Cao Le Quyen

Vietnam Institute for Fisheries Economics and Planning (VIFEP)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD)

Science and Technology Advantages: An important mean for Blue Aquaculture Development in Vietnam

THE EAST ASIAN SEAS CONGRESS 2015

VIÖN KINH TÕ & QUY HO¹CH THUû

S¶N -

Bé TH

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Outline of this presentation

• Coastal aquaculture development in Vietnam and its difficulties and challenges;

• What is blue economy and implications for blue aquaculture development;

• What have been done for blue aquaculture development in Vietnam;

• Investment opportunities for “Blue” Aquaculture development based on science and technological advantages.

Natural resources for coastal aquaculture development

• Coastal lines: 3,260km• Numbers of islands: >3,000 • EEZ: >1 millions km2

• 12 lagoons;• 112 estuaries;• Over 2,000 aquatic species

(130 species with high economic values

• Potential areas for brackish water aquaculture are about 700,000 hectares.

• 28 coastal provinces (out of total 63 provinces)

Aquaculture Area Distribution in regions

72%

19%

9%

Mekong River Delta

Red River Delta

Remaining area

10%

20%

70%

Mekong River Delta

Red River Delta

Remaining Area

Aquaculture in Vietnam: Facts and Figures in 2014

• Aquaculture environments: freshwater, brackish water and marine aquacultures.

• Four main groups of species: freshwater fish (carp, catfish, tilapia…), Macrobrachium shrimp; brackish water crustaceans (shrimp, crab,…), mollusc, marine fish, seaweeds.

• Aquaculture areas in 2014: 1.28 millions hectares: – Pangasius catfish: 5,500 hectares.– Brackish water shrimp: 685,000 hectares (590,000 ha tiger

shrimp and 95,000 ha white leg shrimp).• Total yields in 2014: 3.6 millions MTs:

– Catfish: 1.15 millons MTs;– Brackish water Shrimp: 660,000 MTs (tiger shrimp:

260,000 MTs and white leg shrimp: 400,000 MTs);

Vietnam Aquaculture-Capture Yields 1999 – 2014 (tons)

Source: Annual Reports of Former MoFi (1999 – 2007); Annual Reports of D-FISH (2008-2014).

Coastal Aquaculture: Difficulties & challenges

Blue aquaculture development

What is blue economy ?

• At “Rio +20” UNCSD, “Blue Economy” is “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities” (UNEP 2013)

• Endorses the same principles of low carbon, resource efficiency and social inclusion.

Green technologies are keys for blue aquaculture

• UNEP and other partners (2012): Green technologies (in aquaculture) include:– Innovative multi-trophic aquaculture production

systems using environmentally friendly feeds; – Reduced energy use and greener refrigeration

technologies; and – Improved waste management in fish handling,

processing and transportation.• All those things need to be under proper local

supportive policies.

Legal context for green agriculture sector (including aquaculture sub-sector)

Source: Pham Xuan Thinh (2015).

Blue initiatives and systems in coastal aquaculture development in Vietnam

20-1-2016 pag. 12

CSA

Climate smart aquaculture (CSA) system (tiger shrimp, tilapia and crab) in North Coastal Central (Thanh Hoa province)

20-1-2016 pag. 13

What is CSA in Aquaculture and implications for blue economy development• CSA is defined as "agriculture that sustainably increases

productivity, enhances resilience, reduces/removes greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals”(FAO, 2010);

Enhances the achievements of national Enhances the achievements of national food security and development goalsfood security and development goals

Sustainably productivity

increase/ Food security

Adaptation/Resilience

Low carbon(mitigation)

Enhancing community resilience to climate change by promoting CSA in Northern coastal area of Vietnam (ECO-SAMP)

U p - s c a l i n gExtensionists

Enhanced adaptive capacity, resilience & gender equity

Researchers

Regional IDOs

CSA in Thanh Hoa coastal aquaculture

Aquaculture crop Calendar in CSA Thanh Hoa

20-1-2016 pag. 16

CSA in Thanh Hoa in the perspectives of blue economy

• Better cope with climate changes through introducing tilapia in brackish water shrimp ponds

• Integrated system tilapia can utilize natural food and make use of feed residues from shrimp crop clean shrimp ponds, reduce FCR for farmed tilapia and reduce production costs;

• Diverse harvested products,

• Reduce environmental risks for shrimp crop, reduce GHG emissions due to reduce FCR.

