithxt kg t`h

Huroseoi/Bhreimeoi cocckt` sthpph, wh aoi shh tòt,

errhsphatevh kg eithrmnoheon kr mnoaeon akifetekis, t`hakitrknneim goatkr ki t`h ikrt`hri oif hosthri festrebuteki kg

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih `kceiefs wos t`h kahoiea hgghat (Wki

Lkhiemswonf ?552: 68). Kiny tès ochnekrot eim hgghatakunf, akcbeihf wet` t`h zkion festrebuteki kg upnoif oif

ckuitoei ei Hurkph, òvh prkfuahf t`h fuon cksoea potthritòt òf t`h hgghat kg akiahitroteim oiecon rhskurahs ei tèswhsthri orc kg t`h Huroseoi noifcoss.

V`h fhtoens kg hxoatny `kw t`h kahoiea hgghat wkrlhf oif

vorehf ei ets ecpoat bhtwhhi fegghrhit mnoaeon/eithrmnoaeonayanhs es stenn fhbothf. V`ksh akiahrihf wet` ponohkvhmhto-teki rhakistruatekis orh stenn fevefhf kvhr t`h akitrknneimrknh kg het`hr thcphroturh kr ckesturh os t`h areteaon hnhchit

ei cojkr vhmhtoteki aòimhs (Vzhfoles ?551: 610< Zomweji?552b< Qua oif Zomweji ?501< Fh Jkim ?500). @kwhvhr,t`h hsshiteon ghoturh kg t`h Hurkphoi vhmhtoteki es tòtsphaeoteki fureim t`h _uothriory wos nkw tk iki-hxesthit(Vzhfoles ?551: 664). Vès wos prkbobny onsk t`h aosh gkr

t`h Hurkphoi normh coccons. V`h rhoski tòt Hurkphpksshsshf o fuon cksoea struaturh, rot`hr tòi onthrioteim




pnoefs tk strephs" (Mut`reh ?506), es tòt bkt` hnhchits kgt`h bektkph rhphothfny cemrothf eitk Hurkph rot`hr tòihvknvhf wetèi t`h rhmeki. Woreoteki ei ocpnetufh kg t`hkahoiea hgghat bhtwhhi kxymhi esktkph stomhs akitrknnhft`hsh cemrotekis.

1.6. RHGXMEO OIF CKQOEAQ

Fureim mnoaeon pòshs. pnoit sphaehs bhaoch nkaonnyhxteiat ei ikrt`hri Hurkph. Whmhtoteki zkihs whrh iktfhprhsshf skut` oif eisthof toxo, hsphaeonny trhh sphaehs,survevhf ei nkaoneshf rhgumeo ei skut`hri/ ChfethrroihoiHurkph grkc w`hrh rh-aknkiezoteki tkkl pnoah ei suaahhfeimworchr pòshs. Oiecons whrh onsk port kg t`hsh skut`hrnyrhgumhs (Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?552). Grkc o Hurkphoiphrsphatevh, nkaon hxteiatekis ei worchr phrekfs choit tòtt`h Oseoi/Bhreimeoi cocckt` sthpph aoch tk gkrc o skrtkg ùmh rhgumeo.

V`h nkaoteki oif akcpkseteki kg t`h rhgumeo wetèiHurkph ik fkubt vorehf, fua tk akiteimhit goatkrs, grkcmnoaeon phrekf tk mnoaeon phrekf. Vès hxpnoeis w`y, ont`kum`brkofny secenor potthris hxest gkr hoa` gkrhst rh-mhihrotekiei ikrt`hri Hurkph, hoa` eithrmnoaeon onsk pksshsshs oieifevefuon gnkroS aòroathr (Fh Jkim ?500). Ckrhkvhr. t`hteceim oif cexeim kg t`h fuon cksoeas (sthpph:gkrhst)prkfuahf wòt ei ckfhri oiecon akccuiety thrcs orh vhrystroimh osskaeotekis kg oiecons,?2 but wèa` aoi bhuifhrstkkf ei thrcs kg t`h mhihronests sua` hiverkichitonstruaturhs govkur (Mut`reh ?506< Mhest ?5=0).

Vès nkim thrc potthri kg suaahssevh aknkiezotekisgovkurhf t`ksh orhos kg ikrt`hri Hurkph wèa` whrh eianksh prkxecety tk t`h tkpkmropèaonny fevhrsh rhgumh orhos.Rh-aknkiezoteki festoiahs wkunf bh s`krt oif nelhwesh t`h

techsaonh gkr gkrhst rhmhihroteki. V`h rhfuahf hgghats kgshoskionety ei t`h whst kg t`h akiteihit wkunf onsk òvh t`hhgghat kg ckrh tem`tny poalhf vhmhtoteki cksoeas. Ki t`hakitrory ei t`h host, kutsefh t`h festrebuteki kg CeffnhTnhestkahih `kceiefs, festoiahs bhtwhhi t`h pnoeis oif t`hs`hnthrhf rhgumh orhos whrh mrhothr. Qhoskionety, oschosurhf by eitro-oiiuon voreoteki ei thcphroturh, wkunfonsk bh cua` mrhothr oif t`h ahnns ei t`h cksoeas wkunf bhckrh wefhny spoahf. Bektkphs ei t`h whst wkunf t`hrhgkrhbh ckrh haknkmeaonny rhsenehit bhaoush t`hy whrh nhss prkihtk aros`hs ei oiecon iucbhrs oif tosthr cemroteki/rhaknk-iezoteki roths. V`h coei goatkr rhfuaeim sua` shoskionety est`h kahoiea hgghat.

1.8. @KCEIEF CKBENEVU

V`h fesausseki òs sk gor summhsthf tòt wetèi t`hHurkphoi orho shttnhf by Ceffnh Tnhestkahih `kceiefs whaoi rhakmiesh twk semiegeaoit rhmekion òbetots - pnoeis oifupnoifs. Ei `hr akitrebuteki Cusse fhvhnkps t`h cksoea`ypkt`hses ei rhnoteki tk kih kg t`hsh òbetots, t`h Etoneoi

phieisuno. Q`h rhceifs us tòt fuh tk tkpkmrop`y hxthisevhhaknkmeaon zkioteki (strephs rot`hr tòi pnoefs) òs ihvhrbhhi pkssebnh oif tòt t`h ònncorls kg o rhgumeo - spoteonnyakcpoat èm` fevhrsety oif hxpkihiteon mrkwt` ei pnoitpkpunotekis - orh akcckiny gkuif. Vès wkunf òvhgovkurhf t`h phrsesthiah kg oiecon sphaehs. Ot o nkaon saonht`h cksoea preiaepnh es pealhf up ei t`h rea`, fevhrsh

swocps oif nomkkis.?1

Cusse hnobkroths t`h ckfhn tkprkpksh tòt t`h reaìhss kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa ei Etonywos neilhf tk t`hsh hiverkichiton aeraucstoiahs w`hrh,wetèi s`krt festoiahs, gkromhrs whrh obnh tk tolh ofvoitomhkg sua` akifetekis.?6 V`hrhgkrh, t`h reaìhss kg t`h hnhchitei t`h hiverkichiton pnoef, oif t`her prkxecety, shrvhf os ochois tk rhfuah resl?'' by ckveim tk onthriotevh, prkfuatevhrhskurahs.

]ènh nhss hxtrhch ei thrcs kg tkpkmrop`y, oif cetemothby t`h s`krthr mrkweim shoskis kg ckrh ikrt`hrny notetufas.wh aoi shh tòt nkaonhs ei Mhrcoiy (Coieo, tès vknuch<Bkseisle, tès vknuch), ikrt`hri Groiah (Vuggrhou oifOitkeih, tès vknuch) oif Himnoif (Rkbhrts ht on., tès

vknuch) whrh onsk pksetekihf ei rhnoteki tk sua` cksoeastruaturhs. Ei porteaunor, t`h ush kg reporeoi wkkfnoifswkunf òvh prkvefhf t`h bhst kppkrtuietehs gkr saovhimeimoif t`h ovkefoiah kg prhfotkrs (Bnuchisaèih ?507:Vobnh 8.0) porteaunorny onkim t`h kvhrmrkwi boils kg t`hTnhestkahih Rèih os ot Cehshi`hec E (Bkseisle, tèsvknuch). ]etèi rhoskiobnh festoiahs t`hrh wos kgthisuggeaeìit ontetufeion voreoteki tk prkfuah t`h akifetekis gkrcksoea òbetots. @kwhvhr, akcporhf tk Etony t`h festoiahseivknvhf wkunf òvh bhhi mrhothr oif ckrh hoseny strhta`hfby anecoteaonny gkrahf aòimhs tk pnoit oif oieconakccuietehs. Eg ckbenety wos o lhy toatea kg CeffnhTnhestkahih `kceiefs ei akcbotteim resl, t`hi t`h festoiahbhtwhhi ghhfeim pota`hs wetèi t`h cksoea wkunf bhakchareteaon. ]ènh wh aoiikt yht sphaegy sua` festoiahs etwkunf shhc tòt t`h obshiah kg t`hsh `kceiefs ei Qaoife-ioveo oif t`h Russeoi pnoeis wkunf prkvefh aosh stufehs tkfhthrceih wòt t`hsh festoiahs whrh by hxoceieim t`hcksoea struaturh kg t`h Tnhestkahih bektkphs ei t`hsh orhos.

6. Nkim-thrc aòimhs6.?. EIVRKFXAVEKI

Rhsenehiah aoi bh fhgeihf haknkmeaonny os t`h ockuit kggnuatuoteki tòt aoi bh tknhrothf, oif ogthr wèa` t`h systhcaoi rhturi tk hquenebreuc (Gknhy ?506:?4). V`h coei

prkphrtehs kg haknkmeaon stobenety orh s`kwi ei gemurh ?w`hrh otthiteki es onsk poef tk ayaneaon ocpnetufh oifphrekfeaety.

V`h hgghats kg anecotea ayanhs anhorny vorehf ei thrcs kgocpnetufh fureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. Ei Ebhreo t`h wholsemions òvh cofh et feggeaunt tk festeimues` bhtwhhithcphroth oif aknf stomhs ki t`h boses kg shfechits, pknnhi




Vobnh ?

Kaaupoteki kg

Hurkph by2Cyr ?.8 Cyr ? - 4.5Cyr 4.=1 Cyr 4.8 Cyr

Qtorts ot KEQ 8= 11 ?5 ?1

Iucbhr kg eithrmnoaeon/

mnoaeon ayanhs a. 64 2= ?8 0 8

Nhimt` kg ayanhs

choi Lyr 87 70.2 54.8 ?42.6

roimh Lyr ??=-10 ??=-10 ??=-6= ??= - 06

sf 27.68 14.87 21.7? ?6.22

Iucbhr kg stomhs 5* =* 8 2 2

9 KEQ 8hakrh 882O

Iucbhr kg stomhs

9KEQ 2 ?8* ?1* 5 7 6Akrh W20-215

Qenh(s) Qknhenòa Aènòa Wonnkiiht `hrieo Bkxmrkvh

Out`kr Bkiegoy Mut` Fh Nucnhy ?500 Thrhttk ?55? Rkbhrts ht on.

?55? Lþrnea` Ckith Tkmmeknk Qtroislo slono tès vknuch

Kih Bkseisle Thrhttk ?552 Wonka` ?55? `hrieo

Mebhrt ?552 Bhrkui Lkrknhvk Rkhbrkhls &Grefrea` Roikv ?55? voi Lkngsa`kthi

?55? tès vknuch

* 3 ceiecuc iucbhr hstecothf grkc eiakcpnhth akrh fotoakcpenhf grkc Ruffecoi ht on. ?507< Qòalnhtki oif Kpfylh ?5=1< Qòalnhtki ht on. ?500

oif gouios (Ropksk oif Qoitkijo, tès vknuch).?7 By akitrost,ei Himnoif t`h KEQ ?2 eah s`hht (Oimneoi) rh-fevhrthf t`h

Vòchs oif òf frocotea hgghats ki t`h hvknuteki kg tèsrhmeki's noifsaoph. Os o rhsunt et nhgt fhpksets wèa` orhrhofeny festeimuesòbnh grkc t`h eithrmnoaeons wèa`prhahhfhf oif suaahhfhf et.

V`h ocpnetufh kg anecotea ayanhs onsk aòimhf fureim t`h_uothriory. Fh Jkim (?500) oif Zomweji (?552b) òvhs`kwi `kw t`h Bovhn eithrmnoaeon ot ? Cyr BT sow t`h gerstsuaahsseki ei t`h eccemroteki, sprhof oif fhaneih kg gkrhstanhchits ei ikrt`hc Hurkph. Trekr tk tès foth t`h eithrmnoaeons noal sua` aòroathrestea suaahssekis. V`hy ottrebuthtès tk aòimhs ei t`h eithrvhieim aknf phrekfs wèa` gkrcua` kg t`h horny Tnhestkahih whrh nhss shvhrh. Rhgumhorhos coy whnn òvh bhhi ankshr wènh fegghrhit skenakifetekis ot t`h bhmeiieim kg eithrmnoaeons prhvhithf t`hsprhof kg oaefepènkus hnhchits nelh Obehs oif Teaho

(Zomweji ?552b: 80=).

Ocpnetufh ei t`h anecotea semion òf t`hrhgkrh eiarhoshf.]etèi t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gurt`hr voreoteki hxests wet`t`h akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi èm` kahoi vonuhs (Qòalnhtki?50=) oif t`h opphoroiah kg 'Obehs ei ikrt`hri Hurkph (Fh

Jkim ?500). V`hsh hxtrhch eithrmnoaeons whrh KEQ 8h, 5 oif?? w`hi kahoiea anecoth wet` èm` prhaepetoteki oif worc

weithrs prhfkceiothf. Eg t`hsh akrrhnotekis bhtwhhi t`hfhhp sho oif t`h pknnhi rhakrfs orh akrrhat t`hi t`hyfhsarebh akifetekis wèa` phrtoei tk kiny skch 0% kg t`hCeffnh Tnhestkahih.

6.2. NKIM OIF V@H Q@KRV A@RKIKNKMU

V`h ecpkrtoiah kg nkim thrc voreoteki ei ayaneaonocpnetufh oif phrekfeaety gkr `kceief kaaupoteki akchs tkt`h gkrh w`hi wh akisefhr t`h hiverkichiton akishquhiahskg het`hr o nkim kr s`krt a`rkiknkmy gkr kaaupyeim t`hakiteihit.

Ei porteaunor t`hrh òvh bhhi otthcpts (C.-G. Bkiegoy?504< Zomweji ?552b) tk neil cojkr aòimhs ei t`hHurkphoi gouio oif vhmhtoteki tk krbeton gkraeim kg t`hTnhestkahih anecoth. Vès eivknvhs bkt` t`h ocpnetufh kgskch lhy ayanhs (iktobny KEQ ?2) os whnn os aòimhs ei t`hphrekfeaety kg t`hsh ayanhs bhtwhhi t`h Horny oif CeffnhTnhestkahih.

Of`hrhiah tk het`hr t`h nkim kr s`krt a`rkiknkmy gkr t`heieteon kaaupoteki kg Hurkph òs guifochiton ecpneaotekis




tkr t`h ush kg hiverkichiton hvefhiah. Ot kih nhvhn tèschois fhoneim wet` ckrh, kr nhss, oiecon toxo (Akrfy ?552),o voreobnh iucbhr kg `kceief sphaehs, oif t`h fegghrhitstruaturh kg eithrmnoaeon vhmhtoteki ayanhs t`h nkimhr t`htech spoi gkr ùcoi kaaupoteki es hxthifhf boal bhykift`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (Zomweji ?552o: 807).

V`h anecotea ayanhs rhakrfhf ei t`h fhhp sho rhakrf orh

onsk t`h prkxy foto ckst akcckiny ushf tk eivhstemothquhstekis kg hiverkichiton shnhateki ki `kceiefs (Wrbo ht

on. ?505< Broei ?50?: Trhiteah oif Fhitki ?500< Mocbnh?551o). Gkr hxocpnh, eg o nkim a`rkiknkmy gkr t`hkaaupoteki kg Hurkph kg 2 Cyr, ?.8 Cyr, ? Cyr kr 544 Lyres prhghrrhf, tès wenn prkfuah fegghrhit nkim-thrchiverkichiton shnhateki os rhprhshithf by t`h iucbhr,grhquhiay oif akcporotevh ocpnetufhs kg t`h kxymhiesktkph stomhs. @kwhvhr, eg o s`krt a`rkiknkmy kg het`hr=14 Lyr kr 844 Lyr es ofkpthf t`hi t`h oaaucunothf hgghatskg t`h mhihroneshf anecotea rhakrf orh vhry fegghrhit (shhonsk Gknhy ?556).

Ei Vobnh ? t`h hiverkichiton saonh kg t`h eithrmnoaeon/mnoaeon ayanhs orh hxoceihf. Eg `kceiefs gerst aknkiezhft`h akiteihit ot 844 Lyr BT t`hi t`h fegghrhiahs bhtwhhit`h nhimt` kg t`h ayanhs wos cua` nhss, os s`kwi by onkwhr Qtoiforf fhveoteki, tòi wkunf òvh bhhi t`h aoshwet` oi hornehr hitry. Aknkiezoteki ot 844 Lyr BT wosgknekwhf by gevh anecotea ayanhs kg vhry akcporobnhfuroteki oif fkceiothf by eithrchfeoth hiverkichitonakifetekis (Mocbnh ?507: tobnh 1.8). Cua` mrhothrvoreobenety wkunf òvh goahf t`h hornehst Hurkphoi`kceiefs eg aknkiezoteki òf gerst kaaurhf =14 Lyr BT krhornehr (Vobnh ?). But tès mrhothr voreoteki ei ayaneaonr`yt`cs òs, eg o nkim a`rkiknkmy es govkurhf, tk bh shhi

omoeist o feceiuteki ei t`h grhquhiay kg t`h hxtrhchanecotea hvhits. V`hsh orh t`h èm` sho nhvhn eithrmnoaeons(Qòalnhtki ?50=) oif t`h normh akiteihiton m noaeo tekis(Zomweji ?552b) tòt orh sk aòroa threstea kg t`h s`krt.844 Lyr, a`rkiknkmy. Eg wh tolh tès tech spoi os o anecoteayorfsteal gkr akcporeim t`h rhcoeieim Tnhestkahih ayanhsei rhnoteki tk het`hr hxtrhch kahoiea akifetekis (stomhs 9KEQ 8h) kr hxtrhch akiteihitonety, os s`kwi by èm` eahvonuhs (onn stomhs 9 KEQ2), wh orrevh ot t`h gknnkweimprkpkrtekis:

Foth kg gerst Iucbhr kg @em` sho nhvhns Nkw sho nhvhns

kaaupoteki ayanhs & gkrhsns

% kg ayanhs9 nost eithrmnoaeons(KEQ 8h)

& eah aops

% kg ayanhs9 nost mnoaeoncoxecuc(KEQ 2)

844 Lyr 8 64 04

=17 Lyr Q 28 =;

544 Lyr ?1 11 74

?,8 Cyr 2= 27 6Q

V`h trhif rhvhonhf by t`hsh kxymhi esktkph foto esvhry anhor. V`h nkimhr ayanhs kg t`h nost 844 Lyr orh vhryfegghrhit ei thrcs kg t`h grhquhiay kg èm` kahoi oif èmèah akifetekis tòi t`h hornehr ayanhs. Ocpnetufh hgghats,os chosurhf by hiverkichiton hxtrhchs, orh corlhfnyfegghrhit. V`h prkpkrteki kg hxtrhch akifetekis fharhoshssemiegeaoitny t`h nkimhr t`h a`rkiknkmy, hsphaeonny gkr èm`

sho nhvhn eithrmnoaeons. V`hsh orh rhprhshithf by kiny oquorthr kg t`h ayanhs ei t`h nost ?.8 Cyr. V`h èm`hrgrhquhiay kg akiteihiton eah ofvoiahs es o ghoturh kg t`hs`krthst a`rkiknkmy prhshithf `hrh gkr t`h kaaupoteki kgHurkph.

@kwhvhr, t`h usuon woy tk oionysh t`hsh foto es ikt byuseim t`h akcphteim anoecs gkr t`h hornehst ùcoi shttnh-chit tk corl t`h fevesekis, but rot`hr tk sht t`h bkuiforehsby stufyeim anecotea aòimh ei ets kwi rem`t. Vès esuifhrtolhi ei Vobnh 2 gkr t`h Brui`hs oif CotuyocoA`rkis. V`h notthr A`rki es kiny hxoceihf boal tk ?.7 Cyrfua tk t`h ovoenobenety kg rhneobnh foto (Ruffecoi hn on.

?507). V`h rhoski gkr shnhateim t`hsh A`rkis os oihiverkichiton grochwkrl sthris grkc t`her opporhitosskaeoteki wet` krbeton aòimhs wèa` ei turi gkrahfanecotea aòimh.

Vobnh 2

Brui`hs A`rki

Qtorts ot KEQIucbhr kgeithrmnoaeon/mnoaeon ayanhs

Nhimt` kg ayanhs

choi Lyrroimh Lyrsf ?=.42

4.4?2-4.=0= Cyr

n ' e

57.=???=-6=

Cotuyoco A`rkiQtorts ot KEQIucbhr kgeithrmnoaeon/mnoaeon ayanhs

Nhimt` kg ayanhschoi Lyrroimh Lyrsf 2.4?

4.=17 - ?.717 Cyr*71

22

64.5?68 - 10

* Cotuyoco A`rki nosthf grkc 2.6= - 4.=17 Cyr.Foto kiny ovoenobnh gkr 'Tnhestkahih' shateki (Ruffecoi ht ue.?507: tobnh 1)

V`h foto ei Vobnh 2 rhvhon o whnn likwi osphat kg_uothriory anecotea ayanhs (Teseos oif Ckkrh ?50?<Ruffecoi oif Royck ?500)< iochny tòt fureim t`hCotuyoco A`rki t`h fkceioit phrekfeaety gkr o gunn ayanh




akigtrchf. Gurt`hrckrh, et es ikw hxphathf, tòils tk t`hcknhaunor ankal, tòt t`h ùcoi aècp spnet kaaurhf skch8 Cyr omk oif tòt kih foy wh coy geif gkssens tk genn t`h6-8 Cyr mop.?=

6.6. V@H Q@KRV A@RKIKNKMU< AKIVEIMHIAU KR

TRKAHQQ;

@kwavhr, t`h s`krt a`rkiknkmy onsk ofkpts o mrofuonestearot`hr tòi puiatuothf opprkoa` tk t`h prkahss kg aòimh.Vès prkcpts us tk osl `kw mrofuon es mrofuon; V`hrhgkrhei krfhr tk ovkef oaausotekis kg just bheim o spkeneimormuchit t`h s`krt a`rkiknkmy cust bh hvonuothf ei thrcskg wòt et thnns us obkut t`h mkons kg Tonohknetèa stufehs,oaakuiteim gkr aòimh oif stoses ei `kceief bhòvekur,wèa` t`h nkim a`rkiknkmy fkhs ikt. Vès osshsschit aoibhst bh uifhrtolhi by osleim quhstekis. ]h woit tk likww`y Hurkph wos aknkiezhf ot a. 844 Lyr os whnn os t`htknhroiahs, ei thrcs kg ocpnetufh oif grhquhiay wèa``kceiefs akunf akph wet`.

Onoi Vurihr (?552) òs ormuhf tòt t`h rhoski gkr o ckrhsubstoiteon kaaupoteki kg Hurkph grkc 844 Lyr BT kiworfses tk bh gkuif ei t`h aòimeim struaturh kg t`h normhaorievkrh muenfs, whnn s`kwi ot Thtronkio (Fornos. eèsvknuch). Bhtwhhi 744-644 Lyr t`hrh wos o corlhf gouionturikvhr fureim wèa` t`h normh gnhs` hothrs (@kckt`hreuc

oif Chmoithrhkre) oif t`h aoraoss fhstrkyhrs {Toa`yarkauto

phrrehre oif T. brhverkstres) bhaoch hxteiat. Vès nhgt kinyt`h nhkporf, neki, spktthf `yhio oif wkng os Hurkph's cojkraorievkrhs. Oaakrfeim tk Vurihr tès aòimh ei t`haorievkrh muenf wkunf òvh mrhotny ecprkvhf t`h akifetekisgkr `kceief saovhimeim seiah t`h meoit `yhios whrh ik nkimhrprhshit tk akisuch aoraosshs. Et coy onsk òvh ecprkvhf

ùiteim suaahss ikw tòt t`h gnhs` hothrs (t`h sobrh oif ferltkkt`hf aots) òf onsk fesopphorhf. Vurihr akianufhs bysummhsneim (eèf: ?22) tòt oiy `kceief kaaupoteki prekr tk844 Lyr BT wkunf òvh goahf eithish akcphteteki grkc t`haorievkrhs. ]ènh pkpunoteki coy òvh rhoa`hf t`hakiteihit et wkunf òvh bhhi gkr s`krt phrekfs kg tech oifnhgt nettnh oraòhknkmeaon troaå. Ogthr 844 Lyr t`h ioturh kgt`h oraòhknkmeaon rhakrf aòimhs frocoteaonny (Rkhbrkhlsoif voi Lkngsa`kthi ?556), o rhgnhateki kg rhfuahfshnhateki prhssurh grkc prhvekusny lhy akcphtetkrs.

Vès soch aòimh òs bhhi fkauchithf by Akrfy (?552)w`k òs fevefhf t`h phrekf grkc KEQ 27 - KEQ 2 eitk hem`t

gouion bekzkihs. V`h 'èimh' ei t`h gouios gonns bhtwhhiKEQ ?1 oif KEQ ?2 ot 664 Lyr BT, wet` gkur bekzkihs kihet`hr sefh. V`h twk phrekfs t`hsh bekzkihs akcpresh orhhoa` 644 Lyr ei furoteki. ]òt es opporhit es t`h mhihroneiarhosh ei `hrbevkrh fevhrsety, hsphaeonny ockim t`h rèiks,normh bkvefs, kveaoprefs oif oithnkphs ogthr KEQ ?2. V`hkiny aòimhs ei aorievkrh fevhrsety eivknvh t`h fhaneih kgt`h `yhios oif normh aots.

Vobnh 1 akcporhs t`h gouion akcpkseteki kg Akrfy's (?552) gkurbekzkihs het`hr sefh kg 664 Lyr. V`h gemurhs s`kwi orh t`h ovhromiucbhr kg sphaehs gkr hoa` kg t`h cojkr toxo ei t`h gkur bekzkihs.Vès s`kws, gkr hxocpnh, tòt t`h iucbhr kg rèik sphaehs fkubnhsei t`h bekzkihs ogthr 664 Lyr.

Bekzkihs E-EW Bekzkihs W-WEE

KEQ 27-?1 664 Lyr KEQ ?2-2

Cocckt`s ?.28 ?.28Rèiks ? 2@krshs ?.=8 - 2 ?.8- ?.=8Bks ?.=8-2 2.=8

Kvebks ?.8-2 ?

Kveaoprefs ?.28 2 - 2.28

Oitenkph 4 ?.28

Ahrvus 7.28 - =.=8 8.8 - 7.=8

Aoies ? - ?.28 ?.28Wunphs/Onkphx ?.28 ?.8- ?.=8

Auki ?.=8 - 2 ?

Xrsus ?.8- ?.=8 2

@yhio 2 - 2.=8 ?.28

Normh aots 2.8 -1 ?

Grkc t`hsh foto et es pkssebnh tk ormuh tòt akccuietyfevhrsety mhihronny eiarhoshf bhtwhhi t`h Horny oif CeffnhTnhestkahih oif akiteiuhf tk fk sk fureim t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih. V`h gemurhs strkimny eifeaoth o nkim-thrcprkahss kg akccuiety hvknuteki rot`hr tòi bheimakiteimhit upki o s`krt techsaonh hvhit tk sòph t`hHurkphoi gouio. Qua` o prkgkuif hvhit aoi bh fhthathf eit`h fhaecoteki kg t`h Hurkphoi gouio ei t`h Noth mnoaeon/@knkahih troiseteki (Mut`reh ?506< Wki Lkhiemswonf?552). V`h mrhothr akccuiety fevhrsety aoi bh neilhf tk t`haòimhs ei ayaneaon phrekfeaety (Vobnhs ? oif 2) os eifeaothf

by t`h fhhp sho akrhs. O strkim neil es summhsthf bhtwhhit`h nkimhr ayanhs, fkceiothf by akifetekis eithrchfeorybhtwhhi t`h gunn eithrmnoaeon oif gunn mnoaeon oif wèaòaakuit gkr a. 74% kg t`h nost 664 Lyr. Vès fevhrsety esprkbobny oi eifeaoteki kg t`h hvknuteki kg t`h èm`nyprkfuatevh cocckt` sthpph. Woi Lkngsa`kthi (?554) oifH. Vurihr (?55?) òvh s`kwi tòt ei whsthri Mhrcoiy t`hgerst truny mnoaeon gouios kaaur ot Orehifkrg ? wet` Feark-

stkiyx oif Roimeghr}* Vès osshcbnomh foths tk oi knfhrpòsh kg t`h Qooneoi, prkbobny KEQ 0 (141 - 268 Lyr BT)oif sk ecchfeothny ogthr t`h phrekf akvhrhf by t`h HQGwkrls`kp (Bkseisle, tès vknuch). Vès es kg eithrhst eithrcs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki bhaoush whsthri Mhrcoiy

aurrhitny noals oiy kaaupotekis fothf tk KEQ ?4 oif 5.O aosh cem`t pkssebny bh cofh tòt kaaupoteki wos stenneithrcetthit ki o rhmekion boses prekr tk t`h gunn hstobnes`chit kg t`h cocckt` sthpph. Et es t`hrhgkrh thcpteim tkrhvesh Vurihr's a`rkiknkmy oif shh t`h phrekf grkc 844-144Lyr os kih kg `hsetoit, eithrcetthit kaaupoteki ki o rhmekioboses bhtwhhi ikrt`hri oif skut`hri Hurkph, wènh ogthr



2P5 ANEWH Q. MOCBNH - V@H HIWERKICHIVON BOALMRKXIF

144 Lyr BT kaaupoteki strhimt`his fuh tk t`h coturoteki kgt`h tuen cocckt` sthpph fureim t`h nkim aknf pòshs kg t`heithrmnoaeon/mnoaeon ayanhs (ag. Rkhbrkhls oif Woi Lkng

sa`kthi. tès vknuch).

