the earth revolves end of chapter 1 parts of chapter 3
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THE EARTH REVOLVESTHE EARTH REVOLVESTHE EARTH REVOLVESTHE EARTH REVOLVES
End of Chapter 1End of Chapter 1
Parts of Chapter 3Parts of Chapter 3
PLANETSPLANETSPLANETSPLANETS
The word, Planet, is derived from The word, Planet, is derived from Planetes, the Greek word for WandererPlanetes, the Greek word for Wanderer
Ancients recognized 7 wanderers (planets)Ancients recognized 7 wanderers (planets)
Today we understand that the Earth is Today we understand that the Earth is a planet but not the Sun and Moona planet but not the Sun and Moon
Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturnand Saturn
The Sun is at the center of the solar systemThe Sun is at the center of the solar systemThe Moon is a companion of EarthThe Moon is a companion of Earth
RETROGRADE MOTIONRETROGRADE MOTIONRETROGRADE MOTIONRETROGRADE MOTION
EastEast
WestWest
RETROGRADE a la PTOLEMYRETROGRADE a la PTOLEMYRETROGRADE a la PTOLEMYRETROGRADE a la PTOLEMY
EpicycleEpicycle
RETROGRADE a la PTOLEMYRETROGRADE a la PTOLEMYRETROGRADE a la PTOLEMYRETROGRADE a la PTOLEMY
SUN-CENTERED SYSTEM (1543)SUN-CENTERED SYSTEM (1543)SUN-CENTERED SYSTEM (1543)SUN-CENTERED SYSTEM (1543)
RETROGRADE a la COPERNICUSRETROGRADE a la COPERNICUSRETROGRADE a la COPERNICUSRETROGRADE a la COPERNICUS
SunSun
Planet’s OrbitPlanet’s Orbit
Earth’sEarth’sOrbitOrbit
AA
AA
AABB
BB
BB
CCCC CC
DD
DD
DD
EE
EE
EE
WW
EE
ORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETS
Inner PlanetsInner Planets
ORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETS
Inner PlanetsInner Planets Outer PlanetsOuter Planets
ORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETSORBITS of the PLANETS
EclipticEcliptic
A star rises A star rises 4 min 4 min earlier each earlier each nightnight
Stars drift Stars drift westward westward about 1about 1ºº/day/day
EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES
Evidence that Earth Revolves around Evidence that Earth Revolves around the Sunthe SunChanging Night Time SkyChanging Night Time Sky
SUMMER TRIANGLESUMMER TRIANGLESUMMER TRIANGLESUMMER TRIANGLE
WINTER TRIANGLEWINTER TRIANGLEWINTER TRIANGLEWINTER TRIANGLEMILKY WAY
FLASHCARDFLASHCARDFLASHCARDFLASHCARD
WHY IS IT THAT STARS APPEAR TO RISE WHY IS IT THAT STARS APPEAR TO RISE 4 MINUTES EARLIER EACH NIGHT?4 MINUTES EARLIER EACH NIGHT?
A)A) Earth moves eastward Earth moves eastward 360 degrees in 365 days – 360 degrees in 365 days – about 1 degree per day. So a star will appear to drift about 1 degree per day. So a star will appear to drift westward about 1 degree per day. 4 minutes is to 24 westward about 1 degree per day. 4 minutes is to 24 hours as 1 degree is to 360 degrees.hours as 1 degree is to 360 degrees.
B)B) 4 minutes is about the change in time due to the 4 minutes is about the change in time due to the apparent motion of the Sunapparent motion of the Sun
C)C) The Sun rises 4 minutes earlier each day during The Sun rises 4 minutes earlier each day during spring-summer.spring-summer.
D)D) The Boulder, CO, Universal Time Signal is The Boulder, CO, Universal Time Signal is inaccurate and slips about 4 minutes per day.inaccurate and slips about 4 minutes per day.
FLASHCARDFLASHCARDFLASHCARDFLASHCARDWHY IS IT THAT STARS APPEAR TO RISE WHY IS IT THAT STARS APPEAR TO RISE
4 MINUTES EARLIER EACH NIGHT?4 MINUTES EARLIER EACH NIGHT?
A)A) Earth moves eastward Earth moves eastward 360 degrees in 365 days – 360 degrees in 365 days – about 1 degree per day. So a star will appear to drift about 1 degree per day. So a star will appear to drift westward about 1 degree per day. 4 minutes is to 24 westward about 1 degree per day. 4 minutes is to 24 hours as 1 degree is to 360 degrees.hours as 1 degree is to 360 degrees.
