the eurasian modern pollen database (empd), version 2josé antonio lópez-sáez50, andré f....

Earth Syst Sci Data 12 2423ndash2445 2020httpsdoiorg105194essd-12-2423-2020copy Author(s) 2020 This work is distributed underthe Creative Commons Attribution 40 License

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) version 2

Basil A S Davis1 Manuel Chevalier1 Philipp Sommer1 Vachel A Carter2 Walter Finsinger3Achille Mauri4 Leanne N Phelps1 Marco Zanon5 Roman Abegglen6 Christine M Aringkesson7Francisca Alba-Saacutenchez8 R Scott Anderson9 Tatiana G Antipina10 Juliana R Atanassova11

Ruth Beer6 Nina I Belyanina12 Tatiana A Blyakharchuk13 Olga K Borisova14 Elissaveta Bozilova15Galina Bukreeva16 M Jane Bunting17 Eleonora Clograve18 Daniele Colombaroli19

Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout20 Steacutephanie Desprat21 Federico Di Rita22 Morteza Djamali23Kevin J Edwards24 Patricia L Fall25 Angelica Feurdean26 William Fletcher27 Assunta Florenzano18Giulia Furlanetto28 Emna Gaceur29 Arsenii T Galimov10 Mariusz Gałka30 Iria Garciacutea-Moreiras31Thomas Giesecke32 Roxana Grindean33 Maria A Guido34 Irina G Gvozdeva35 Ulrike Herzschuh36Kari L Hjelle37 Sergey Ivanov38 Susanne Jahns39 Vlasta Jankovska40 Gonzalo Jimeacutenez-Moreno41

Monika Karpinska-Kołaczek42 Ikuko Kitaba43 Piotr Kołaczek42 Elena G Lapteva44Małgorzata Latałowa45 Vincent Lebreton46 Suzanne Leroy47 Michelle Leydet48 Darya A Lopatina49Joseacute Antonio Loacutepez-Saacuteez50 Andreacute F Lotter6 Donatella Magri22 Elena Marinova51 Isabelle Matthias52

Anastasia Mavridou53 Anna Maria Mercuri18 Jose Manuel Mesa-Fernaacutendez41 Yuri A Mikishin35Krystyna Milecka42 Carlo Montanari54 Ceacutesar Morales-Molino6 Almut Mrotzek55

Castor Muntildeoz Sobrino31 Olga D Naidina56 Takeshi Nakagawa43 Anne Birgitte Nielsen57Elena Y Novenko58 Sampson Panajiotidis53 Nata K Panova10 Maria Papadopoulou53

Heather S Pardoe59 Anna Pedziszewska45 Tatiana I Petrenko35 Mariacutea J Ramos-Romaacuten60Cesare Ravazzi28 Manfred Roumlsch61 Natalia Ryabogina38 Silvia Sabariego Ruiz62 J Sakari Salonen60

Tatyana V Sapelko63 James E Schofield24 Heikki Seppauml60 Lyudmila Shumilovskikh64Normunds Stivrins65 Philipp Stojakowits66 Helena Svobodova Svitavska67

Joanna Swieta-Musznicka45 Ioan Tantau33 Willy Tinner6 Kazimierz Tobolski42 Spassimir Tonkov15Margarita Tsakiridou53 Verushka Valsecchi6 Oksana G Zanina68 and Marcelina Zimny45

1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics IDYST Faculteacute des Geacuteosciences et lrsquoEnvironnement University ofLausanne Batiment Geacuteopolis 1015 Lausanne Switzerland

2Department of Botany Charles University Benatska 2 Prague 2 128-01 Czech Republic3ISEM CNRS University of Montpellier EPHE IRD Montpellier France

4European Commission Joint Research Centre Directorate D ndash Sustainable Resources ndash Bio-Economy UnitVia E Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy

5Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology Kiel UniversityJohanna-Mestorf-Str 2ndash6 24118 Kiel Germany

6Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 Bern Switzerland7Department of Geography and Sustainable Development University of St Andrews North Street St Andrews

KY16 9AL UK8Department of Botany University of Granada Avda Fuente Nueva 18071-Granada Spain

9School of Earth and Sustainability 624 S Knoles St Ashust Building Room A108 Flagstaff AZ USA10Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 620144 Yekaterinburg Russia11Biological Faculty Department of Botany Sofia University 8 Dragan Tzankov bld 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

12Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS 7 Radio Street 690042 Vladivostok Russia13Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of

Sciences Akademicheski ave 103 634055 Tomsk Russia14Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography Staromonetny lane 29 119017 Moscow Russia

15Faculty of Biology Laboratory of Palynology Sofia University 8 Dragan Tsankov blvd 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Published by Copernicus Publications

2424 B A S Davis et al The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) version 2

16Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences co N Ryabogina Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RASMalygina st 86 625026 Tyumen Russia

17Department of Geography Geology and Environment University of HullCottongham Road Hull HU67RX UK

18Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica ndash Dipartimento Scienze della VitaUniversitagrave di Modena e Reggio Emilia via Campi 287 41125 Modena Italy

19Department of Geography Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK20UMR 7194 ndash CNRSMNHN Dpt Homme et Environnement Institut de Paleacuteontologie Humaine 1

rue Reneacute Panhard 75013 Paris France21University of Bordeaux EPOC UMR 5805 EPHE- PSL University

Alleacutee Geoffroy St Hilaire 33615 Pessac France22Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy

23Institut Meacutediterraneacuteen de Biodiversiteacute et drsquoEcologie Aix-Marseille Universiteacute ndash Campus Aix Technopocircle delrsquoenvironnement Arbois Meacutediterraneacutee Avenue Louis Philibert Bacirct Villemin ndash BP 80

13545 Aix-en-Provence CEDEX 4 France24Departments of Geography and Environment and Archaeology School of Geosciences

University of Aberdeen Elphinstone Road Aberdeen AB24 3UF UK25Department of Geography amp Earth Sciences University of North Carolina Charlotte NC USA

26Department of Physical Geography Goethe University Altenhoumlferallee 160438 Frankfurt am Main Germany

27Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology Group Department of Geography School of EnvironmentEducation and Development University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK

28CNR-IGAG Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeoecology Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milan Italy29GEOGLOB Faculty of Sciences of Sfax Route Soukra BP 802 3038 Sfax Tunisia

30Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Department of Geobotany and Plant EcologyUniversity of Łoacutedz Banacha Str 1216 90-237 Łoacutedz Poland

31Dpto Bioloxiacutea Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo Facultade de Ciencias Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain32Department of Physical Geography Faculty Geoscience Utrecht University PO Box 80115