8. ]`hi oif w`y wos Hurkph aknkiezhf sk noth;

O phrskion akianuseki

Ot t`h Voutovhn wkrls`kp t`hrh wos akisefhrobnhfesausseki kvhr t`h "moths kg Hurkph" os o borrehr tk shttnh-chit. Eg `kceiefs whrh prhshit ei Ikrt` Ogreao (Royion ht

oe, tès vknuch) ot orkuif 044 Lyr BT oif ei t`h CeffnhHosn oif t`h Aouaosus (Bkseisle, tès vknuch) by ot nhostE Cyr BT oif prkbobny, ei t`h aosh kg Mhkrmeo oif Esroìn,cua` hornehr. w`y fef o gurt`hr 844-544 Lyr hnopsh bhgkrht`h upnoifs oif pnoeis kg Hurkph whrh nërst aknkiezhf;

Grkc o s`krt a`rkiknkmy phrsphatevh t`hrh shhc tk bht`rhh onthriotevhs. Gerstny, tòt t`h foths orh eignothf gkr t`hhornehst opphoroiah kg `kceiefs kutsefh sub-Qoòroi Ogreao.O areteaon rhvehw kg t`h anoecs gkr oiaehit geifspktst`rkum`kut t`h Knf ]krnf wkunf bh anhorny whnakch, but

wos bhykif t`h sakph kg t`h prhshit wkrls`kp. @kwhvhr,kur rh-osshsschit kg t`h Hurkphoi foto ikw prkvefhs oyorfsteal omoeist wèa` tk chosurh t`h vorekus anoecs grkchnshw`hrh nkr hor` aknkie/oteki. Kih osphat kg tès saruteiywenn eivknvh aòroathrezeim t`h ikrcon hiverkichits wèa`prhshrvh hvefhiah kg `kceief oatevetehs ei kt`hr ports kg t`hKnf ]krnf. V`h aòroathr kg t`h Tonohknetèa rhakrf oif etsareteaon osshsschit ei thrcs kg a`rkiknkmeaon oif oraòhkn-kmeaon eithmrety es anhorny o prkjhat gkr guturh eithriotekionaknnobkroteki.

Qua` oi eivhstemoteki wkunf kiny shhc wkrt`wènh, `kwhvhr. en" wh òvh o grochwkrl hxprhsseim t`h fhmrhh kg

a`rkiknkmeaon prhaeseki wh fhhri ihahssory tk shttnh t`hessuh kg w`hi t`h aknkiezoteki kg Hurkph oif t`h kt`hrrhmekis kg t`h Knf ]krnf tkkl pnoah. V`h nelhne`kkf kgorreveim ot o akishisus vehw ot t`h nhvhn kg t`h eifevefuonayanh, kg het`hr 6? kr ?44 Lyr furoteki (Vobnh ?) shhcsaurrhitny rhckth. E wkunf summhst, gknnkweim Bkiegoy oifWoifhrchhrsa`' fesausseki kg t`h p`yseaon oit`rkpknkmeaonhvefhiah (?55?: 1?=), tòt wh s`kunf stort wet` 844 Lyrbnkals (Gknhy ?556). Nht us t`hi shh wèa` bnkal bhtwhhi4-2 Cyr BT prkvefhs akisesthit oif vhregeobnh hvefhiah eithrcs kg omrhhchit kvhr t`h stotus kg ortegoats, `kceiefrhcoeis. oif foteim cht`kfs, os whnn os t`h eithmrety oifaòroathr kg t`ksh ikrcon hiverkichits wèa` prhshrvh kur

hvefhiah. @oveim efhitegehf wèa` bnkal wh s`kunf bhshoraèim ei wh aoi t`hi bhakch ckrh prhaesh, os tèsvknuch s`kws.

But nht us ossuca tòt t`h `kceiefs ot Qefe Obfhrro`-coih oif Fcoiese fef eifhhf woet ot t`h moths kg Hurkphgkr vhry nkim phrekfs kg tech. Vès summhsts o shakif,hiverkichiton rhoski tk hxpnoei t`h fhnoy. O p`yseaon

borrehr shhcs t`h bhst oiswhr oif tès akunf bh t`h strolskg Mebrontor, oi hinormhf Aospeoi/Bnoal Qho, kr t`htkpkmropèaonny uifegghrhiteothf pnoeis kg t`h Xlroeih.V`hsh borrehrs fk `kwhvhr nkkl hxtrhchny phrchobnh mevhit`h techsaonhs oif anecotea aòimhs tòt tkkl pnoah bhtwhhi? Cyr oif 4.8 Cyr BT. V`hy orh ikt t`h phrcoihit kahoiborrehr tòt hxesthf bhtwhhi skut` host Oseo oif Oustroneo.Et es hxoatny tès phrchobenety wèa` es phròps t`h strkimhstaorf ei t`h òifs kg t`ksh govkureim o nkim a`rkiknkmy.@kwhvhr tès es akiguseim t`h nelhne`kkf kg aknkiezotekiwet` ets oatuonety. @hiah t`h akiahitroteki kg horny anoecs eit`ksh orhos ofjoahit tk t`h moths kg Hurkph rot`hr tòi eit`h ikrt` kg t`h akiteihit. Eifhhf suppkrthrs kg hornyaknkiezoteki ei chfethrroihoi oif skut`hri Hurkph (Vobnh ?)wkunf prhsucobny frow t`her borrehr ot t`h cormeis kg t`hikrt`hri pnoeis kr ormuh, os Vurihr (?552) òs fkih, gkrcuntepnh hitrehs tòt fef ikt nhof tk o phrcoihit gkkt`knf eit`h akiteihit bhaoush kg t`h borrehr prhshithf by aorievkrhakcphteteki. But wòt t`h nkim-a`rkiknkmy ckfhn ihhfs tkoffrhss orh t`ksh vhry t`rhs`knfs kg oraòhknkmeaon vesebenety

wèa` et ushs tk suppkrt t`h pota`y prh 844 Lyr anoecs.@kw fk wh quoitegy sua` oi hp`hchron prhshiah oifakcporh et wet` t`h phrcoihit kaaupoteki ogthr 844 Lyr;]òt orh t`h nelhny porochthrs, ei thrcs kg ortegoat fhisetehsby tech `krezki oif noifsaoph oif rhmeki, tòt wkunfofhquothny thst t`h ckfhn ; V`hsh oraòhknkmeaon essuhs orhikt offrhsshf by oiy kg t`h nkim a`rkiknkmy's suppkrthrs.V`hy aoiikt offrhss t`hc bhaoush t`hy òvh ik hiverkichiton grochwkrl wèa` onnkws t`hc tk eivhstemoth `kceiefsos aknkiezeim oiecons. Vès grochwkrl es opporhit ockimt`h prkpkihits kg t`h s`krt a`rkiknkmy w`k orh nhss eithr-hsthf ei pursueim oi kremeis porofemc oif ckrh akiahrihfwet` uifhrstoifeim post `kceief bhòvekur.

V`h borrehr vehw fevefhs Hurkph. Ckrhkvhr, et fevefhsHurkph onkim trofetekion oraòhknkmeaon gount neihs. Et colhseieteon aknkiezoteki nkkl akcporobnh tk t`h @knkahih orrevonkg t`h gorchrs w`k ckvhf gerst eitk t`h chfethrroihoi oifkiny nothr kitk t`h pnoeis kg t`h ikrt`. E prhghr o tèrf ckfhnwèa` uieths Hurkph, ikrt` oif skut`. V`h rhoski gkr sua` ouiegehf (suetobny Coostrea`t!) vehw kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa shttnhchit kg t`h akiteihit es boshf upki t`hhiverkichiton opprkoa`hs tòt òvh bhhi rhvehwhf. E wkunformuh tòt Ceffnh Tnhestkahih aknkiezoteki tkkl pnoahprhaeshny bhaoush t`h akcpnhchitory hiverkichits kgpnoeis oif upnoifs hxesthf. V`h akcbeioteki kg skut`hri

pnoit oif oiecon rhgumeo, gouion cemrotekis grkc t`h host,t`h voreobnh whsthrny kahoiea hgghat oif, ot o rhmekion saonh,t`h hxesthiah kg cksoea noifsaophs whrh t`h ihahssoryakifetekis gkr phrcoihit aknkiezoteki, w`ht`hr oaèhvhf eio seimnh kr, os shhcs ckst prkbobnh, shrehs kg aknkiezeimhvhits. ]h òvh shhi tòt aknkiezoteki tkkl pnoah fureim onkim-thrc trhif kg eiarhoseim gouion fevhrsety. Vès




aunceiotaf ot t`h hif kg KEQ 5 wet` t`h pkssebnh opphoroiahkg t`h cocckt` sthpph (Mut`reh ?554), tòt wos ckstprkbobny t`h rhsunt kg aòimhs ei t`h phrekfeaety oifocpnetufh kg t`h eithrmnoaeon/mnoaeon ayanhs. @kceiefaknkiezoteki wos t`hrhgkrh port kg anecotea oif bektkphaòimhs tòt tkkl pnoah ei hvknutekiory tech oif ot oAkiteihiton saonh. V`h necetotekis ki tès uiegehf aknkiezoteki

whrh prhaeshny t`ksh wèa` stonnhf t`h `kceiefs ot t`hhosthri moths kg Hurkph - hxtrhch shoskionety ei t`hakcpnhchitory pnoeis hiverkichit. Ei thrcs kg `kceiefbhòvekur tès shoskionety akunf kiny bh kvhrakch t`rkum`mrhothr oiiuon ckbenety oif t`h gessekieim kg pkpunoteki.V`hsh ihahssory festoiahs oif shporoteki kg pkpunoteki eit`h wefhny spoahf pnoit oif gouion cksoeas kg t`h pnoeisakunf ikt bh suppkrthf by t`h chaòiescs ovoenobnh tkCeffnh Tnhestkahih skaeon systhcs (Qtreimhr oif Mocbnh?551< Mocbnh ?551o,b). Os o rhsunt pkpunotekis ei t`hspoteonny akcpoat rhmekis kg t`h Aouaosus, Ceffnh Host oifIkrt` Ogreao fef ikt hxpoif eitk Hurkph. Kiny wetònthrotekis tk t`h shoskionety rhmechs ei ahitron oif whsthri

Hurkph. wèa` ak-eiaefhf wet` aòimhs tòt whrhfatrechiton tk t`h normh aorievkrhs, fef o cota` hchrmhbhtwhhi t`h saonh kg t`h `kceiefs skaeon systhcs oif t`hspoteon struaturh kg rhskurahs ei t`h hiverkichit wèa`phrcetthf aknkiezoteki.

Kih kg t`h urmhit tosls wèa` ikw goahs hiverkichitonopprkoa`hs tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih es t`h quoitegeaotekikg t`h spoteon struaturh kg t`hsh noifsaophs, nkaonny,

ikths

? Qhh Mocbnh (?551o) gkr fesausseki.

2 Qhh Esooa (?50?) gkr o mhihron fesausseki kg Nkwhr Tonohknetèanoifsaophs ei thrcs kg saotthrs oif pota`hs kg oraòhknkmeaoncothreon. Os `h pkeits kut t`h pota`hs orh wòt wh akcckiny aonnseths. O nkaonh akcbeihs bkt` thrcs.

1 Akitrebutekis oif akcchits prhporhf gkr oif prhshithf ot t`hVoutovhn wkrls`kp, but wèa` orh ikt eianufhf ei tès vknuch orheifeaothf os 'phrs. akcc.' ei t`h rhghrhiah.

6 Akcporh t`h Benzeimsnhbhi 'aocpseth' wet` t`h èm`ny potthrihfhvefhith trkc t`h Noth Mnoaeon kphi nkhonhs sua` os Whrbhreh,Hteknnhs oif Teiahvhit (Oufkuzh ?50=).

8 Vès nkaonh es onsk prkbobny ykuimhr tòi 144 Lyr BT.7 Coieo onsk chitekis t`h akccki prkbnhc kg akitrofeatkryhiverkichiton hvefhiah wèa` aoi goah sua` prhaesh rhakistrua-tekis. Ot Qa`÷ieimhi ?2 t`h cknnusaoi hvefhiah pkeits tk kphi oift`h pknnhi tk ankshf thrroei.

rhmekionny oif gkr t`h hiterh akiteihit. Gurt`hrckrh, whihhf tk omrhh grkc wèa` hif kg tès spoteon grochwkrl whwenn bhmei t`h eivhstemoteki kg `kceiefs os aknkiezeimoiecons. Fk wh stort sconn oif wkrl up, kr bhmei wet` t`hakiteihit oif wkrl fkwi tk t`h nkaon hiverkichit. V`hsaonh E wkunf ofvkaoth storts ot t`h nhvhn kg t`h akiteihitetshng, pkkrny fhgeihf os et coy bh ki ets hosthri oif

ikrt`hri cormeis. Kiny ot tès saonh aoi wh hxoceih t`hprkpkseteki tòt oiy kih rhmeki kg Hurkph akunf kiny bh

aknkiezhf eg et wos aknkiezhf ot t`h soch tech os ckst kg t`

kt`hrs. Hnshw`hrh (Mocbnh ?507: Gem. 1.?) E òvh sphaegehfieih rhmekis gkr t`h stufy kg t`h Tonohknetèa shttnhchit kgHurkph. Eieteon aknkiezoteki storteim ot 844 Lyr BT aoi bhfhckistrothf gkr hem`t kg t`hc. Kiny t`h Ikrt` Host rhmekinoy voaoit fureim t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih. Trkahhfeim fkwit`h spoteon saonh wh aoi shh `kw rhmekis oif hvhi noifsaophswhrh shttnaf. By eiarhoseim kur rhsknuteki wh aoi bhmei tkhxoceih t`h rhnotekisèp bhtwhhi aknkiezeim pkpunotekis,òbetot a`keah oif pkpunoteki fyioceas wèa` tkkl pnoahkvhr t`h nkim-thrc oif ot spoteon saonhs wèa` eivknvhf

akiteihit wefh ofoptotekis oif wèa` oraòhknkmests òvhrorhny akisefhrhf. Hxoceieim t`hsh essuhs es kih rhoskiw`y t`h fhboth bhtwhhi o nkim oif s`krt a`rkiknkmy esecpkrtoit. @kwhvhr, tk bh choieimgun, sua` o fhboth s`kunfikw bh boshf ki t`h prhcesh tòt t`h aknkiezeim aopobenetehskg t`hsh `kceiefs wos ikt necethf sknhny by hiverkichitonakifetekis but rot`hr by t`her kwi krmoiezotekion rhspkishstk t`h struaturh kg sua` hiverkichits.

`hiah haknkmeaon stobenety, ikiht`hnhss rhakvhrs vhry snkwny egfesturbhf.

0 Fesomrhhchit kvhr t`h sk-aonnhf wkkfhi aurtoei (Rkhbrkhlsht on. ?552) wèa` fef, kr fef ikt, necet `kceief kaaupoteki eiCeffnh oif Noth Tnhestkahih Hurkph coy whnn bh rhsknvhf ei ockrh prkfuatevh oionyses kg fegghrhiteon gkrhst cksoeas oif kwt`hsh aoi bh efhitegehf grkc t`h ponohkhaknkmeaon rhakrf.

5 shh Oetlhi tès vknuch gkr fesausseki kg anoecs tkr vhry hornyRusseoi Tnoei seths ki t`h boses kg VN foteim.

?4 V`h anoecs gkr 844 Lyr BT foths gkr seths ei Qebhreo (Ckrhnn?556) rhcoei ecpnousebnh gkr rhoskis kg saehiah boshf foteim oifosskaeothf oraòhknkmy.

?? Xiten t`h sphaeon aeraucstoiahs kg t`h @knkahih prkfuahf strephzkioteki (Mut`reh ?506: 271gg).

?2 Gkr hxocpnh cusl kx oif nhkporf ei Chfethrroihoi Groiah (FhNucnhy, phrs. akcc.).

?1 Qhh Lhnny ?501 gkr fhtoens kg t`h cossevh beknkmeaon prkfuatevetykg swocps oif wothr bkfeas.

= V`h anossea brettnh hiverkichit es t`h trkpeaon roei gkrhst wèa`fhspeth hikrckus bekcoss, prkfuatevety, sphaehs fevhrsety oif

?6 Qhh Qkgghr (?505) gkr o fesausseki kg tès s`krt festoiah, zkionakcprhsseki, gkr Ceffnh Tonohknetèa kaaupoteki ei t`h Arecho.



25? AN?WH Q. MOCBNH - V@H HIWERKICHIVON BOALMRKXIF

?8 Fhgeihf os t`h goenurh tk chht fehtory rhquerhchits.

?7 Vès cust òvh bhhi portny fuh tk t`h fhprhsseki kg t`h pknorgrkin oif mung Qtrhoc skut`worfs fureim t`h aknfhr phrekfs.

?= Qeiah geiesèim tès pophr ]èth ht on ?556 òvh ikw fkih justtòn wen` t`h fesakvhry kg O. rocefus ei t`h Owos` vonnhy. Vk putsua` geifs ei akithxt< Kolnhy pnoahf t`h kaaupoteki kg Hurkph ot9844Lyr boshf ki o rhnotevh omh gkr t`h Couhr coifebnh

(?575:144). @es aorhgun osshsschit onnkwhf Hurkph skch ?6% kgt`h a`rkiknkmy t`hi onnkthf tk ùcoi kremeis. V`h vorekusa`rkiknkmehs (Vobnh ?) sht omoeist o gemurh kg 8 Cyr gkr ùcoioiahstry onnkw ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Hurkph 64%, 14%, 24%, ?8%oif ?4% kg tès tech spoi.

?0 Vès es ikt `kwhvhr t`h knfhst kaaurhiah kg Roimeghr ei Hurkphwèa` hxthifs boal ot nhost tk KEQ?2 (Akrfy ?552:05).

rhghrhiahs

Oufkuzh, G. ?50= V`h Tores Bosei ei comfonhieoi techs. Ei: K. Qkgghr (hf. ), V`h Tnhestkahih Knf ]krnf:

rhmekionphrsphatevhs, ?01-244, Ihw Ukrl: Tnhiuc.

Oumusth, T. ei prhss Ofoptotekis beknkmequhs ht aunturhnehs fhs Trhihoifhrtonehis ht fhs Ihoifhrtonehis ouxckfegeaotekis ponåkåaknkmequhs ht gouiequhs hi Groiah shpthitrekionh. Ioturh hn Aunturh,

Oaths Aknnkquh Neàmh, HROXN.

Bnuchisaèih, R. ?507 Horny `kceief saovhimeim kppkrtuietehs: ecpneaotekis kg aoraoss ovoenobenety ei t`h

Qhrhimhte oif Imkrkimkrk haksysthcs. Kxgkrf, Bretes` Oraòhknkmeaon Rhpkrts Eithriotekion Qhrehs 210.

Bkiegoy, H. ?55? Nhs prhceàrhs eifustrehs fu Quf-hst fh no Groiah ht fu Cosseg Ahitron. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oifB. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, 71-04, Tores: AV@Q.

Bkiegoy, H.,T. Woifhrchhrsa`

?55? Wuh f'hishcbnh sur Eh trhs oiaehi Tonhknetèquh fh ?'Hurkph. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs). Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, 145-?5, Tores: AV@Q.

Bkiegoy, C.-G.

Bkseisle. Ae.

?504

tèsvknuch

Rhnotekis nhs fkiiåhs esktkpequhs kahoiequhs ht ?'èstkerh fhs mroifhs gouihs hurkpåhiihspnek-pnhestkahihs, _uothriory Rhshora` ?6, 28?-72.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: ]hsthri Ahitron Hurkph.

Broei, A.L.

Butzhr, L].

Akiorf, I.J.

?50? @kceief hvknuteki oif anecotea aòimh, Qkut` Ogreaoi Jkurion kg Qaehiah ==, ?46-8.

?502 Oraòaknkmy os ùcoi haknkmy. Aocbrefmh: Aocbrefmh Xievhrsety Trhss.

?552 V÷ia`hs`hrm oif ets pkseteki ei t`h Tonoaknetèa prhèstkry kg ikrt`hri Hurkph. R-MZC

Ckikmrop` 24, Bkii: @obhnt.

Akiwoy, B.].

Akrfy, J.-C.

?5=4 Mhknkmeaon eivhstemoteki kg Bkyi @enn thrroah fhpksets ot Borigehnf Tet, Qwoisakcbh,Lhit, fureim ?5=5, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Rkyon Oit`rkpknkmeaon nistetuth (?5=?), 74-6.

?552 Oppkrt fh no ponhkcoccknkmeh o no ponhkoit`rkpknkmeh hi Hurkph. Ei: C. Vkussoeit (hf.),Aeiq cennekis f'oiiåhs, n'ovhitwh ùcoeih, ==-56, Neàmh: HROXN.

Fornos, W. tès

vknuchV`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: V`h Bonlois.




Gknhy, R.O. E'¼Q6 Tutteim phkpnh eitk phrsphatevh: oi eitrkfuateki tk akccuiety hvknuteki oif haknkmy. Ei:R.O. Gknhy (hf.), @kceief hvknuteki oif akccuiety haknkmy, ?-26, Ihw Ukrl: OaofhcehTrhss.

?556 Qphaeoteki, hxteiateki oif anecotea aòimh ei `kceief hvknuteki, Jkurion kg gnucoi

Hvknuteki 27, 2=8-205.

Grefrea`, J.

Mocbnh, AQ.

Mhest, W.

Mebhrt, J.

Mut`reh, R.F.

@knc, J.,

N. Norsski

?55? Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeis hi Ckroveh (Va`åaksnkvoqueh). Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif

B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?58-242, Tores: AV@Q.

?507 V`h Tonohknetèa shttnhchit kgHurkph. Aocbrefmh: Aocbrefmh Xievhrsety Trhss.

?551o Vechwonlhrs: t`h prhèstkry kg mnkòn aknkiezoteki. Gor V`rupp: Onoi Quttki.

?551b Hxaòimh, gkromeim oif nkaon `kceief ihtwkrls. Ei: A. Qaorrh oif G. @hony (hfs), Vrofh

oif hxaòimh ei prhèstkreh Hurkph, 18-66, Kxgkrf: Kxbkw Ckikmrop` 11.

?5=0 Negh strothmehs, ètcoi hvknuteki, aiverkichiton fhsemi. Ihw Ukrl: Qpreimhr Whrnom.

?552 Trkyhatk Krah-Auhvo Weatkreo (?500-?552): Trhshiaeo ùcoio hi hn Tnhestkahik eighrekr

fh Mroiofo y Curaeo. Kraa, Cushk fh Trhèstkreo.

?506 Cksoeas, onnhnka`hceas oif iutrehits: oi haknkmeaon t`hkry kg Noth Tnhestkahih chmogouionhxteiatekis. Ei: T.Q. Cortei oif R.M. Lnhei (hfs), _uothcory hxteiatekis: o prhèstkreh

rhvknuteki, 285-50, Vuaski, Orezkio: Xievhrsety kg Orezkio Trhss.

?554 Grkzhi gouio kg t`h cocckt` sthpph. Aèaomk: Aèaomk Xievhrsety Trhss.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph : Qaoifeioveo.vknuch

Esooa, M.

Jkim, J. fh

Lhnny. R.

Lkhiemswonf, ]. vki

?50? Qtkih omh veseteim aorfs: opprkoa`hs tk t`h stufy kg horny noif ush potthris. Ei: E. @kffhrht on. (hfs), Totthri kg t`h Tost: Qtufehs ei @kikur kg Fovef Anorlh, ?1?-88, Aocbrefmh:Aocbrefmh Xievhrsety Trhss.

?500 Anecotea voreobenety fureim t`h post t`rhh ceneki yhors, os eifeaothf by vhmhtotekion hvknu

teki ei ikrt`whst Hurkph oif wet` hcpòses ki foto grkc V`h Iht`hrnoifs, Tènkskpèaon

Vroisoatekis kg t`h Rkyon Qkaehty kgNkifki B 1?0, 741-?=.

?501 @uithr-mot`hrhr ckbenety strothmehs, Jkurion kg Oit`rkpknkmeaon Rhshora` 15, 2==-147.

?552 Worekus osphats kg cemrotekis ei thrrhstreon coccons ei rhnoteki tk Tnhestkahih gouios kgahitron Hurkph. Ei: ]. vki Lkhiemswonf oif N. ]hrfhnei (hfs), Cocconeoi cemrotekioif fesphrson hvhits ei t`h Hurkphoi _uothcory, Akurehr Gkrsaùimseisnenut Qhclhi`hrm

?81, 15-6=.

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi ?554 V`h hvknuteki kg t`h coccon gouio ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs oif t`h ceffnh Rèih Orho(]hsthri Mhrcoiy) fureim t`h noth Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Chfhfhneimhi Rejls Mhknkmesa`h

Fehist 61(1), ?-75.

?552 Osphats kg t`h cemroteki kg coccons tk ikrt`whsthri Hurkph fureim t`h Tnhestkahih, eiporteaunor t`h rheccemroteki kg Orveakno thrrhstres. Ei: ]. vki Lkhiemswonf oif N. ]hrfhnei (hfs), Cocconeoi cemroteki oif fesphrson hvhits ei t`h Hurkphoi _uothcory,Akurehr Gkrsaùimseistetut Qhialhi`hrm ?81, 2?1-24.

Nhbhn, Q. ?552 Ckbenetå fhs `kceiefhs ht systhchs f'hxpnketoteki fhs rhskurahs netèquhs ou ponåknetèquhoiaehi: No Aouih fh ?'Oromk (Groiah), Aoiofeoi Jkurion kg Oraòhknkmy ?7, 60-75.




Njubei, W.,M. Bkseisle

tèsvknuch


Nucnhy, @. fh

Coieo, F.,

?500

tèsvknuch

No strotemropèh fu rhcpnessomh fh no mrktth fu Wonnkiht. N'Oin`rkpknkmeh 52: 64=-20.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Hnbh-Qoonh rhmeki (Mhrcoiy).

Ckrhnn, W.

Cusse, C.,

?556

tèsvknuch

Fef horny ùcois rhoa` Qebhreo 844,444 yhors omk;, Qaehiah 271, 7??-2.


Kolnhy, L.T.

Thrhttk, A.

Teseos, I.M.,

V.A. Ckkrh

Trosnkv, I.F.,

?575

?55?

?552

?50?

tèsvknuch

Grochwkrls gkr foneim gkssen coi. Nkifki: ]hefhighnf oif Ieaknski.

Nhs meshchits fVshrieo no Teihto (Cknesh, Etoneì). Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa`(hfs), Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?7?-?70. Tores: AV@Q

/ Trece Obenoite fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckinh Tkmmeknk Ihn _uofrk fhnnh Akiksahizh

Hurkphh. Cenoik: Joao Bkkl.

V`h hvknuteki kg Tnhestkahih anecoth: o tech shrehs opprkoa`, Hort` oif Tnoihtory Qaehiah

Nhihrs 82, 684-0.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg t`h Russeoi Tnoih: o s`krt ikth.

Trhiteah, C.N.,M.@. Fhitki

Roikv, W.O.

Ropksk, N.,C. Qoitkijo

Royion, J.-T.,N. Comkmo,G.-Z. Qbeè-Onokue,F. Mhroofs

?500

?55?

tèsvknuch

tèsvknuch

V`h fhhp-sho kxymhi rhakrf, t`h mnkbon eah s`hht systhc oif `kceief hvknuteki. Ei:G.H. Mreih (hf.) Hvknutekiory èstkry kg t`h "rkbust" oustronkpet`haeihs, 101-641, IhwUkrl: Onfeih fh Mruythr.

Nhs seths trhs oiaehis fh n'omh fh no pehrrh hi XRQQ. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa`(hfs) Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, 245-?7. Tores, AV@Q.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Ebhreoi Thieisuno.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Otnoitea Ckrkaak: t`h Aosobnoiao hvefhiah.

Rkbhrts. C.B..AQ. Mocbnh,F.R. Brefmnoif

Rkhbrkhls, ].,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Bretes` Esnhs.vknuch

?556 V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: o s`krt a`rkiknkmy. Oitequety 70, 605-841.

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: o rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaonvknuch hvefhiah.

Rkhbrkhls, ]..I.J. Akiorf,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

?552 Fhish gkrhsts, aknf sthpphs, oif t`h Tonohknetèa shttnhchit kg ikrt`hri Hurkph, Aurrhit


Ruffecoi, ].G.,CH. Royck

?500 Ikrt`hri `hcesp`hrh anecoth rhmechs fureim t`h post 1Co: pkssebnh thatkiea akiihatekis,Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t h Rkyon Qkaehty kg Nkifki B 1?0, ?-24.




Ruffecoi. ].G.,C. Royck,O. Cfityrh

?507 Coyuyoco 6?,444-yhor ayanhs: Ikrt` Otnoitea Kahoi oif ikrt`hri `hcesp`hrh eah s`hhts Hort` oif Tnoihtory Qaehiah Nhtthrs 04, ??=-25.

Qoitkijo, C..T. Wenno

E]K V`h nkwhr ponohknetèa kg Qpoei oif Tkrtumon, Jkurion kg ]krnf Trhèstkry 6, 68-56.

Qòalnhtki, I.J.

Qòalnhtki, I.J.,I.F. Kpfylh

?50= Kxymhi esktkphs. eah vknuch oif sho nhvhn, _uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehws 7, ?01-54.

?5=1 Kxymhi esktkph oif ponohkcomihtea strotemrop`y kg hquotkreon Toaegea akrh W20-210,_uothriory Rhshora` 1, 15-88.

Qòalnhtki. I.J..J. Ecbreh,I.M. Teseos

?500 V`h hvknuteki kg kahoiea kxymhi-esktkph voreobenety ei t`h ikrt` Otnoitea kvhr t`h postt`rhh cenneki yhors, Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h Rkyon Qkaehty kg Nkifki B 1?0,7=5-00.

Qknghr. K. ?505 V`h Ceffnh tk Xpphr Tonohknetèa troiseteki ki t`h Russeoi Tnoei. Ei: T. Chnnors oifA. Qtreimhr (hfs), V`h @ucoi Rhvknuteki: `hòvekuron oif èknkmeaon phrsphatevhs ki t`h

kremeis kg ckfhri ùcois, =?6-62, Hfeiburm`: Hfeiburm` Xievhrsety Trhss.

Qtreimhr, A,A. Mocbnh

?551 Ei shora` kg t`h Ihoifhrtòns: sknveim t`h puzznh kg ùcoi kremeis. Nkifki: Vòchs oif@ufski.

Qua, J-T.,].@. Zomweji

?501 Tnek-Tnhestkahih akrrhnotekis bhtwhhi t`h ikrt`whsthri chfethrroihoi rhmeki oif ikrt`-whsthri Hurkph oaakrfeim tk rhahit bekstrotemropèa oif ponohkanecotea foto, Bkrhos ?2,?81-77.

Va`hrikv, H. ?552 Fesphrson, o summhsteki gkr o akccki usomh kg tès thrc. Ei: ]. vki Lkhiemswonf oifN. ]hrfhnei (hfs), Cocconeoi cemroteki oif fesphrson hvhits ei t`h Hurkphoi_uothriory, Akurehr Gkrsaùimseistetut Qhialhi`hrm ?81, 2?-28.

Vuggrhou, O. ?50= Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckyhi fu Ikrf fh no Groiah (Ikrf, Tos-fh-Aonoes,

Teaorfeh) fois ski aofrh strotemropèquh. V`hsh Fkht. Åtot Xiev. Qae. Vhaìe. NennhGnoifrhs Ortkes.

?554 Nh Tonåknetèquh ckyhi råahit fois nh ikrf fh no Groiah. Ei: Tonåknetèquh ckyhi råahitht Tonåknetèquh supårehur oiaehi hi Hurkph. Aknnkquh eithriotekion Ihckurs (coe ?500). Cåckerh Cusåh Tråèstkerh nnh-fh-Groiah 1, ?85-78.

Vuggrhou, O.,T. Oitkeih

tèsvknuch

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Akiteihiton Ikrt`whsthri Hurkph.

Vurihr. O. ?552 Normh aoievkrhs oif hornehst Hurkphoi `kceiefs: aòimeim fhthrceioits kg rhskurahovoenobenety fureim t`h Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Jkurion kg @ucoi Hvknuteki 22,?45-27.

