The Ethno- Cultural and

Historical Heritages:

The Peopling of the Philippines from Pre-Colonial to Post-War

Period

THE TABON MAN This refers to the fossilized

human remains of a modern man, homo sapiens as

distinguished from a mid-pleistocene homo

erectus species found in the Tabon Cave of Palawan

Philippines on May 28, 1962. Carbon 14 dated to roughly 22,000 – 20,000 BCE. This

means the fossilized remains was pre-mongoloid (pre

modern Malay, Indonesian, pacific, Filipino) and does not

resembles a Negrito.

As recently as 1971, a band of 27 people who called themselves the

Tasaday were brought to world attention because they appeared to

have been a stone-age, food-gathering tribe living totally isolated in the rainforests of South Cotabato

on Mindanao.

The Metal Age: Bamboo People

The Metal Age, which followed some 700 to 200 years B.C., further broadened

cultural horizons. The ever-handy tool, the bolo (which has become part of the

English language) emerged; and with this tool, bamboo was exploited

efficiently.

Si Malakas

at Si Maganda

• Filipinos have been described as a bamboo people.

• Traces of the Metal Age lifestyle are still visible among various cultural minority groups, such as the T’boli of Mindanao and the Ifugao in the

mountain Province. Both these groups still retain small-scale metal

casting work.

• In the Metal Age, pottery reached a high peak of development and evidence of the

potter’s skill can be viewed in various national repositories and private collections. • Weaving flourished, a back-strap loom, tie-

dye textile art is still in practice among existing cultural minority groups. There was

much interaction between tribal and regional groups. Archeological evidence reveals

dissemination of pottery wares and designs throughout the archipelago.

Age of Trade and Contacts

Arabe

Unang mangangalakal ipinakilala ang Koran – Banal na Aklat

kalendrayoArabesque

Indian Traders Barong- Tagalog Sarong, Putong

Pamahiin Pgsaboy ng bigas sa bagong kasal

paglalagay ng belo at kordon sa ikakasal pagsabit ng kwintas na gawa sa bulaklak na

isinasabit sa mga panauhin

Salita: mahal, tala, asawa, mukha, hari, ina, ganda

CHINESE

Foreign traders made their way to the archipelago from the 10th to the 16th centuries in a period known as the

Age of Trade and Contacts. The Chinese sailed in their junks bringing

porcelain and silk in exchange for deer horn, and beeswax.

The Chinese contributed many things: culinary techniques, of course, such as sautéed dishes, and a variety of rice cake and

noodles; various cooking implements such as the work

(kawa) reveal their Chinese origin in the names used for these. The corner retail store and vegetable

gardening are Chinese.

The Filipino family structure was reinforced by the more rigid authoritarian Chinese style, and traditional Filipino families still make

clear distinctions between family members, including from the oldest child and on down the line to the youngest, with names that are

Chinese. The eldest son is addressed as kuya by the other children, the elder sister as ate; their

authority as well as responsibility over younger siblings is clearly defined.

The oldest church in the country, San Agustin in Manila (16th century),

still displays a choir loft and chairs carved by Chinese in Canton; Chinese stone lions

guard its churchyard walls.

Intsik

Sari-sari Store Pinngan, plorera, payong

salamin, telang seda, karayom barter

pagsuot ng itim o puting damit pag namatayan

Paggamit ng paputok bilang pagdiriwang ng Bagong Taon

Family Ties Pagiging Matipid

Sungka, Baraha, SaranggolaPulbura, bakya, tsinelas

Paawa ng alahas

Salita: Ssi, ate , kuya, lumpia, pansit

HaponesPaggawa ng Armas

Kagamitan sa pagsasakaMetalurhiya ( paghihiwalay ng metal sa

mineral) Pagkukulti (paggawang iba’t-ibang

produkto mula sa balat ng hayop)

Advents of IslamThe Arabs, at about the same time as the

Chinese, had also come to trade.

In the Southeast Asian region the founding of Malacca, followed by the conversion of its leader in 1414, spread the influence of Islam among the Malay peoples, reaching

shores around the 14th century.

Christian Filipinos invoked the

protection of saints the favorite being Santiago Apostol,

known to the Spaniards as

Santiago Matamoras (killer of Moors’).

Vast quantities of porcelain diggings in recent years attest to

the extent of inter-island domestic

trade and cultural exchange. Gold

jewelry of this period reveals highly sophisticated craftsmanship

unequalled in many parts of the world.