BRACKISH WATER SHRIMP-RICE ROTATION & FOREST-SHRIMP SYSTEMS IN THE MEKONG DELTA

Systems Silvio-shrimp

Rice-shrimp

1. Inputs:Stocking density (unit/m2)

3.12±3.59

7.08±3.20

FCR coefficient- 1.63

±0.44Water exchange (%/volume)

49.71±15.26

17.00±8.78

2. OutputsFarming time (day/crop)

186.67±88.14

153.5±27.99

Survival rate (%)23.24

±16.0359.79

±15.00

Productivity (ton/ha)0.14

±0.120.99

±0.71

Source: Phan Thanh Lam (2015)

Why rice-shrimp & forest-shrimp are “blue” ?• Integrated system shrimp can

utilize natural food after rice cropping reduce FCR, reduce costs and GHG emission;

• Rice can absorb feed residues from shrimp crop better pond environment for next shrimp crop and reduce fertilizers reduce production cost and GHG emission;

• Diverse harvested products,

• Reduce environmental risks for shrimp crops.

Hard clam aquaculture (Meretrix lyrata) in Ben Tre

• Co-management for hard clam resource exploitations and aquaculture;

• Local communities play central roles in co-management through their Local Cooperative;

• Protect clam seeds through better harvesting systems;

• Certified with MSC certification with three core principles:

Source: Tran Thu Nga (2012)

Principle 1: sustainable fish stocksPrinciple 2: Minimising

environment impacts Principle 3: Effective managament

The fishing activity must be at a level which ensures it can continue indefinitely.

Fishing operations must be managed to maintain the structure, productivity, function and diversity of the ecosystem.

The fishery must comply with relevant laws and have a management system that is responsive to changing circumstances.

MSC principles for sustainable MSC principles for sustainable development development

( ( MMarine arine SStewardship tewardship CCouncil)ouncil)

Source: msc.org/

“Blue” hard clam development when receiving this MSC standard.

MSC for Ben Tre hard clam in blue development perspectives

• MSC for hard clam better mangrove habitat protection around hard clam areas increase mangrove areas by 10 hectares;

• When mangrove areas increase areas of hard clam distribution also increases;

• Incomes of local farmers in the Hard Clam Cooperatives increase when they get 80% profits from clam business;

• Hard clam resources are protected, harvesting only clams have enough market sizes, smaller ones will be released again for more growth;

• Better public wealth: 7% of profits go to local communal budget, 6% to local development fund, 2% to local public wealth fund, 2% to local social fund, 2% to contigency fund and 1% to awarding fund (Source: Tran Thi Nga, 2012).

Applying copper in marine cage aquaculture (CAM) in Cat Ba islands, North Vietnam

Souce: Copper Alliance and ICAFISH (2015)

Biofouling in net mesh

CAM cage after six months of aquaculture

NYLON cage after one month of aquaculture

Source: Copper Alliance and ICAFISH (2015)

Compare raising Epinephelus tauvina in CAM and nylon cages

Figure: Fish Growth ratio by weight during 12 months of aquaculture (gram/fish)Source: Copper Alliance and ICAFISH (2015)

Marine fish aquaculture (Trachinotus falcatus and Trachinotus blochii) with Norwegian cages

Marine fish culture with Norwegian cages

• Cage culture for marine pomfrets done by RIA 1 (Trachinotus falcatus and Trachinotus blochii) at commercial scales;

• Annual volumes: 80-100 MTs, FCR: 1.5 – 1.7;• Marketed in domestic markets (VND 120,000/kg)

and exported to US;

Investment opportunities for “Blue”Aquaculture development

• Encourages for private investment in CSA in coastal areas through improving farming technologies (shrimp-fish, rice-shrimp, molluscs, forest-shrimp, marine fish farming);

• Sector plan for tilapia farming development, especially brackishwater tilapia farming (integrated with shrimp) in coastal areas;

• Private investments for farming, processing and exporting brackish water tilapia;

• Sectoral Program for sustainable development of commercial tilapia farming;

• Sectoral Program for sustainable expansion of rice-shrimp integrated farming systems in Mekong river delta (detailed development planning, improve irrigation systems, environmental monitoring…).

Investment opportunities for “Blue”Aquaculture development (cont. 1)

• Private investments for farming, processing and exporting shrimp products raised in rice-shrimp integrated systems though environmental friendly labeling;

• Research in in-tank lobster farming in coastal provinces in Central Coastal Areas;

• Research in environmental treatment technologies in marine lobster farming areas in Southern Central Coastal Areas;

• Encourages for private investment in marine fish culture and exporting;

Investment opportunities for “Blue”Aquaculture development (cont. 2)

• Scaling up co-management schemes for mollusk exploitation and conservation to other provinces of Tien Giang and Tra Vinh;

• Promote investments in mollusk breeding to supply better quality clam seed for aquaculture;

• Promote the market expansions for processed mollusk products (clams, oysters,…).

• Comply with sustainable certifications such as VietGAP, MSC, ASC,…

Thank you for your attention !