Vurihr. A. ?5=4 V`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets ot Corls Vhy, Hsshx, Tènkskpèaon Vroisoatekis kg t`h

Rkyon Qkaehty kg Nkifki B 28=, 1=1-664.

Vurihr. H. ?55? Tnhestkahih strotemrop`y oif vhrthbroth gouios grkc t`h Ihuwehf bosei rhmeki kg whsthriMhrcoiy, Aroieuc 0, 2?-16.

Vzhfoles, T.A. ?551 Nkim-thrc trhh pkpunotekis ei ikrt`whst Mrhhah t`rkum` cuntepnh _uothriory anecoteaayanhs. Ioturh 176, 61=-64.

Wonka`. L. ?55? Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits hi Ckroveh (Va`åaksnkvoqueh). Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhr-chhrsa` (hfs) Nhs prhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?05-56, Tores: AV@Q.



ANEWH Q. MOCBNH - V@H HIWERKICHIVON BOALMRKXIF

Wrbo. E .Q.

Wrbo, H.Q.,M.@. Fhitki,C.N. Trhiteah

?500 Noth Tnekahih anecotea hvhits oif `kceief hvknuteki. Ei: G.H. Mreih (hf.), Hvknutekiory

@estkry kg t`h "Rkbust" Oustronkpet`haeihs, 648-627, Ihw Ukrl: Onfeih fh Mruythr.

?505 Anecotea eignuhiahs ki horny `kceief bhòvekr, Ksso ?6, ?2=-?87.

]èth, V.F.,

M. Quwo,B. Osgow

?556 Oustronkpet`haus rocefus, o ihw sphaehs kg horny `kceief grkc Oroces, Htèkpeo, Ioturh

1=?,147- ?2.

]ychr, J.J.

Zomv¼ eji, ].@.

?508 Nkwhr Tonohknetèa Qeths ei Host Oimneo. Ikrwea`: Mhk Bkkls.

?552o Cemroteki kg Whmhtoteki fureim t`h _uothcory ei Hurkph. Ei: ]. vki Lkhiemswonf oifN. ]hrfhnei (hfs), Cocconeoi cemroteki oif fesphrson hvhits ei t`h Hurkphoi _uothr-iory, Akurehr Gkrsaùimseistetut Qhialhibhrm ?81, 5-24.

?552b V`h bhmeiieim kg t h eah omh ei Hurkph oif ets cojkr subfevesekis, _uothcory Qaehiah

Rhvehws ??,801-5?.

/ e ' X e l ' e . LE?.. ?580 Foneim t`h Tost. Nkifki: Chtùhi.

?585 V`h Tnhestkahih phrekf. Nkifki: @utaèiski.

Anevh Q. MocbnhFhportchit kg OraòhknkmyXievhrsety kg QkutòcptkiQ45 8I@ QkutòcptkiXiethf Leimfkc



wen Rkhbrkhls ?= V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph:V ejs voi Lkngsa kthi o rhopproeson kg orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaon hvefhiah

O rhopproeson kg t`h orthgoatuon oif a`rkiknkmeaon

hvefhiah gkr t`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph - wet` prkphr

otthiteki tk ets necetotekis oif ets rhneobenety - colhsgkr o

s`krt a`rkiknkmy, V`h gerst sknef troahs kg `kceief oatevetehs

ei tès port kg t`h wkrnf orh orkuif 844,444 yhors knf.

?. Eitrkfuateki

Hstobnesèim t`h hornehst fkhuchithf hvefhiah gkr ùcoikaaupoteki òs onwoys eivknvhf akitrkvhrsy, usuonnyahitrhf orkuif t`h orthgoatuon aòroathr kg osshcbnomhsoif/kr t`her a`rkiknkmeaon pkseteki. Hxocpnhs kg suaàkitrkvhrseoS aoshs orh Brexòc aovh, t`h hknet`-prkbnhc,Aoneak @enns. t`h LBQ-tugg akitrkvhrsy oif, vhry rhahitny,t`h oma kg t`h hornehst `kceief rhcoeis grkc Jovo (Qwes`hrht on. ?556). Kur saehiah t`revhs ki sua` fesomrhhchits<fesaussekis (efhonny) thst t`h strhimt` kg foto oif `ypkt`hshsoif tùs prkvefh us wet` akistoit grhs` oif sknef mrkuif tkbuenf kur oraòhknkmeaon t`hkrehs.

Kih kg t`h rhoskis tk pnoi o wkrls`kp ki 'V`h HornehstKaaupoteki kg Tnhestkahih Hurkph' wos t`h vertuon obshiahkg saehitegea fesaussekis ki tès subjhat. Fhspeth t`h normhiucbhr kg chhteims fhvkthf tk Hurkph's gerst troahs kg

shntnachin (h.m. Oifhrioa` nn

)QQ: "Feh arsna BhsehfnuimHurkpos"< Tores ?505: "Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeisfh ?'Hurkph" \Bkiegoy oif Woifhrchhrsa` ?55?S< Cenoi?554:< "V`h Hornehst Eiòbetoits kg Hurkph") t`h fothsmevhi tk t`h gerst 'Hurkphois' vory hikrckusny, fhphifeimki t`h bkkl kr t`h jkurion kih kphis. Ki t`h 'vhry knf'sefh, Bkiegoy oif Woifhrchhrsa` (?55?) prhshit o iucbhrkg seths onnhmhfny foteim grkc hornehr ports kg t`h HornyTnhestkahih, orkuif twk cenneki yhors omk (>ƒ. Oalhrcoi?505< Fhnski ?505). Oi omh kg obkut kih cenneki yhors esakisefhrhf o mkkf hstecoth gkr t`h gerst kaaupoteki kgHurkph by ckst wkrlhrs (ag Rknnoif ?552), rhghrreim tkseths sua` os Nh Wonnkiht ei Groiah (Fh Nucnhy ht on. ?500)

oif Lornea` O ei Mhrcoiy (]eermhs ?507< ?55?< Bkseisle,tès vknuch). Ei akitrost tk t`hsh nkim a`rkiknkmehs whfhckistroth ei tès pophr tòt Hurkph's hornehst ùcoitroahs orh akisefhrobny ykuimhr, foteim grkc whnn eitk t`hCeffnh Tnhestkahih. ]h òvh akch tk tès akianuseki wènhtryeim tk mevh o syit`hses kg t`h hvefhiah prhshithf ei prh-aeraunothf pophrs by otthifoits kg t`h Voutovhn-chhteim oif

foto aknnhathf ei kur kwi rhshora`. Kur pophr bhmeis wet` os`krt rhvehw kg t`h orthgoatuon aòroathr kg osshcbnomhs oift`h a`rkiknkmeaon grochwkrl kg t`h _uothriory, gkausseimki `kw seths orh put ei o a`rkiknkmeaon suaahsseki (shateki 2).Ei shateki 1 wh survhy t`h bekstrotemropèaon pkseteki kgecpkrtoit cocconeoi osshcbnomhs (grkc bkt` oraòhknkmeaonoif iki-oraòhknkmeaon seths), wènh shateki 6 rhvehws hornyseths ei ahitron oif ikrt`whsthri Hurkph. ]h t`hi turi tkhvefhiah grkc kt`hr ports kg Hurkph oif anksh wet` brehgfesausseki kg t`h ecpneaotekis.

2. V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: orthgoats

oif a`rkiknkmy

2 . ? . HWONXOVEIM V@H ORVHGOAVXON A@OROAVHR KG

OQQHCBNOMHQ

Kih ahitury omk, Tonohknetèa oraòhknkmests whrheivknvhf ei o gehrah fhboth kvhr t`h onnhmhf hxesthiah kgVhrteory ùcois ei Hurkph. Hknet`kpènhs, bkt` ki t hakiteihit oif ei Bretoei, prhshithf t`kusoifs kg gneits grkcVhrteory fhpksets, tòt ei t`her kpeieki whrh ùcoiny wkrlhfecpnhchits. V`h nkim nosteim fhboth kvhr t`h aòroathr kg'hknet`s' osshcbnomhs prkfuahf o vost nethroturh ki t`h

subjhat, succoreshf ei pkpunor òifbkkls grkc t`ksh foys,nelh Qknnos Oiaehit ùithrs oif t`her ckfhri rhprhshito-

tevhs (?5??), Kbhrcoehr's Fhr Chisa` fhr Wkrzhet (?5?2)oif Bkunh's Nhs @kcchs Gkssenhs (?52?). Vès fhboth nhftk vhry fhtoenhf gehnf kbshrvotekis oif hxphrechits oif skarhothf o vost bkfy kg likwnhfmh akiahrieim t`h vorehty kgorthgoat-nelh gkrcs prkfuahf by vorekus ioturon prkahsshs.V`h arux kg t`h cotthr es hnhmoitny succorezhf by ]orrhi(?524:284):

"]òt es ecpkrtoit, `kwhvhr, es t`h goat tòt sua`p`hikchio os t`h gnoleim kg gneits oif kaaosekionbunbs oif onsk hfmh-lioppeim orh prkfuahf by

aoushs hiterhny oport grkc ferhat ùcoi hggkrt. V`hnelhihss bhtwhhi t`h gnoleim prkfuahf by Ioturh oiftòt prkfuahf by ùcoi omhiaehs es suggeaeìit tksègt oiy burfhi kg prkkg upki t`ksh w`k coeitoei t`hùcoi kremei kg t`h stkihs< oif tès cust ikt bhfkih by o aorhgun shnhateki kg pealhf sphaechis, butby o survhy kg t`h w`knh mrkup" (]orrhi ?524:284).




V`h orthgoatuon ioturh kg 'precetevh' osshcbnomhs òsbhhi oi kcieprhshit essuh hvhr seiah. Ei ?580 gkr eistoiah,J. Fhsckif Anorl's stufy kg ioturon groaturhs kg phbbnhss`kwhf vhry akiveiaeimny (ei t`h Ogreaoi akithxt kg'Loguoi' eifustrehs ei revhr vonnhys) tòt ioturh aoi colh'phbbnh tkkns': t`hy orh prkfuahf by o sòrp 'gknnkwt`rkum`' bnkw, vhry uinelhny uifhr wothr, but pkssebny t`hrhsunt kg o rkal gonneim grkc obkvh ki tk o whfmhf phbbnh(Anorl ?580). V`hsh groaturhs aoi secunoth ortegeaeon groaturhtk sua` o rhcorlobnh fhmrhh, tòt t`hsh sphaechis wkunfikt bh kut kg pnoah ei oiy "Thbbnh Aunturh" akithxt. @esstufehs kiah omoei strhss tòt kih aoiikt buenf o strkimormuchit gkr horny kaaupoteki ki t`h boses kg pehahs wet`kiny o ghw ihmotevhs, shnhathf kut kg revhr-noef fhpksets. Eigoat, oiy oionyses kg horny seths cust tolh eitk oaakuit t`hw`knh roimh kg ioturon akifetekis ot t`h seth tòt akunfprkfuah orthgoat-nelh gkrcs, os whnn os t`h mhknkmeaon shtteimkg t`h geif-spkt (shh Royion ht on., tès vknuch, gkr o mkkfhxocpnh kg sua` oi opprkoa`).

Et es gkr t`hsh rhoskis tòt gkr eistoiah Vuggrhou (?50=)

oif Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih (tès vknuch) fk ikt oaahpt t`hGhrch fh Mroah (Qkcch) thrroah cothreon os hvefhiah gkrHorny Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki kg ikrt`hri Groiah (akitro

Bkurfehr ht on. ?5=6), kr tòt Qoitkijo oif Wenno (?554)oif Ropksk oif Qoitkijo (tès vknuch) akisefhr esknothfpehahs aknnhathf grkc Ebhreoi revhr thrroahs os tkk rorh oifuifeomikstea tk prkvh ùcoi shttnhchit ei t`h HornyTnhestkahih, wènh Coieo (tès vknuch) òs shrekus fkubtsobkut t`h Mhrcoi Qa`ktthr-Tonoknetèluc (mrovhn-ponohknetèa).

Ei shateki 6 wh hvonuoth skch ecpkrtoit horny seths byt`h essuhs ei t`h hknet` fhboth. Et es kg akursh ihahssory tkòvh o mkkf likwnhfmh kg t`h osshcbnomhs oif t`herakithxt, het`hr by o fhtoenhf seth-pubneaoteki kr by gerst-òif likwnhfmh. Xigkrtuiothny, kiny o sconn iucbhr kg'horny' seths òvh bhhi pubnes`hf ei sua` o fhtoen tòthvonuoteki kg eithrprhtotekis akiahrieim t`h orthgoatuonaòroathr kg 'precetevh' osshcbnomhs es pkssebnh. ]h stortkur rhvehw t`hrhgkrh wet` t`h hvefhiah grkc ahitron oifikrt`whsthri Hurkph, w`hrh wh òvh gerst-òiflikwnhfmh kg t`h rhnhvoit osshcbnomhs. V`h geifeimsgrkc tòt orho orh akigrkithf wet` t`ksh grkc kt`hr orhosei shateki 8.

2.2. V@H A@RKIKNKMEAON GROCH]KRL

V`h anosseaon subfeveseki kg t`h Tnhestkahih phrekf es byt`h mnoaeon-eitarmnoaeon sa`hch, boshf ki t`h hxthisekis kgmnoaehrs ei t`h Onpeih orho oif ei ikrt`hri Hurkph. Gkurfegghrhit hxthisekis whrh rhakrfhf ei t`h Onpeih orho(Meeiz, Ceifhn, Ress oif ]urc), oif ei ikrt`hri Hurkphkiny t`rhh (Hesthr, Qooeh oif ]hea`shn). Mnoaemhiea fhpksetswhrh neilhf wet` aknf eithrvons ei wèa` eah-s`hhts gkrchf,

shporothf grkc hoa` kt`hr by worc-thcphroth eithrvons.Fhtoenhf eivhstemotekis kg pknnhi-bhoreim fhpksets eiikrt`whsthri Hurkph yehnfhf o rot`hr akcpnhth rhakrf kg t`hakcpnhx èstkry kg t`h vhmhtoteki ei tòt orho. Tonohkbktoieaon foto wos troisgkrchf eitk ponohkanecotea eigkrcoteki,coleim o thrrhstreon a`rkikstrotemropèaon subfeveseki kg t`hTnhestkahih (ag. Gem. ? oif Zomweji ?508), o sa`hch tòt

òs bhhi t`h Qtoiforf gkr ikrt`whsthri Hurkph.Trhneceiory rhsunts kg rhahit eivhstemotekis ei oi kphinemieth ceih ot Qa`÷ieimhi ihor @hncsthft (Mhrcoiy) oifei t`h Fki-Bosei (Russeo) eifeaoth, `kwhvhr, tòt t`h gemurh ?subfeveseki es eiakcpnhth. V`h Tnhestkahih shfechitshxpkshf ei t`h Qa`÷ieimhi quorry foth grkc t`h Hnsthreoi tkt`h @knkahih oif orh rea` ei ponohkbktoieaon. conoaknkmeaonoif ponohkitknkmeaon eigkrcoteki, wènh Ceffnh Tnhestkahihorthgoats orh prhshit tkk (ag. Vèhch ht on. ?551). Qtufehs kgt`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih shquhiahs eifeaoth tòt t`hrh whrh otnhost t`rhh pòshs wet` o festeiat, whnn fhvhnkphfeithrmnoaeon vhmhtoteki bhtwhhi t`h Hnsthreoi oif t`h Qooneoitenn. Et es `kwhvhr ikt anhor yht w`ht`hr t`h twk knfhr worc-

thcphroth phrekfs t`hrh whrh shporothf grkc hoa` kt`hr by ofesteiat aknf (mnoaeon) pòsh. V`hkrateaonny t`hy cem`t òvhbhhi shporothf by oi ecpkrtoit but rhnotevhny s`krt akknhrgnuatuoteki, ckrh kr nhss akcporobnh tk t`h strkimhr eitro-Hhceoi gnuatuotekis rhahitny rhpkrthf by t`h MRET-chcbhrs(MRET ?551), kr tk t`h eitro-Qtomh = 'aknf' eithrvon, sub-Qtomh =b (ag. Oifrhws ?501).

Nkim shquhiahs ei t`h Fki Bosei s`kw ot nhost gevhmnoaeon/eithrmnoaeon ayanhs ei t`h tech spoi bhtwhhi t`hBrui`hs/Cotuyoco bkuifory oif t`h Klo (3 Hnsthreoi)mnoaeoteki. Vwk eah-s`hht hxthisekis hornehr tòi t`hHnsthreoi akunf bh rhakrfhf ei t`h shatekis. V`h ckstecpkrtoit eah-s`hht t`hrh wos tòt kg t`h Fki Mnoaeoteki,akvhreim t`h Fki Bosei cua` gurt`hr skut` tòi t`h eah-aops kg t`h Klo-Hnsthr, t`h Fijhpr-Qoonh oif t`h Wonfoe-]hea`shn. Vwk fesateiat eithrmnoaeon eithrvons oif kih aknfpòsh shporoth t`h Fki Mnoaeon grkc t`h Klo Mnoaeon pòsh.Akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi t`h Fki Bosei oif ikrt`whsthriHurkph, coeiny ki t`h bosh kg coccon gouio-osskaeotekis,eifeaoths tòt t`h ikrt`whsthri Qtoiforf subfeveseki eseiakcpnhth gkr t`h nkwhr port kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, e.h.ei t`h gerst òng kg t`h "Arkchreoi Akcpnhx". V`heiakcpnhthihss kg t`h Qtoiforf akiteihiton subfeveseki esonsk opporhit w`hi akcporeim et wet` t`h kxymhi esktkphrhakrf, wèa` akuits 5 eithrmnoaeon oif 5 mnoaeon pòshs

wetèi t`h Brui`hs Hpka`.V`h kxymhi esktkph rhakrf, t`h ckst fhtoenhf subfeveseki

kg t`h _uothriory skgor, es rhmorfhf os t`h techsaonh kihs`kunf try tk rhghr tk. Et es o mnkbon rhakrf, t`kum`t tk rhgnhataòimhs ei t`h tkton ockuit kg eah t`h wkrnf kvhr, os t`hrhes rhcorlobny nettnh voreoteki ockim akrhs tolhi grkcfegghrhit orhos . Et es onsk o rot`hr akiteiukus rhakrf,



255 ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - O RHOTTROEQON KG V@H HWEFHIAH

4´ ?4´ 24´

E

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@KNKAHIH

]hea`shneoi NOVH TNHEQVKAHIH

Hhceoi

NOVH TNHEQVKAHIH

Qooneoi

CEFFNH

TNHEQVKAHIH

@knstheieoi

CEFFNH

TNHEQVKAHIH

Hnsthreoi

CEFFNH

TNHEQVKAHIH

Eithrmnoaeon EW

Eithrmnoaeon EEE

"Arkchreoi" *

Eithrmnoaeon EE

Eithrmnoaeon ?

CEFFNH

TNHEQVKAHIH

Nhhrfoc Eithrmnoaeon

Bovhneoi *

Bovhn Eithrmnoaeon

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIH

Chiopeoi

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIH

]ooneoi

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIHHburkieoi

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIH

Vemneoi

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIH

Trohtemneoi

HORNU

TNHEQVKAHIH

Rhuvhreoi

NOVH

TNEKAHIH

Qhvhron meoaeons oif eithrmnoaeons wet`ei kih Omh

Gem. ?. Anecoth aurvh tkr t`h _uothriory ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs (ogthr Zomweji ?508). Omh ei cenneki yhors.Vhcphroturh ei fhmrhhs A, hstecothf choi tkr Juny. * eianufhs shvhron meoaeons oif eithrmnoaeons.




prkvefeim oi ormuobny akcpnhth survhy kg t`h hiterh_uotariory. Oif et es o leif kg 'Hsphroitk' rhakrf, hosy tk

'uifhrstoif' gkr wkrlhrs grkc vorekus ports kg t`h wkrnf,ikt bkt`hrhf by t`h fhtoens oif eitreaoaehs kg t`h vorekusrhmekion subfevesekis sua` os t`h ikrt`whsthri Rurkphoikih chitekihf obkvh. Vès 'ushr-grehifneihss' es ahrtoeiny o

vhry ecpkrtoit goatkr ei t`h eiarhoshf usomh kg t`h fhhp-sho

rhakrf gkr akrrhnoteki-purpkshs. ]h cust `kwhvhr iktgkrmht tòt akrrhnoteki tk t`h kxymhi esktkph stomhs es kgthicoeiny boshf ki vhry secpnh 'akuiteim' prkahfurhs, ki t`h

rhsunts kg obsknuth foteim cht`kfs oif ki (kgthi ecpneaet)ossucptekis, gkr hxocpnh tòt t`h coxecuc einoif-eahhxthiseki akrrhspkifs tk t`h èm`hst Kn0-vonuhs.Xigkrtuiothny, thrrhstreon shatekis orh fkceiothf by mops.

Obsknuth foths, ei coiy aoshs akitrofeatkry oif eioaauroth,s`kunf ikt bh t`h kiny bosh gkr o a`rkiknkmeaon akrrhnoteki.Xseim t`h coxecuc eah-hxthiseki gkr noif-sho akrrhnonekispkshs prkbnhcs os skki os kih hxaòimhs t`h iorrkw'iotekion' phrsphatevh gkr o brkofhr 'Hurkphoi' kih: t`h

skut`hrickst hxthiseki ei Mrhot Bretoei wos t`h Oimneoi

(3 Hnsthreoi), ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs et wos t`h Qooneoi eah-aop,oif ei t`h Fki Bosei et wos t`h Fki mnoaeoteki! V`hshprkbnhcs aoi nhof tk fegghrhit akrrhnotekis bhtwhhi t`h

Akiteihiton subfeveseki oif t`h kxymhi esktkph rhakrf (shh

t`h twk kptekis prhshithf ei Gem. 2).

Ont`kum ikt fhiyeim t`h hikrckus ofvoitomhs kg t`h

fhhp sho rhakrf kvhr t`h thrrhstreon anecotea foto wh prhghrt`h akiteihiton subfeveseki kg t`h _uothriory (Gem. ?) os t`h

bosea grochwkrl gkr akrrhnoteki kvhr t`h kxymhi esktkphrhakrf os nkim os t`hrh orh ik rhneobnh akrrhnoteki cht`kfs(ei kt`hr wkrfs: os nkim os t`h obsknuth foteim cht`kfs orh

akitrofeatkry oif eioaauroth). Xiareteaon ush kg t`h fhhp sho

stomhs arhoths o pshufk-ahrtoeity tòt èfhs t`h boseastrotemropèaon prkbnhcs ei`hrhit ei onn leifs kg thrrhstreonakrrhnotekis.

1. V`h a`rkiknkmy kg _uoth riory cocconeoigkssen osshcbnomhs

V`h ush kg ponohkbktoieaon hvefhiah gkr nkim festoiahakrrhnoteki tk t`h Qtoiforf thrrhstreon subfevesekis es

òcphrhf by t`h obshiah kg hvknutekiory trhifs ei pnoitsoif by t`h eithr-rhmekion voreotekis ei aòroathrs kg

vhmhtoteki. Cocconeoi gkssens orh onthriotevh ecpkrtoitbekstrotemropèa eifeaotkrs. V`her ush ei foteim oif

akrrhnoteim fhpksets es boshf ki t`h goat tòt ckst kg t`h

coccons òvh oi hxthisevh festrebuteki orho oif tòt oiucbhr s`kw o ropef hvknuteki oif/kr cemrotkry sègtswetèi t`h _uothriory (ag. Nesthr ?552). V`h akcpkseteki kg

t`h cocconeoi gouio òs aòimhf rhnotevhny gost fureim t`h

_uothriory fuh tk t`h prkahsshs kg hvknuteki, hxteiateki oif

cemroteki kg sphaehs< o iucbhr kg coccon bekzkiotekisòvh bhhi hstobnes`hf by fegghrhit out`krs. Qkch kg t`hsh

orh boshf ki t`h sconnhr coccon gouio, kt`hrs ki t`h

normhr kr ki bkt`. @kwhvhr, ckst kg t`hsh zkiotekis òvhikt bhhi fhgeihf oaakrfeim tk t`h muefh gkr strotemropèaikchianoturh pubnes`hf by @hfbhrm (?5=7) oif t`h

thrceiknkmy ushf by skch out`krs es gurt`hrckrh hxtrhchnyakiguseim (ag. Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554).

Coiy ponohkitknkmests wkrl wet` t`h bekstrotemropèaon

subfeveseki kg t`h _uothriory boshf ki t`h Orveaknefohsuaahsseki, os prkpkshf by Ghjgor oif @heirea` (?50?),wèa` es ei goat o ckfegeaoteki kg t`h @uimoreoi sconnhrcoccon zkioteki hstobnes`hf by Lrhtzke (shh h.m. Lratzke,?578< Lrhtzke oif Tåase, ?5=5< Woi fhr Chunhi, ?5=1).Ghjgor oif @heirea` (?50?) hstobnes`hf t`rhh whnn fhgeihfbekzkihs (stomhs ei t`her thrceiknkmy) gkr t`h Tnhestkahih:Wennoiyeoi, Beòreoi oif Vkreimeoi. O bekzkioteki ki t`h

boses kg aòimhs ei t`h normhr coccon gouio wos akistruathfby Etoneoi ponohkitknkmests (Ozzorkne ht on. ?500). V`hersubfeveseki kg Wennogroiaèoi oif Monhreoi gouios es ushf ei

normh ports kg Hurkpa oif Oseo fhspeta t`h goat tòt t`h

bkuifory bhtwhhi bkt` bekzkihs es pkkrny fhgeihf, os wenn

bh fesausshf bhnkw.

1.?. V@H QCONNHR COCCONQ: BE@OREOI - VKREIMEOI

Beòreoi gouios fegghr grkc t`h prhahhfeim Wennoiyeoigouios by t`h kaaurrhiah kg Cearktus. V`h Wennoiyeoigouios aoi bh rhakmieshf by t`h fkceioiah kg Ceckcys,

t`h Beòreoi gouios by t`h ak-kaaurrhiah kg Cearktus oif

Ceckcys, oif t`h Vkreimeoi "Qtomh" by Orveakno - Ceark

tus osshcbnomhs. V`h Beòreoi es fevefhf eitk twk "substomhs": t`h Horny Beòreoi wet` Cearktus (Onnkpòekcys)

oif t`h Noth Beòreoi wet` Cearktus (Cearktus).

V`h troiseteki grkc t`h Wennoiyeoi tk t`h Beòreoi ei t`h

Horny Tnhestkahih akrrhspkifs ckrh kr nhss wet` t`hVemneoi/Hburkieoi troiseteki. Gouios sua` os Vhmhnhi (t`h

Iht`hrnoifs) bhnkim tk t`h Wennoiyeoi, wènh t`h HornyBeòreoi akcpreshs gouios sua` os Nh Wonnkiht (Groiah),Ckith Thmneo (Etony) oif Bhtgeo 2 (Rkcoieo).

V`h troiseteki kg Cearktus (Onnkpòekcys) tk Cearktus

(Cearktus), corleim t`h troiseteki grkc t`h Horny tk t`h

Noth Beòreoi, foths tk t`h horny port kg t`h Bovhneoiakcpnhx, rkum`ny akrrhnothf tk t`h Jorocennk.

Gouios sua` os ]hst Ruitki (Mrhot Bretoei), QtroisloQlono, Trhznhteah (Azhaèo), Vorl÷ (Noyhr ?7) (@uimory),Enyilo E-En oif Enyilo EW (Russeo) bhnkim tk t`h NothBeòreoi. V`h mhius Ceckcys es rhprhshithf by kiny kih

sphaehs, t`h normh Ceckcys soveie, ei ckst kg t`hsh gouios.O shakif Ceckcys, o sconnhr gkrc kgthi rhghrrhf tk

Ceckcys (Ashreo) pusennus, kaaurs kiny ei t`h gouiosLornea` A oif H (Mhrcoiy) oif ei Enyilo EW oif EnyiloE-EE. V`h kaaurrhiah kr obshiah kg t`h sconnhr Ceckcys es

prkbobny o strotemropèaon corlhr, wèa` aoi bh ushf tk

subfevefh t`h Noth Beòreoi gouios eitk oi knfhr mrkup wet`,



14? ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - O RHOTTROEQON KG V@H HWEFHIAH

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Gem. 2. Vhitotevh akrrhnoteki kg sconn coccon bekzkiotekis oif gouion osshcbnomhs tk t`h ikrt`whst Hurkphoi subfevesekikg t`h _uothriory oif tk vorekus kxymhi esktkph stomhs.




oif o ykuimhr mrkup wet`kut t`h sconnhr Ceckcys. V`hgouios Leernea` A oif H foth grkc t`h Brui`hs Hpka` wèaèifeaoths tòt t`h t`h sconnhr Ceckcys fesopphorhf nothrtòi t`h Brui`hs/Cotuyoco bkuifory.

Oi hxthisevh stufy kg t`h sconnhr coccon gouios grkct`h Fki Bosei rhsunthf ei o subfeveseki kg t`h Noth Beòreoigouios ki t`h boses kg hvknutekiory trhifs ei t`h C, kg

nomureihs {(Trknomurus oif Nomurus) oif t`h C, kg Cearkrus (Vhrreakno) (3 Cearktys \TetycysS) (Losoitshvo?50=). O akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi t`h whsthri oif ahitronHurkphoi Noth Beòreoi gouios oif gouios grkc t`h FkiBosei es òcphrhf by t`h coeiny hosthurkphoi festrebutekikg nomureihs. Gurt`hrckrh, kur likwnhfmh kg t`h fegghrhit

Cearktus-ckrp`ktyphs prhshit ei t`h whsthri oif ahitronHurkphoi gouios es eisuggeaeìit. Kih aoi kiny soy tòt t`hNoth Beòreoi akvhrs t`h nothr port kg t`h Bovhneoi akcpnhxoif ckst kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx, o tech spoi wet` otnhost gevh mnoaeon/eithrmnoaeon ayanhs. V`h gouios wet` twk

Ceckcys sphaehs foth grkc t`h hornehr port kg tòt techspoi, t`h gouios wet` kiny Ceckcys soveie grkc t`h nothrport.