3508 TC Utrecht the Netherlands33Department of Geology Babes-Bolyai University Kogalniceanu Street 400084 Cluj-Napoca Romania

34CIR-LASA ndash University of Genoa Via Balbi 6 16126 Genoa Italy Italy35Far East Geological Institute FEB RAS 159 Prospekt 100-letiya 690022 Vladivostok Russia

36Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchTelegraphenberg A45 Potsdam Germany

37Department of Natural History University Museum University of BergenPO Box 7800 5020 Bergen Norway

38Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS Malygina st 86 625026 Tyumen Russia39Brandenburgisches Landesamt fuumlr Denkmalpflege Wuumlnsdorfer Platz 4ndash5

15806 Zossen OT Wuumlnsdorf Germany40Paleoecological Laboratory Institute of Botany Academy of the Sciences of the Czech Republic

Lidickaacute 2527 602 00 BRNO Czech Republic41Departamento de Estratigrafiacutea y Paleontologiacutea Universidad de Granada

Avda Fuentenueva SN 18002 Granada Spain42Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring Adam Mickiewicz University

B Krygowskiego 10247 61-680 Poznan Poland43Research Centre for Palaeoclimatology Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi

Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan44Laboratory of Paleoecology Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian

Academy of Sciences 8 Matra str 202 620144 Yekaterinburg Russia45Department of Plant Ecology Laboratory of Palaeoecology amp Archaeobotanyul University of Gdansk Wita

Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdansk Poland46CNRSMuseacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle UMR 7194 ndash Institut de Paleacuteontologie Humaine 1

rue Reneacute Panhard 75013 Paris France47AMU-LAMPEA Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Minist Culture LAMPEA UMR 7269 5 rue du Chacircteau de

lrsquoHorloge 13094 Aix-en-Provence France

Earth Syst Sci Data 12 2423ndash2445 2020 httpsdoiorg105194essd-12-2423-2020

B A S Davis et al The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) version 2 2425

48Aix Marseille Univ Avignon Universiteacute CNRS IRD IMBE Europocircle Arbois Aix-en-Provence France49Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of oceans Geological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences

Pyzevskii per 119017 Moscow Russia50Instituto de Historia-CSIC Albasanz 26ndash28 28037 Madrid Spain

51State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden Wuumlrttemberg Laboratory for ArchaeobotanyFischersteig 9 78343 Hemmenhofen Germany

52Campus Institute Data Science Goumlttingen Germany53Laboratory of Forest Botany-Geobotany Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment Aristotle University

of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece54University of Genoa DISTAV ndash Corso Europa 26 Genoa Italy

55Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldSoldmannstr 15 17487 Greifswald Germany

56Geological Institute RAS Pyzhevsky 7 119017 Moscow Russia57Lund University Soumllvegatan 12 66362 Lund Sweden

58Faculty of geography Department of Physical Geography and Landscape Science Lomonosov Moscow StateUniversity Leninskiye gory 1 119991 Moscow Russia

59National Museum Wales Cathays Park Cardiff CF10 3NP UK60Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki PO Box 64 (Gustaf Haumlllstroumlmin katu 2)

F00014 Helsinki Finland61Department of Philosophy Universitaumlt Heidelberg Sandgasse 7 69117 Heidelberg Germany

62Dept de Biodiversidad Ecologiacutea y Evolucioacuten Universidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid Spain

63Institute of Limnology RAS 9 Sevastyanova st 196105 St Petersburg Russia64Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics University of Goumlttingen Wilhelm-Weber-Str 2a 37073

Goumlttingen Germany65Department of Geography University of Latvia Jelgavas str 1 1004 Riga Latvia

66Institute of Geography University of Augsburg Alter Postweg 118 86159 Augsburg Germany67Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Zaacutemek 1 252 43 Pruhonice Czech Republic

68RAS Laboratory of Soil Cryology Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil ScienceMoscow region Institutskaya 2 142290 Pushchino Russia

deceased

Correspondence Basil A S Davis (basildavisunilch)

Received 21 January 2020 ndash Discussion started 24 February 2020Revised 15 May 2020 ndash Accepted 7 August 2020 ndash Published 9 October 2020

Abstract The Eurasian (neacutee European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to providea public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate landcover and land use using fossil pollen The EMPD is part of and complementary to the European PollenDatabase (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughoutthe Eurasian region The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database which is now the primaryhome for global palaeoecological data This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number ofsamples held in the database has been increased by 60 from 4826 to 8134 Much of the improvement indata coverage has come from northern Asia and the database has consequently been renamed the EurasianModern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement The EMPD can be viewed online using adedicated map-based viewer at httpsempd2githubio and downloaded in a variety of file formats at httpsdoipangaeade101594PANGAEA909130 (Chevalier et al 2019)

httpsdoiorg105194essd-12-2423-2020 Earth Syst Sci Data 12 2423ndash2445 2020


1 Introduction

Modern pollen samples provide an essential source of infor-mation for interpreting and understanding the fossil pollenrecord which in turn provides one of the most important spa-tially resolved sources of information on Quaternary vegeta-tion and climate We use the term ldquofossil pollenrdquo here as itis commonly used in the Quaternary sciences The fossils inthis sense can more accurately be described as sub-fossilssince they have usually only undergone limited (if any) post-deposition mineralisation while pollen is taken to includemany spores as well as the pollen from flowering plantsFossil pollen can be found preserved in sediments in lakesand bogs and other anaerobic environments throughout theEurasian region extending back throughout the QuaternaryModern pollen is simply the component of that fossil recordfound in the last 100ndash150 years most often in the surface lay-ers of lake and bog sediments but also including comparablecollectors of pollen such as moss polsters

Davis et al (2013) include a comprehensive introductionto the different scientific uses of modern pollen samplesModern pollen samples have been used to interpret many dif-ferent environmental processes such as past changes in landcover land use and human impact the impact on vegetationof past edaphic and hydroseral changes and the effects ofpast changes in fire pests and disease on vegetation Modernsamples have also been used to understand taphonomic prob-lems with regard to pollen transport deposition and preser-vation One of the early motivations for establishing largemodern pollen datasets and one that still remains importantis their use as calibration ldquotraining setsrdquo for the quantitativereconstruction of past climate This approach has also morerecently been adapted to quantitative reconstructions of landcover where a similar modelling approach to climate recon-struction is applied to determine for instance forest coverSimilarly modern samples have also been used to establishand model the relationship between vegetation and pollen as-semblages based on the different pollen productivity of dif-ferent taxa and thereby provide quantitative estimates of pastvegetation composition in a landscape from records of fossilpollen