B) 4 minutes is about the change in time due to the B) 4 minutes is about the change in time due to the apparent motion of the Sunapparent motion of the Sun
C) The Sun rises 4 minutes earlier each day during C) The Sun rises 4 minutes earlier each day during spring-summer.spring-summer.
D) The Boulder, CO, Universal Time Signal is D) The Boulder, CO, Universal Time Signal is inaccurate and slips about 4 minutes per day.inaccurate and slips about 4 minutes per day.
WINTER TRIANGLEWINTER TRIANGLEWINTER TRIANGLEWINTER TRIANGLEMILKY WAY
EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES
Evidence that Earth Revolves around Evidence that Earth Revolves around the Sunthe SunChanging Night Time SkyChanging Night Time Sky
Parallactic Shift of StarsParallactic Shift of Stars
SUN-CENTERED SYSTEMSUN-CENTERED SYSTEMSUN-CENTERED SYSTEMSUN-CENTERED SYSTEMWith a Sun-centered Solar Systemand a moving Earth, objects outsidethe Solar System can potentiallyexhibit parallax. Whether they door not will depend on their distance.
Tycho Brahe looked for parallax ofthe stars in the 1570’s as proof ofthe Copernican Theory. Did notsee it - concluded that Earth did notmove. Measurement accuracy 1’whereas the parallax of nearest star< 1”.
PARALLAXPARALLAXPARALLAXPARALLAX
STELLAR PARALLAXSTELLAR PARALLAXSTELLAR PARALLAXSTELLAR PARALLAX
Bessel Measures Stellar Bessel Measures Stellar Parallax 1838!Parallax 1838!
Bessel Measures Stellar Bessel Measures Stellar Parallax 1838!Parallax 1838!
61 Cygni61 Cygni
Parallax 0.314”Parallax 0.314”
Manhattan taxi Manhattan taxi
as viewed fromas viewed from
Mexico CityMexico City
EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES
Evidence that Earth Revolves around Evidence that Earth Revolves around the Sunthe SunChanging Night Time SkyChanging Night Time Sky
Parallactic Shift of StarsParallactic Shift of Stars
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
WAVESWAVESWAVESWAVES A stone dropped into a pool of A stone dropped into a pool of water causes an expanding disturbance water causes an expanding disturbance called a called a wavewave..
DOPPLER SHIFTDOPPLER SHIFTDOPPLER SHIFTDOPPLER SHIFT
WAVESWAVESWAVESWAVES
Light and radio are Light and radio are waveswaves (called (called electromagnetic radiation) caused by electromagnetic radiation) caused by charged particles (mostly electrons) charged particles (mostly electrons) oscillating. oscillating.
A stone dropped into a pool of A stone dropped into a pool of water causes an expanding disturbance water causes an expanding disturbance called a called a wavewave.. Sound is a Sound is a wavewave caused by a caused by a pressure disturbance.pressure disturbance.
STELLAR DOPPLER SHIFTSTELLAR DOPPLER SHIFTSTELLAR DOPPLER SHIFTSTELLAR DOPPLER SHIFT
DOPPLER SHIFTDOPPLER SHIFTDOPPLER SHIFTDOPPLER SHIFT
11
22
33 44
22
11
44
33
Ve
loc
ity
Time
EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES
Evidence that Earth Revolves around Evidence that Earth Revolves around the Sunthe SunChanging Night Time SkyChanging Night Time Sky
Parallactic Shift of StarsParallactic Shift of Stars
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Phases of VenusPhases of Venus
Galileo GalileiGalileo GalileiGalileo GalileiGalileo Galilei
Venus and PtolemyVenus and PtolemyVenus and PtolemyVenus and Ptolemy
PHASES OF VENUSPHASES OF VENUSPHASES OF VENUSPHASES OF VENUS
PHASES OF VENUSPHASES OF VENUSPHASES OF VENUSPHASES OF VENUS
EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES EARTH REVOLVES
Evidence that Earth Revolves around Evidence that Earth Revolves around the Sunthe SunChanging Night Time SkyChanging Night Time Sky
Parallactic Shift of StarsParallactic Shift of Stars
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Phases of VenusPhases of Venus
Moons of JupiterMoons of Jupiter
MOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITER
MOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITER
Four Galilean moons of Jupiter Four Galilean moons of Jupiter as sketched by Galileo on 7 nightsas sketched by Galileo on 7 nightsBetween January 7 and 15, 1610Between January 7 and 15, 1610