O vhry ecpkrtoit strotemropèaon corlhr es t`h troisetekikg Ceckcys soveie tk Orveakno thrrhstres, wèaàkrrhspkifs tk t`h Beòreoi-Vkreimeoi bkuifory. ei t`hshakif òng kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx (Woi Lkngsa`kthi?554< Wki Lkhiemswonf oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, ei prhss).Qeiah t`h ckst precetevh rhprhshitotevh kg t`h mhius

Orveakno, Orveakno t. aoiteoio (kgthi aethf os h.m. Orveakno

aoiteoio kr Orveakno cksboa`hises), es likwi grkcArkchreoi Eithrmnoaeon EW fhpksets (Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554),t`h troiseteki tkkl pnoah bhgkrh Eithrmnoaeon EW kg t`hArkchreoi Akcpnhx. Orveakno opphors gkr t`h gerst tech ei

t`h Leernea` shateki ei t`h gouio grkc Leernea` M. V`h `hovy-ceihron osskaeoteki kg t`h Leernea` M fhpksets oif t`hcoccon gouio eifeaoth o Arkchreoi Eithrmnoaeon EEE kr o(bhmeiieim kg) Arkchreoi Eithrmnoaeon EW omh (WoiLkngsa`kthi oif Vurihr, ei prhss< Wki Lkhiemswonf oifWoi Lkngsa`kthi, ei prhss). V`h Ceckcys-Orveakno

troiseteki òs bhhi fkauchithf ei whsthri (Aòneih ?507),ahitron (Ghjgor oif @heirea` ?50?) oif hosthri Hurkph(Vhrzho, ei prhss). Ei ikrt`whsthri Hurkph t`h troisetekitkkl pnoah ei t`h shakif òng kg t`h Arkchreoi-akcpnhx.Vès shhcs tk òvh bhhi t`h aosh ei kt`hr orhos tkk, os gkreistoiah fkauchithf by t`h kaaurrhiah kg Orveakno

thrrhstres bhgkrh t`h Hnsthreoi ei Ahitron Hurkph (Vhrzho, eiprhss) oif t`h kaaurrhiah kg vhry ofvoiahf Ceckcys soveie

ei gouios grkc t`h Fki Bosei, fothf tk shakif eithrmnoaeonbhgkrh t`h Klo-Hnsthreoi mnoaeoteki (Losoitshvo ?50=). Et estk bh hxphathf tòt t`hrh wos oi osyia`rkieaety wetèi t`hrhmekion troiseteki grkc Ceckcys tk Orveakno, but sua`troismrhssekis gonn kutsefh t`h a`rkiknkmeaon rhsknuteki kgkur prhshit foteim cht`kfs gkr tès tech-roimh.

O prkbnhc ei tès rhsphat es t`h omh kg t`h Orve'ak/o-gouigrkc Eshrieo (Etony), suppkshf tk bh noth Horny Tnhestkahihki t`h boses kg rofekchtrea foths gkr arystons grkc t`h sethcotrex oif skch ponohkcomihtea foto (Akntkrte ht on. ?50?,CaT`hrrki oif Qa`ceft ?501). Eshrieo òs yehnfhf gkssenrhcoeis kg Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio (ossemihf tk t`h

juiekr syikiyc Orveakno cksboa`hises by Qono ?501<

Akntkrte ht on. ?502). O stufy kg t`h cothreon, eianufeim tòtsocpnhf ei t`h phrekf ogthr ?502, onnkwhf t`h shakif out`krtk aòroathrezh t`h geifs kg Eshrieo os o precetevh pkpunotekikg t`h mhius Orveakno. Kiny 04% kg t`h cknors (kiny o ghworh juvhienh) orh rkktnhss, w`hrhos 24% s`kw eifeaotekis gkrkkt gkrcoteki, but orh stenn rkktnhss. V`h gouio wet` Orve

akno, Hnhpòs (T.) oitequus, Qthpòikreius ùifsnwechises

oif wet`kut Ceckcys soveie, Ceckcys pusennus oif Cearktus (Onnkpòekcys) sp. summhsts o Ceffnh Tnhestkahihomh, os et es akcporobnh tk ahitron Hurkphoi gouios osCksboa` oif Couhr (ag. Qono oif Gkrthneus ?551).

Kih akunf oaahpt o noth Horny Tnhestkahih omh gkr Eshrieokiny by summhsteim oi hornehr kaaurrhiah kg Orveakno eiEtony, ei o ckrh kr nhss esknothf orho kg Hurkph. Vès es ikt opnousebnh ormuchit, `kwhvhr, os t`hrh orh ik eifeaotekis kgo borrehr esknoteim t`h cocconeoi gouios ei Etony grkc t`kshkg ahitron oif whsthri Hurkph fureim t`h Tnhestkahih. Kit`h akitrory, t`h obuifoit secenoretehs ei t`h akcpkseteki kgt`h Horny, Ceffnh oif Noth Tnhestkahih gouios kg Etony oifhosthri, ahitron oif whsthri Hurkph s`kw o mhihron oifonckst akiteiukus gouion hxaòimh bhtwhhi t`hsh orhosfureim t`h _uothriory (Wki Lkhiemswonf oif Woi Lkng

sa`kthi, ei prhss).

Vès es o akithxt ei wèa` ei kur kpeieki t`h 'obsknuth'foths gkr t`h seth aoiikt bh tolhi ot goah vonuh, oif t`h seth

aoiikt bh shhi os yehnfeim uiocbemukus hvefhiah gkrkaaupoteki kg Hurkph ot t`h vhry hif kg t`h HornyTnhestkahih. O rhhvonuoteki kg t`h tkton foteim hvefhiah esihahssory, oif ei t`h choitech wh shrekusny quhsteki t`hsemiegeaoiah kg t`h ponohkcomihtea oif rofekchtrea foths gkrt`h Eshrieo seth.

Vkreimeoi gouios aoi bh fevefhf eitk twk mrkups: oiknfhr kih wet` Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio oif sk-aonnhfrhneat sphaehs (sua` os Vonpo ceikr, Vrkmkit`hreuc auveare)

oif o ykuimhr mrkup wet` t`h ckrh hvknvhf Orveakno

thrrhstres ssp. O oif B, ak-kaaureim wet` o ckfhri sconnhrcoccon gouio (shh Woi Lkngsa`kthi, ?554). V`h gerstmrkup akcpreshs gouios sua` os Cehshi`hec E, Leernea` M,

Couhr (Mhrcoiy), Bkxmrkvh, ]hstbury-sub-Chifep (MrhotBretoei), Qpreckit (Bhnnh Rka`h) (Bhnmeuc), Vorl÷(@uimory) wet` Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio tkmht`hr wet`

Qkrhx (Frhpoikskrhx) sp. oif Tnekcys hpesakpones oif oiucbhr kg gouios h.m. Qwoisakcbh (Mrhot Bretoei),Benzeimsnhbhi (Mhrcoiy) ykuimhr ei omh oif wet`kut Qkrhx

(Frhpoikskrhx) oif Tnekcys hpesakpones.




Noth Vkreimeoi gouios aoi bh rhakmiezhf by hvknutekioryaòimhs ei t`h Orveakno cknors. Qeiah t`h horny Qooneoitèiieim kg t`h akivhx sefhs kg t`h fhiteih treoimnhs òs

rhsunthf ei aòimhs ei t`h rhnotevh tèalihss kg t`h hiochnboif kg t`h Orveakno cknors. Vès fhvhnkpchit aoi bh ushfgkr strotemropèaon akrrhnotekis kg ykuimhr, e.h. pkst-"@knstheieoi" gouios, sua` os t`ksh grkc Aouih fh ?'Oromk

(Fhsanoux ?552o< ?552b), Coostrea`t-Bhnvåfàrh oif]hecor-H`reimsfkrg (ag. Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554).

1.2. V@H NORMHR COCCONQ: WENNOGROIA@EOI -

MONHREOI

V`h wefhny ushf Etoneoi beka`rkiknkmy, wet` o

subfeveseki ei Wennogroiaèoi oif Monhreoi gouios, es coeinyboshf ki aòimhs ei t`h normhr coccon gouio. V`h Wennogroiaèoi, storteim obkut 1 cenneki yhors omk, akvhrs port kg

t`h Tnekahih oif t`h Horny Tnhestkahih. Et òs bhhi sub-

fevefhf eitk oi horny, o ceffnh oif o noth pòsh, osubfeveski rhgeihf by Ozzorkne (?5==), w`k fevefhf t`h

Wennogroiaèoi gouios eitk sex ckrh kr nhss whnn-fhgeihf

gouioS uiets. V`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Wennogroiaèoi etshng,kg skch kg ets uiets oif ets hif orh aòroathrezhf by

prkikuiahf fesphrson hvhits (Ozzorkne ht on., ?500< Qonoan on. ?552). Ozzorkne ht on. (?500) stoth tòt t`h Wenno-geroiaèoi-Monhreoi troiseteki (t`h hif-Wennogroiaèoi hvhit,?.4-4.5 Cyr BT) sow o akcpnhth gouion turikvhr, wet`cossevh hxteiatekis oif ihw, prhvekusny uilikwiofoptotekis. Noth Wennogroiaèoi toxo sua` os Huanofkahrks,

Foco ihstee, Nhptkbks htrusaus, Qus strkzzee oif Oraè-

feslkfki chrefekiones bhaoch hxteiat w`hrhos coiy toxo(Chmoahrks. Qkhrmhneo sp., Trohkvebks presaus, Beski

sa`khthisoale, Houus sþsshibkrihises, Xrsus fhieimhrë)

oppaor fureim t`h Horny Monhreoi.

V`h troiseteki kg t`h noth Wennogroiaèoi tk t`h Monhreoifef ikt tolh pnoah ot kiah. Oaakrfeim tk Ozzorkne ht on.

(?500) t`h troisetekion pòsh wos kg (mhknkmeaonny) s`krtfuroteki bhaoush kiny o ghw seths òvh 'ioturonny cexhf'osshcbnomhs - oi ossucpteki porteonny boshf ki t`h eighrrhfHorny Tnhestkahih omh kg Eshrieo. V`hy ossemi o nothCotuyoco omh tk t`h Eshrieo gouio, oif `hiah eighr tòtgouios grkc ikrconny comihtezhf fhpksets (sua` os t`h

gouios grkc ]hst Ruitki oif Wkemtsthft) òvh tk bh

akrrhnothf wet` t`h Jorocennk hvhit. Ei sua` o sahiorek t`h

Wennogroiaèoi/Monhreoi gouion s egt eifhhf shhcs bkt` vhryprkikuiahf oif rhnotevhny obrupt. Ei kur kpeieki t`h gouios

grkc Eshrieo, ]hst Ruitki oif Wkemtsthft orh kg CeffnhTnhestkahih omh, wèa` chois tòt t`h gouion turikvhr akunfòvh tolhi pnoah ckrh mrofuonny. Gkr us t`h 'gouionwothrs`hf' es secpny t`h rhsunt kg o meoit thcpkron aknnopsh,aoushf by oi oaaucunoteki kg akrrhnoteki hrrkrs.

Vès eithrprhtoteki es akigerchf by t`h gouio grkc WhitoCeahio, fothf ot orkuif ?.2 Cyr BT. yht onrhofy akitoeieim

shvhron Monhreoi eccemroits (Chmonkahrks, Trohkvebks,

Qkhrmhneo oif Beski) (Omuste ht oe, ?50=). V`h hif-

Wennogroiaèoi 'hvhit' ei t`h shish kg h.m. Ozzorkne ht on.

(?500) t`hrhgkrh prkbobny òs o nkim strotemropèaon roimh,wèa` ihahssetoths o rh-fhgeieteki kg t`h noth Wennogroiaèoi-Monhreoi bkuifory. Ot t`h aurrhit stoth kg likwnhfmh t`h

thrcs noth Wennogroiaèoi kr Monhreoi orh kg nettnh

bekstrotemropèaon vonuh.

6. V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg ahitron oif

ikrt`whsthri Hurkph

6.?. V@H HORNU TNHEQVKAHIH

V`h pshufk-orthgoat prkbnhc es hsphaeonny opporhit eiskch ahitron Hurkphoi Horny Tnhestkahih seths w`hrhvorekus (ocothur-) oraòhknkmests socpnhf ùmh ockuits kg

mrovhns oif aoch up wet` precetevh nkkleim 'a`kpphrs' oif

'a`kppeim-tkkns'. O vhry mkkf hxocpnh es t`h Bhrkui seth,ihor Tromuh (Grefrea` ?55?), w`hrh obkut 04 orthgoats whrhaknnhathf grkc t`h tkp kg Horny Tnhestkahih revhr mrovhns.hxpkshf kvhr oi orho kg obkut 2444 c

2. Vwk kvhrnyeim

nhvhns yehnfhf ?4 ckrh 'ethcs kg eifustry'. V`h 04 rknnhf'orthgoats', ckstny 'sefh-a`kpphrs' wet` kiny o ghw

ihmotevhs, whrh aknnhathf grkc t`h mrovhn surgoah 'ogthrroei'. Oaakrfeim tk Grefrea` (?55?:??), t`h osshcbnomh"eianufhs a`kpphrs, begoahs, prktk-begoahs, peals, anhovhrs,pkny`hfrkis, subsp`hrkefs, rhprhshiteim Oa`hunhoi s.?.,

akcporobnh tk t`h Ogreaoi geifs ... V`h omh kg t`h sht es

ckrh tòi ?.8 cenneki yhors, shrveim tùs os oi hvefhiahtòt bkt` Hurkph oif Ogreao whrh shttnhf opprkxecothny ei

t`h soch tech by phkpnh wet` oionkmkus aunturhs". V`h

geifs, bkt` t`ksh pubnes`hf oif t`ksh fespnoyhf ei t`h

Tromuh Iotekion Cushuc, orh ei t`h roimh kg wòt aoi bh

aknnhathf grkc ioturon mrovhn fhpksets< t`hy orh ikt

oaahptobnh hvefhiah kg Horny Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki (shh

Lkznkwsle ?552 gkr o akcporobnh eithrprhtoteki).

V`h soch oppnehs ei kur kpeieki tk t`h Cuskv oif Evoiosshcbnomhs, fhsarebhf by Wonka` (?55? oif tès vknuch).Bkt` seths, opprkxecothny 64 lc skut` kg Brik, whrhvesethf by oi ocothur-oraòhknkmest, w`k aknnhathf ùifrhfskg 'a`kpphrs' oif 'a`kppeim-tkkns' grkc rhwkrlhf Cekahihfhpksets, prhshit ki tkp kg Horny kr horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets. Os ei Bhrkui, wh orh fhoneim wet` o shnhatekigrkc t`kusoifs oif t`kusoifs kg iki-ckfegehf phbbnhs.V`h 'orthgoats' òvh ei mhihron kiny o ghw errhmunorihmotevhs, oif onckst onn 'a`kppeim-tkkns' fespnoy akc-

pnhthny bnuithf 'wkrleim hfmhs'.Akcporobnh ormuchits oppny tk t`h kt`hr Horny

Tnhestkahih seths ei Ckroveo (Brik-Ahrikveah, wet` kih

mkkf gnolh t`kum`, ikt rhakvhrhf ei setu, oif Brik-Ahrikveah Lkpha). O ieah pknyhfhr grkc Cnofha aovh, gkuif ei o

aonaeth noyhr akvhreim t`h Horny Tnhestkahih shfechits t`hrh,òs ik a`rkiknkmeaon akithxt.




aoiteoio gouios (sha Bkseisle, tès vknuch). Grkc tòt techphrekf kiworfs t`hrh orh ckrh precory akithxt seths eiahitron Hurkph. bkt` grkc thcphroth oif grkc aknfhr, fryhrshtteims (shh Bkseisle. tès vknuch< Rkhbrkhls ht on. ?552).

Ei t`h ikrt`whst rhmeki t`h hornehst sknef troahs kg kaau-poteki orh ckrh kr nhss akithcpkroihkus wet` t`h Cehshi-`hec E seth, gkr hxocpnh t`h whnn prhshrvhf geif saotthrs ot

Bkxmrkvh ei skut`hri Himnoif (Rkbhrts ?507< ?554<Rkbhrts ht on., tès vknuch) oif t`h hornehst seths ei t`hQkcch vonnhy kg ikrt`hri Groiah (Vuggrhou ?50=: Vuggrhouoif Oitkeih, tès vknuch). V`h Bkxmrkvh seth es thitotevhnyakrrhnothf tk KEQ ?1 (Rkbhrts ht on., tès vknuch).

Eifhphifhit kg t`her akrrhnotekis tk t`h fhhp-sho rhakrft`h hornehst seths grkc bkt` ahitron oif ikrt`whst Hurkphgonn ei t`h Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio roimh. Vès onskoppneas tk t`h gouio grkc t`h No Bhnnh Rka`h seth otQpreckin (Bhnmeuc) (Vuggrhou oif Oitkeih, tès vknuch).Grkc tòt phrekf kiworfs, t`hrh es o normh iucbhr kg whnnfkauchithf precory-akithxt seths ei t`h ikrt`whst-ahitronrhmeki, wet` akijkeieim lioppeim fabres prhshrvhf ei geih-

mroeihf nnuveon oif ohkneoi fhpksets (ag. t`h akitrebutekis tktès vknuch by Bkseisle, Coieo, Rkbhrts ht oe, Vuggrhouoif Oitkeih, oif Rkhbrkhls ht on. ?552).

8. Kt`hr rhmekis, akcporobnh rhsunts;

Nelh t`ksh ei t`h ikrt`hri rhmekis, Ebhreoi revhr thrroahsòvh yehnfhf esknothf pehahs, w`ksh ùcoi coiugoaturh krprhaesh omh òvh bhhi fkubthf by vorekus rhshora`hrs (shhobkvh, oif Ropksk ?508< Qoitkijo oif Wenno ?554< Ropkskoif Qoitkijo, tès vknuch). Anoecs gkr t`h hxesthiah kgHorny Tnhestkahih orthgoats oif ùcoi gkssens akch grkcnkaonetehs ei t`h Muofex-Bozo bosei ihor Krah-Whith Ceahio

(ag. Mebhrt ?552< Ropksk oif Qoitkijo, tès vknuch), butgurt`hr gehnfwkrl es ihahssory tk turi t`hsh anoecs eitkakcphnneim hvefhiah.1

Ropksk oif Qoitkijo (tès vknuch) pnoah t`h hornehstuiocbemukus troahs kg ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Ebhreo ei t`hbhmeiieim kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, t`kum` sua` troahs orhvhry rorh. Qkch kg t`h bhst seths orh ei t`h Muofex-Bozofhprhsseki (Mroiofo). gockus gkr ets rea` Horny Tnhestkahihcocconeoi gouios. V`h knfhst seth, Aunnor fh Bozo, òsyehnfhf kiny o ghw pehahs (sex gnolhs oif twk a`kpphrs), ei

osskaeoteki wet` o Ceffnh Tnhestkahih gouio. V`h gouion nestvorehs grkc out`kr tk out`kr (ag. Qoitkijo ?552:8=), but kibekstrotemropèaon mrkuifs t`h seth es vhry prkbobny

akithcpkroihkus wet` t`h hornehst seths grkc t`h ikrt`whst-ahitron rhmeki.

V`h òifoxhs rhpkrthf grkc Otopuhrao VF7 foth grkct`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, ki strotemropèaon mrkuifs pkssebnygrkc KEQ ?1 (Omuerrh ?55?< Aorbkihnn oif Orsuomo ?552).V`h gouio grkc t`h VF7 nhvhn rhshcbnhs t`h noth Arkchreoigouios chitekihf obkvh, wet` kih iktobnh hxahpteki

t`kum`: t`h prhshiah kg Ceckcys (Aorbkihnn oif Orsuomo?552< Men oif Qhsh ?55?). Vès summhsts tòt wh orh fhoneimwet` oi oraòhknkmeaon seth skchwòt knfhr tòi t`h kihsrhvehwhf upki tenn ikw. O rhahit stufy kg t`h cothreon byO.J. voi fhr Chunhi (phrs. akcc. ?556) `kwhvhr s`kwstòt skch kg t`h Orveaknefs fespnoy eifeaotekis kg hifhcesc,oif gurt`hrckrh tòt t`h strotemropèaon roimh kg Cearktus

(Onnkpòekcys) es nkimhr ei Ebhreo tòi ei kt`hr ports kgHurkph. Vès cem`t onsk bh t`h aosh wet` t`h Ebhreoi Ceckcys soveie.

Hifhcea ghoturhs, onsk whnn-likwi grkc t`h Aknaès orhoei t`h Aouaosus (Njubei oif Bkseisle, tès vknuch), òcphro stroem`tgkrworf akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi seths ei Ebhreo (oif gkrtòt cotthr: t`h Aouaosus) oif kt`hr ports kg Hurkph. Etcust bh strhsshf tòt t`h tech-roimh kg Ceckcys soveie ei

Ebhreo es ikt anhor, just os t`h rhnotekisèp bhtwhhi t`hEbhreoi gkrc kg Orveakno, O. sopefus, oif O. thrrhstres,

wèa` kiny kaaurs ei t`h hxtrhch ikrt` kg Qpoei, ei t`hTyrhihhs (ag. Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?551). Qua` eigkrcoteki es,`kwhvhr, ihahssory tk hstobnes` o akrrhnoteki bhtwhhi t`h

Otopuhrao gouios oif gouios grkc iki-Ebhreoi ports kgHurkph. Ot t`h aurrhit stoth kg oggoers t`h hxaovotkrseithrprhtoteki kg t`h Otopuhrao VF7 nhvhn os foteim grkcorkuif 844 Lyr BT shhcs t`h bhst kpteki. V`h gevhorthgoats rhahitny rhpkrthf grkc Otopuhrao VF6 (Aorbkihnnoif Rkfremuhz ?556) akch grkc o nkwhr nhvhn, but t`herorthgoatuon aòroathr es ikt uiakithsthf (ag. Ropksk oifQoitkijo, tès vknuch).

Etony's shttnhchit èstkry s`kws ik uiocbemukuseifeaotekis gkr oi Horny Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki (Cusse ?552<tès vknuch). O iucbhr kg t`h 'knf' Etoneoi seths orh surgoahseths, w`hrh o 'precetevh' ckrp`knkmy kg orthgoats òs nhf

skch oraòhknkmests tk eighr o èm` omh. Ei vehw kg etsakrrhnoteki prkbnhcs, t`h seth kg Ckith Tkmmeknk fkhs iktprkvefh vhry gerc hvefhiah gkr Horny Tnhestkahih kaaupoteki, t`kum` prhneceiory ponohkcomihtea stufehs eifeaothtòt et fhshrvhs kur otthiteki os o pkssebnh aoifefoth(Momihpoei ht on. ?552). Oikt`hr prkbnhcotea seth es CkithThmneo, w`hrh netèa ecpnhchits whrh rhakvhrhf kutsefh kg ostrotemropèaon akithxt, wènh t`h orthgoatuon aòroathr kg t`hkiny pehah gkuif ei setu es quhstekiobnh (Cusse, tès vknuch).Onn uiquhstekiobnh oraòhknkmeaon seths wet` sknef foteimhvefhiah foth grkc whnn eitk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, oift`ksh wet` obuifoit gouion rhcoeis orh ckrh kr nhssakcporobnh ei omh tk t`h Bkxmrkvh oif Cehshi`hec E seths

ei t`h ikrt`: Gkitoik Roiuaaek (wet` `kceief rhcoeis),Weskmneoik (ùcoi gkssens tkk) oif prkbobny onsk Whikso-Nkrhtk. Os onrhofy hxpnoeihf, ei kur kpeieki, Eshrieo gonnseitk tès tech roimh tkk (shh obkvh).

V`h Wennogroiaèoi6 bkih brhaaeo kg t`h Qoifonjo E aovh(Arkoteo) yehnfhf oi eiaeskr, kiah akisefhrhf tk bh o`kceief gkssen (Conhz ?5=7 vs. Akkl ht on. ?502) oif kih




sconn oif precetevh 'a`kpphr', o seimnh g'eif tkkuifeomikstea tk prkvefh o gerc mrkuif tkr Horny Tnhestkahihkaaupoteki kg gkrchr Uumksnoveo.

V`h hvefhiah grkc Mrhhah, rhpkrthf by Fornos (tèsvknuch), thitotevhny pkeits tk t`h shakif òng kg t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih gkr t`h hornehst troahs kg ùcoi kaaupotekit`hrh.

]èna t`h rhmekis fesausshf os yht òvh ikt yehnfhf sknefprkkg kg ùcoi kaaupoteki prekr tk t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih,t`hrh orh skch seths ei skut`hri Groiah tòt shhc tk bhknfhr: o mrkup kg seths ei t`h Cosseg Ahitron, oif t`hgockus aovh-seth kg Nh Wonnkiht.

V`h Cosseg Ahitron òs o normh iucbhr kg seths wet` rea`Horny Tnhestkahih gouios, rhakvhrhf ei o mkkf strotemropèaonakithxt. V`h stkih osshcbnomhs aknnhathf grkc skch kgt`hsh seths (ag. Bkiegoy ?55?) akisest ei mhihron kg sconnshrehs, shnhathf kut kg ioturon pehahs kaaurreim ei kgthiakorsh-mroeihf fhpksets. V`h s`krt Akccuieaotekis ki t`hshosshcbnomhs fk ikt fhon wet` t`h prkbnhcs kg fegghrhiteoteimbhtwhhi ioturon oif ùcoiny ckfegehf pehahs (ag. Royion ht

on., tès vknuch). Ei coiy woys oi hxahpteki es t`h AènòaEEE seth, hxaovothf by Aòvoennki (?55?< shh onsk Mut` oifAòvoennki ?508) ei krfhr tk thst Mut` 's hornehr osshsschitskg t`h seth. Ockim t`h spnet phbbnhs oif rkals prhshit ei t`hAènòa EEE fhpksets Aòvoennki akunf efhitegy 67eifesputobnh orthgoats. V`h omh kg t`hsh orthgoats es uiahrtoeigkr t`h tech bheim, gkr rhoskis hnobkrothf by Aòvoennki(?55?). Ei ès wkrfs "Vkut hst pkssebnh pkur Aènòa EEE"(?55?:0=< but shh: Royion ht on., tès vknuch).

Oikt`hr whnn-likwi Cosseg Ahitron seth es Qknhenòa.Xigkrtuiothny ets netèa osshcbnomh òs ikt bhhi pubnes`hfei fhtoen yht. Oaakrfeim tk Bkiegoy, wh orh fhoneim wet` o

sconn osshcbnomh kg precetevh thaìknkmy. V`h quortzphbbnhs òvh bhhi ckrh 'sòtthrhf' ('bresås') tòi gnolhf,w`hrhos t`h cojkrety kg t`h 'kbjhts fh mroifh toennh hibosonth ' òvh bhhi cofh kut kg ioturon gromchits (Bkiegoy?50=:?1). Ckrh ecpkrtoit es tòt t`h Qknhenòa gouio (wet`

Orveakno. Hnhpòs (T.) oitequus oif @eppkpktocus (Bkiegoy?55?) akunf get vhry whnn eitk t`h noth Arkchreoi gouioschitekihf obkvh, oif et òs eifhhf bhhi akrrhnothf tk t`hgouio grkc Eshrieo (shh h.m. V`kuvhiy oif Bkiegoy ?506).Owoeteim t`h rhsunts kg gurt`hr stufy kg t`h a`rkiknkmy kgt`h seth, wh shh ik mkkf rhoski tk eighr tòt Qknhenòaprkvefhs mkkf eifeaotekis gkr oi Horny Tnhestkahih `kceiefkaaupoteki (shh onsk: Royion ht oe, tès vknuch, gkr o

akcporobnh eithrprhtoteki).Nh Wonnkiht òs bhhi whnn pubnes`hf, ei o woy tòt

onnkws o fhtoenhf hvonuoteki kg t`h orthgoatuon aòroathr kgt`h osshcbnomh. V`h aovh òs yehnfhf o rea` gouio (wet`

Cearktus \OnnkpòekcysS pnekaohieaus) oif o sconn netèaosshcbnomh, rhakvhrhf grkc shfechits kg 'Jorocennk'-omh(omh osshsschits by chois kg bekstrotemrop`y, obsknuth

foteim (HQR) oif ponohkcomihtea stufehs (shh vorekusakitrebutekis ei N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, ?500< onsk Bkiegoy?55?:=6-=8).

V`h netèa osshcbnomh akchs grkc strotemropèa Xiet EEE(akua`hs BE, B2, A), nkocy soifs wet` coiy oimunor rkalsoif phbbnhs. V`hsh shfechits orh tk o normh hxthit rhwkrlhfgrkc t`h Rkquhbruih Cekahih akimnkchroth fhpksets

prhshit obkvh t`h aovh8

. V`h soif oif rkal/phbbnh groatekignkwhf eitk t`h Wonnkiht aovh t`rkum` aècihys oifgessurhs. Ogthr Xiet EEE wos gkrchf, t`h shfechits whrhsubjhathf tk eithisevh mhka`hceaon whot`hreim, nhofeim tkonn leifs kg "fågkrcoteki" kg t`h rkals oif phbbnhs ei t`hcotrex: "Nhs aoennkux ht nhs monhts fh ahs ievhoux skitskuvhit aroquhnås ovha fåpnoahchits fh gromchits" (FhNucnhy ?500:6?7). Hxaovotekis ei t`h stkiy fhpksetsyehnfhf ei tkton shvhity pehahs grkc o 'goerny uifhrfhvhnkphfstkih tkke eifustry'. Gegty ieih kg t`hsh orh eithrprhthf oseithitekionny ckfegehf. Wertuonny onn orthgoats whrh cofhgrkc nechstkih phbbnhs grkc t`h Rkquhbruih Cekahihakimnkchroth. V`h orthgoats akisest precoreny kg gnolhf

phbbnhs, ockim wèa` 'phrausseki tkkns', 'phbbnhs wet` oseimnh akivhx aèp' orh t`h ckst akccki (i3?1). ]hnnrhprhshithf orh phbbnhs 'wet` o seimnh akiaovh aèp'(precory a`kpphrs, i30), but t`hsh orh bofny gromchithf.Thbbnh tkkns (a`kpphrs, a`kppeim-tkkns oif otypeaona`kppeim-tkkns) orh prhshit (i3?4), t`kum` ikt stoiforfeshfoif ckstny kg cåfekarh quonety. V`h fkrson surgoah kg òngkg t`h 27 gnolhs akisests kg ?44% akrthx, kiny gevh gnolhsòvh ik akrthx ot onn. V`h cojkrety kg t`h gnolhs òvh ikbutt kr o 'rhfuahf' kih. Ot gerst mnoiah, t`h Nh Wonnkihtgnolhs sòrh t`her coei ghoturhs - obshiah kg pnotgkrc oifbunbs, oauth oimnh wet` phbbnh surgoah - wet` t`h cojkretykg ioturonny prkfuahf gnolhs7.

V`h Nh Wonnkiht nechstkih pehahs, porteonny fhaorbkiothf,orh kaaosekionny hxtrhchny gromenh. Qkch kg t`h rkals oifphbbnhs whrh groaturhf, 'aroquhnås' os o rhsunt kg t`ha`hceaon whot`hreim chitekihf obkvh. V`h iki-ckfegehf oswhnn os t`h gnolhf phbbnhs oif rkals ei t`h Xiet EEE cotrexfespnoy shvhron leifs kg surgoah ckfegeaotekis, wet` refmhsoif prktrufeim ports sckkt`hf, kr fespnoyeim o mnkssysurgoah pknes`. Vès oppnehs tk obkut 74% kg t`h ioturonstkihs prhshit ei t`h cotrex. Et es tk bh strhsshf tòtakcporobnh p`hikchio orh prhshit ki t`h 'gnolhf' pehahs:"Nhs pehahs fh ?'eifustreh netèquh fåakuvhrths fois nhrhcpnessomh fu Tnhestkahih eigårehur fh ?'hishcbnh EEE

i'åaòpphit pos o ahtth ràmnh måiåronh: ui ecpkrtoitåckusså ofkuaet porgkes nhs orêths ht kbnetàrh nh ckfhnå fhshinàvhchits. No surgoah fh ahs pehahs pråshith skuvhit uinustromh aoroatårestequh" (Fh Nucnhy ht on. ?500:848).