Historically modern pollen data were often gathered di-rectly for a particular research project but the data wererarely shared and if published often in grey literature suchas a thesis report or monograph Efforts to develop largerdatasets at continental scales were pioneered in the 1990sprimarily by research groups looking to use these datasets ascalibration datasets for quantitative climate reconstructionDevelopment however was haphazard and the datasets hada reputation for being poorly documented and quality con-trolled often containing duplicates digitised data (not orig-inal raw counts) uncertain taxonomic standardisation poorgeolocation information and loose definitions of ldquomodernrdquothat could embrace as much as the last 500 years It be-came increasingly clear that a quality controlled and stan-

dardised database of modern pollen samples was requiredcomparable to the European Pollen Database (EPD) for fos-sil pollen samples and reflecting the same open-access andcommunity-based principles

The Eurasian (neacutee European) Modern Pollen Database(EMPD) was therefore established in 2013 as a complementto the European Pollen Database (EPD) for fossil pollen(Davis et al 2013) The first version of the EMPD (refer-enced herein as the EMPD1) contained almost 5000 samplessubmitted by over 40 individuals and research groups fromall over Europe Over the last 6 years more data have contin-ued to be submitted and additional efforts have been madeto incorporate more data held in open data repositories suchas PANGAEA and made available as a supplement in pub-lished studies This paper documents the first update to theEMPD (referenced herein as EMPD2) in which the numberof samples stored in the database has increased by around60

The EMPD remains the only open-access database ofmodern pollen samples covering the Eurasian continentSmaller compilations of modern pollen samples exist forsome regions but these generally have limitations in termsof some or all of the following (1) the extent of meta-data provided (2) the completeness of the taxa assemblage(3) the standardisation of taxa nomenclature and hierarchywith respect to the EPD (4) the inclusion of digitised ratherthan original raw count data (5) the inclusion of percent-ages rather than raw counts (6) information about the orig-inal source of the data and the analyst and in some cases(7) limitations to public access Importantly all of these as-pects limit their compatibility with the EPD where compat-ibility with the EPD is one of the primary objectives of theEMPD The EMPD contains only the original raw count data(no percentage data) for the complete pollen assemblage TheEMPD also contains comprehensive and standardised meta-data about the pollen sample location the landscape and veg-etation environment from which it was collected the way itwas collected the year that it was collected and who col-lected and analysed the sample and where it was published

The EMPD has no formal spatial domain but in generalit covers the same geographic region as the EPD This hastraditionally been the Palearctic vegetation region of Eurasiaexcluding China which has established its own semi-privateregional database As well as the terrestrial Eurasian land-mass and associated islands it also includes marine samplesfrom coastal margins and enclosed seas Increasingly how-ever these geographical administrative boundaries have be-come blurred as regional pollen databases become integratedinto the global Neotoma Palaeoecology Database (Williamset al 2018) hereafter referred to as ldquoNeotomardquo While re-gional databases such as the EPD will outwardly retain theiridentity within Neotoma internally the data will be com-pletely integrated at a global level It is also planned that theEMPD will become integrated into Neotoma in the near fu-ture and with this in mind the EMPD2 also includes data



Table 1 List of metadata fields used in the EMPD

Sample name Original authorsrsquo sample name Free textSigle EMPD unique sample identifier AssignedSite name Original authorsrsquo site name Free textCountry Country where the site is located ListLongitude Longitude in decimal degrees NumericLatitude Latitude in decimal degrees NumericElevation Elevation in metres above sea level NumericLocation Reliability estimate of the accuracy of the geolocation information ListLocation notes Notes about the site location Free textArea of site Site size in hectares NumericSample context Physical environment of the site ListSite description Notes about the physical context of the site Free textVegetation Description notes about the surrounding vegetation Free textSample type The type of material or sediment sampled ListSample method The method used to obtain the pollen sample ListAge BP The age of the sample BP NumericAge uncertainty The age uncertainty associated with the sample ListNotes General notes concerning the sample and site Free textPublications 1ndash4 Any publications associated with the sample Free textWorker role The name of the responsible person or analyst Free textWorker details Address and contact details for this person Free text

from outside of the traditional EPD region on the basis that itrepresented the most expeditious route to making these datapublicly available within Neotoma Consequently this sec-ond version of the EMPD includes not only data from Eu-rope and northern Asia but also data from Greenland IndiaChina and North Africa

2 Methods

Details about the structure and metadata of the database havealready been described in detail by Davis et al (2013) Thelist of metadata fields is shown in Table 1 We also includeclimate and vegetation data for each sample location Theclimate data include mean monthly seasonal and annualtemperature and precipitation climatology from WorldClim2(Fick and Hijmans 2017) The climate was assigned accord-ing to the nearest grid point within the 30 s (approximately1 km2) resolution of the WorldClim2 grid The vegetationdata include realm biome and ecoregion taken from Ol-son et al (2001) Note that all samples have been assigneda biome including marine samples The biome assigned tomarine samples was based on the nearest point of land to thesample No climate has been assigned to marine samples

The protocol for the database follows that of the EuropeanPollen Database with some additions The EMPD only in-cludes samples younger than 200 BP and with a samplingresolution comparable with the fossil pollen in the EPD Forinstance the EMPD does not include pollen trap data gath-ered at monthly or annual resolution but it does accept trapdata averaged over a period of at least 10 years which is

more comparable with the time typically represented in a fos-sil pollen sample taken from a sediment core

Like the EPD the EMPD only includes raw count datarepresenting the full pollen assemblage and it does not con-tain percentage data or truncated or summary assemblagesPercentages are excluded because their calculation can varyfrom author to author and therefore unlike raw count data itis not always possible to directly compare different samplesfrom different sources with percentage data This is an im-portant data quality criteria but it has led to the exclusion ofsome large regional modern pollen datasets that have beenrecently published This is discussed in the next section

Modern pollen samples have been gathered from a varietyof depositional environments and the type of environment isrecorded for 75 of the samples in the database The mostcommon environments are moss polsters (31 ) soil (21 )and lake sediments (19 )

21 Data sources

The pollen data for the latest update of the EMPD havecome from a diverse range of sources but mainly submis-sions from individual researchers and research groups Mostof this has been the result of published research (Table 2)but we also include unpublished data Additional pollen datahave come from open-access sources such as the PANGAEAdata archive and data supplements to publications as well asnew fossil pollen data submitted to the EPD and Neotomasince EMPD1 where the sample age of a sediment core topfulfils the requirements of a modern pollen sample



Table 2 List of data submitted to the EMPD2 by country

Sample(s) Country Contributor(s) Publication(s)

