the ethnography of speaking and structure of conversation
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7/23/2019 The Ethnography of Speaking and Structure of Conversation
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The ethnography ofspeaking and structure of
conversation
Ana Maria Garcia Rodriguez
Sociolinguistics
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What does the ethnography ofspeaking refer to?
• The ethnography of speaking is a way ofdealing with the description of speech eventsthat calls for an analysis of every relevant
factor, all of which are closely interrelated inforing the structure of the whole event!
• The factors are realized and related inappropriate ways for each genre #$kind of
speech event%, such as a seron, acheistry lecture or a &argaining session,etc!
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• The speech event #$act of huan counication%is in the focus of sociolinguists' attention!
• The study of language ust deal with the (real' te)tsthat for huan counication and the socialsituations they are used in!
• The speech event is constituted &y seven distinctfactors, each associated with a di*erent function+
#Roan ako&son and -ell .yes%• speaker / writer
• hearer / reader
• essage
• speech code• topic #e)pressed &y the essage for%
• channel #visual or aural%
• setting #where the speech event is located%!
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Speaker priest
Hearer participant
Message the actual words, sounds and sentences
Topic religious context
Channel direct voice by loudspeaker
Setting church
Code the language may understood
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What is eant for conversationalinterchange?
• 0inguists generally ignored the study ofspoken language!
• 1thnographers, sociologists and
sociolinguists &egan to e)plore itsstructure!
While linguistic analysis was &ased on thewritten language, the conversationalinterchange is the &asic unit of the spokenlanguage #where two or ore speakers taketurns to speak%!
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• There is a foral structure ofconversation deterined 2 &y social
rules and
• 2 &y the nature of the event!
• The structure of conversation was 3rststudied in telephone conversationsdeonstrating the e)istence of sociallystructured rules for conversational
interchanges!
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• There have &een studies of di*erentaspects of conversation+
• the rules for turn-taking #$the4uestion of who speaks% andinterruption!
• the organization of invitations!• the noral patterns of social intercourse
in casual conversations!
• the nature of service encounters #$occasions in which one person /client,custoer, patient/ seeks help fro
another /seller, clerk/%!
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1)plain the ter 5turn2taking6
• Turn-taking #$rules for deterining who speaks when inconversational interchange% $ physical constraint+
• 7n various formal situations, e!g! in a classroo, in aparliaent or in trials $ clear rules on the order of
speaking!• 7n informal conversations and meetings $ who speaks
depends on power and status! Who has the oor #$theright to talk at any given oent% varies according torules of the social group!
• Silence $ leaves the 8oor open9• Turn-holders $ways of signalling that the speaker
intends to continue after a &reak, and wants to keep the8oor!
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What do politeness and politenessforula refer to?
:oliteness consists of this recognitionof the listener and his or her rights inthe situation!
Re4uests are itigated &y &eing adeindirectly, as stateent or &y addingforulas!
1)aple+
;! <ould you possi&le pass e thesalt?
=! 7 think that is the salt &eside your
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The ost kind of politeness forulasare involved with greetings!
1ach social groups has its own set ofrules a&out who should &e greeted,
who should greet 3rst, and what is anappropriate for of greeting!
.i
.ello
.ow are you?
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What e)pressions do we use as5ters of address6 here in @olivia?
The choice of second person pronoun andrelated phenoenon of ters of address inWestern 1urope languages shows theforulization of politeness and status in alanguage!
7n rench
Tu B singular pronoun9 Vous B plural pronoun
C for was used to address soeone of higherstatus, who would return to T for!
1)+ Servant 2 aster
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Tu Cos Dsted
-oEa SeEora Mada SeEorita
-r! F3cial 0ic! General