Et es anhor tòt t`h netèa osshcbnomh grkc Nh Wonnkiht es oshnhateki kg 'precetevh' pehahs pealhf kut grkc o cotrex reaèi rkals oif phbbnhs fhrevhf grkc Cekahih fhpksets (shh



14= ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - O RHOTTROEQON KG V@H HWEFHIAH

Vobnh ?. Qa`hcotea fegghrhiahs wetèi t`h Hurkphoi Tonohknetèa rhakrf bhtwhhi t`h phrekf bhgkrh oifogthr obkut 844 Lyr.

BHGKRH 844 Lyr BT OGVHR 844 Lyr BT

sconn shrehs akisesteim kgesknothf pehahs aknnhathf

trkc o ioturon phbbnh

boalmrkuif

normh aknnhatekis grkchxaovothf lioppeim gnkkrswet` akijkeiobnh cothreon

festurbhf akithxt(akorsh cotrex)

precory akithxt seths(geihmroeihf cotrex)

akithsthf 'precetevh'osshcbnomhs

uiakithsthf 'Oa`hunhoi' oifiki-Oa`hunhoi eifustrehs

ik ùcoei rhcoeis ot onn ùcoi rhcoeis akccki

t`h p`ktks kg t`h Xiet EEE shfechits ei Fh Nucnhy ht on.

?500, Gems ? tk =). V`her aòroathresteas summhst tòt wh orh

fhoneim wet` oi osshcbnomh tòt wos ikt ckfegehf byùcoi omhits. oif eisthof fespnoys onn t`h aòroathresteas kgo shnhateki kut kg o ioturon fhpkset.=

7. Ecpneaotekis

By kur rhofeim kg t`h hvefhiah, t`hrh es o fegghrhiahbhtwhhi t`h Hurkphoi 'oraòhknkmeaon' rhakrf grkc bhgkrht`h Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio tech roimh (gkr akivhiehiahsolh `hrh: grkc obkut 844 Lyr BT) oif t`h nothr kih (ag.Vobnh ?: onsk FhiihnS ?501 gkr o akcporobnh eithrprhtoteki).

Bhgkrh 844 Lyr vertuonny onn geifs akch grkc o festurbhf.akorsh cotrex, ogthrworfs wh òvh precory akithxt seths ei

geih-mroeihf fhpksets. V`h osshcbnomhs foteim grkc bhgkrh844 Lyr BT orh vertuonny onn t`h rhsunt kg shnhateki kgesknothf pehahs grkc ioturon fhpksets< ykuimhr kihs orhkgthi hxaovothf grkc lioppeim gnkkrs.

V`hrh orh twk bosea woys tk eithrprht t`hsh fegghrhiahs.V`h prh-8(P) Lyr geifs akunf rhgnhat t`h sporsh troahs kg eithr-cetthit kaaupoteki kg Hurkph by phkpnh wet` 'precetevh'Knfkwoi-typh tkknlets, substoiteon aknkiezoteki kg Hurkphtoleim pnoah grkc obkut 844 Lyr BT kiworfs (ag. Vurihr?552). Ihvhrt`hnhss. t`h fegghrhiahs ei mhknkmeaon akithxtoif rhakvhry prkahfurhs bhtwhhi prh- oif pkst-844 Lyr BTseths orh prkbnhcs tk bh hxpnoeihf by t`ksh of`hreim tk tèsnkim a`rkiknkmy.

Ei vehw kg t`h ottrebuths kg t`h 'orthgoats' oif akithxts kgt`h prh-844 Lyr BT seths wh eisthof eithrprht t`hshfegghrhiahs os eifeaoteim tòt t`hrh es ik uifesputobnh prkkg

gkr ùcoi kaaupoteki kg Hurkph prekr tk obkut 844 Lyr BT.

V`h gerst precory akithxt seths wet` mkkf oraòhknkmeaonhvefhiah foth grkc o nothr phrekf wetèi t`h Ceffnh Tnhes-tkahih, pkssebny grkc obkut KEQ ?1 kiworfs.

Kur sahiorek òs shvhron ofvoitomhs. O gerst kih es tòt etes vhry hosy tk gonsegy. V`h geif kg kiny kih Horny Tnhes-

tkahih precory akithxt seth ei t`h orho rhvehwhf `hrh wkunffesprkvh et, oif kih wkunf òvh tk akianufh tòt bhgkrhobkut 844 Lyr BT kaaupoteki hxesthf (but wos normhnyeithrcetthit). Ihw stufehs kg skch seths chitekihf ei kurs`krt survhy akunf nhof tk tès rhsunt.

O gurt`hr ofvoitomh es tòt kur s`krt a`rkiknkmy essuppkrthf by o bkfy kg foto eifhphifhit kg ormuchitsakiahrieim stkih tkkns: t`h a`rkiknkmeaon festrebuteki kgùcoi rhcoeis. V`h fesarhpoiay bhtwhhi t`h eighrrhf èmòmh kg t`h hornehst Hurkphoi orthgoats oif t`h rhnotevhnyrhahit foth gkr t`h hornehst Hurkphoi `kceief gkssens, t`hCouhr nkwhr jow oif t`h ùcoi rhcoeis grkc Gkitoio

Roiuaaek oif (pkssebny) Weskmneoik, òs bhhi o akispeaukusprkbnhc ei t`h shora` gkr t`h hornehst Hurkphois. Grkc t`h'Couhr' tech phrekf kiworfs wh òvh Ceffnh Tnhestkahihùcoi rhcoeis onn kvhr Hurkph: Ontocuro, Oromk,Otopuhrao, Beoa`h-Qoeit-Woost, Benzeimsnhbhi, Aovo Tkcpe,Aosthn fe Muefk, No Aòesh, H`reimsfkrg, Gkitoio Roiuaaek,Gkitåa`hvofh, Mrktth fu Treiah, No Roghtth, Nozorht, Couhr,Ckitcourei, Krmioa EEE, Thtronkio, Tkitihwyff, Qthei`hec,Qwoisakcbh, Whikso, Whrmroiih, Wårthssz÷nn÷s oifWeskmneoik, tk chiteki t`hc ei oi onpòbhteaon krfhr (ag.Akkl ht on. ?502). V`h rhahitny fesakvhrhf tebeo grkc Bkx-mrkvh, o seth wet` kih kg t`h hornehst Orveakno thrrhstres

aoiteoio gouios, kg akursh gets vhry whnn eitk kur sahiorek

tkk (Rkbhrts ht on. ?556< Rkbhrts ht on., tès vknuch< shhonsk Mocbnh ?556).

Grkc t`h nkim phrekf bhgkrh t`h Orveakno thrrhstres

aoiteoio roimh wh fk ikt òvh o seimnh (uiakithsthf!) tkkt`yht, fhspeth t`h ùmh ockuits kg kt`hr cocconeoi gkssens.Obshiah kg hvefhiah kg akursh es ik hvefhiah kg obshiah,oif ihmotevh hvefhiah òs rorhny prkvhf furobnh ei




oraòhknkmy. But obshiah kg hxpksurhs kg knfhr fhpksets esikt o mkkf akuithr-ormuchit `hrh. Ot o normh iucbhr kgponohkitknkmeaon seths, horny Ceffnh oif/kr Horny Tnhestk-ahih gouios orh rhakvhrhf grkc geih-mroeihf fhpksets. Qkchkg t`hsh òvh bhhi uifhr kbshrvoteki gkr coiy fhaofhs krhvhi ahiturehs, yehnfeim ùmh ockuits kg gouion rhcoeis:gkr eistoiah t`h Vhmhnhi pets ei t`h Iht`hrnoifs, Xithrcoss-ghnf, Wkemtsthft oif Qþsshibkri ei Mhrcoiy, ]hst Ruitki(Himnoif), Qåiàzh (Groiah), Fhutsa` Onthiburm ei Oustreooif t`h Won f'Orik hxpksurhs ei Etony. Hurkph es wet`kutoiy fkubt t`h ckst `hoveny rhshora`hf port kg t`h Knf]krnf, wet` o èm`-quonety rhakrf tk wèa` coiy ùifrhfskg wkrlhrs òvh akitrebuthf kvhr o phrekf kg kih-oif-o-òngahiturehs.

Ei kur sahiorek Hurkph es hxtrhchny 'cormeion', noth eitech os hkcporhf tk gkr eistoiah t`h Oseoi hvefhiah os tòtstoifs ikw. V`h ùcoi sprhof kut kg Ogreao whit host-worfs gerst, veo Xbhefeyo (Esroìn) oif Fcoiese (Mhkrmeo< shhFzoporefzh ht on. ?505), oif `kceiefs whrh prhshit ei t`hhosthri ports kg Oseo ot t`h hif kg t`h Horny Tnhestkahih, ot

orkuif 044 tk ?,444 Lyr BT (Qaèal oif Zùoi ?551, krhvhi hornehr, eg kih oaahpts t`h Qwes`hr ht on. \?556S foths).Hurkph wos kaaupehf nothr. Qkki ogthr wh shh t`h gerstuifesputobnh troahs, ùcois orh vertuonny 'hvhryw`hrh' eiHurkph (wet` os iktobnh oif eithrhsteim hxahptekis t`hRusseoi pnoeis oif Qaoifeioveo).

Ot essuh es ikt kiny w`ht`hr t`h gerst Hurkphois orrevhfcua` hornehr tòi 844 Lyr BT. ]òt, eg oiy, haknkmeaon,anecoteaon kr skaeon goatkrs whrh tremmhreim t`h kaaupoteki otobkut 844 Lyr BT, kr, tkrcunothf ei oikt`hr woy, wòt lhpt`kceiefs kut kg Hurkph bhgkrh 844 Lyr; Qkch ovhiuhswkrt` hxpnkreim coy bh fhvhnkpchits ei t`h skaeon fkcoei(sua` os t`h hchrmhiah kg fesphrshf coteim ihtwkrls), ihuronfhvhnkpchits osskaeothf wet` broei hxpoiseki oif fegghrhiahsei t`h aòroathr kg t`h Nkwhr os kppkshf tk t`h CeffnhTnhestkahih mnoaeon-eithrmnoaeon ayanhs0 (ag. Zomweji ?552<shh onsk Mocbnh ?551< Mocbnh, tès vknuch).

Ei kur sahiorek t`h 844,444 'wovh' rhprhshits t`h gerstkaaupoteki, vertuonny syia`rkikus t`rkum`kut Hurkph skut`kg t`h eaa s`hhts. Ei tès vehw Hurkph fkhs ikt shhc tk òvhprhshithf bem prkbnhcs tk t`h gerst kaaupoits, bh et phròpsei t`h ikrt`hri- oif hosthrickst ports. Vès ecomh kg oswegt kaaupoteki aoi vhry whnn bh t`h rhsunt kg t`h nkw

a`rkiknkmeaon rhsknuteki kg kur foteim cht`kfs gkr t`h

Ceffnh Tnhestkahih (os hkcporhf tk ?6A, w`ksh rhsknutekionnkws kur Ochreaoi aknnhomuhs tk eighr tòt Tonohkeifeoisaknkiezhf t`h hiterh Ihw ]krnf ei just o ghw ahiturehs:Chntzhr ?551). V`hsh oionkmuhs yehnf gosaeioteim t`kum`t-hxphrechits tòt òvh t`h offetekion ofvoitomh kg ckveimkur gehnf eitk t`h fkcoei kg kt`hr fesaepneihs stufyeim t`hcemroteki kg coccon sphaehs (ag. Mocbnh ?551).

]ènh t`ksh of`hreim tk (vorekus gkrcs kg) o nkima`rkiknkmy aoi colh t`h aosh gkr o vhry mrofuon ofoptotekiby Kut kg Ogreaois tk t`h wefh roimh kg Hurkphoi òbetots,kur s`krt a`rkiknkmy suppkrts oikt`hr vehw, o rot`hr gost(wetèi t`h tech rhsknuteki necets) ofoptoteki, kiah t`hy orhei tès aun fh sor kg t`h Huroseoi akiteihit tòt wh aonnHurkph. Ei tès rhsphat kur eithrprhtoteki gets vhry whnn eitko èm`ny puiatuothf a`rkiknkmy kg wòt Mocbnh (?551) òsrhahitny aonnhf "stoaaotk bursts kg aknkiezoteki", oskppkshf tk hornehr vehws kg `kceiefs nhoveim tàer Ogreaoi`kchnoif ei o snkw akiteiukus sprhof. Et es gkr sua`rhoskis tòt wa iaaf tk fesauss t`h hcpereaon vonuhs oifecpneaotekis kg t`h vorekus nkim oif s`krt a`rkiknkmehs. ]h

`kph tòt kur pophr aoi akitrebuth tk sua` oi 'upfoteim' kgt`h gerst 'Hurkphois'.

OalikwnhfmhchitsO gerst vhrseki kg tès pophr wos wretthi gkr o Hurkphoi

Qaehiah Gkuifoteki (HQG) ]krls`kp ki V`h HornehstKaaupoteki kg Hurkph, `hnf ot Voutovhn (Groiah), Ikvhcbhr?551 oif subshquhitny pubnes`hf ei t`h Qhpthcbhr ?556essuh kg Oitequety. Vès pophr es o snem`tny ckfegehfvhrseki kg t`h Oitequety kih. V`h HQG chhteim woskrmoieshf by t`h HQG Ihtwkrl ki V`h Tonohknetèa Kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: M. Bkseisle (aòercoi - Ihuwehf,Mhrcoiy), ]. Rkhbrkhls (saehitegea sharhtory - Nhefhi,V`h Iht`hrnoifs), A. Gorezy (Tores, Groiah), A. Mocbnh(Qkutòcptki, Xiethf Leimfkc), N. Norsski (Nuif, Qwhfhi),C. Cusse (Rkch, Etony), I. Trosnkv (Qt. Ththrburm, Russeo),N. Ropksk (Nesbki, Tkrtumon), C. Qoitkijo (Qonocoiao,Qpoei) oif O. Vuggrhou (Nennh, Groiah). V`h chcbhrs kg t`hIhtwkrl akccetthh cofh vonuobnh rhcorls ki t`h akithitkg kur pophr. ]h orh gurt`hr vhry mrothgun tk G.A. @kwhnn(Bhrlhnhy) oif O. Vurihr (Nevhrpkkn) oif R. Fhiihnn(Q`hggehnf) gkr t`her fhtoenhf akcchits ki oi hornehr frogtkg t`h pophr.




ikths

? Ei `hr rhahit top`kikceh stufy kg t`h Trhznhteah gouio, Qtkpp??556) onsk fef ikn geif oiy eifeaoteki kg ùcoi oatevety ot t`hseth.

2 V`h gerst out`kr woits tk hcpòsezh ès mrotetufh tkworfsFr Lorhn Wonkfe, w`k s`kwhf èc t`h Ckroveoi osshcbnomhswèth ei Brik. oif tkkl èc tk t`h Qtroislo slono seth. Fhspeth kursaehitegëa fesomrhhchin obkut t`h eithrprhtoteki kg skch osshcbnomhs E lhhp o vhry mkkf chckry kg tòt veset.

1 Oport grkc fesaussekis kvhr t`h prhshiah kg ùcois ei t`h HornyTnhestkahih ei tòt rhmeki t`hrh es o fesarhpoiay bhtwhhi t`h omhmevhi tk t`h gouion osshcbnomh grkc Whito Ceahio oif kt`hr seths[ (e en vi oif nus ak wkrlars ( ?,0 C^ e @n') oif t`h astecotas kg

Omuste ht on. (?50=), w`k tèil t`h Whito Ceahio osshcbnomh esobkut ?,2 Cyr knf.

6 V`h normhr coccon gouio rhghrrhf tk os 'Noth Wennogroiaèoi'coeiny akisests kg sk-aonnhf Monhreoi sphaehs, wet` o roimh eitk t`hnothr port kg t`h Arkchreoi-akcpnhx).

8 "Nhs pkufeimuhs \puffeimstkihS oggnhurhit portkut oennhurs< en

s'omen fh monhts rkunås, måiåronhchit mrkssehrs, skuvhit aonaoerhscoes porgkes mråshux, phnenequhs ku arestonneis, furhchit aechitåspor uih cotreah mråshush. Måiåronhchit akcpoats ht behi strote-nëas. ens sh pråshithit hi boias råmunehrs ovha porgkes fhs nhitennhsfh mrhs. fh toennh ht fh mroiunkcåtreh voreåhs" (Aòcomih?500:641).

7 Ockim kt`hrs. ]orrhi pubnes`hf fhsareptekis oif p`ktkmrop`skg tnolhf @eits gkuif bhnkw Hkahih bhfs (ot Mroys, Hsshx), wet`bkt` bunbs oif streleim pnotgkrcs. Qkch kg t`hsh hvhi whrhakijkeiobnh (h.m. ]orrhi ?524, Tnoth PW, 22:"T`ktkmrop` kg twkakijkeihf tnolhs s`kweim ikrcon prhssurh-aòroathrs", kr 21:"T`ktkmrop` kg gkur akijkeihf tnolhs, onsk s`kweim ikrconprhssurh-aòroathrs, bue 'strual' grkc oi opporhitny whnn-prhporhfpnotgkrc".

= Ogthr t`h pubneaoteki kg t`h Oitequety vhrseki kg tès pophr(shpthcbhr ?556) wh whrh eigkrchf kg t`h rhsunts kg ]èth's(?558) stufy kg t`h Nh Wonnkiht osshcbnomh, onsk strhsseim t`hobshiah kg troahs kg ùcoi oatevetehs ot tès seth.

Q Qua` fegghrhiahs akunf òvh rhsunthf ei oi hiverkichiton shtteimckrh govkurobnh nkr o cemroteki kg `kceiefs eitk Hurkph. V`hrhorh. `kwhvhr, ik anhor hiverkichiton aòimhs kbshrvobnh ei t`hshakif òng kg t`h Arkchreoi akcpnhx, ihet`hr ei t`h ponohkbktoieaon.t`h conoaknkmeaon kr t`h vhrthbroth rhakrf. Noth Ceckcys gouios(]hst Ruitki oif Wkemtsthft) oif horny Orveakno kihs (Bkxmrkvh,

Cehshi`hec E, Couhr) s`kw coiy secenoretehs oif ik feseeianfegghrhiahs ei t`her akcpkseteki. Onn t`hsh gouios eifeaoth ckrh krnhss akcporobnh hiverkichiton akifetekis.V`h goat tòt t`h opphoroiah kg Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio

akeiaefhs ckrh kr nhss wet` t`h eccemroteki kg Hnhpòs

(Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus oif @eppkpktocus fureim t`h nothArkchreoi (Wki Lkhiemswonf oif Woi Lkngsa`kthi, ei prhss)cem`t summhst tòt wh orh fhoneim wet` o leif kg gouion turikvhr .@kwhvhr, wh òvh tk rhonezh tòt kur a`rkiknkmeaon rhsknuteki gkr

tès tech roimh es goerny necethf. Kih kg t`h hornehst Orveakno gouioses t`h kih grkc Lornea` M (Ihuwehf Bosei, Mhrcoiy). V`h gouioes osskaeothf wet` orthgoats (Bkseisle, tès vknuch) oif ckstprkbobny foths grkc t`h troisetekion phrekf kg Mnoaeon A tk Eithr-mnoaeon EW kr grkc t`h hornehr port kg Eithrmnoaeon EW kg t`hArkchreoi akcpnhx (Woi Lkngsa`kthi oif Vurihr, ei prhss). V`hrhes mkkf hvefhiah tòt t`h gouio prhfoths t`h Eithrmnoaeon EWkptecuc wet` akifetekis govkurobnh gkr t`h eccemroteki kg Hnhpòs (T.) oitequus oif @eppkpktocus, wèa` ecpnehs tòt t`ht`rhh sphaehs ckst prkbobny fef ikt opphor secunnoihkusny.

Hvhi t`h Hnsthreoi mnoaeoteki (KEQ ?2;), t`h gerst mnoaeoteki eiwèa` t`h ikrt`hri ports kg ahitron oif ikrt`whsthri Hurkph whrhakvhrhf wet` einoif eah. fef ikt aoush o frocotea gnkron oif gouionturikvhr. Coiy sphaehs - eianufeim o iucbhr kg sconnhr coccons(Vonpo ceikr, Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre, Qkrhx (Frhpoikskrhx) sp.)

rhmorfhf os rhneats grkc t`h Horny Tnhestkahih - survevhf t`hHnsthreoi Mnoaeon. Kiny t`h normh aorievkrhs @kckt`hreuie.

Chmoithrhki, Toa`yarkauto phtrehre oif T. brhverkstres orh iktlikwi grkc pkst-Hnsthreoi fhpksets ei Ikrt`whsthri oif AhitronHurkph (Vurihr ?552). Rhahit stufehs kg t`h gouion rhcoeis grkct`h Rheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon (KEQ 5;) fhpksets ot Qa`ñieimhi (Coieo,tès vknuch) eifeaoth tòt Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre onsk survevhf t`h"mnoaeon" akifetekis bhtwhhi t`h @knstheieoi (KEQ ??;) oif t`hRheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon. V`hsh sphaehs bhaoch hxteiat fureim t`hihxt aknf phrekf, wèa` shporoths t`h Rheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon grkct`h Qa`÷ieimhi/Bhnvåfàrh Eithrmnoaeon (KEQ =;). V`h hxteiateki kgVrkmkit`hreuc auvehre akeiaefhs wet` oi oaahnhroteki kg t`hhvknuteki ei t`h hiochn fegghrhiteoteki ei t`h cknors kg Orveakno

thrrhstres, os eifeaothf by t`h gouion rhcoeis grkc Orehifkrg ?(Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?554). V`h Orehifkrg ? gouio (KEQ 0) eianufhs

Fearkstkiyx, Nhccus nhccus, Coccutùs, Akhnkfkito

oitequetotes oif 'Roimeghr toroifus (Woi Lkngsa`kthi ?55(?<Vurihr ?55?< Rkhbrkhls ht on. ?552), oif es kih kg t`h hornehstaknf stomh gouios wet` o akcpkseteki eifeaotevh gkr o "Cocckt`Qthpph" hiverkichit< t`h gouio es akcporobnh tk noth Qooneoi(KEQ 7) aknf stomh gouios grkc Qa`wheislkpg oif ]oiihi ei t`hIhuwehf Bosei (Mhrcoiy) oif tk noth ]hea`shneoi mnoaeon gouios.V`h Orehifkrg E gouio es eifeaotevh gkr t`h hornehst hxthiseki kg t`hCocckt` Qthpph tòt gor tk t`h whst, rkum`ny akeiaefeim wet` t`hgerst opphoroiah kg Coccutùs precemhieus, t`h eccemrot eki kgAkhnkfkito oitequetotes ei whsthri Hurkph oif skch aòimhs eit`h `krshs.



1?4 V@H HORN?HQV KAAXTOVEKI KG HXRKTH

rhghrhiahs

Oalhrcoi, Q. ?505

Oifrhws, J.V. ?501

Omuerrh, H. ?55?

Omuste, Q. Ckyo-Qkno, ?50=J. Tkis-Ckyo

Ozzorkne, O. ?5==

Ozzorkne, O., ?500A. Fh Meune,M. Geaaorhnne,F. Vkrrh

Hurkphoi prhèstkry mhts hvhi knfhr, Qaehiah 267, 20-14.

Q`krt eah omh 214.444 yhors omk; Ioturh 141, 2?-22.

Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeis fh no Tåieisunh Ebårequh. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhr-chhrsa` (hfs), Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?61-?84, Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

No suahseki fh Coceghrks hi hn Tnhestkahik eighrekr fh Hurkpo: prkpkseaeki fh uio iuhvohsaono bekhstrotemrogeao, Tonhkit. E Hvkn., Chc. Hsp. ?, 20=-258.

V`h Wennogroiaèoi stomh ei Etony oif t`h Tnek-Tnhestkahih bkuifory, M. Mhkn. 6?, 7?-=5.

Noth Tnekahih tk Cef-Tnhestkahih Coccons ei Huroseo: Gouion suaahsseki oif FesphrsonHvhits, Tonohkmhkmrop`y, Tonohkanecotk`my, Tonohkhaknkmy 77, ==-?44.

Bkiegoy, H.

Bkiegoy, H.,B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs)

Bkseisle, M.,

?50= Qknhenòa ?50=. Roppkrt fh gkuennhs. Corshennh: Nobkrotkerh fh Mhknkmeh fu _uothrioerh.

?55? Nhs prhcehrs eifustr ehs fu Quf-Hst fh no Groiah ht fu Cosseg-Ahitron. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oifB. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs), Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis, 71-04, Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

?55? Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis. Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: ]hsthri Ahitron Hurkph.vknuch

Bkunh, C.

Bkurfehr, G.,J. Aòneih,O.W. Cuiout,J.J. Tuesshmur

Burfulehweaz, J.C.,J. ]eiieale

Burfulehweaz

?52? Nhs @kcchs Gkssenhs. Hnåchits fh ponhkitknkmeh ùcoeih. Tores: Cosski.

?5=6 No trhs òuth iopph onnuveonh fh no Qkcch, Bunnhtei Oss. Groia. Ht. _uot. ??, ?1=-?61.

?'EQQ Vrzhbieao - Iojstorszh Qnofy Kbhaiksae Aznkwehlo io Zehceoa` Tknslea`. VkworzystwkCenksielñw Zehce Vrzhbiealehj.

?505 Ikwh Cothreony Tonhknetu Fknihmk Z Vrzhbieay, ]kj. ]rkanow. "Qenhseo Oitemuo" .

PPPE, 5-?=.

Aorbkihnn, H.,J.N. Orsuomo

Aorbkihnn. H.,P.T. Rkfremuhz

?552 Hxaurseki o nks yoaecehitks chskpnhestkahieaks fh no Qehrro fh Otopuhrao (Ebhos fh

Juorrks/Otopuhrao, Burmks). E Junek ?552. ]krls`kp Hvknuaeki @ucoio hi Hurkph y nks

yoaecehitks fh no Qehrro få Otopuhrao, Vorromkio.

?556 Horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih fhpksets oif orthgoats ei t`h Mroi Fkneio seth (VF6) kg t`h'Qehrro fh Otopuhrao' (Burmks, Qpoei), Jkurion kg @ucoi Hvknuteki 27, 25?-1??.

Aòneih, J. ?507 Akiteihiton Gouion Xiets kg t`h Tnek-Tnhestkahih kg Groiah, Chc. Qka. Mhkn. Et. 1?, ?=8-?01.

Aòcomih, B. ?500 Hiverkiihchit måknkmequh fh no mrktth fu Wonnkiht (Rkquhbruih-Aop-Cortei), N'Oit`rk-

pknkmeh 52, 155-647.



1??

Aòvoennki, J.

Anorl, J.F.

Akntkrte, C’

C. Arhcosaè,C.A. Fhnetono ht on.

Akkl, J.,A.B. Qtreimhr,O.T. [email protected]. Qa`woraz,O.M. ]eitnh

]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - O RHOTTROEQON KG V@H HWEFHIAH

?55? Nhs hishcbnhs netèquhs fh Aènòa EEE (@outh Nkerh): typknkmeh, setuoteki strotemropèquhht oionysh aretequh ht akcporotevh. Ei: H. Bkiegoy oif B. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs). Nhs

Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis, 0?-5?, Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

?580 V`h ioturon groaturh kg phbbnhs grkc t`h Botklo Mkrmh, Ikrt`hri R`kfhseo, oif ets bhoreimki t`h Loguoi eifustrehs kg Ogreao, Trkahhfeims kg t h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 26, 76-==.

?50? Rhvhrshf comihtea pknorety ot oi horny Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ei Ahitron Etony, Ioturh

144, ?=1-?=7.

?502 O rhvehw kg t`h a`rkiknkmy kg t`h Hurkphoi Ceffeh Tnhestkahih `kceief rhakrf, Uhor`kkl

kg T`yseaon Oit`rkpknkmy 28, ?5-78.

Fonnos. O. nnusvknuch

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Bonlois.

Fhnski, H.

Fhiihnn. R.

Fhsanoux, H.

Fzoporefzh, W.,M. Bkseisle,V. Bumeoiesvene ht on.

Ghjgor, K.,].F. @heirea`

Grefrea`, J.

Momihpoei, J.,

E. @hfnhy,

J.-J. Boòei,J.-J. ]omihr

Mocbnh, AQ.

?505 Knfhst Huroseoi stkih tkkns, Ioturh 164, 57.

?501 Hurkphoi Hakikceh Trhèstkry. O Ihw Opprkoa`. Nkifki: Oaofhceh Trhss.

?552o Nhs phtets vhrtà rhs o no Aouih fh n'Oromk (Voutovhn, Tyråiåhs Krehitonhs). Tonhkitknkmeh,

ponåkåaknkmeh, top`kikceh. V`hsh fh Fkatkrot. Tores: [email protected].

?552b Nhs phtets vhrtàbrhs fh no Aouih fh n'Oromk o Voutovhn, Bunnhtei fu Cusåh fOit`rkpknk-

meh pråèstkrequh fh Ckioak 18, 18-76.

?505 Fhr ontponoknetèsa`h Guifpnotz Fcoiese ei Mhkrmehi (Loulosus), Jo`rùa` fhs R÷cesa`-

Mhrcoiesa`hi Zhitroncushucs Coeiz 17, 7=-??7.

?50? Zur bekstrotemropèsa`hi Obmrhizuim uif Mnehfhruim fhs lkiteihitonhi _uortors eiHurkpo oi @oif vki Orveaknefhi (Rkfhiteo, Cocconeo), Kaknkmoh mhkn. @hnv. =6 (1),55=-?447.

?505

?55?

?552

?551

?556

tès

vknuch

Trhznhteah: O nkwhr ponohknetèa seth ei Ahitron Bk`hceo (Hxaovotekis ?575-?508).

Tromoh: Cushuc Iotekionh Tromoh.

V`h knfhst Tonohknetèa stkih eifustry grkc t`h Bhrkui èm`woy akcpnhx, Oitrkpkzkeluc

24, ???-?20.

Htufh comihtkstrotemropèquh fu seth fh Ao'Bhnvhfhrh fe Ckith Tkmmeknk (Gkrne, Etoneì), htfh ski akithxth strotemropèquh. Trhcehrs råsuntots. Ei: A. Thrhttk (hf.), / Trece Oèeoite

fhnto Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk, 1?5-118, Cenoik: Joao Bkkl.

Vechwonlhrs. V`h Trhèstkry kg Mnkbon Aknkiezoteki. T`khiex Cenn-Qtrkuf-Mnkuahstèrh: Onoi.

Vech gkr Bkxmrkvh coi, Ioturh 175, 2=8-2=7.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h hiverkichiton boalmrkuif.

Mebhrt. J. (hf.) ?552 Trhshiaeo ùcoio hi hn Tnhestkahik eighrekr fh Mroiofo y Curaeo. Mroiofo: Cushk fhTrhèstkreo.




Men, H.,A. Qhsh

?55? Ceffnh Tnhestkahih sconn coccons grkc Otopuhrao (Burmks, Qpoei). Ei: Fototekis ht

Aòroatårezotekis fhs Cenehux Tnåestkaàihs. Oaths fu Qycpkseuc ?? ht ?= fh no nnàch

R.Q.V. Anhrckif Ghrroif ?507. Aoèhrs fu _uothcoerh ?7, 11=-16=.