3 Belarus Binney H Binney et al (2016 2017)

41 Bulgaria Atanassova J Lazarova M TonkovS

Atanassova (2007) Lazarova et al (2006)

33 China PeoplersquosRepublic of

Binney H Binney et al (2016 2017)

56 Cyprus Fall P Fall (2012)

47 Czech Republic Svobodova Svitavska H Helena (2004) Pardoe et al (2010) Svobodovaacute (19891997 2002) Svobodovaacute et al (2001)

1 Finland Stivrins N Stivrins et al (2017b)

4 France Leroy S

4 Georgia Binney H Binney et al (2016 2017)

85 Germany Giesecke T Matthias I Mrotzek ARoumlsch M Stojakowits P

Lechterbeck (2001) Matthias et al (2012 2015)Mrotzek et al (2017) Roumlsch et al (2017) Roumlsch (20092012 2013 2018) Roumlsch and Lechterbeck (2016)Roumlsch and Tserendorj (2011a b) Roumlsch and Wick(2019) Stojakowits (2015)

76 Greece Jahns S Loacutepez Saacuteez J MavridouA Panajiotidis S Papadopoulou MTsakiridou M

Glais et al (2016) Jahns (1992) Pardoe et al (2010)

64 Greenland Edwards K Schofield J Schofield et al (2007)

4 Iceland Hallsdottir M Stivrins N

16 India Demske D Tarasov P Leipe et al (2014)

64 Iran IslamicRepublic of

Djamali M Leroy S Ramezani E Djamali et al (2009) Haghani et al (2016) Leroy et al(2011 2018) Ramezani et al (2013)

243 Italy Accorsi C Badino F ChampvillairE Clograve E Colombaroli D Di Rita FFinsinger W Florenzano A Furlan-etto G Greggio B Joannin S LeroyS Lotter A Magri D Mercuri AMontanari C Rattighieri E RavazziC Suanno C Tinner W ValsecchiV

Abbate 1981 Finsinger et al (2007 2010) Florenzanoet al (2017) Florenzano and Mercuri (2018) Furlan-etto et al (2019) Guido et al 1992 Joannin et al(2012) Margaritelli et al (2016) Mercuri et al (2012)Montali et al (2006) Montanari and Guido (1994) Rat-tighieri et al (2010) (2012) Di Rita et al (2011 2018ab) Di Rita and Magri (2009)

84 Japan Kitaba I Leipe C Nakagawa TWatanabe M

Leipe et al (2018)

5 Kazakhstan Duryagina N Naidina ONepomilueva N

Naidina and Richards (2018)Nepomilueva and Duryagin (1990)

43 Kyrgyzstan Beer R Morales-Molino C TinnerW

Beer et al (2007)

10 Latvia Stivrins N Feurdean et al (2017) Grudzinska et al (2017)Stivrins et al (2014 2015a b 2016b a 2017a) Veskiet al (2012)

120 Morocco Alba-Saacutenchez F Fletcher WSabariego Ruiz S

Bell and Fletcher (2016)



Table 2 Continued


231 Norway Hjelle K Pardoe H Caseldine and Pardoe (1994) Hjelle et al (2015)Hjelle and Sugita (2012) Mehl and Hjelle (2016) Par-doe (1992 2001 2006 2014)

115 Poland Gałka M Karpinska-Kołaczek MKołaczek P Latałowa M MileckaK Pedziszewska A Tobolski KZimny M Swieta-Musznicka J

Gałka et al (2014 2017) Milecka et al (2017) Pardoeet al (2010) Pedziszewska (2008) Pedziszewska et al(2015) Pedziszewska and Latałowa (2016) Pidek et al(2010)

12 Portugal Fletcher W Fletcher (2005)

17 Romania Feurdean A Grindean R Tantau I Farcas and Tantau (2012) Feurdean et al (2009 20132015) Feurdean and Willis (2008a b) Grindean et al(2014 2015) Tantau et al (2014a b 2009 2011)

1883 RussianFederation

Antipina T Aseev N BelyaninaN Binney H Blyakharchuk TBorisova O Bukreeva G DuryaginD Duryagina N Dyuzhova (Kras-norutskaya) K Erokhin N Feur-dean A Galimov A Golubeva YGvozdeva I Herzschuh U Ivanov SKaraulova L Khaymusova N Khizh-nyak N Kremenetsky N Lapteva ELopatina D Makovsky N MakovskyV Marchenko-Vagapova T MarievaN Matishov G Mikishin Y MuumlllerS Naidina O Nepomilueva NNiemeyer B Nikiforova L NosevichE Nosova M Novenko E PanovaN Panova N Petrenko T Pis-areva V Pisareva N Plotnikova NRyabogina N Salonen J Sapelko TSemochkina T Seppauml H SeverovaE Stivrins N Surova N TroitskiyN Vlasta Jankovska N Volkova OYankovska N Zanina O ZeliksonE Zhuykova I

Antipina et al (2014 2016) Aseev 1959 Binney etal (2016 2017) Blyakharchuk et al (2007 2019)Blyakharchuk and Chernova (2013) Borisova et al(2011) Bukreeva et al 1986 Duguay et al (2012)Hijmans et al (2005) Ivanov and Ryabogina (2004)Klemm et al (2013 2016) Kosintsev et al (2010)Lapteva (2009) Lapteva et al (2013) Lapteva (2013)Lapteva et al (2017) Lapteva and Korona (2012)Larin and Ryabogina (2006) Lopatina and Zanina(2016) Lychagina et al (2013) Makovsky and Panova1978 Matishov et al (2011) Matveev et al 1997Matveeva et al (2003) Mikishin and Gvozdeva (20092012) Muumlller et al (2010) Naidina and Richards(2018) Nepomilueva and Duryagin 1990 Niemeyeret al (2017) Nikiforova (1978) Novenko et al(2011 2014 2017) Panova 1981 Panova et al(1996 2010 2008) Panova and Korotkovskaya (1990)Panova and Makowski (1979) Petrenko et al (2009)Poshekhonova et al (2008) Ryabogina and Orlova(2002) Salonen et al (2011 2012) Sapelko and No-sevich (2013) Shavnin et al (2006) Stivrins et al(2017b) Surova and Troitsky 1971 Zakh (1997)

134 Spain Alba-Saacutenchez F Anderson RGarciacutea-Moreiras I Jimeacutenez-MorenoG Leroy S Loacutepez-Saacuteez JA Mesa-Fernaacutendez J Morales-Molino CMuntildeoz Sobrino C Ramos-RomaacutenM Sabariego Ruiz S