Islamization Process

Marriage into Datu Families

Consolidation of barangays into

Sultanato

Introduction of Islamic Faith

Trade and Commerce

The Spanish Period

TYPICAL PHILIPPINE TOWN SETTING

• Municipio ( government house) • Plaza Concept• Church

The Fine Arts

• The priest’s quarters (convento) beside them not only developed urban architecture, but

introduced new technology and materials for building.

• Christian rituals called for interior décor, statuary, paintings, and liturgical music. Out

of these religious needs developed Philippine fine arts, architecture, painting, sculpture, a

Western form of music, and theatre.

By the 1884 two Filipino painters in Europe had

bagged top honors there. Juan Luna gaining

the coveted Prix de Rome, the highest single art award of the time.

The large Spanish colonial house evolved from the humble indigenous, the nipa hut. The classic nipa hut, still in use, is built on stilts

with entry via a ladder located in the middle, a main receiving-cum-living room area, inner bedrooms, and a space extending out of the kitchen, called a batalan, for water storage

and messy chores.

The Spanish colonial house enjoys the same layout on a much grander scale, using more

permanent bricks and tiles, a living room (sala), with the water storage area adjoining

the kitchen called azotea.

Grafting of Western Renaissance ‘fine arts’ in to Philippine culture enriched and expanded Filipino

aesthetics. Then, art was the product of an anonymous villager with a flair for pottery, basketry,

weaving or carving. Oil paints materials devised to keep a work

of art as long as possible.

Philippine literature which in Pre-Hispanic times was oral, acquired the Latin alphabet. Growing from

religious literature, it developed in the vernacular the Passion of Christ (pasyon), religious plays (sinakulo), and Christian-Moor dramas (moro-

moro), and then developed metrical romances (awit, corrido). By 1891 a Filipino named Jose Rizal had published two political novels

that shook the Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines.

In many ways, Christian Filipinos picked up Spanish culture, selectively absorbing what suited their

lifestyle. Music, dress, dance, cuisine, ceremony, bureaucracy, political ideas— none was borrowed in

pure form; transformation was essentials. Even Spanish terms adopted in Philippine languages

acquire different connotations, if not totally different meanings. Spanish for ‘certainty’ (seguro) in Tagalog and Pilipino means ‘uncertainty’ (Filipino

for ‘certainty’ is segurado), and the Spanish for ‘philosopher’ (pilosofo) has come to mean, in

Filipino, a ‘sophist’—not a wise person, but a ‘wise guy’.

Roots of Hispanization

The Spanish compadrazco system was adopted but harnessed by kinship groups to gain powerful members. Catholicism was accepted but with emphasis on ceremony fiesta and the miraculous powers of many

saints.

The chaperone was very much a part of Philippine courtship practices before

World War II—sweethearts were never left to themselves during courtship. Spanish

missionaries had a strong view against nudity. Modest

dressing remains a strong trait of Christian Filipinos.

The galleon trade which served as the Spanish

connection to the Philippines for more than two and a half centuries

commuted between Acapulo and Manila,

bringing Mexican influences rather than pure Iberian

ones, (tiangui) and plants introduced form Mexico

still linger.

Friars and Filipinization

• The 1872 martyrdom, known in history as “ Gomburza’ was the turning point.

• Banking was institutionalized, land estates carved out, sugar produced and tobacco factories erected.

• The educational system boasted university and an observatory.

• Children of the elite were sent abroad to master professions, to be identified, upon their return, as

illustrados. A national political identity took shape.

Looking Behind Those Spanish Names

The surnames were adopted in mid-19th century, to be exact in 1849, by a decree issued by Narciso Claveria, who observed Filipinos had no

surnames to distinguish them by family.

• Surnames were created to help trace degrees of sanguinity, facilitate legal

and civil cases, and check on taxation , and personal services.

• Christian Filipinos acquired religious surnames ( Cruz, de la Cruz, Santos, and

de los Santos)

Start of Urban Life

• The Spanish obsession with honour was identified with the Filipino for self-esteem, and

the Filipino term now in use, amor propio• Urban living split Filipino culture. The vast of Filipinos lived in the barrios, but the creation of towns and cities diverted many to urban living.

• Urbanidad- civility and courteousness, the urban way of living.

Hispanization Process

Catholic Christian

Spanish Language

Searching for new Trade Routes

Feudalism Governor- Genaralship

Protestant Americans

American-trained Filipino teachers and students were taught to sing until they love to sing “ my nipa hut is very small,” “planting rice is never fun,” “ clean little hands are good to

see,” “ I was a poorly born on top of the mountains”.

virtue of perseverance Santa Claus

I’m Dreaming of a White Christmas

Americanization Process

PROTESTANT Liberal Democracy

Civilization

English Education

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