MRET (Mrkhinoif Eah-akrh Trkjhat)Chcbhrs

?551 Anecoth eistobenety fureim t`h nost eithrmnoaeon phrekf rhakrfhf ei t`h MRET eah akrh, Ioturh 176, 241-24=.

Mut`, A.,

J. Aòvoennki

?508 Fåakuvhrth, hi ?506, fh ikuvhoux kutens ponåknetèquhs o Aènòa EEE, (@outh Nkerh), Bun

nhtei Qka. Tråèst. groia. 02, 87-76.

@hfbhrm, @.F. ?5=7 Eithriotekion strotemropèa muefh. O muefh tk strotemropèa anossegeaoteki. thrceiknkmy oif

prkahfurh. Ihw Ukrl: Jkì ]enhy oif Qkis.

Jhoiiht, C. ?5=5 Ikth sur quhnquhs hnhchits fh cearkgouih rhaus hi ?5=5, Ikuv. Ora`. Cushuc f'@estkerh

Ioturhnnh fh Nyki ?=, 85-76.

Losoitshvo, I.H. ?50= Tonhkmhkmrogeahsleh usnkvejo kbetoiejo iezihpnhjstkahikvyx goui chnlex cnhlkpetojusaex

bosshjio srhfihmk Fkio. Fesshrtoteki, Xievhrsety kg Cksakw, Cksakw.

Lkhiemswonf. ]. vki,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

ei prhss V`h Ceckcys-Orveakno bkuifory oif t`h hiochn tèalihss qukteìit (QF_) kg Orveakno

os strotemropèa corlhrs ei t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Trkahhfeims kg t h QH_Q Arkchr

sycpkseuc ?554.

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi ?554 V`h hvknuteki kg t`h coccon gouio ei t`h Iht`hr noifs oif t`h ceffnh Rèih Orho(]hsthri Mhrcoiy) fureim t`h noth Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Chfhf. Rejls Mhkn. Fehist 61 (1),?-75.

?551 Ki t`h kremei kg t`h Ceffnh Tnhestkahih normhr vknhs, _uothriory Eithriotekion ?5, 6=-84.

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi,H. Vurihr

ei prhss Horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih cocconeoi gouios grkc Leernea` oif Cehshi`hec E oif t`herbekstrotemropèaon ecpneaotekis, Trkahhfeims kg t`h QH_Q Arkchr Qycpkseuc ?554.

Lkznkwsle, J.L. ?552 Nhs prhcehrs òbetoits fh ?'Hurkph ahitronh ht kreìitonh. Ei: A. Thrhttk (hf.), / Trece

Oètoite fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk Ihn _uofrk fhnnh Akiksahizh Hurkphh, 75-5? , Cenoik: Joao Bkkl.

Lrhtzke, C. ?578 Feh Iomhr uif Nomkckrp`hi vki Wkemtsthft ei V`þreimhi uif e`rh a`rkiknkmesa`h Ous-somh, Tonhkitknkmesa`h O`òeunnuimhi 2 (1), 80=-774.

Lrhtzke. C..C. Tåase

?5=5 Tnekahih oif Tnhestkahih fhvhnkpchit oif a`rkiknkmy kg t`h Toiikieoi Bosei, Oato Mhkn.

Oaof. Qa. @uim. 22, ?-6, 1-11.

Nholhy, C.

Nesthr, O.

?506 Fesankseim V`h Tost. Oi Outkèkmrop`y. Ihw Ukrl: Fkubnhfoy & Aeh.

?552 Cocconeoi gkssens oif quothriory bekstrotemrop`y, _uothriory Qaehiah Rhvehws ??, 125-166.

Njubei, W.,M. Bkseisle

tèsvknuch


Nucnhy, @. fh

Nucnhy, @. fh,O. Gkuriehr,J. Lrzhplkwslo.O. Haòsskux

?500 No strotemropèh fu rhcpnessomh fh no mrktth fu Wonnkiht, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, 64=-620.

?500 N'eifus treh fu Tnhestkahih eigårehur fh no mrktth fu Wonnkiht, Rkquhbruih-Aop-Cortei,Onphs-Coretechs, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 52, 84?-7?6.



1?1 ]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - O RHOTTROEQON KG V@H HWEFHIAH

Nucnhy, @. fh,O. Gkuriehr.U.A. Torl.U.Uklkyoco,O. Fhckuy

Col'/. C.

Coieo, F..

?506

?5=7

tèsvknuch

Qtrotemropèh fu rhcpnessomh pnåestkaàih ckyhi fh no Aouih fh ?'Oromk o VoutovhnÅtufh fh ùet aorkttomhs hgghatuås fh ?50? o ?501, N'Oit`rkpknkmeh 00, 8-?0.

Hxaovoteki kg t`h Wennotroiaèoi seth Qoifonjo E ihor Tuno (Uumksnoveo). Ei: L. Wonka` (hf.), Nhs prhceàrhs eifustrehs fh n'Hurkph. EPh Akimrhs XEQTT, Aknnkmuh WEEE, ?46-?21, Ieah.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Hnbh-Qoonh Rhmeki (Mhrcoiy).

CaT`hrrki, O.,W. Qa`cefn

Chnt/hr, F.J.

Chunhi, O.J. voi fhr

Cusen, R.,

L. Wonka`

Cusse. C.

Kbhiioehr, @.

Thrhttk, A. (hf.).

Ropksk, N.

Ropksk, N.,C. Qoitkijo

Royion, J.T.,N. Comkmo.?'. Beifkee

Rkbhrts, C.B.

?501

?551

?5=1

?570

?552

tèsvknuch

?5?2

?552

?508

nnnes

vknuch

tèsvknuch

Rkbhrts, C.B..A.B. Qtreimhr,Q.O. Torgett

?507

?55(?

?556

Tonhkcomihtea foteim ot Eshrieo no Teihto. Ei: A. Thrhttk, A. Vhrzoie oif C. Arhcosaè(hfs), Eshrieo no Teifo, ui oaaocpochitk pei oiteak fe =44.444 oiie, 7=-75, Bknkmio:Aonfhreie.

Tehestkahih Thkpneim kg t`h Ochreaos, Hvknutekiory Oit`rkpknkmy ?, ?8=-?75.

Ceffeh Tehestkahih Qconnhr Coccons trkc t`h Ckith (Krvehtk, Etony) wet` Qphaeon Rhghrhiahtk t`h T`ynkmhiy kg Cearktus (Orveaknefoh, Rkfhiteo), _uothrioreo PWEE, ?-?66.

Qtroislo slono. nts choieim gkr Tehestkahih Qtufehs, Aurrhit Oit`rkpknkmy 5, 816-815.

// Tonhkneteak h en Chskneteak ei Etoneo. Bknkmio: Qtenus.


Fhr Chisa` fhr Wkrzhet. Bhrnei: Onnmhcheih Whrnoms-Mhshnnsaògt.

/ Trece Obetoite fhnno Wonnh Tofoio: Ckith Tkmmeknk Ihn _uofrk fhnnh Akiksahizh

Hurkphh. Cenoik: Joao Bkkl.

Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur oraòëquh ou Tkrtumon. Benoi fhs akiioessoiahs. Bunnhtei Qka.

Trå`. groia. 02(7), ?=1-?04.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Ebhreoi Thieisuno.

Vhp`rkgoats oif t`h gerst ùcoi kaaupoteki kg t`h Grhia` Cosseg Ahitron.

Hxaovoteki kg t`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa seth ot Ochy's Hortòc Tet, Bkxmrkvh, ]hst Qusshx:O prhneceiory rhpkrt, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 82, 2?8-268.

"Ochy's Hortòc Tet. Bkxmrkvh". Ei: A. Vurihr (hf.). Gehnf H.xaurseki Muefh Bkkl, V`hArkchr Qycpkseuc Ikrwèa` ?554, QH_Q, 72-==, Aocbrefmh.

O `kceief tebeo trkc Ceffeh Tehestkahih shfechits ot Bkxmrkvh, XL, Ioturh 175, 1??-1?1.

Rkbhrts, C.B.,AQ. Mocbnh,F.R. Brefmnoif

tès V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: t`h Bretes` Esnhs.vknuch




Rkhbrkhls, ].,I.J. Akiorf.V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

?552 Fhish Gkrhsts, Aknf Qthpphs oif t`h Tonohknetèa Qhttnhchit kg Ikrt`hri Hurkph . Aurrhit


Rkhbrkhls, ].,V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

tès V`h Voutovhn wkrls`kp: oi eitrkfuateki.vknuch

Rknnoif. I. En9')2 V`h Tonohknetèa Aknkiezoteki kg Hurkph : Oi Oraòhknkmeaon oif Bekmhkmropèa Thrspha-

tevh, Vrobojks fh Trhèstkreh! 65, 75-???.

Qono, B. ?501 No Gouio fhn meoaechitk fe Eshrieo No Teihto. Ei: A. Thrhttk, A. Vhrzoie oif C. Arhcosaè(hfs), `hrieo no Teihto, ui oaaocpochitk peu oiteak fe =44.444 oiie, =?-=5, Bknkmio:Aonfhreie.

Qono. B..G. Coseie.M. Geaaorhnne,N. Rkkl.F. Vkrrh

?552 Coccon fesphrson hvhits ei t`h Ceffnh oif Noth Tnhestkahih kg Etony oif ]hsthri HurkphAkurehr gkrsa`.-nist. Qhialhibhrm ?81, 85-70 .

Qono. B..

C. Gkrthneus

?551 V`h rèikahrkshs kg Eshrieo No Teihto (horny Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Qkut`hri Etony), Tonohki

tkmropèo Etoneao 04, ?8=-?=6.

Qoitkijo. C. ?552 No ofoptoaeki on chfek hi hn Tonhkneteak eighrekr fh no Thieisuno ebåreao. Hnhchitks porouio rhgnhxeki. Ei: O. Ckurh Rkcoiennk (hf.), Hnhgoiths, aehrvks y kveaopreiks, 1=-=8,Qoitoifhr: Xiev. fh Aoitobreo.

Qoitkijo, C.,T. Wenno

?554 V`h Nkwhr Tonohknetèa kg Qpoei oif Tkrtumon, Jkurion kg ]krnf Trhèstkry 6, 68-56.

Qaèal, L.F..E). Zùoi

?551 Horny Tonhknetèa kg Aèio oif Hosthri Oseo, Hvknutekiory Oit`rkpknkmy 2, 22-18.

Qknnos, ].J. ?5??, Oiaehit @uithrs oif t`her Ckfhri Rhprhshitotevhs. Nkifki : Coacennoi. 2if hfi?526 ?526.

Qtkpp, C. ?556 Horny @ucoi Ofoptoteki ei t`h Ikrt`hri @hcesp`hrh oif t`h Oionytea Ecpneaotekis kg

Vop`kikcy. T`F V`hses Aocbrefmh (Himnoif): Xievhrsety kg Aocbrefmh.

Qwes hr A A ,M.@. Aurtes,E'. Joakb.O.M. Mhtty,O. Quprejk,]efeosckrk


Vhrzho, H., ei prhss Cocconeoi hvhits ei t`h _uothriory kg Rkcoieo oif akrrhnotekis wet` anecoteaa`rkiknkmy kg ]hsthri Hurkph, Oato zkkn. aroakv.

Vèhch, @.,B. Xrboi,F. Coieo.V. voi Lkngsa`kthi

?551 Qa`÷ieimhi (Ikrfòrzvkrnoif) . Heih ontponoknetèsa`h Guifsthnnh ous fhc cettnhrhiHeszhetonthr, Ora`fknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhizbnott 21, ?6=-?71.

V`kuvhiy, I.,H. Bkiegoy

?506 Ihw a`rkiknkmeao n foto ki Hurkphoi Tnek-Tnhestkahih gouios oif `kceief kaaupotekiseths, Ioturh 140, 188-180.



1?8

Vuggrhou, O.

Vuggrhou, O..T. Oitkeih

Vurihr. O.

]EN RKHBRKHLQ OIF V@EJQ WOI LKNGQA@KVHI - O RHOTTROEQON KG V@H HWEFHIAH

?50=

tèsvknuch

?552

Nh Tonåknetèquh eigårehur ht ckvhi fu Ikrf fh Eo Groiah (Ikrf Tos-fh-Aonoes, Teaorfeh)

fois ski aofrh strotemropèquh. V`hsh Fkatkrot f'Htot Xievhrsetå fh Nennh, Nennh.

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Akiteihiton Ikrt`whsthri Hurkph.

Normh aorievkrhs oif hornehst Hurkphoi `kceiefs: aòimeim fhthrceioits kg rhskurahovoenobenety fureim t`h Nkwhr oif Ceffnh Tnhestkahih, Jkurion kg@ucoi Hvknuteki 22,

?45-?27.

Vurihr, H.

Wonka`. L.

?55? Tnhes tkahih strotemrop`y oif vhrthbroth gouios grkc t`h Ihuwehf Bosei rhmeki kg ]hsthriMhrcoiy, Arorþuc 0, 2? -16.

?5=2 Mob hs heih ontponoknetèsa`h Bhsehfnuim fhr Qtroislo slono; Ei: R. Cusen (hf.), Qtrfislf

slono E ?5?4-?568 (Oit`rkpks 24 \I.Q. ?2S), ?55-246, Brik: Ckrovslå Cushuc.

?506 Horny Tonohknetèa ei Ckroveo, Azha`ksnkvoleo, Trkahhfeims kg t`h Trhèstkreh Qkaehty 84,71-75.

?50=

?55?

tèsvknuch

V`h Horny Tonohknetèa Qeth Qtroislo Qlono E ihor Brik (Azha`ksnkvoleo), Oit`rkpknkmeh

PPW (2), ?28-?62.

Nhs prhcehrs phupnhchits ùcoeis hi Ckroveh (Va`åaksnkvoqueh). Ei: H. Bkiegoy oifB. Woifhrchhrsa` (hfs). Nhs Trhcehrs Hurkpåhis, ?05-?56, Tores: Hfetekis fu [email protected].

V`h hornehst kaaupoteki kg Hurkph: Hosthri Ahitron oif Qkut`hosthri Hurkph.

Wknnbrha`t. J. ?552 Fos Ontponfknetèluc ous fhi uithrhi Qaèa`thi ei Lornea`. Comesthrorbhet, XievhrsetotL÷ni, L÷ni.

]orrhi. Q.@. ?524 O Ioturon 'Hknet`' Goatkry bhihot` t`h Vòiht Qoif. _uorthrny Jkurion Mhkn. Qka. =7,210-281.

]èth, A. ?558 No Mrktth fu Wonnkiht: Hvefhiah kg Horny @kceief Oatevety kg Ioturon Trkahsshs; Tophrprhshithf ot t`h Tonohknetèa-Chsknetèa foy chhteim. Bretes` Cushuc Nkifki, Cora` ?=t`

?558.

]urmhs, L.

Zomweji, ].@.

?507 Orthgolth ous fhi onthsthi _uortorshfechithi (Qaèa`thi O-A) fhr Vkimrubh Lornea`,Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz/Ihuwehfhr Bhalhi, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz nott ?7, ?-7.

?55? Ihuh ontponoknetèsa`h Guifh ous fhr Vkimrubh Lornea`, Lrhes Coyhi-Lkbnhiz/IhuwehfhrBhalhi, Oraòknkmesa`hs Lkrrhspkifhiz`nott 2?, 665-688.

?508 Oi kutneih kg t`h _uothriory strotemrop`y kg t`h Iht`hrnoifs, Mhknkmeh hi Cejibkuw 76,?=-26.

?552 V`h bhmeiieim kg t`h Eah Omh ei Hurkph oif ets cojkr subfevesekis, _uothriory Qaehiah

Rhvehws ??,801-85?.

]en Rkhbrkhls oif Vèjs voi Lkngsa`kthi

Goaunty kg Trh- oif Trktkèstkry

Nhefhi Xievhrsety

T.K. Bkx 58?8

2144 RO Nhefhi

V`h Iht`hrnoifs



1 ?= MHIHRON EIFHP

mhihron eifhx

Obbhvenneoi ?1,2?, ?84,271

Obehs 1=, 54, 208

Oaoit`kfoatynus aretrurus ?0

Oahr aocphstrh 5?

Oahr ckisphssunoiuc 54

Oahr pshufkpnotoius a'n

Oa`hunhoi =, 5, ??-2?, 16-64, 86, =0, 08. 5=, ?25. ?6=, ?60, ?84-

?82, ?88, ?87, ?85, ?=7-?=0, ?0?, ?02, ?50, 244, 240, 245, 2?5,

22=-268, 28=-274, 271-278, 141

Oaeauno fenuveoio 54

Oaeikiyx 0

Ofeoitùc phfoitùc 217

Ohmkpes vhrteaennus 0=. 00, 5?. 58

Ogreao ?, 1, 6, =, 15-6?, ?10, 205, 254

Omuhfo revhr 5, ??

Omuerrh, H. 0

Omuste, J. 145

Oilhi. C.J. ?.2

Olaomyn `krezki 7?Onomñi-Jhrths ?1, ?5

Onoslo 201

^nboieo 86

Onahs ???. ??8

Onahs aeXa.s 22=

Onaa.s notegrkis ??8

onfhr58, ?=?,2?1,224,210

Onhatkres 8?

Onhatkres mrohao 8?

Chithjk (

¼

Ongocbro revhr ?2

onmoh ?65

Onmorvh 5-?2, ?0

Onmhreo ?5,6?Oneolcki 86

Onechi, @. ?5, 278

Onnoatomo 210

Onnhrkf Eithrstofeon 24?

Onnehr ?25, ?1?

Onnkareahtus 2?1

Onnkareahtus bursoh 10, 82, 88

Onnkpòekcys (sha Cearknus / OnnkpòekcysS)

Onius 1=

Onius mnuteikso 5?

Onius verefes =0

Onpeorao ?1,24,2?

Onpeih Tonohknetèa 221

Onpeih shquhiah 2??

Onps6?, ?41

Ocbnàvh ?6=

Ocehis ?84

oceiksnronemrop`y ?7=, 2=2

Ocpèbeo 52, 58, 224, 211

Ocpèsbohiefoh 288

ocpnetufh kn' hnecotea ayanhs 208

oiotkceaonny ckfhri ùcois 288, 2=?

Oiaùso 2?1

Oifonuseo1, 5-??, ?0

Oifhrshi, Q.@. ?58

oifhseth =0, ?7=, 240, 245, 222, 210

Oifrhws, T. ?=6

Oimneoi ?78-?02, 20? , 208, 144

Oikfkito pesaeiones 7?

Oishr oishr 8?

oithnkph 288, 200

Oit`rkpkzkeluc 7=

Oitkeih, T. 2, 250

Ophiieihs 2=, 20, 14

Opkfhcus 11, 10, 82, 88, 52, 58. ??6

Opkfhcus fkceiois 2?1

Opkfhcus gnoveaknnes ?5

Opkfhcus (Lostkrcys) cystoaeius 82

Opkfhcus synvoteaus ?0. ??2

Opshrki `krezki/noyhrs 7?, 2?4, 2??Oraòit`rkphs 226

Oraèfeslkfki (shh Coccutùs)

Oratea Kahoi ?51

ormeneth 210

Ormennh Ozzurrh 25

Orchieo 240, 245

Orui ?=?

orveaknefs 214

Orvhrikahrks orfhe 268

Orveakno ?=6, 144, 141, 148, 147, 145

Orveakno aoiteoio (shh Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio)

Orveakno cksòa`hises (shh onsk Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio) 0, ?0,

14, 17, 142

Orveakno sopefus ?5, 148 Orveakno thrrhstres 11, 17, ?48, ?75, 22=, 142, 148, 145

Orveakno thrrhstres aoiteoio 0, 17, 82, 88, 00, 52, 58, 57, ?48, ?47,

???, ??2, ??6, ??8, ?2?, ?=?, ?=6, ?=8, ?0?, 26?, 142, 146,

148, 14=, 145

Os`tki, I. ?=0, ?02

os`trhh 210

Oseo Ceikr 278

Oskv Qho 2?8

Osthroahoh =0

Otonår ==

Onhnno Bosei 17

otnoitea (anecoth) 0=, 5?. ??8

Otnos 288

Oumusth, T. 20?Ountfu Chsien, M. fh ?84

Ourhneoi Gkrcoteki 11, 10, 15, 6?

Ouremioaeoi =0

ourka`s 18, 17

Oustroneo2=?,205

Oustronkpet`haus rocefus 25?

Oustreo =7

http://lbania/

http://lbania/

http://lbania/




Ovhs 52

Ovrh revhr ?84, ?8?

Oyt`yo ghreio 8?

Ozhao chilhoio 0=, 00, 54, 5?, 57

OzkXone, ??=

Ozknno geneaunkefhs 54, 58

Ozzorkne, O. 141

boalhf-liegh 18, 52, ?8=

Bomeitki-Nenneimtki Mrovhn ?7=, ?75, ?=?Boëssos, T. 1?

Bolu `krezki 7?

Bolu troismrhsseki 226

Bonlois 8?, 8=

Bontea ?51

Bontea gneit 56

Bontea troismrhssseki 244, 24?

Borysielkv, M.G. 216

bosont ==, ?14, ?12, ?11, ?10, ?64, 240, 224, 276

Bossh-Ouvhrmih ?25

bot 224

Boths, C.R. 2=2

Bovhneoi 144

Boyh, J. fh 240

bhor14, 1?,18, 2?5,216

bhor aunt 221, 226

bhovhrs10, ??2, ?51,216

bhha`10, =0, 224, 21?,210

Bhnmeuc ?85, ?78

Bhnmroifeo mhrcoieao 5?

Bhrbhrefeki 00, 5?

Bhrbhres vunmoreo 5?

Bhrm, O. vki ?45

Bhreimeoi 201

Bhtueo ?82

Bhnueo ùcenes =0

Bhtueo pubhshhis =0, 5?

Bhtueo tkrbukso =0

Bhtueo vhrruakso =0

Bebhrski, T. =, ?5, 288

Bebus, H. ??6

begoahs =, ??-?1, ?8-?5, 2?, 11, =0, ?45, ??=, ?2?, ?1?, ?84, ?82-

?86. ?87, ?7=, ?75-?=?, ?=6, ?=0, ?0?, ?02,244-242,245,224-

222, 228, 22=, 225-212, 210, 215, 28=-285, 276, 278

- ocymfonkefs 1? , ?60, ?8?, ?85, ?5=, 245, 224

- akrfegkrchs 24, ?=?,210

- noiaåknås 24, ?60, ?85, 224

- necoifhs ?84, ?8?, ?=?,245

-kvoths ?60, ?84, ?=?,224,278

- pkeithf gkrcs 52

- twesthf kvoths 278

- os (Nhvonnkes) akrhs ?82, ?86

Beòreoi 17, =4, =8, ?47, 144, 142, 146

bekstrotemrop`y ?46-?47. ?15, ?75, ?=?, ?=8, 2?? , 2?2, 211, 261,

288, 2=8, 25=, 144, 147

bekzkioteki 245, 200, 144, 14?

bera` =0, 58, ?56, 2?1, 224, 210

berf 10, =7, 58, 224, 22=, 225, 211, 288

Bes`kp, C.J. ?77

Beski 14, 1?, 11, 17, 10, 8? , 58, ?45, ???, ??=, ??5, ?2?, ?51 ,2?8

225, 204, 141

Beski presaus 0, ?5, 8=, 52, ?65, ?51, ?56, 244, 210

Beski sa`khthisoale 0, 14, 1?, ??8, 226, 26?, 266, 141

Bnoal Gkrhst ?46

Bnoal Qho 7?, 71, 76, 24=-2??,2?8, 22=, 205

Bnoia, O.A. 1=

Bk`hceo 70, 75, =7Bk`hceoi Cosseg 7=

Bkiegoy, H. ?,205,25=,147

Bkiegoy, C.-G. 1?

Bkrfhs, G. =, ?5, ?84, 224

bkrhrs18, ==, ???, ?8=

Bks 11, 8?,58, ?45, ???, ??=, ?2?,2?1

Bks hnotus ?65

Bks htrusaus ?65

Bks precemhieus ?1, ?5, 1?-11, 17, 82, 52, ?87, ?==

Bkseisle, M. ?,2,6, ?14,146

Bkunh, C. 25=

Bkurbkiioes ?25, ?1?, ?12

Bkurfehr, G. ?82, ?88

Bkvefoh 0

bkvefs1?,56, 58, ??1, ??6. ??=. ?82. ?87,204,200

Bkwhi, F._. ?=2, ?=5

brhaaeo ?=6

Brhuen, @, ?1, ?5, 1=, ?84, 271

Brefmnoif, F.R. ?02

Breia`-Ththrshi, H. 2

Bretoei/Bretes` Esnhs ?78-?02

Brik =1, 146, 140

Brk`n ?41

Brkcch Aunturh 24?

Brkrup ?56, 242

brkwi `kribnhifh ?47, ???, ??2

Brui`hs ?0, 25, 70, =0, ?60, ?65, 207, 20=

Brui`hs/Cotuyoco bkuifory 6, ?2, 14, 1?, 7=, =4, =1, =8, =0, ?48

?47, ?45, ?60, 2??, 226, 285, 275, 2=1, 2=6

Brykp`ytoh 5?

Bubonus currhises 52

Bubk 8?

Bufo eifustry ==

Bugk bugk 52

burei 17, ==, 276

burit bkihs =5, ==

buta`hreim 15, ?=?, ?=5

Butèhrox pkuneoie 8?

Buxus 57

Buxus shcphrverhis 00, 5?

Bytòc Qoifs ?7=

Aofez=, ?0,2?

aoennkutes 271

Aonobreo64, 6?

Aonobreoi ?2

Aonlo2?1

Aonke, N. 11

aocp seth 57



X5 MHIHRON EIFHP

Aoifkio oimunoto 56

Aoiefoh 1?, 288

Aoies 2?1

Aoies htrusaus ?0, 266, 268

Aoies nupus 210

Aoies nupus nuihnnhises 216

Aoies nupus cksboa`hises 8? , 82, 88, 8=, 52, ??2, ??6, ?6=

Aoitobreo0, ?4, ??, ?5

Aopro 0, 8?, 2?8(',//9/•>/ aouaoseao 22=, 225, 216, 210

Aopro ebhx coahfkieao 82

Aopro pyrhioevo 0

Aoprhknus aoprhknus 0. ?5, 11, 8=, 52, 58, ??2, ?2?, ?65, 225, 210

Aoprhknus seesshibkrihises ??8

Aoiþvkro 0, 18, 81, ??6. ?87,288

Aorpotèois fn

('orpeius 10

Aorpeius krehitones 210

Aorrå, G. ?18

Aoryo 215

Aospeoi Qho 7?, 24=, 245, 2??, 205

Aosthnnñi ?8

Aostkr ??8

('ostkr gebhr 52. 56. 58, ??2. ??6, ?51, 225

aot 200

Aotonkieo ?8

Aouaoseoi turlhy 216

Aouaosus E. 6. 2?, 7?, 21?, 278, 254, 148

('oufo fapksens 2? E

aovh bhor 216, 204

aovhseth 24=,240, 2?5-261

Ahfrus 1=. 217. 210

Ahntes 54, a¼8-n9=. ?40. ??=.2?8

Ahntes oustrones 00. 5?

Ahntes mnobroto 2?1

Ahikzkea 288

Ahpoho veifkbkihises 00. 5?

('hrotkt`hreuc 288

Ahrotktnthreeec sìuc 280

ahrhons =0

Ahrvefoh 0. 14

ahrvefs 81, 56

Ahrvus ?45, 2?1, 268

Ahrvus bhnmroife ?6')

Aarvus aoiofhises ?65

('hrvus (Foco) skckihises ?65

Ahrvus hnopùs 0. ?1, ?8, ?5, 11, 10, 8? , 82, 8=, 52, 58, ??2, ??=,

?2?, ?65, ?82. ?87, ?51, 22=, 225, 216, 210

('hrvus hnopùs oakrkiotus ??8, 26?

('hrvus ihstee 268, 141

('hrvus phrrehre 268

Ahrvus sknenoaus ?65

Aònaefequh 8?

Aòro5^

aòrakon ?5.75,==,=0

('òreths aovo 5?

Aòrkp`ynoh 05

Aòvoennki, J. ?10,147

A`hnnhoi 271

A`hikpkfeoahoh =0, 2?1

a`hrt =1, =8, =7, ??5, ?2?

a`hstiut 2?1, 224

Aèkikcys muf 225

aèshn-sòphf nkke 52

a`kpphrs ?6, 15, 64, 86, 8=, 7=, 70, =6, =8, ==-=5, 52, ?40, ?1?, ?18,

?1=. ?64, ?85, 224, 222, 22= , 141, 147a`kppeim-tkkns ?6, 25-11, 18, 17, 15. 86, 8=, 7?, =7, ==, =5, 52, 58,

?1?, ?18, 224, 222, 22=, 280, 141 , 147

A`rkifreio anehito aouaoseao 26?

A`rkifruno trefhis 26?

Aea`kreoahoh =0

Anoatkieoi ?1, 1? , 64, 08, ?85, ?=7-?=5, ?0?, ?02, ?58, ?5=, 225,

271, 276, 204

Anorl, J.F. 250

anhovhrs =, ?4, ??, ?7, ?8-24, 7=, 75, =0, ???, ??5, ?2?, 245, 224,

22=, 216, 210, 264, 26?, 266, 280, 271-278, 141

Anht`rekikcys 14

Anht`rekikcys mnorhknus 52, 58, ??2

anub-nelh tkke 52

Aka`nkfeio akstoto 58

Aka`nkfeio noceioto 1=, 56

Akhnkfkito oitequetotes 56, ?48, ?56, 145

Akna`hsthr ?=6

Aknaès 226, 212, 217, 148

Aknaès rhgumeuc 240, 245, 21?, 212

aknhkpthro ?7=

Aknneio-Merorf, J. ?16

Aknih ?=6

Aknkcboiehi ?85

aknkiezoteki ?==, 2=5, 202, 206, 207, 205, 14=, 140

Aknucbo neveo 8?

Aknucbo khios 8?

Aknucbo ponucbus 8?

Akcbehr, J. 2

Akcckit, W. ?65-?8?

Akiwoy, B.]. 204

Akpphis, U. ?

Akrbeauno gnuceiones 76, 0=, 00, 52, 56

Akrfy, J.-C. ?84, ?87,200

akrhs 14, 17, 7=, ==, =0, 54, 52, 56, 58, ?45-???, ??6, ??8, ?11, ?60.

?8?-?86, ?=?, ?02, ?5= ,245 ,2?1 ,2?8- 2?0,2 24,2 22,22 7,22 5,

28=, 280, 271, 276

Akrgu 86

Akrius cos 5?

Akrvus akrox 8?

Akrynus 0=

Akrynus ovhnnoio 5?

Aktkihosnhr eithmhrrecus 5?

Arotohmus 5?

Arotohmus phitomyio 54

Arhcosaè, C. 64

Arhtoahkus ?=?. ?=0

Arkoteo 7=, =0

Arkauto 288




Arkauto arkauto ?65

Arkauto arkauto phtronkioh 82

Arkauto arkauto prohsphnoho 82, 88

Arkchreoi 7=, 70, =4, =8, =7, =5, ??=. ?6?, ?6=, ?80, ?78, ?77, ?70,

?=?, ?=6, ?=8, ?==, ?51, 250, 142, 148, 147, 145

arykchrhs 216, 217

arystonneih rkal 52

Aubul, M. 54

Auki 8?, 210

Auki onpeius 11

Auki presaus 0, 82, 88

Aurtes, W. 18

autcorls==, ?0?, ?55

Ayoikp`ysåhs ?65

Ayot`ho 210

Ayphroahoh5?, ?56, 2?1

Ayprefhes netkrones 56

Azha` Rhpubnea 7=

Foco ?5.14. 8?.82,52, ???