Anderson et al (2011) Garciacutea-Moreiras et al (2015)Jimeacutenez-Moreno et al (2013) Jimeacutenez-Moreno andAnderson (2012) Leroy 1990 Mesa-Fernaacutendez et al(2018) Morales-Molino et al (2017a b 2018 20112013) Morales-Molino and Garciacutea-Antoacuten (2014)Muntildeoz Sobrino et al (2014) Ramos-Romaacuten et al(20162018)

4 Sweden Nielsen A Aringkesson C Aringkesson et al (2015) Ning et al (2018)

29 Tunisia Desprat S Gaceur E Gaceur et al (2017)

31 Turkey Shumilovskikh L

2 Ukraine Binney H Borisova O Binney et al (2016 2017)

18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M



Some large independent surface sample datasets coveringthe Eurasian region have been published and made availablesince EMPD1 most notably Binney et al (2017) Marinovaet al (2018) and Herzschuh et al (2019) Both Binney etal (2017) and Marinova et al (2018) already include a largeamount of data from the EPD and EMPD1 but also datathat have not been publicly released before This includesldquoheritagerdquo data from earlier studies such as the Biome6000project Prentice and Webb 1998) and PAIN project (Bigelowet al 2003) These heritage data are mostly composed of per-centages at least some (unknown part) of which have beendigitised and whose origins selection criteria and contextare rarely documented Another problem with these heritagedata apart from the limited metadata is the loose definition ofa ldquomodern samplerdquo in these early projects being defined inboth PAIN and Biome6000 as anything younger than 500 BPUnfortunately the age criteria for selecting individual sam-ples were not recorded when the datasets were compiled

These problems also extend to the recent release of databy Herzschuh et al (2019) from China and Mongolia Thesedata represent most of the modern pollen data held in theChinese Pollen Database (CPD) (Ni et al 2010 Zheng etal 2014) The Herzschuh et al (2019) dataset includes 2559modern pollen samples and is of major importance as thefirst significant amount of publicly available data from thisregion However the data are only provided as percentagesbased on a summary of the taxa from each sample and alsoinclude digitised data We were therefore unable to include itin the EMPD2 The Herzschuh et al (2019) data are availablefrom PANGAEA along with the Tarasov et al (2011) datasetof 798 samples mainly from Japan and eastern Russia whichare also provided as percentages for a limited selection oftaxa We hope that the raw count data for the full assemblagewill be made available in the near future

Other regional pollen databases that overlap with theEMPD include the Indian Pollen Database (IPD) and theAfrican Pollen Database (APD) The IPD is still under de-velopment and is not publicly accessible but it includes bothfossil and modern pollen samples from the Indian subconti-nent (Krishnamurthy and Gaillard 2011) The EMPD alsoincludes samples from North Africa which overlaps withthe APD (Vincens et al 2007) Fossil pollen data from theAPD are available as individual files and as a partially com-plete paradox database from the APD website (Table 3) butthe status of the modern pollen data held within the APD(Gajewski et al 2002) remains somewhat unclear sincethese data have not been made publicly available At presentthe APD is being integrated into Neotoma and it is hopedthat once this is completed the modern pollen data fromAfrica will become more freely available

22 Data processing

As with the EMPD1 the data submitted to the EMPD2 havecome in a wide variety of data formats and with varying lev-

Table 3 Web addresses for pollen databases mentioned in the textLast access of all URLs 20 January 2020

Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD)

Viewer httpsempd2githubiobranch=masterData link httpsepdweblogorg

european-modern-pollen-database

European Pollen Database (EPD)

Viewer httpwwweuropeanpollendatabasenetfpd-epdbiblido

Data link httpsepdweblogorgepd_data

Neotoma Paleoecology Database (NEOTOMA)

Viewer httpsappsneotomadborgexplorerData link httpswwwneotomadborgdata

African Pollen Database (APD)

Viewer httpfpdsedoofrfpdbiblidoData link httpfpdsedoofrfpdenglishdo

Pangaea Data Archive (PANGAEA)

Viewer httpswwwpangaeadeData link httpsdoipangaeade101594PANGAEA

909130

els of metadata All of these files had to be processed and avariety of quality control checks made before entry into thedatabase (see also Davis et al 2013)

Figure 1 shows the steps taken in processing and quality-controlling the data On receipt from the contributor the datawere entered into one of two standardised file formats ac-cording to whether they were pollen data or the associatedmetadata Each of the two different types of data was thensubject to a series of quality control checks to make sure theydid not contain errors and that they conformed to data proto-cols For instance values in numerical fields in the metadata(shown in Table 1) had to fall within realistic boundaries ex-pected for that field such as for latitude longitude and alti-tude Also it had to be checked that controlled fields basedon selection from a list of acceptable classes did not containassignment errors such as country name Any missing en-tries were referred back to the contributor for completion orelse were completed from the original publication or otherinformation source where available

One of the most time-consuming tasks with the pollen datawas to ensure standardisation of the original taxon namessubmitted by the contributor These all had to be checkedfor language typographical errors and other issues and thenassigned an internationally accepted taxa name accordingto the EPD common taxa ldquop_varsrdquo table If the name didnot exist in the EPD taxa table it was checked (using httpwwwtheplantlistorg last access 20 January 2020) that itwas spelled correctly and was not a synonym It was then



checked against the Neotoma pollen taxa table and assignedthe Neotoma-accepted taxa name if there was a match If itwas not in the Neotoma taxa table and it was establishedto be a genuine taxa name then it was added to the EMPDtaxa table as a new taxon Note that although the EMPD isdesigned to be as compatible with the EPD as possible theEMPD and EPD do not have a common taxa list and theEMPD has many more taxa than appear in the EPD

The accepted names for the fossil data in the EPD orNeotoma should be directly compatible with the acceptednames in the EMPD but some caution needs to be appliedin integrating the two datasets since the EMPD contains ad-ditional accepted names that do not occur in the EPD orNeotoma Where possible the EMPD assignment of acceptednames respects the taxonomic resolution of the EPD- andNeotoma-accepted names This means that where a new orig-inal taxa name is submitted to the EMPD that does not al-ready occur in the existing databases it is assigned the EPD-or Neotoma-accepted name according to the existing taxo-nomic hierarchy For example if the new submitted originaltaxa name is a new species that does not occur in the EPDor Neotoma and there is an existing accepted name at genuslevel then the new species name is assigned the acceptedname at the genus level The assignment of accepted namesis complicated because it requires an appreciation of differ-ences in pollen morphology and of the reliability of iden-tification which can vary given the differences in skill andexperience of the different analysts who contribute to thedatabase In addition there are also important geographicalconsiderations to take into account For instance the EMPDconforms to the EPD-accepted names but these are heavilyEuropean orientated while the EMPD has much more datafrom regions such as eastern Asia where some of the ac-cepted names are not strictly appropriate However in allcases we have retained in the EMPD all of the original taxanames as they were submitted by the original contributor af-ter cleaning for typographical errors

