the enlightenment review
TRANSCRIPT
Period 9 Review
http://meadperiod9.webs.com
11/24/08
“A philosophical movement of the eighteenth century that rejected traditional ideas and values, emphasized the notion of human progress, and promoted the use of reason and direct observation in science”◦ Newberry.org
An intellectual movement that brought reform◦ Mr. Mead
Salon- A place for intellectual conversation Problem Solving
◦ Eliminate Poverty◦ Improve Government◦ Fix Economy
Philisoph- Intellectualspeaker
Expand methods of communication◦ Salon◦ Theaters◦ Newspapers◦ Books
Change people’s views of current institutions.◦ Nobility, social structure of Europe
Merit- What one produces over who your family is.
Shed the dependency of viewpoint Not everyone listens to the church anymore.
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Experimentation due to questioning of the accepted.◦ Natural World◦ Society
“Old Science”◦ Based on Ancient Texts and the Church◦ Believed in a Geocentric Universe (Earth
Centered)◦ Believed there were the planets, then the sun,
then the moon (perfect), then the stars (angelic), then heaven.
“New Science”◦ Heliocentric Theory- Sun Centered◦ Based off of:
Renaissance Secular thought Ancient Texts Skepticism Individual Achievement (motive)
Reformation Church is already challenged Religious diversity in thought
Age of Exploration Seeking wealth and power Discovering new land Technology Courage Old beliefs disproven
Printing Press Rapid spread of information Rise of Literacy Vernacular Surgery Math Physics Astronomy
Discovery leads to enhanced innovation.◦ Europeans believed they were setting the
standards for the world. These standards were basically that their culture was the best so they have every right to impose it on others.
Out with the old, in with the new.◦ Out with nobles and church◦ Middle class is excited to change the world
around them.◦ Want to fulfill their potential◦ Record keeping and tax collection begins.
First to challenge old order.◦ Galileo Moon (is actually imperfect)◦ Vesalius Anatomy (body is like a machine, and
everything works out)◦ Bacon Scientific Method (formula for problem
solving)◦ Newton Natural Laws
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Natural Laws◦ Natural laws must be implemented in society
being manipulated by forces that must be broken. For example, according to Newton, Mercantilism is unnatural because it controlled by the government.
Monarchs Support Scientists◦ Weaken the Church◦ More technology
Bridges Military Mining etc.
Schools begin to open and compete◦ French Royal Academy◦ English Royal Society Shared power in England created a
more relaxed environment. Those who went from France, to England, back to France
became jealous and furious.◦ Rich would form own societies
Paying great minds to come to “parties,” more formally known as debates (in salons with Beethoven?) and brilliant communities would be raised where people work together to find information.
Educated Militaries◦ Military Schools
Normal subjects are taught: Strategies Tactics Weapon Handling
12/2/08Sapre Aude-DARE TO KNOW
Reason, Nature, Progress, Liberty, Happiness
CHANGE
Government Religion Social Order
How?
Education Law
Believed culture interfered with change Philisophs were the key to the
enlightenment. Everything should happen naturally.
◦ Deism- Belief in nature, not god. There is an ultimate power = the “clock maker”
12/4/2008
SOCIETY IS CORRUPT!
What is the purpose of government?◦ Provide for the best interests of the people◦ Serve general will/welfare
Social Contract: Common ideas of philosophes on how government should be run in respect to the government/citizens relationship.
“Man is born free, but everywhere, he is in chains.”
- Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Locke: Inequality of Society◦ All are born free and equal with the same chance.◦ Tabala Rasa “Blank Slate”
Everyone is born with this slate, which means everyone has the same opportunity. Life experiences will fill the slate. (i.e. education/travel)
Main Goal of Philosophes during the Enlightenment:
Change the government Change the laws Change Society!!
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Absolute Freedom•Everyone does as they please.•This can be dangerous!!
Freedom in a Box•Everyone is controlled by laws.•Safer for society.
Government liked to feel like their citizens were more intelligent, positive reflection on themselves, egotistical.
Some thinkers such as Hobbes still supported Absolutism
King wanted intelligent advisers who could solve problems
Monarchs doubted the power of Enlightened Thinkers, thought they had no possibility of taking over the King.
Increase in weaponry/military technology.
Many Parisians who went to London and returned began to like English ideas.
Philadelphia became the major Enlightened city in the colonies, followed closely by the city of Boston.
Northern colonies had more enlightened thinkers because southern colonies had their own customs which they did not want to abandon (slavery)
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12/10/2008
Charles I (1625-1649) Financial crisis continues to worsen, yet he still engages England in costly wars. Demands that money should be used in order to pay for artwork to glorify his father (James I), although people on the streets are starving.
Calls Parliament into session and states he wants Parliament’s support to raise taxes. Parliament states that a vote will be held only if they are given a larger role in governing
Charles I is disgraced with their lack of support and closes Parliament. As a result, he decides to raise taxes on his own. Under his tax plan, everyone, including Nobles, must pay taxes or face imprisonment/death. For example, ship money, a tax typically paid by people living only on the coast, used to protect harbors, is extended to include then entire country
Charles I sends soldiers to live in people’s homes while collecting their taxes. Issue begins to develop of no taxation, without consent. As a result, Charles I begins to institute martial law, such as dress codes, curfews, etc.
Due process: Explanation of why you’re in trouble:
Non-existent under Charles I UNFAIR!)
12/11/2008
Charles I passed strict laws on Anglican worship, forcing people to worship how he wanted
Made high taxes Imprisoned anyone who did not follow his tax and
worship laws Spread harsh laws to Scotland too (Scotland
Presbyterian) Charles I first absentee ruler of Scotland: never has
been to Scotland As absentee ruler, higher chance of rebellion
Wants to declare war on
Goes to parliament to ask for permission, but the present him with the petition of rights.◦ Petition of Rights
No taxation without consent No quartering Parliament gets a say
But KING WON’T SIGN◦ Do we need a king?
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English Civil War: (1625-1689) 1689- The Glorious Revolution
Long Term Causes:◦ Magna Carta (1215) First social contract between
government/people◦ Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) Financial crisis in
England begins due to expensive wars◦ James I (1603-1625) People realize financial
trouble, parliament does nothing. Great Britain (under James I) He resented Puritans/Parliament
Roundheads win and arrest Charles I◦ He is guilty of treason and publicly behead him◦ Cromwell is declared the leader
Oppressive leader of “commonwealth”◦ Not allowed to have fun- “Puritan Taliban”◦ He is “Lord Protector” ◦ “I’m not a god, I work for God”
Back to where we started
12/11/2008
The Merry Monarch Reopens theaters, celebrates holidays,
makes England back to normal Pretty much makes England back to normal
before Cromwell Secretly putting Catholic in Parliament due
to French ties and devotion to France?◦ Brother is openly Catholic
12/12/2008
James II new ruler Openly catholic but Anglican rule James II has a son
◦ Catholic Baptism◦ Sends a message that says “We’re gonna be
Catholic!” English Rebellion Parliament divides
Whigs Tories
Reunite to prevent another civil war
Reunited parliament wants new Protestant ruler
James IIMary (Daughter)
Prince William of Orange
Married
When he dies daughter Mary and William come to throne◦ Protestant, not Catholic
Parliament makes deal with her◦ Create English Bill of Rights
Outlines the power of citizens of England Parliament and monarch almost totally
equal