Foco foco 8=. ?87. ?51, 244

Foco foco anoatkieoio 0, 1?, 11, 10, ?=0

Foco ihstee (shh Ahrvus ihstee)

Foconesaus 288Foiubh ==, 0=, ?41

Fornos, O. 2

foteim 275-2=8

- 6

"Oe=wOr 1, ?47-?40, ?64, 275, 2=4, 2=8

- oaahnhrotkr coss sphatrkchtry (OCQ) 2=4

- onuceieuc-27 2=4

- oceik-oaef mhka`rkiknkmy ?7=, ?75. ?=7. ?=0. ?=5. ?02, 2=6

oceik-oaef roahcezoteki (OOR) ?8, 14, 17, ?=2, 275, 2=2

- bhrynneuc-?4 2=4

- bekstrotemrop`y ?46-?47, ?15, ?75, ?=?, ?=8, 2?? , 2?2, 211,

261, 288, 2=8, 25=, 144, 147

aonaeuc-6? 275,2=4

- a`nkreih-17 2=4

- hnhatrki spei rhskioiah (HQR) 25, 14, 16, 54, ?24, ?60, ?84,

?8?, ?85, ?=2, 280, 275, 2=2, 2=8, 147

- gesseki troal 1, 10, 275 , 2=?

- Mocco sphatrkchtry 2=4

- eska`rki thaìequh 275

- esknhuaeih hpechrezoteki 12, 64

- kbsefeoi `yfroteki 275, 2=2

- kpteaonny-stecunothf nuceihsahiah (KQN) 280, 275, 2=?, 2=8

- Kxymhi esktkph a`rkikstrot emrop`y ?47, ?60, ?80, 275, 2=1,

2=6, 250

- ponohkcomihtesc 1, 25, 14, =4, =0, ?15-?6?, ?60, ?84, 245,

2?2, 226, 225, 262, 280, 285, 275, 2=1, 2=6, 142, 148, 147

- Tktosseuc/Ormki (L/Or) 14, 11, 10, ?18, 275, 2=?, 2=8

- rofekaorbki ?56, 24?

- t`hrcon ekiesoteki coss sphatrkchtry (VECQ) 2=4, 2=8

- t`hrcknuceihsahiah (VN) ?8, 12, =0, ?64, ?=2, ?5=, 225,

216,217,275,2=?,2=8,254

- Xroieuc shrehs 12, 54, ?24, ?6=, ?60, ?80, ?=8. 225, 216,

215, 275, 2=4, 2=8

fhhr 1?, 18, 52, ?45, 216, 217, 204

fhckmropèa hxpoiseki ?78

Fhihlocp Eithrstofeon ?56

Fhicorl ?51, 24?

fhiteaunoth ?4, ??, ?7, ?5, 24, 25-1?, 11, 18, 17, 8?, 86, ==, =0, 54

52, 56, 58, ?8?, ?87, ?8=, ?85, 224, 222, 22=, 210, 262, 276

Fhitki, M.@. 20=

Fhscoio 58, ??2

Fhscoio comio 75

feoceatki ?04

feotkceths 10

Fgoz fhn Knck, G. ?0

Feahrkrèius (shh onsk Qthpòikrèius) ?47, ???, ?65, 2?1

Feahrkrèius htrusaus (shh onsk Qthpòikrèius htrusaus) 0, ?0, 75

??8, ?6=, ?65, 2?2, 2?8, 22=, 225, 214, 266, 268

Feahrkrèius àcetkhaùs (shh onsk Qthpòikrèius àcetkhaùs) 0

?5,82,88,52, ?65

Feahrkrèius lera``hrshises (shh onsk Qthpòikrèius lera``hrshi

ses) 0=, 52, 56, 58, ?51, 244

Feahrkrèius nhptkrèius (shh onsk Feahrkrèius Ewcetkhhùs) ?65

Feahrkrèius chrale (shh onsk Feahrkrèius lera``hrmhises) 8=,

?65,2??,266

Fealskieo 210

Fearkstkiyx 2??, 200, 145

Fefoaio òhrearosso 7?

Fefoaio ceusseao 7?

Fefoaio porvuno 7?

Fefoaio pshufkarosso 7?

fesakef 7=

fesakefon akrhs ?6, 86, ?11

Fesaus phrsphatevus 0=, 00, 5?

fesphrson 141

Fcoiese coifebnh 2?8, 2?0

Fcoiesebks mhkrmeaus 268

Fihpr mnoaeoteki 250

Fihpr `krezki 2??

Fihpr vonnhy 7?

Fihstr 78

Fknea`kfkreahrks 0

F÷cietz Eithrmnoaeon 54, 58-5=

Fki 7? , 71

Fkurk Bosei/Wonnhy 5-?2, ?5, 2?

Fkwis ?=?

Frhit`h eah-ofvoiah ==, 5=

Frykceius hnekcykefhs orese 82

Frykpet`haus 2?8

fwhnneim (struaturhs) 15, 75, 52, 221

Fzovoa`hte 2??

Host Oimneo ?7=

Hbrk fhprhsseki 5, ?4, ?2, ?8, ?5

Hburkieoi 144

haknkmeaon

- stobenety 202

- tknhroiahs 201

- zkioteki 206

Hhceoi 0=, ?65, ?80, ?=7, ?51, ?58, ?5=-244, 242, 2??

Heghn ?41, ?40, ??=, ?25, ?77, 204

Hn @oil quortzeths 28=

Hnop`h nkimesseco ?=0



12? MHIHRON EIFHP

Hnosckt`hreuc ?65

Hnbh 08. 07

hnhpòit 14, 1?, 18-6?, =8, ?47, ??=, ?24, ?2?, 280, 278, 204

Hnhpòs gonakihre 64, 6?

Hnhpòs cioefrehises 64, 6?

Hnhpòs iocofeaus ?51, 244

Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus 0, ?1, ?8, ?5, 14, 1? , 11, 1=, 10,

64, 0=, 00, 54, 52, 56, 58, ??6, ?65, ?87, ?=0, ?=5, ?51, 244,

2??,142,147,145 Hnekcys ?0

Hnekcye nusetoieaus ?5

Hnekcys quhraeius ?5, ??2

Hnnkbeus 210

hnc=0, ??=,224,210

Hnsthr/Hnsthreoi ==, 08, 07, 00, 56, 58, 5=, ?77, ?75, 2??, 20?, 250,

144, 142, 145

Hcys krbeaunores ?=0, 216

hifhcesc 24=, 212, 217, 148

hifsarophrs 24, 14, 12, 18, 17

himroveiys 52

hiverkichit

- `rettnh 202, 254

cksoea 20?,201, 206

- rhakistruateki 20?

rhseneoc 20?,202

- tknhroiahs kg `kceiefs ?=?, ?02, 20?

hknet` ?25, 271, 25=, 250

epoiihnes =7

Hpechrekihs 2?1

Hperus 86

Hpthseaus 82

hquef 1?,1=,204

Hquus ?8, 56, 58, ? EE . ??=, ?87, 2?2, 2?1, 2?8

Hquus ontefhis 0, ?0,1?,268

Hquus aoònnus ?1, 21?

Hquus aoònnus monneaus 0. 212

Hquus aoònnus mhrcoieaus 0

Hquus aoònnus nkrronòh ?5

Hquus ghrus ?51

Hquus èpporekiefhs 2?8

Hquus `yfruiteius 82, ?65, ?87

Hquus cksboa`hises 11, 8?, 82, 88, ==, 52, ??2, ??6, ??8, ?2?, ?6=,

?82, ?87.2??

Hquus sthikies ?65, 21?, 261, 268

Hquus sthikies rkùstus ?65

Hquus sþsshibkrihises 0, ?0, 1? , 2?8, 226, 266, 141

Greioahus hurkpohus prohmnoaeones 82

Hsno revhr ?4

Huanofkahrks 214, 141

nc nofkahrks shihzhises 268

Huakcceo 217

Hukiycus 5?

Gurkphoi Qaehihh Gkuifoteki ?.6

Hvhrifhi. W. 18

hvknuneki 144

hxteiateki 144

gofeim 2=?

Gomiort, J.T. ?8?

Gonak teiiuiaunus 8?

gonnkw fhhr ?51, ?50-244

Gorezy, A. ?,2 ,6

gouion turikvhr 141, 145

Ghjgor, K. 144

ghnef ??=,288

Ghnes (A.) aoroaon 8?

Ghnes mkcboszkhmhises 8?Ghnes (shh onsk Toit`hro (Nhk)) nhk 8?

Ghnes (Nyix) essefkrhises ??6

Ghnes (Nyix) porfeio ?5

Ghnes synvhstres ?5, 8? , 52, ??6

Ghnes synvhstres òcofryos 82

Ghi Bosei ?75

Ghrfyioifñw-Eithrmnoaeon ==

Gehfnhr, N. ?45

ger 1=, 10,58, ??=

gerhpnoah 75, =4, =7, ==, =5, 04

ges` 58, 22=, 211, 288

gnolh ??, ?5, 25, 1?-11, 18, 17, 15, 64, 86, 88, 7?, 76, 7=, =4, =1-=7,

=0, =5,54, 52, 51,58, ?45, ???, ??6, ??8, ??=-??5, ?2?, ?14,

?1?, ?17, ?10, ?6=, ?60, ?8?-?8=, ?85, ?75, ?=?, ?=6, ?0?, ?5=,

245, 2?1-2?=, 2?0, 224, 222, 225, 216, 210, 262, 280-274, 271-

278, 147

gnolh-tkkns ?0, ?5, 2=, 25, 12-18, 15, 64, 8=, 56, ?87, ?85, ?=?, 224,

222, 226, 227, 211, 262

gnolhf gnolh thaìequh ?75, ?=?

gneit ?7, ?0-24, 25-11, 18, 17, 15, 81, 7?, 76, ==-=5, 54, 52-57, ?25,

?1?-?11, ?10, ?6=, ?82, ?87, ?85,240,245,2?8,224,22?,221,

22=, 225, 216, 210, 26?, 28=, 276, 278, 2=?

(bkf rhskurahs ?78

gkroceieghro ?58

Gkrfwea`/Goriòc ?=8

gkrhst 225, 210, 266, 20?-201, 207

gkrhst-sthpph5?, 225, 20?

Gkrcoteki fh ?'Hpeihtth ?84

Gkrcoteki fh no Morhiih ?84

gkx ?87

Groiakieo ?46

Groilgurt stomh 244

Groxeius 10

Groxeius hxahnsekr 5?

Grefrea`, J. 7=-75, =7

Gretennoreo =0

Guìh mnoaeon 07, 00, 56-5=

Gunfo ?41

Guneao otro 8?

Mobuieo, N. 2?8

Mofzehv, F.W. 226

Monbo ponustres C

Monhkbfknki nuthuc 5?

Monhreoi 214, 144, 141, 145

Moneaeo 5-??

Monnhmk revhr ?8

Mocbnh, A. ?, 2, 6

mostrkpkfs 10




moths kg Hurkph 205

Moufzeisle, Q. ??=

Mozhnno 8?, 261, 268

mozhnnh 280

Mhbouhr, W, =4

Mheshn 0=, 00, 54, 52, 56

mhkgoat ?25, ?11,288,271

Mhkmropèaon Eigkrcoteki Qysthc (MEQ) ?78

mhknkmeaoJ techsaonh ?=8, 2=5Mhkcomihtea Tknorety Vech Qaonh (MTVQ) 2=1

Mhrbennefoh 288

meoit bhovhr ??2, 204

meoit fhhr ?56

Mebhrt, J. 6. 145

Mebhrt, N. 6

Mebrontor ?8

Meimlk 217

meroggh 288

Meusbhrte, M. 10

mnoaeoteki ?51-242

Mnouaefeuc posshreiuc 8?

Mnes mnes 52, 225

Mnyaechres 16Mnyptkstrkbus 217

mihess ?14-?11, ?18, ?1=, ?10

mkot 217

Mkfwei, @. ?=0

Mknkvoikvo, N.W. 264

Mkwnhtt, J. ?04

mrofuonesc 20=

Mroceihoh 1=, 05, 5?, ?56, 2?1

mroieth ?14-?16. ?17-?10, ?64, ?6?

Mrovhtteoi =0

Muofon`krah ?8

Muofonquever =, ?0, ?5, 2?

Muofeoio revhr 5, ?1, ?8, ?0, ?5,2?

Muofex-Bozo bosei =, ?0, 2?, 2=5-20?, 148Mþiz 250

Murejo Noyhrs 245, 2?4

Mushjikv, C.C. 2?5, 22?-227

Mut`, A. 147

Mut`reh, R.F. 20?-201

@ohsohrts, T. ?6=, ?82

@oeih vonnhy ?6=

@oneohtus onbeaenno 52

@ocburmeoi ?51, 24?

òcchrstkihs =8, 54, 52, 58, ??=, 276

òifoxhs, shh begoahs

@ortcoii, F. ??6

@ortz, I. ?50

òzhn54, 58, ??=,2?1,210`hort` ?4, ??,52,222,221,20?

`hovy-ceihrons 142

@hfbhrm, @.F. 144

@hfhro `hnex 5?

@hmou rhmeki ?41

@hefhnbhrmhr aunturh ??8

@hefhnbhrmeoi ==

@heirea`, ].F. 144

@hneaemkio boioteao 07-00, 54, 5?, 58-57

@hneakfkito kbvknuto 56

@hnex pkcoteao 00, 54

@hcetromus bkione 14, ?6=

@himhnk Eithrstofeon ?56

`hrbevkrhs 1=, 10, 81, =0, 288

`hrbs 05, ?82@hrieaoi vknaoiea festreat 17

`hrphtkgouio ?=0

@hsseoi Fhprhssseki ?41, ?46

@hthkaypers soneius 56

@epporeki 288

@eppkpktocus ?5, 1? , 10, 6?, ?48, ?47, ?40, ??8, ?65, 280, 204,

147, 145

@eppkpktocus ocpèbeus ?8, 14, 11

@eppkpktocus oitequus ??, ??8

@eppkpktocus mhkrmeaus 2?8

@eppkpktocus eiakmietus ?1

@eppkpktocus cojkr (shh onsk @eppkpktocus oitequus) ?87, ?80

@knkahih =1, =8, 0=, ?65, ?85, 22=, 211, 250

@knstheieoi 8=, =7-=0, 08, 54, 58, 5=, ??=, ?85, ?51, ?58, 242, 217,141, 145

`kceiefs 81, ==, =0, 08, 52, 57, ??=, 2?1, 22?, 226, 228, 225, 20?,

201, 145

@kck hrhatus 08, 52, 57, ??8, 240, 2?8

@kck òbenes 2?8

@kck `hefhnbhrmhises ??8, ?2?, ?78, ?=2

@kck sopehis 2?8

@kckt`hreuc 82, ??6, ?65, 2?8, 214, 200

@kckt`hreuc arhiotefhis 268

@kckt`hreuc notefhis ?1, ?65, ?=8

@krcut`, L.G. ??8

`kribhoc =0, 54, 56, 58, ??=, 2?1, 224, 210

`kcbnhifh/oumeth bkuifory ?47, ?77

`kribnhifh arystons 2=4`krsh 18, 81, ==, 58, ??2, ??1, ??=, ?87, ?=?, ?51,288,145

@kxieoi ?75, ?=8, ?=7, ?=5, ?0?

@uhbro revhr ??

@uimory 7=, ==

@uisrþal ?41

ùiteim 10, 15, 52, ??6, ??=, 280, 204

`yhio 82, ?87, 288, 200

@yohio orvhrihises (shh Toh`yarkauno phrrehre)

@yohio brhverkstres (shh Toa`yarkauto brhverkstres)

@yohio arkhuto (shh Arkauto arkauto)

@yohio phrrehre (shh Toa`yarkauto phrrehre)

@yfrkbeo stomikruc 56

@ypknomus 2?1

@ystrex 82, 22=, 225, 210 @ystrex veikmrofkve 8=

Ebhreo6, =-?1, ?8, ?0, ?5,2?,148

eah s`hht ?75, ?=5, 242

Enc 07, 00

Ecprkveso pupkefhs 26?

eiahrtkgoats 146



121 MHIHRON EIFHP

Eimòc ?7=, ?75

eishatevkrhs 288, 20?, 206, 208, 250

eishats ?=6

eitae stofh fh Aomiy ?88

einhrstofeons 2=6

Epèmhio fhishstreoto 00, 58

Epèmhio nothstreoto 54

Epèmhio tucefo 0=, 00,54,5?

\psweaèoi ?=8, ?=7, ?02Esroìn 1

Estreh =0

evkry 52, 5=

Jobonñi ?8

joal on ' E

Jocoeao hvhit 1?

Joroco ?2, ?1

Jorocennk (Hvhit) ?0, 2?, =1. ?47, ?40, ?2?, 2=1, 144, 147

Jovo 1, 2?8, 2=4

Juiephrus 210

Juiephrus sobeio 00, 5?

Jutnoif ?51, ?58, 242

Logtoi 2A9L

Lonoifofzh, O.I. 217Lorhneo ?51

Lþrnea` Brkalhitugg ?48, ?40. ??8, ??=

Leernea` Eithrmnoaeon ??=

Lhhnhy, N. ?=5

Lhnnhy, @. ?84

Lhiwkrt`y. J.]. ?=0

lhrle2?2

Lhsmrovh ?7=, ?=6

Lngco, R. =8

liegh =0, 52

Lkbnhiz ?48, ?45

Loncs 288

Lkaoaùre 2?1

Lkhiemswonf, ]. vki ??8, ?75

Lkngsa`kthi, V. voi ?, 2, 58, ?6?, ?87, ?75, 200

L÷nihrBua`t ?41, ?46

Lknpka`khrus pòaka`khrkefhs 288

Lktsoles. V. 6?

Lkuthl. J. =8

Lkwonsle. L. ?=8

Lkwonsleo 2?1

Lrhtzke, C. 144

Lreemhr. @. ??5

Lrzyszlkwsle, F. ==

Luboi 240, 245

Lulno, M. =4

Lur.e @osei 24=

Lvovofzh, H. 2?1

NoQhnvo ?8

Nooa`hrQhh ?41. ?40

Noahrto 8?

Noahrto treneihoto 8?

Noahrto verefes 8?

nomkckrp` 224

nomkki ?=?

nomureihs 142

Nomurus 7? , 210, 142

Nomurus (Hknomurus) ormyrkpunke zozèmèie 82, 88

Nomurus troisehis 82, 88

Nolh Akistoiah ?41

Noieus ceikr 8 ?

E.orsski, N. 2, 6

Norus 8?Noteuc 11, 17, 6?

Nhgàvrh, F. 288

Nhccus nhccus 58, 145

nhkporf 254

Nhkpknf, J. 2

Nhptkbks htrusaus 141

Nhpus 14, 82

Nhpus hurkpohus 8=

Nhubsfkrg Vhrroah ?40

Nhvonnkes ?=, ?0, 15 ,6 4, 8? ,8 6, 88 ,8 =, =0 ,5 6, ??=, ?2?, ?60, ?8?-

?88. ?8=, ?85, ?78, ?0?, ?50, 245, 221, 266, 271, 276

Nhvoitei hvhit 1?

Nhvoiteih akrrefkr 278

Nhwes, Q. ?02

Neaòrhv, N.C. 26?

Nea`vei Eithrmnoaeon 7?. 71, 78, 2??, 217

Neàmh ?6=

necoahs 224, 22=, 262

nech trhh ??=, 2?1, 210

nechstkih 1?, 18, 17, 15, =6, ==, 52, 240, 224, 22=, 216, 210, 147

neckceth =1

Neiaknisèrh ?7=

neifhi 58

neki 18

Nes revhr ?1

Net`kmnypùs ioneakefhs 76

Net`ksphrcuc orvhish 2?8

net`kstrotemrop`y ?7=, 288

Nettnh Kush ?=0

nezorf 288

Njubei, W.T. 2, 228

nkhss 2=?

N÷`r, @. ??=

Nkifki Anoy ?=0

nkim a`rkiknkmy ?, 1, 6, 208, 20=

Nkwhr Rèihnoif ?41

Nkwhstkgt Venn ?7=, ?75, ?=0, ?04

Nucnhy, @. fh ?,2

Nucnhy-]kkfyhor, C.-O. fh 2

Nyakpses krehitones 2?1

nyfeth 7=, 75, =4, ??1-??8, 224, 221, 146

nyix 216

Cooregehi 288

Coaoao 216

Coaoao synvoio (shh Coaoao synvoius)

Coaoao synvoius ?5, 8=, ==, 52, 22=, 225, 266

coaòerkfkit aot ?=8

Coaòerkfkiteioh eifht. ==




Com`rhb 6, 288

Comkmo, N. 2

Coei ?41

Cononhsto, O. 64

cocconeoi osshcbnomhs 288, 144

cocckt` 2??

cocckt` sthpph ?56, 20?-206, 200-254, 145

Coccutùs 2?8, 145

Coccut us a`ksoreaus 2??

Coccut us chrefekiones 0, ?48, ?47, ?65, ?87, ?80, ?=?,2 ?? ,2?2

261, 268, 141

Coccut us precemhieus 56, ?48, ?65, ?56, 2?? , 145

Coccut us trkmkit hrþ 0, ?0, 7? , 78, 75, 56, ?48, ?65, 2??

Coieo, F. 2, 54, 250

coiupkrt 2?8

copnh 210

Coraòiteo 5?

Coreeislo thrroah 71, 76

Corlkvo, O.L. 224

Corcoro Qho 8?

Corckto 2?1, 2?8

Corckto aouaoseao 225

Corckto ponhkaouaoseao 26?

coieh bnoia`h ?84

Corths 225, 268

Corteihz, B. 6

Corty, T. ?25

coss ckvhchit ?=?

Cosseg Orckreaoei ?6=

Cosseg Ahitron ?25, ?10, ?6?, 147

costkfkit 288

Cotuyoco 70, 2?2, 2=1, 207, 20=, 141

CaIobb, J. ?=0

Chfethrroihoi ?, 5, ?8, ?5, 07-00 , 54, 5?, 56-57 , ?78, 24=, 205

CamonkahrksEChmoahrks 0, 14, ?82, 141

Chhoahrks sknenòaus 1?

Chhonkahrks fowleise ?=2

Chhonkahrks memoit hus ?==, ?56, 244

Chhonkahrks vhrteakries (shh onsk Trohchhoahrks vhrteakries) 11,

?48, ?47. ??? ,?2?

Chmoithrhki 2?1,200,145

Cahoithrhki chhoithrhki 268

Chnhs chnhs 82, 52, 2?8, 225

Chioaò aouaoseakno 26?

Chral'o rèikahrks ?51

chrefekion Oa`hunhoi =

Chrekihs 210

Ch sht o5- nn, ?1, ?8, ?5

Chsknetèa ?55, 24?, 22=, 217

Chunhi, O.J. voi fhr 148

Chush ?41, ?6=

Ceakqueoi ?1, 24, 2?, 86

Cearkforweiuno zecchre 52

Cearknus 7? , 144, 142

Cearktus (Onnkpòekcys) 17, ?=1, 144, 142, 148

Cearktus (Onnkpòekcys) pnekaohieaus 0, 147

Cearktus omrhstes 14, 11, 52, 58, ??6

Cearktus orvonefhis 75

Cearktus orvones 14, 11, 10, 52, 58, ??6, 22=

Cearktus hx. mr. orvones skaeones 226

Cearktus brhaaehises ?0, 14, 10

Cearktus fhitotus 10

Cearktus hrhhones ?=2, ?=6, ?=8

Cearktus hrhhonkefhs 75

Cearktus ievones 11

Cearktus khakikcus 58

Cearktus (Tetycys) 142

Cearktus prohhuhit`hre 82

Cearktus roteahpkefhs 75

Cearktus (Vhrreakno) 11, 142

Cearktus (V.) su`thrroihus 52, 58

Ceffeh Tonohknetèa 5, 88, 8=, 7?, 76, 70, =7, ?40, ??1, ??8, ?24

?25, ?85, ?75, ?56, 242, 240, 245, 2?5, 221, 22=, 211, 216

217, 210, 276

Cefnoifs ?7=-?75, ?=?

cemroteki ?56, 144, 140, 145

Celunei Eithrmnoaeon 7?, 2??, 217

Cenoilkveta` 2=6, 20=

Ceckcys 7? , =5. ?48. 214, 144, 142, 146, 148, 145

Ceckcys bnoiae 17

Ceckcys (Ashreo) pusennus 144, 142

Ceckcys hx. mr. ùihoreaus 2?1

Ceckcys soveie 0, 75, ?48, ?47, ?40, ?75, ?=1, 144, 142, 148

Ceifhn ?1,86,7=,==,250

Ceifhn-Ress eithrmnoaeon 225

Cekahih ?0, 2=, 64, =4, =1, =8, ?25, ?10

cexhf-kol-gkrhst 07, 5?, 58, ??8

ckbenety 206, 254

Cknfoveo 76

cknnusas =8, 5?, 56-57, ?47, ?40, ??2, ?=2, ?04, 2?2, 26?

ckilhy 288

Ckirhpks ?

ckroeih ?51, ?5=, ?55-24?, 245

Ckroveo =4, =1, =7, 146

Ckrmoi, J. fh 240

Ckrkaak=, ?5,2?,288-274

ckrsh 288

Ckrtennht, M. fh 271

Cksboa` wkng 0

Ckshnnh ?41, ?48, ?47, ?45

ckugnki 204

Ckunkuyhi 288

ckuitoei mkot 81

Ckusthreoi 8=, 224

Cus 288

Cusaorfeius ovhnnoioreus ??2

Cusa`hnesvene, O. 2?1

Cusen, R. =1, =7

cusl kx ?56, 204, 254

Cusse, C. 2, 6, 206

Custhnefoh 58

Cyktes 82

Cyktes bnytè 82

Cyktes cyktes 82



128 MHIHRON EIFHP

Cys (Bufocys) seioit`rkpus 82

Iomyòrsoiy`hmy-Tòsh =8

Io`h ?41

Iojhrenno ?8

Ionrex iotrex 52

Ihoifhrtòn ?78,2=?

Ihor Host 1

Ihalor ??6, ?24

Ihalornoif ?46Ihknetèa 217

Ihkcys ihwtkie ??2

Iht`hrnoifs, t`h 242

ihttnh erhh ??=

Ihuwehf Bosei ?41, ?46, 145

Ikiho gtovhsahis 2?1

Ikrgknl ?77. ?7=

Ikrt` nþerkpaoi n'noei ?41

Ikrt` Qho ?41, ?7=

ikta`hs 24, 25-1?, 11, 18, 17, 8?, 86, ==, 54, 52, 58, ??8, ?8?. ?87.

?8=, ?85, 224, 222, 22=, 262, 276

Iyatonus ikatuno 82

Iyathrhuths 288

Iycpòahoh 05kol 1=. =0, 54, 56, 224, 210

kol ebrhst 202

Kolnhy, L.T. 20=

Kbhrcoehr, @. 25=

kbsefeoi 240, 245, 222, 221, 22=

kaaoiea hgghat 201

Klo 2??,250, 142

Knfkwoi 14=

Knfuvoe suba`rki 1, 7=, =5, 52, 245, 2??,2?2, 262, 2=1

Knevo, C. =4

Kntht revhr =5

kiaknet` ?65,20?

kphi-oer nkaonetehs 240

Kpèfeo 8?KrbemK revhr 5

Kryatknomus 10, 82

Kryatknomus auieaunus 0, ?1. ?8

Kscuifo aeiiockcho 217

kstroakf =8. 56

kstrea` 288

Kstryo 224

Kvebks cksaòtus ?56

kveaoprefs 200

Kves 268

Kves occki 210

Toa`yarkauto 268

Toa`yarkauto brhverkstres 82, 88, ?=1, 200, 145

Toa`yarkauto phrrehre 82, 88, ??6, 268, 200, 145Toa`yuro htrusaus (3 Quiaus htrusaus) 8?

Tomkfuneio pomkfuno 54, 5?, 58

Tolestoi 1

Tonohkeifeuis CEQ

Tonohknkxkfki oitequus (shh Hnhpòs (Tonohknkxkfki) oitequus)

Tonohkit`rkphs 226

Tonkcbk, C.R. 11

ponyiknkmy ?=8

Toit`hro mkcboszkhmhises 82, ?6=

Toit`hro (Nhk) gkssenes 0, 14, 82, ??6, ?6=

Toit`hro (Nhk) sphnoho ?5, 11, 52, 210

Toit`hro porfus 82, ??6

Toit`hro temres 2?8

Toroht`kcys 288

Toroscetùs brhvefhis 82Torgett, Q.O. ?0?, ?02

Torrkteo 217

Tosshregkrchs 8?

Totku-Cotès, C. =8

Totthrski, V. ?=0

phbbnh aunturh =, ?1, ?0, ?5, ?6=, 224, 226, 288, 250

phbbnh eifustrehs =, ?2. ?8, ?0

phbbnh tkkns =, ?4, ??, ?5, 14-12, 15, 70, 52, 5=, ?45. ??4. ??=, ??5,

?2?, ?85, 2?1, 2?=, 262, 271-278, 146, 147

Thfeostruc phiionhs =0

Thnkboths gusaus 8?

Thimhnny, ]. ?=8

phimuei 288

Thrfex jurasole 8?Thrhttk, A. 2, 64

phremnoaeon ?=?

Thuahfoiuc onsoteauc 5?

Thvzihr, C.O. 225

Thyrknnhs bekzkih ?18

Tènofhnpùs akrkioreus 5?

p`kikneths ?11, ?10

T`romcerhs akccuies 5?

T`romceths 05

p`ytkzhiksh 217

Teaho 208

Teaho obehs 5?

peals 7=, 75, =6, 52, ?45, ??4. 141

pehahs hsquennåhs 276pehrahrs 1?, 17

pem ??=, ??5,288

pelh ==

Telh, L. ?=0

peih 1=, =0, 56, 58, ??=, 2?1, 210

Teius 1=

Tepestrhnnus 82

Terks 86

Tesahs 8?, 52

Teshaiy vra` 70

Tesefeuc ocieauc 76

Testoaeo 217

Tesuhrmo revhr 5, ?4

Tet`haoit`rkpus 52, 2?8Tenycys (shh onsk Cearktus) 14, 10

Tenycys mrhmonkefhs (shh onsk Cearktus mrhmonkefhs) 0

pnoei 205

Tnoikrboreus akrihus 76

Tnoikrbes pnoikrbes 76

pnoquhtths 14, 15




Tnotoius 1=

pnothou akrrhateki cht`kf 2=?