In the process of updating the EMPD we have harmonisedas much as possible the taxa names in the EMPD with thosefound in the current EPD including those names previouslyin the EMPD1 that have since been included in the EPDWhen both the EPD and EMPD are included in the Neotomadatabase then all of the taxa will exist in a single standard-ised taxa table consisting of all of the taxa in all of thedatabases

Once the pollen data and metadata entry tables had beenmanually completed and checked these were then uploadedinto a Postgres database where a second series of auto-mated quality control procedures were undertaken These au-tomated checks repeated many of the earlier manual checksincluding ensuring that all open and closed fields were cor-rectly completed and that the taxa names conformed to thedatabase standardised taxa names (the ldquop_varsrdquo table) In ad-dition it was also necessary to manually standardise worker

names address details and data references across differentdatasets submitted to the database

After the data had passed these database checks each con-tributor was then asked to look again at their data as theywere now stored in the database Contributors were able todo this using the online data viewer which provided an intu-itive interface to the database that could be navigated withoutany prior experience of database systems Locations for eachsitesample could be checked using the viewer map interfacepollen data could be checked using a graphical (histogram)display and metadata could be checked using a table view ofall of the metadata fields Any issues highlighted by the con-tributors were then corrected in the database It was only af-ter completing these final contributor checks that the EMPD2database was deemed suitable for public release

As well as adding new data we also undertook a shortreview of the data in the original EMPD1 A cross-check be-tween the country attributed to a site and the actual countrywhere the site was located revealed that around 20 sites hadeither the wrong location or wrong country code The geolo-cation data for around 250 samples in Morocco in EMPD1have now been removed and placed in the information fieldThese were all highlighted in EMPD1 as having intractablegeolocation errors (Davis et al 2013) and it was felt that byremoving the corrupt information from the geolocation fieldit would discourage their accidental use In compensation theEMPD2 now includes new high-quality data from Morocco(see next section)

3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

The amount of data in the database has increased by 60 and the EMPD2 now holds 8134 samples compared to 4826samples in the EMPD1 The country that has experiencedthe largest increase in samples is Russia which has gained2274 more samples on top of the 379 samples already in theEMPD1 (Fig 1) Other significant improvements in data cov-erage have been made in Italy Norway and Spain while dataare available for the first time from other countries such asJapan Cyprus and Kyrgyzstan The increase in data fromRussia reflects a general improvement in data coverage inEMPD2 from eastern Europe across to Asia (Fig 2) prompt-ing a renaming of the database from the ldquoEuropeanrdquo to theldquoEurasianrdquo Modern Pollen Database

Countries where there are still relatively few or no samplesdespite being both relatively populous and having an activepalynological community include Belgium the NetherlandsHungary Czech Republic and Slovakia There are also vir-tually no samples from the Balkans Despite the generallyexcellent coverage over Scandinavia north-central Swedenremains poorly sampled a feature that is also reflected inthe lack of fossil pollen data from this area in the EPDFurther east the distribution of samples tends to be best in



Figure 1 A flow diagram showing the data processing and quality control steps taken in constructing the EMPD2 database

the more populous regions and those with better transportinfrastructure Notable areas across northern Eurasia wherewe still lack samples include the steppes of Ukraine andKazakhstan and the Central Siberian Plateau Further southmost of China and Mongolia are well covered by the Chi-nese Pollen Database (now partly released by Herzschuh etal 2019) and as mentioned earlier there are efforts in In-dia to improve data coverage in this region A more diffi-cult problem is the lack of samples from many of the CentralAsian countries including Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajik-istan Afghanistan and to some extent Pakistan where accessfor scientists is currently difficult or hazardous and wherethere are few locally trained scientists The lack of modernpollen data from these regions is also reflected in a lack offossil pollen studies from these countries

32 Altitudinal sampling

The representativeness of the sample coverage in the verticalspatial domain is not easily discernible from a standard two-dimensional map presented in Fig 3 Vertical climate andvegetation gradients are much steeper than horizontal gra-dients and hilly and mountainous terrain typically holds agreater variety of vegetation and climate types than can beshown on a continental-scale map We make a better attemptto show this by plotting the distribution of samples by alti-tude on a hypsometric (or cumulative frequency) curve forthe Palearctic study region (Fig 4) This shows that the num-ber of samples generally follows the proportion of land arearepresented at each elevation with more samples at lower al-titude but there is still the presence of samples as the altitudegets higher Data coverage has improved in particular in the500ndash2500 m range between EMPD1 and EMPD2 The upperpart of the altitudinal range above 3500 m is dominated bythe Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau which is covered bythe Chinese Pollen Database (Herzschuh et al 2019)

33 Climate and vegetation sampling

The distribution of the EMPD2 samples across the vegeta-tion biomes of the region (from Olson et al 2001) is shownin Fig 4 Biomes that are well sampled within the Palearcticregion include most of those that occur in Europe namely

Mediterranean scrub and temperate forests and the westernrange of the boreal foresttaiga and tundra Less well sam-pled are the temperate shrub and grasslands and deserts ofthe Central Asian steppe and the eastern range of the borealforesttaiga and tundra Again the Chinese Pollen Database(Herzschuh et al 2019) covers much of the montane biomesof the Himalayas and Tian Shan the grasslands and desertsof the Gobi area and Mongolia and temperate and tropicalforest biomes of East Asia

While a conventional map such as Fig 5a can show howsamples are distributed across different biomes in geograph-ical space it does not show how well those samples are dis-tributed in climate space Large areas of Earth may have thesame or similar climate and the distribution of samples inconventional space does not necessarily equate to how wellclimate space has been sampled Climate space is importantbecause pollen-based climate reconstructions depend on theuse of modern pollen calibration datasets that fully samplethe available climate space associated with any particularvegetation type Figure 5b shows the same information asFig 5a but this time in climate space This indicates that theEMPD2 samples appear better distributed in climate spacethan geographical space but that there are fewer samples torepresent the more extreme climates found at the edges ofthe modern climate space (such as tundra deserts and xericscrublands) This is shown more clearly in Fig 6b wherethe Euclidean distance is calculated between the climate ofeach of the pollen samples in EMPD2 and all of the avail-able climate space of the Palearctic region This was doneusing mean annual temperature and precipitation from theWorldClim2 modern climatology (Fick and Hijmans 2017)normalised to make the different scales comparable The cli-mate of the pollen site were assigned according to the nearestgrid point within the 30 second (approximately 1km2) resolu-tion of the WorldClim2 grid whilst the climate of the regionwas taken from the grid itself The darker regions around theedges of the climate space show where in climate space theEMPD2 still lacks representative samples These poorly rep-resented climates are then shown in physical space in Fig 6aThis indicates poor representation in the North African andPersian deserts which are outside the Palearctic study regionbut also areas within the Palearctic region including the Cen-



