the educational system feldman module 14-1 santrock chapter 16
TRANSCRIPT
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THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Feldman Module 14-1Santrock Chapter 16
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Approaches to Learning
Direct instruction
Cognitive constructivist - Piaget
Social constructivist – Vygotsky
U.S. Schools tend to direct instruction/lock step
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We Have an Expensive, Poorly-Performing School system
The United States has the second-best funded school system in the world ($7-12K student).
It has some of the most poorly-performing students in the industrialized world. We generally come out toward the bottom in international competitions.
Employers like Bill Gates argue that they must hire immigrants because of lack of qualified people in the U.S.
Last year’s SAT scores were the worst ever.
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Accountability: Will testing work?
Positives: It is argued that test standards will:
improve performanceimprove confidence
Negatives: State-mandated tests drive learning objectives
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No Child Left Behind 2002
State determined standards in math, English/language arts, science
All students must have standard tests in grades 3-8.
Critics say: Teaching to the test is too narrow Creativity, social skills, persistence, etc. not
measured
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Getting around the test
Teach to the test
Cheat on the test
Ignore the test results
Lower the test standards
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The Problem is Systemic
Schools are too bureaucratically controlled. No one size fits all Curricula come from the state, influenced by the
federal government Wrong decisions are quickly disseminated, hard to
retract (self-esteem; new math; whole language) When you pay for ideas, you will ultimately pay for
some bad ones
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The Problem is Systemic
Too much competitive pressure and too little consideration of developmental maturity (brain/body readiness)
Developmentally appropriate kindergarten, for example
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Child-centered Kindergarten
Education of the whole child: physical, cognitive, socio-emotional
Emphasis on the process of learningHands-on vs. paper & pencil tasksPlay is important
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Study (Hart & others, 2003)
Children in developmentally inappropriate classrooms had slower growth in vocabulary, math application, and math computation.
Head Start children in developmentally appropriate programs more advanced in letter/word identification and performed better applying problems over time.
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Controversy over Early Childhood Education
36 states now have standards specifying what young children should know and be able to do before they enter kindergarten
Standards focus too much on language & cognition, too little on physical, motor, socioemotional
Too much pressure on young children
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Project Head Start
Model preschool programs have been linked with long-term effects such as reduced rates of placement in special education, dropout rates, grade retention, delinquency and use of welfare.
An estimated 40% of the 1400 Head Start programs are of questionable quality according to the results of one study.
Political research arena.
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Complaints from Elementary School
Too much pressure to cover the curriculum – related to testing Ignores the principle that it is better to learn a
foundational skill well than repeatedly
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Middle or Junior High
1989 Carnegie Foundation Report “. . Young adolescents
attend massive impersonal schools; learn from seemingly irrelevant curricula; trust few adults in school; and lack access to health care and counseling.”
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Care Has Not Been Taken to Insure the Quality or Accuracy of Curriculum Materials
Allowed unqualified textbook authorsAllowed apparently biased textbook authorsPermitted “revisionist” historyUsed “artist rendition” examples for
evolutionSubstituted technical proficiency for content
in some coursesSome schools have overemphasized
peripheral subjects
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Schools & Moral Development
Hidden curriculum (John Dewey,
1930)
Character education – explicit moral
code
Values clarification
Cognitive moral education
Discussion course
Service learning
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Schools & Discipline
When you eliminate religion from public discourse, you eliminate the foundation for moral authority
The principal, unlike the policeman, cannot arrest you and send you to jail.
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Schools Have Been Used for Indoctrination
Self-esteem movementPolitical Correctness/toleranceGlobal WarmingEvolutionPostmodernism/ whole languageEncouragement of group-dependent thinking(No doubt this has caused conflict with
“unbelieving” parents. There is an anti-parent sentiment and parent distrust of schools.)
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What have been the goals of these programs?
Has there been a deliberate “dumbing down” of the curriculum?
Has there been a desire to keep people ignorant while they believed they were educated?
Has there been a discouragement of independent thinking?
Has there been bias - presentation of only one side of controversial issues as the only reasonable conclusion?