Tnhestkahih a`rkikstrotemrop`y 245, 2?4, 250

Tnekahih 2=, 14, 64, 86, ?25, 288

Tnekarkauto 288

Tnekcys hpesakpones 0, 14, 75, ??6, ??8, ?=2, 142

Tnekcys nhile 14

Tk 2=, 20

Tkoahoh 05Tkfkaorpus 210

Tknoif 7=, ==

Tknhckieuc oaubegnkruc =0

pknnhi 58, ?82, ?87, ?51, 2?1, 224, 22=, 225, 216, 217, 210, 250

pkny`hfrkis 25, 7=-=4, =1, =8-==, 52, ?11, ?16, ?17, ?1=, ?64. ?6?,

280, 141

Tknypkfeoahoh 2?1

pkitea 54

Tkites 24=

Tkpunus trhcuno 5?

pkraupeih 22=, 216

Tkrtumon =, 5-?1, ?0, ?5, 2?. ?78

Tktockmhtki 05

n'knaitenno gruateakso 00, 5?Tkuneoiks, I. 82, 81

Trohchmoahrks (shh onsk Chmonkahrks) 0

Trohchmoahrks vhrteakries (shh onsk Chmonkahrks vhrteakrcs) ?0.

8?,82,2?8

Trohkvebks 141

Trohkvebks presaus 141

Trosnkv, I. 2, 6

prh-Oa`hunhoi =

Trh-Ihoifhrtonhr 2?5

Trhbkrhon 24?

prhfotkr 288

Trhiteah, C.N. 20=

Trknomurus 142

Trkcht`hkcys saòpksìelkvh 225

Trkka`ktkio 21?

prktk-begoahs/prktk-òifoxhs 14, 8=, 7=-75, =?, =7-=0, ?85

prktk-Nhvonnkes 64

TruihEno aknnoreo 8?

Truius oveuc 5?

Truius co`hnhb 54

Truius pofus 5?

Tshufoneifo nurmefo 0=

pshufk-orthgoats =4, ?25, ?1?, ?12, ?16, 224, 288, 271, 25=, 250, 141

Tshufka`rkifruno tughreghro 26?

pshufkfkitkriet`hs 288

Tthrkaoryo 10, 6?, =0, 58. ??=, 224, 217

Tupenno cusakruc 5?

Tupenno trepneaoto 5?

Tyroaoitò akaaeiho 00, 5?

Tyrhihoi ?4, ?8, ?5

pyrkxhih ?47, ???, ??2

Tyrr`kakrox mroaunus vhtus 8?

Tyrus5^

_uofrepneaoto ommhsto ommhsto 26?

quortz ?4, ?5, 12, 81, 86, 7=, 75, =4, =1, =8, ==, 52, 58, ?47, ?40,

?45, ???, ??1-??=, ?2?, ?25-?16, ?1=, ?10 ,2 ?1, 276 ,2 =?, 147

quortzeth =, 5, ?4, ?6-24, 25, 12, 8=, 7?, 76. 7=-75, =8-==, =5, 52,

58, ?40-???. ??1-??=, ?2?, 240, 224, 22=, 225, 28=, 274, 276,

278, 146

_uothriory 255

_uhraus 10, 0=

_uhraus pubhsahis 54

_uhraus rkbus 5?_ueiski pkeit 52, 58, 22=, 276

robkns 12

roankers fåjånås 276

Roimeghr 200, 25?

Roimeghr toroifus 0, ??=, ?56, 145

Ropksk, N. 2, 6, 250, 148

row cothreons ?=?, 240, 224, 22?, 22=, 225, 216, 210, 26?, 28=, 280,

271-278, 204

Royck 20=

Royion, J.T. 2, 288

rhf fhhr 18, ??2-??6, ??=, ??5, ?=?, ?51, 216, 217, 26?, 204, 202

rhgetteim ?=?, ?0?

- kg bkihs15, ?55

- kg stkihs 204

rhgumeo6?,24=, 211, 202, 206

rhmknet` ?=?

rheifhhr ??=, ?56,24?,204

Rheisfkrg Eithrmnoaeon 54, 58-5=, 145

rhneat sphaehs 21?

rhneat vhmhtoteki 24=

rhptenh 52, 58, 2?8, 224, 211, 288

Rhpteneo 52, 2?8

rhsknuteki 140

Ròcius groimuno 5?

R`heimou ?46

R`hies` Qèhnf ?41

Rèih ?41-?47, ??2, ??6, ??8, ?77

Rèih-@hsseoi Tnothou ?46

rèik(ahrks) 14, 1?, 18, 15, 6?, ==, 52, ??5, ?=?, 216, 288, 280, 204,

200

Rèiknkp us 82

Rèiknkp us ghrruchmueiuc nkponhises 82

r`kfkfhifrki 2?1, 210

Reoik nolh 10

Rehfhi ?41, ?40

Ress ?1, 250

Ress-]þrc eithrmnoaeon 225

Rkbhrts, C. 2

RKAL HWON pyrknyses =5, 04

rkfhit ?75,224, 225, 288

Rkfkp`yaåhs ?65

rkh fhhr ??2-??6, 204

Rkh, F. 1, ?=8

Rkhbrkhls, ]. ?, 2, 6, 2?

Rkcoieo 7=, =0, =5

Rkså, J. ?75

Ruecs 5^

Ruffecoi, ].G. 20=



12= MHIHRON EIFHP

Rupeaopro rupeaopro 0, 22=

Rusaeikcys 288

Russeoi Tnoei ?. 7? , 72, 76, 245-2??, 212

Rust, O. ??8

Qoonh/Qooneoi 08-00, 56, 58, 5=, ?65, ?85, ?75, ?58, ?5=, 242, 200,

250, 144, 145

Qobbek Meonnh 25, 17

soemo oithnkph ?56

Qoemo 26?Qoemo totoreao ?56

Qono, B. 11

Qonåtehi 288

Qonex aeihrho 5?

Qonex pkpunus 1=

Qonex purpurho 5?

Qonck trutto Eteèc 22=

soncki 22=

Qonzlh vonnhy 00, 56

soifstkih 216, 210

Qoitkijo, C. 2, 6, 250, 148

Qorfeieo 1=, 15, 64

Qaoifeioveo ?, ?58

saovhimeim 10, 15, 204Qa`hnfh ?6=

sh nust 240

Qa`cufh, L. ?45

Qa`khthisoal. K. ? ?6

Qa`÷ieeemhi Eithrmnoaeon 54

Qaeurus ??2

Qaknkpoaefoh 8?

sarophr ?4, ?6, ?7, ?5, 24, 25, 1? , 11, 18, 17, 8? , 86, 7=, =?, =6, =7-

=0,54,52,56, ??8, ?6=, ?8?, ?8=, ?75-?=?,224-222,22=,216,

210, 262, 261, 276

sho-nhvhn ?=?

shfmh =Q

Qhmuro bosei 5-??

Qhrro Ckraio 5

Qòalnhtki, I.J. 2=1, 20=

Q`lkfhr 86, 8=

s`krt a`rkiknkmy ?, 1, 6, 2? , 6? , ?7=, ?==, 208, 20=-205, 25=

Q`kunfòc ?7=, ?75

Qeaeneoi ?2

Qeaeny 2=, 17, 15-6?,278

Qehbhimhbermh ?41

Qenhseo ==

Qenurus mnoies 52

Qeioit`rkpus 52, ??8

Qeimen' gouio-akcpnhx 2??, 214

Qevot`hreuc couruseuc 288

snoth 22=, 225, 210

Qneifki ?=?, ?=2

Qnkvoleo 70, ==

siolh ?=0.288

Qkhrmhneo 0, 268, 141

QknfhRkakurt ?80

Qknnos, ].J. 25=

Qkiearshn ?77

Qkcch vonnhy ?6=-?65, ?8?, ?80

Qkifoor, T. 1

Qkrhx 82, 58, 2?1, 210

Qkrhx oroihus 52, 58

Qkrhx (Frhpoikskrhx) 142, 145

Qkrhx (Frhpoikskrhx) soveie 75, ??2, ?75, ?=2, ?=6

Qkrhx ceiutus 82, 58

Qkrhx ruitkihises ?=2, ?=6

Qponox aònlefeloh 82Qporrhbkkc, C. 2, 6

Qpòhreuc reveauno 7?, 76

Qp`yrofeuc fkneknuc 26?

Qpetzsaò`hr 276

spruah58, ??=,2?1,210

Qeup`ynnho aknaèlo 2?1

Qthpòikrèius (shh onsk Feahrkrèius) ?47. ???, ?65, 2?8

Qthpòikrèius htrusaus (shh onsk Feahrkrèius htrusaus) ==, 26?

Qthpòikrèius `hcetkhaùs (shh onsk Feahrkrèius `hcetkhaùs)

14,11,10, ?==, ?=0

Qthpòikrèius ùifs`hechises ??6, ?75, ?=2, ?=6, ?==,1 42

Qthpòikrèius lera``hrmhises (shh onsk Feahrkrèius lera``hrmhi-

ses) ?=0

sthpph beski ?56

sthpph hnhpòit ??8

Qthvi`kvhf, Q. ?5=

Qtkpp, C. 145

stroem`t-tuslhf hnhpòit ??=, ??5, ?51

Qtroet kg Mebrontor 278, 205

Qtrex onuak 8?

Qtrutèk 2?2, 261

Qtrutèk fcoieshises 268

suba`rki 2=1

subsesthiah ?, 6

subsp`hrkefs 7=, 141

Quggknl ?7=, ?75

Qunhjcoikv, C.B. 224

Quiaus htrusaus 8?

Qus ??=,2?2

Qus sarkgo 14, 11, 82, 52, 58, ?65, 210

Qus sarkgo presaus ??8

Qus strkzzee ?65

Qutaneggh, O. ?=8

Q whfhi ?56

Qwefo soimueiho 5?

Qwes`hr, A.A. 1, 140

Qyreo 6?

Qyreimo 57

Qyreimo jkseloho 00, 5?

Vomus bosei =, 5, ?4-?1, ?5,2?

Vonpo 52

Vonpo hurkpoho ??6

Vonpo ceikr ??6, 142, 145

Vonpo ceiuto 82, 88

top`kikcea stufy ?10

Vouius ?41

Voxkfeoahoh 217

Voxkfeuc 210




Voxus boaaoto 5?

Voyoa pkeit 24, 52, 58

thatkiea oatevety 240, 20=

thcphroth gkrhst ?04

Vhcpnkc`hmy Tòsh =4

Vhifreim ?=8

thp`ro ?46, ?47, ?40, ?64

thp`rkgoat ??=, ?25-?6?, 271

Vhr revhr ?8Vhro revhr 5

thi-oah systhcs ?7=, ?=6, ?02, 245

Vhrteoey ?65,24=,25=

Vhstufk 8?, 8=

Vhstufk mrohao 8?

Vhtrokmonnus aouaoseaus 216

Vhunofh, O. ?64

Vhutkburmhr Gkrhst ?41

Vòchs ?77-?70, ?=?, ?=7-?=0, ?0?, ?02

Vòiht Qoif ?=7

V`hnypthres t`hnypthrkefhs 5?

V`hkfkxus foiuèones 0=

V`hkfkxus gnuveotenes 76

V`hkfkxus shrroteneiegkrces 0=, 00, 54-52

t`hrckchrhs 216, 217

Vèhch, @. 58

Vemneoi 144

Veneo pnotyp`ynnks 5?

Veiao teiao 52

Verospkn gouio 226, 214

Veszo =0

Vjurljoi fhpksets 2? ?

Vknhfk ckuitoeis 5, ?1

Vkimekrme, H. 1=

Vkreimeoi 144, 142, 141

Vkiihs revhr 5, ??, ?8

tkrtkesh ?=0, 288

Vroboiaks revhr 5, ??

troa`ytea tugt' ?40

trocpneim 15

Vroisaouaosus 24=, 245

Vropo iotois 54

trovhrteih ==, =0, 08, 0=-05, 5? , 56-57, ?46, ?40, ??=, ??5, ?24, 204

tre`hfrons ?7, ?=

Vrkmkit`hreuc 204

Vrkmkit`hreuc auvehre 00, 52, 58, 57, ??2, ??6, ?=0, 142, 145

Vrkmkit`hreuc foaeauc =5

Vrkmkit`hreuc sa`chrneime 75

Vruiaothnneio anoustrones 00, 5?, 58

Vruiaothnneio ayneifreao 5?

Vsumo 217, 210

Vuggrhou, O. ?-6, ?8?, ?88, ?87, 250, 146

Vuieseo 6?

Vugoiy =1, =8, =7

Vurfus 8?

Vurihr, O. ??2,200

Vuchr, A. ?=0, ?=5

Vurihr, H. 200

Vurq, O. 6, 2?

Xlroeih =0, 205

Xiek botovus pshufkarossus 7?

Xiek arossus 7?

Xistrut 07-00, 54, 52, 5=

Xrboi, B. 58

Xrkaenhnnus preiþmhieus fogioh 82

Xrsus 58, 2?1, 2?6, 268, 146

Xrsus oratks 210Xrsus fhieimhre 14, 11, 8?, 82, 88, 8=, ==, 52, ??2, ??6, ?6=, ?=2

?=6, ?=8, 22=, 225-21?, 211, 26?, 262, 266, 141

Xrsus htrusaus 2?2, 268

Xrsus chfethrroihus 216

Xrsus sphnohus 22=, 21?, 210

Xrsus sth`neie ??6

Xrsus tèbhnoius 82, 88, 8=, 225

ush-whor ?=5, 2?1, 222

Wonfoe mnoaeoteki 2??, 250

Wonhiaeo ?8

Wonnkieo akstoto 5?

Wonnkieo puna`hnno 5?

Wonka`, L. 2, 146, 145

Wonvoto ioteaeio 76, 54Woifhrchhrsa`, B. 205, 25=

Woroius einhrchfeus 8?

Whluo, O. 2?1, 2?8

Whnealk, O.O. 224,22?

Whrhsaomei, I.L. 2?8

Whrtemk pymcoho 5?

Weburiuc noitoio 5?

Wenno, T. 250

Wennogroiaèoi 0, 1?, =0, ?1=, 2?? , 2?2, 144, 141, 148, 145

Wennoiyeoi 144

Werhtoenurus saòube 0

Wetes synvhstres 00, 54, 5?

Wetrho subrecono 58

Weveporus akithatus 76Weveporus gosaeotus 7?

Weveporus veveporus 76

Wnahl, H. 52

Wkmhnsbhrm cosseg ?41

vknaoiesc ?25, ?77,271,2=4

Wknnbrha`t, J. ??8

Wks, J. fh 1

Wksmhs ?46

Wroz 7=

Wunphs 288

Wunphs prohmnoaeones 82

Wunphs vunphs 8^, 52, 210

Wunturh vknaoik 14, 17

]oalhi Eithrmnoaeon 54]onlhr, C. 6

]onnhifkrg 0=, 00

woniut =0, 224

]orrhi, Q.@. ?=0, ?=5, 25=, 145

]ort`h ==, 0=, 5=

]h`r ?41



125 QEVH EIFHP

]hea`shn/]hea`shneoi =1, =0, 0=, ?60, ?65, ?51-?58, ?5=, ?50, 244,

250, 145

]hi-o ?41

]hshr ?41

]hsthrwonf ?41

]htthrou Fhprhsseki ?46

]èth, V. 25?,145

]eh`himhbermh ?41

wenf bkor 18weimiun ? ?=

]epphr 07-05, 5?,52

]knfgea`, J. =1, =8

]knfsthft, T. 08

wkng 216

wkkf orthgoats 52

wkknny cocckt` ?56

wkknny rèikahrks ?56

]þrmhs, L. ?40, ?45, ???,

]urc ?1, =1, =0, 250

]þst, H. 08

]ychr, J. ?=?, ?=0, ?02

Phikayki 8?

Phikayki nyaokiefhs ?6=

Phikayki rkse 0

Phrkp`yths 210

Uhnths revhr ??Uumksnoveo 147

Zornhimo, G. 64

Zbyszhwsle, M. ?1

Zhbhro, L. ==

zhbro 280

Zhnlkvo 6?, =0, 224

Zhuihr, G.H. 20=

?8, 146

seth eifhx

Obbhvennh ?60-?84, ?80, ?85,20?

Obrea Rkcoie 0

Oaogkro ?4. ?2

Oaònlonole 24=, 240, 2??, 2?8, 2?0, 261, 201

Oa`hi`hec ?46, ??8, ?2?,271

Omufo ?4

O`n-OE-Kum`noc 288-28=

Onbono ?4, ?8

Onfh eoIkvo ?4. ??

Onfàih 278

Onckifo ??

Onpeorao ??,24

Ontocuro 14=

Ontk Nheok ?4, ?2

Ocbrkio=, 0, ?4-?2, ??=,278

Oromk 226, 204

Orah 20, 18, 17, 15, 64

Orhihrk fh Kxemhiek ??,? 1

Orefks0, ?4, ??, ?1, ?8, ??=,278

Orehifkrg ?48, ?40, 200

Orreomo ?1

Otopuhrao 6, =-?2, ?8, ?5, 2? , 148, 14=

Othnno 20Otes 245

Owos` vonnhy 25?

Ozya` 24=, 240, 2?5-227, 214, 261, 266

Bof Aoiistott ?24

Bomur 0

Bocchiton 214

Boiumuhs 5-??

Borolohvslo 24=

Boroi 86

Borinëhnf Tet ?=7

Boriòc ?=2, ?=0-?0?

Borroiak Nhñi 0

Bhìkv 70

Bhha`hs Tet ?04

Bhrkui 7=-75, =7, 208, 141

Bhtgeo 144

Beoa`h-Qoeit-Woost 14=

Bebbkio 20, 17, 15

Bensòushi ??=

Benzeimsnhbhi ==, 08-51, 58-5=, 271, 278, 2=5-20?, 254, 14?, 142,

14=

Ber os Qcor 288-28=

Bnossoa ?25-?16, ?10

Bnossoa-nhs Bottoits ?18, ?1=, ?10

Bnossoa-nhs Bnoia`hs ?18-?1=, ?15-?6?

Bnossoa-nhs Merkifeh ?18

Bknkckr=, ?4, ??, ?8

B÷iiem`hec ?46, ??5

Bktoiy Tet ?04, ?0?

Bkxmrkvh ?78-?7=, ?=?-?=6, ?=7, ?=0, 271, 2=5-20?, 208, 14?, 142,148, 14=, 145

Broifki ?7=, ?75

Brekufh ?14

Brexòc 25=

Brik-Ahrikveah 70, =7, 141

Brik Ahrvhiy lkpha 70, =4, =2, =1, =7, 141

Brik-Zefhieah =7




Brþ`hec 54

Bufeik5-nn

Aomiy 2=5

Aomiy-Aechteàrh ?60, ?84-?82, ?88, ?80,20?

Aomiy-n'Hpeihtth ?6=, ?60, ?84, ?8?, ?86-?87, ?80, ?85, 204

Aomiy-no Morhiih ?6=, ?60, ?84-?81, ?88, ?87, ?80, ?85, 271, 276,

20?

Aonotrovo ?1, ?8

Aoneak @enns 25=

Aonlo2?2

Aop Aòthnehr 280

Aoreùhno 0

Aosobnoiao 288-285

Aoshnno fe Coefo 20, 15

Aosthn fe Muefk 20, 18, 10, 15, 14=

Aostrk fhe Wknsae 20, 18

Aou f'hi Bkrros EE, ?8

Aoufhn Fua ?4, ?8

Aouih fh ?'Oromk, shh Voutovhn

Aovo Tkcpe 20, 18, 17, 14=

Afenhte 245

Ahrikveah 70, =1, =8

Aòmiy =0

Aènòa ?11, ?1=, ?10, 208, 147

A`kulkunehi E ?8

A`rjosae 72-78

Aeleoie 245

Anoatki-ki-Qho ?75, ?=0, ?=5,276

Aknnh Coreik 20, 18, 17, 15, 64

Aknneioeo 20, 17, 15

Akio 24=-245, 22?, 225, 217-262

Akvo Ihmro 0

Auhstofh no Bojofo =, 5-?2

Auhvo fhn Akimkstk 0

Auhvo Weatkreo 1, 0

Aþnnorfh Bozo 0. ?4. ??. ?0, 148

Fhonun Weenkr =5

Fhutsa` Onthiburm 140

Fcoiese 1, 24=, 240, 2??-2?0, 262, 276, 278, 201, 205, 140

Fki-Bosei 250, 144, 142

Fubkssory 72, 76, 78

Fgoobhr 245

Hbrk fhprhsseki 204

Hffhretz 07

H`reimsfkrt' (shh ]hecor-H`reimsfkrg)

Hjby Lneit ?56, ?5=, ?50

Hn Oaunofhrk=, ?4, EE. ?6. ?0

Hn Aostennk 5-??

HnHspeior ?4, ??, ?1

Hn Corteihth ?4, EE. ?8

HnQorton hjk ?4, ??, ?1, ?8, ?=

Hrlok-bnus 245

Hteknnhs 254

Hyt`ro 5=

Ghrch fh Mroah ?60, 250, 14?, 146

Gkah fhn Vkrrhith Rkcoifotk 20, 64

Gkitoio Nere 20, 18, 17, 15

Gkitoik Roiuaaek 20, 1?, 11-18, 1=, 64, ??=, 276, 278, 14?, 148

14=

Gkitåa`hvofh 14=

Grhyburm 07

Guhithiuhvo 1, 2?

Mojfoi 278

Monesoia`k ??

Mouf`kur Bhi @obeb 28=, 280

Mormobhth ?4, ??

Motjoi 8 ?, 82, 86, 87, 8=

Mhngo ?4, ??

Mhroseckvlo 7?-71

Mnkbh Tet ?==, ?=5

Mrktto fhn Aknkcbk 20, 64

Mrktto Tomneaae 20, 10, 6?

Mrktth fhs Kurs 28=

Mrktth fhs Rèikaårks 287-274

Mrktth fu Treiah 14=

Muofonquever ??

@oimhibehthi 214

@ånei ?65

@em` Nkfmh ?75, ?=6, ?=5, 242, 276

@etaèi ?04

@knnhrup ?56, ?50-244

@kchrsgehnf ?75

@krlo ==

@kxih ?75, ?=5, ?04, ?02, 204, 14?

@roikvieao ==

@uhraon-Kvhro ?0

@uåsaor-? 0

En'slojo 240

Enyilo 144

Eiaorion 0

Eshrieo 2=-25, 1?, 17, 1=-64, 278, 2=4, 2=1, 204, 20?, 201, 208,

14?-141,148,147

Evoi 70, =4, =2, 141

Joroco 2=5

Jostua` 245

Jovo 25=

Jkalrec 214

Lonhte 245

Lornea` ?41-??2, ??8, ??7, ?2?, ?25, ?77, 208, 25=, 144-142, 146,

145

Lornea`-Qhhughr ?40, ??8, ??=-?2?, 276, 278, 204

Lornsthji 70, =7

Lorslkv Lneit 24?

Lortsthei ?46, ?40, ??=, ?2?

Lhit'sAovhri ?=6, ?=8

Lnehlhi 07

Lkaoaùre 2?2

L÷a`sthft 07, 00, 56, 5=

Lklleikpenks 82, 86, 87, 8=

Lknfeim Gjkrf ?56, ?58

L÷rbesfkrg 54, 52

Lkrknhvk 70, =0, =5, 208

Lkrresseo 82, 86, 8=

Lufork 24=-245, 226, 228, 220-217, 210, 215, 266, 271, 2=5, 204, 201



11? QEVH EIFHP

Lurmoi Aecbon 2?8

No Aòesh 14=

E ,e Nrieeno Q. ? ?

No Coyo ?4, ??, ?7. ?=

No Chso ??. ?1

No Tknnhfroro 20, 18, 1=, 15, 64. ??=. 278, 14?

No Roghtth 14=

No Rka`h-Nocbhrt ?10

NoQouvht ot ?14, ?1?, ?17, ?64, ?6?No Qhnvo ?4, ??

Nomuio Chfeio ?4, ??. ?7. ?0

Noimhibkmhi 0=

Nosh-Bonto 245

Noutsa` (shh Cnofha)

Nozorht 14=

Nh Akupht ?10

Nh @ovrh ?60

Nh Tuy Akuriy ?25

Nh Qvknth 20, 64

Nh Wonnkiht 214, 208, 25=, 144, 14?, 147, 145

Nhimhghnf-Bof L÷shi 07, 54

Nhs Gormhs ?14

Nhtly =7Nhzhtxele 0, 5

Neki Tkeit ?=0

Xssosgo 288-28=

Nettnh Vùrrkal ?=7, ?04, ?0?

Nez ??

n.nomu 5

Nuihn Wehn 276, 278

Coostrea`t-Bhnvåfàrh 14?, 141

Comketk ?4-?2, ?6

Conomrktto 20, 18, 10-64, 276

Coizoiorhs 2=e9

Corllnhhbhrm 08, 5=, ?50

Couhr ?41, ?46, ??6. ??8, ?2?, 226, 214, 14?, 142, 146, 14=, 145

Chonòfo ?1Chcnhbhi 07, 0=, 54, 56, 5=

Chihz-Fråmoi ?85

Chsvei ?65

Chzcojslo 24=

Ceaòjnkv 71, 76

Cehshi`hec ?41, ?46, ?47. ???-??1, ??8, ?2?, ?77, 204, 206, 14? ,

142, 146, 145

Cerkuak ?4-?2

Cnofha 70. =2, =1, 141

Cknnhn ?4

Ckioshslo 24=

Ckigorroaþeks ?4, ??

Ckith fkGocoa k ?4, ??. ?8, ?=

Ckith Thmneo 20, 17, 144, 14?, 148

Ckith Tkmmeknk 20, 17-6?, 208, 148

Ckitcourei ??8, 14=

Cksboa` 142

Cþizhibhrm ?46, ??5

Cuskv 70, =4, =2, 141

Ioithrrh 214

Ihucorl-Ikrf 0=, 00, 52, 5=

Ihucorl-Qþf 07, 00, 52, 5=

Ikaeaaèk 20, 18, 17

Iknòa ?12, ?11, ?10, ?15

Kfhsso2?4

Krah1, 6, 0, ?0, 278, 208, 148

Krmioa 271, 276, 14=

Ksthrkfh 07, 54, 58

Kunof @ocefo 287-280Tof'non'eou ?6=-?65

Tobbe @enns 1

Torhfhs 0

Thrrehr =0

Thrrehr-Htkuoerhs ?10

Thrsote 245

Thtet Qpehiihs ?6=-?65

Thtronkio 8?-88, 8=, 276, 278, 200, 14=

Teiahvhit 254

Teihfk0, ?4. ??, ?1, ?8, ?0

Teienno fhn Wonnh 0

Tnhuveihs ?85

Tkmrhby 72, 76, 78

Tknemioa ?10Tkitihwyff 242, 14=

Tkrt-Temikt ?60, ?85

Tkrzuio ?4, ??, ?8

Tkuzfgoiy =7

Troeo fo Omufo ?2

Trhznhteah 7=-=?, =5, 144, 14?, 146, 145

Tuem f'hi Rkao ?4, ??

Turgnhht ?0?

_ueito fk Añihmk/Tkuseos ?4, ??, ?1

Reoik bosei 20, 18,204,20?

Rewot 1

Rkbei @kkf's Aovh ?=8

Rksoihtk 20, 64

Qoa`shiburm 08, 5=

Qoeit-Oa`hun ?60, ?84, ?8?, ?80

Qoeit-Aknkcboi ?60, ?8=, ?85

Qoeit-Hbnh ?14, ?10

Qoeit-Wonnehr =0

Qoeit-Wefon ?14

Qoeith-Oiih ?14, ?11, ?10

Qoi nse frk ?4, ??, ?1

Qoi _uerah 5-??

Qoifonjo.8?,70, =0, =5, 148

Qoimeroi 2?8

Qorotkvsl 245

Qotoie-For 245

Qa`÷ieimhi 08, 07, 54, 56-5=, 254, 250

Qa`woihbhal 07, 54, 58

Qa`wheislkpg ?25,145

Qhfnha ==

Qhfnhskveah =7, 141

Qhhst ?56, 244, 24?

Qhexkso ??, ?6

Qåiàzh =0, ?14, 140




Qefe Obfhrro`coih 287, 274, 205

Qefe On Lòfer 28=, 280

Qefe Chssokuf 287, 28=

Qnoteio =5

Qknoio fhn Zocbkreik 0, ?4, ??, ?5, 24, 20?

Qknhenòa ?25-?1?. ?11, ?10, ?15, ?6?, 278, 208, 147

Qpreckit (No Bhnnh-Rka`h) ?6=, ?60, 14? , 142, 148

Qthei`hec ??5, 14=

Qtroislo slono 7=, 70, =1-=7, =5, 04, 208, 144, 14?, 141, 145Qþsshibkri 140

Qvafslå soiah 70, =2, =1, =8, =7

Qwoisakcbh ?78. ?=2. ?=7, ?=5-?02, 276, 204, 14?, 142, 14'

Vocoi240, 2?4, 2?8, 2?0, 261

Vorl÷ 144, 142

Voutovhn 228, 276, 278, 2=5, 2 0?, 14?, 141, 14=

Vhmhnhi 144, 140

Vhriegeih ??8,280

Vhrro Ocoto 271

Vhtkeu 70, =5

V`kcos-? quorry 288-274

Vem`hiet' 280

Verospkn 2??, 226,214

Vkrk ?4Vkrronbo=-?2. ??=,278

Vkrrh ei Tehtro 20, 16, 10, 15

Vksson fh no Gkit ??, ?8, ?0

Vrhumkn' iojo 24=, 240, 264, 261, 266

Vrzhbieao 70, ==, 141

Vskio 201

'Xbhefeyo2?2, 271, 140

Xithrcossghnf 14?

Won f'Orik =0, 140

Wona`htto Aortkie 2=, 20, 18, 1=

Wonfhmkbo 0

Wonh fk Gkrik ?4, ?1

Wonnh fe Aosttmnekih 6?

Wonnh Meuchiteio 20, 64

Wons ?14

Whjstrup Ofon ?56, ?5=, ?55

Whjstrup Qlkv ?56-?57

Whnoy ?25, ?14, ?10, ?15, ?6?

Whikso 2=, 14, 2=5, 204, 14=

Whikso-Nkrhtk 20, 14-12, 17, 1=, 15, 64, 278, 14?, 148

Whikso-Iktoraèreak 20, 14-12, 17, 1=, 15, 278, 204

Whito Ceahio 0, ??, ?0, 2?, 14?, 141, 148, 145Whro ?0

Whrbhreh 254

Whrmroiih 14=

Wårthssz÷nn÷s 70, ==, =0, 14?, 14=

Weo Ourhneo 11, 1=, 10, 204

Wennomkizonk ??

Wennhstrup24?

Weskmneoik 20, 10, 15, 6? , 14?, 14=

Wkemtsthft 1 4?, 141, 140, 145

Wroìhëlo 82, 8=

Wysiå Ruzboa`y ==

]onnhifkrg 08, 07, 56, 5=

]oimhi 08-0=, 54, 56, 5=

]oiihi 145]orrhi @enn ?=4, ?=?

]ovhrnhy ]kkf ?7=-?75

]hecor-H`reimsfkrg 0=, 5=, 141, 14=

]hst Ruitki ?77, ?75, 144, 14? , 141, 140, 145

]hstbury-sub-Chifep ?77, ?=2-?=6, ?=7, ?=0, 142

]effhrstott 08

]echrhux ?87

]essoit ?80

]evhi`kh ?=6

Uorecburmoz 8?, 82, 8=

Uerki 1

Zogorroyo 0

Zwhrifkrg =7

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