Figure 2 A comparison of the number of samples in EMPD ver-sions 1 and 2 by country Countries with only small numbers ofsamples are listed at the bottom values in brackets indicate newsamples in EMPD2

tral Asian steppe and more mountainous areas of the CentralSiberian Plateau and Siberia east of Yakutsk (130 E)

4 Discussion

The increase in size of the EMPD in version EMPD2 hasgreatly improved the coverage of modern pollen samplesacross Eurasia in relation to geographical vegetation andclimate space This will make it possible to create more accu-rate reconstructions of past land cover and climate given thecommensurate improvements in available climate and vege-

tation analogues of fossil pollen samples The database con-tinues to increase in size through a mixture of newly sub-mitted samples from old studies that predate EMPD1 andmore recent studies that have occurred since EMPD1 wasfirst made available It is still likely that older data will con-tinue to be submitted to the database especially as it becomesbetter known but it is unlikely that the database will continueto grow at the present rate given that much of the availableolder data are now expected to have been submitted How-ever surface sample work has traditionally been less likely tobe published in international journals often confined to Mas-ters or PhD theses or other grey literature and the amount ofdata in existence may therefore be difficult to estimate

To help promote access and use of the EMPD we havecreated an online data viewer httpsempd2githubio (lastaccess 20 January 2020) (Fig 7) (Sommer et al 2020) Thisallows the database to be viewed using an intuitive clickablemap that displays the location of each sample associatedmetadata and a plot of the pollen data themselves It is alsopossible to download the data associated with a sample andto make suggested corrections Other options allow the userto select subsets of the database to be viewed for instanceassociated with particular individuals projects or researchgroups The EMPD viewer allows access to the database inan intuitive way without requiring any particular computerexpertise This has been very important in not only allowingthe casual user to view and access the data in the databasebut also in allowing the data submitters to view their dataas they exist in the database after they have been processedproviding a further quality control check The data viewer isopen source and can be adapted for other uses

The EMPD data viewer is embedded in a web frameworkthat is based on the version control system GitHub whereusers and data contributors can transparently submit new dataor raise issues with the existing data These can then be re-viewed in an open discussion with the database managersThis framework allows ongoing development of the EMPDin the future and the usage of a free version control systemadditionally ensures full transparency stability and main-tainability of access to the data independent of funding andchanging collaborations

As well as simply adding more samples as they are submit-ted we hope that the future development of the EMPD willalso be more targeted It is clear that although sample cover-age is much improved in EMPD2 gaps still exist in the datacoverage for Eurasia that would be useful to fill (Figs 4ndash6)One way to do this is to encourage fieldwork to collect sam-ples from these data-poor regions This approach however isexpensive since the reason why many of these areas remainunsampled is precisely because of their remoteness and thedifficulty and expense involved in accessing them An alter-native that has not been widely exploited is to analyse soiland sediment samples gathered as a result of fieldwork expe-ditions organised with a different objective in mind We hopethat by demonstrating the important sampling gaps in the



Figure 3 Map of samples included in EMPD versions 1 and 2 and two other datasets (see text)

Figure 4 Distribution of samples by altitude for the Palearctic re-gion (compared to land area at each altitude)

database it will encourage individuals and research groupsto consider fieldwork and data analysis in these underrepre-sented regions

5 Ethical statement and how to acknowledge thedatabase

Users of the database are expected to follow the guide-lines of the EPD These state that normal ethics applyto co-authorship of scientific publications Palaeoecologicaldatasets are labour intensive and complex they take manyyears to generate and they may have additional attributesand metadata not captured in the EMPDEPD Users of datastored in the EMPDEPD should consider inviting the origi-nal data contributor of any resultant publications if that con-tributorrsquos data are a major portion of the dataset analysed

or if a data contributor makes a significant contribution tothe analysis of the data or to the interpretation of resultsFor large-scale studies using many EMPDEPD records con-tacting all contributors or making them co-authors will notbe practical possible or reasonable Under no circumstanceshould authorship be attributed to data contributors individ-ually or collectively without their explicit consent

In all cases any use of EMPD data should include the fol-lowing or similar text in the acknowledgements ldquoPollen datawere extracted from the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database(part of the European Pollen Database) and the work of thedata contributors and the EMPDEPD community is grate-fully acknowledgedrdquo Upon publication please send to theEMPDEPD a copy of the published work or a link to theelectronic resource Your assistance helps document the us-age of the database which is critical to ensure continued sup-port from funders and contributors

6 Data availability

The EMPD is available athttpsdoiorg101594PANGAEA909130 (Chevalieret al 2019) The data are available as (1) an Ex-cel spreadsheet (2) a PostgreSQL dump and (3) aSQLite3 portable database format The data can also beviewed online using an interactive map-based viewerat httpsempd2githubiobranch=master (last access20 January 2020)

7 Conclusions

The EMPD remains the only public quality-controlled andstandardised database of modern pollen samples for theEurasian region This paper describes a recent update to theEMPD in which the database has increased almost 60 in



Figure 5 (a) Biome map and sample locations (b) Biomes and samples in climate space Biome data from Olson et al (2001)

size so that it now contains data on 8663 modern pollensamples This reflects an expansion in spatial coverage acrossnorthern and eastern Asia which has prompted a change inthe name of the database from the European to the EurasianModern Pollen Database The improvement in spatial cov-erage has increased the number of vegetation and climateanalogues for fossil pollen samples in the region that willdirectly improve reconstructions of past vegetation and cli-mate However areas of poor data coverage still exist par-ticularly in the more remote regions of central and northernAsia and the Middle East Development of a new map-basedonline data viewer for the database is already helping im-

prove access to and participation in the EMPD as well asquality control We expect the EMPD to continue to grow inthe future although probably at a slower rate given that mostof the previously published ldquoheritagerdquo data have now beenincorporated At present the EMPD remains associated withbut physically independent of the EPD It is also subject toonly periodic updates In future we expect both the EPD andEMPD to become fully incorporated into the global NeotomaPalaeoecological Database which will provide seamless in-tegration of the fossil and modern data whilst also allowingcontinual updates using Neotoma data management tools



