the eighteenth century
TRANSCRIPT
India in the Era of Transition
Mughal Empire (1526-1707) Early thesis of the 18th century
as an era of Darkness Increasing Tax burden Hindu Resistance / Wars of
Peasant Resistance/ Regional Elites rising their heads
Complex struggle for supremacy for empire
Changes in the pattern of class formation
Independent Provinces Warrior States of Sikhs,
Jats and Marathas Local Kingdoms and
Warrior Adventurers Mughal Legitimacy Conquests, Intrigues and
Fractional Squabbles
Increased Agricultural Productivity
Favorable Land Labor Ratio Peasant and Artisan Mobility Rise of Hereditary Land Holders Thriving Internal Trade in Grain,
Textiles and Cattle Rise of New Urban Centers Decline of Ancient Indian Port
Cities and Indian Maritime Traders
Popular Devotional Cults Darga of Muinuddin Chisti and
complex religious rituals Vaishnava Cult of Nadia Varanasi as the center of Hindu
learning in South Asia Idea of Hindu Padpadsahi in
Maharashtra Sikh Muslim clashes Emergence of the notion of Islamic
Revival (Shah Waliullah, 1703-1762 and Shah Abdul Aziz1746-1824)
Complex interaction between religious heterodoxy and orthodoxy