Figure 6 (a) The Euclidian distance between the climate of each modern pollen sample location (as shown in Fig 3) and the climate of theentire Palearctic region (b) The same as (a) but shown in climate space Note that for clarity the values lt 005 are shown by dark grey in (a)but white in (b) The darker the brown shading the less well that climate is represented amongst the samples The climate of each pollen sitewas assigned according to the nearest grid point within the 30 s (approximately 1 km2) resolution of the WorldClim2 grid whilst the climateof the region was taken from the grid itself



Figure 7 Screen grab of the EMPD online data viewer (available at httpsempd2githubio last access 20 January 2020)

Author contributions BASD wrote the manuscript with inputfrom all of the authors BASD MC and PS designed and imple-mented the database and data viewer BASD MC PS MZ WFLNP AM and VC all helped with data processing All of the re-maining authors contributed pollen sample data and were involvedin the original collection preparation identification and countingof these data

Competing interests The authors declare that they have no con-flict of interest

Acknowledgements The EMPD includes data obtained fromthe Neotoma Palaeoecology Database and the European PollenDatabase The work of the data contributors and the scientific com-munity supporting these databases is gratefully acknowledged

Financial support This research has been supported by theSwiss National Science Foundation (grant no 200021_169598)with additional support from the University of Lausanne

Review statement This paper was edited by Thomas Blunier andreviewed by two anonymous referees

References

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Aringkesson C Nielsen A B Brostroumlm A Persson T Gail-lard M-J and Berglund B E From landscape de-scription to quantification A new generation of recon-structions provides new perspectives on Holocene regionallandscapes of SE Sweden The Holocene 25 178ndash193httpsdoiorg1011770959683614556552 2015

Anderson R S Jimeacutenez-Moreno G Carrioacuten J S andPeacuterez-Martiacutenez C Postglacial history of alpine vegeta-tion fire and climate from Laguna de Riacuteo Seco SierraNevada southern Spain Quat Sci Rev 30 1615ndash1629httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201103005 2011

Antipina T G Panova N K and Korona O M The holocenedynamics of vegetation and environmental conditions on the



eastern slope of the Northern Urals Russ J Ecol 45 351ndash358httpsdoiorg101134S1067413614050026 2014

Antipina T G Panova N K and Chairkina N M Dynamics ofthe natural environment in the Holocene according to the data ofthe complex analysis of the VI Section of the Gorbunovsky peatbog Izv Komi nauchnogo tsentra UrO RAN 89ndash97 2016

Aseev A A Paleogeography of the Middle and Lower Oka Valleyin the Quaternary Period Akad Nauk SSSR Moscow 1959

Atanassova J R Pollen deposition in moss polsters and pollentraps in the Central Stara Planina Mts (2002ndash2005) PhytolBalc 13 223ndash228 2007

Beer R Tinner W Carraro G and Grisa E Pollen representa-tion in surface samples of the Juniperus Picea and Juglans forestbelts of Kyrgyzstan central Asia The Holocene 17 599ndash611httpsdoiorg1011770959683607078984 2007

Bell B A and Fletcher W J Modern surface pollen assem-blages from the Middle and High Atlas Morocco insightsinto pollen representation and transport Grana 55 286ndash301httpsdoiorg1010800017313420151108996 2016

Bigelow N Brubaker L Edwards M Harrison S PrenticeI Andreson P and Andreev A Climate change and Arcticecosystems I Vegetation changes north of 55 J Geophys Res108 8170 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002558 2003

Binney H A Lozhkin A V Anderson P Andreev A ABezrukova E Blyakharchuk T Jankovska V Khazhina IKrivonogov S Kremenetski K V Novenko E Y RyaboginaN Solovieva N and Zernitzkaya V Eurasian pollen data from21 kiloannum to the present NERC Environmental InformationData Centre httpsdoiorg1052856aeba247-52d1-4e84-949f-603742af40c1 2016

Binney H A Edwards M Macias-Fauria M Lozhkin AAnderson P Kaplan J O Andreev A A Bezrukova EBlyakharchuk T Jankovska V Khazina I Krivonogov SKremenetski K V Nield J Novenko E Y RyaboginaN Solovieva N Willis K J and Zernitskaya V P Veg-etation of Eurasia from the last glacial maximum to presentKey biogeographic patterns Quat Sci Rev 157 80ndash97httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201611022 2017

Blyakharchuk T and Chernova N A Vegetation and cli-mate in the Western Sayan Mts according to pollen datafrom Lugovoe Mire as a background for prehistoric culturalchange in southern Middle Siberia Quat Sci Rev 75 22ndash42httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201305017 2013

Blyakharchuk T Wright H E Borodavko P S van der KnaapW O and Ammann B Late Glacial and Holocene vegeta-tional history of the Altai Mountains (southwestern Tuva Re-public Siberia) Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 245518ndash534 httpsdoiorg101016jpalaeo200609010 2007

Blyakharchuk T Prikhodko V Kilunovskaya M and Li H-C Vegetation and climate reconstruction based on pollenand microbial records derived from burial mounds soil inTuva Republic Central Asia Quat Int 507 108ndash123httpsdoiorg101016jquaint201809028 2019

Borisova O K Novenko E Y Zelikson E M and Kremenet-ski K V Lateglacial and Holocene vegetational and climaticchanges in the southern taiga zone of West Siberia according topollen records from Zhukovskoye peat mire Quat Int 237 65ndash73 httpsdoiorg101016jquaint201101015 2011

Bukreeva G F Votakh M P and Bishaev A A Opredeleniepaleoklimatov po palinologicheskim dannym [Determination ofPaleoclimates on the Basis of Palynological Data] Institute ofGeology and Geophysics Novosibirsk 1986

Caseldine C and Pardoe H S Surface pollen studiesfrom alpinesub-alpine southern Norway applicationsto Holocene data Rev Palaeobot Palynol 82 1ndash15httpsdoiorg1010160034-6667(94)90016-7 1994

Chevalier M Davis B A S Sommer P S Zanon M Carter VA Phelps L N Mauri A and Finsinger W Eurasian ModernPollen Database (former European Modern Pollen Database)Pangaea httpsdoipangaeade101594PANGAEA9091302019

Davis B A S Zanon M Collins P Mauri A Bakker J Bar-boni D Barthelmes A Beaudouin C Birks HJB Bjune AE Bozilova E Bradshaw R H W Brayshay B A BrewerS Brugiapaglia E Bunting J Connor S E de Beaulieu J-L Edwards K Ejarque A Fall P Florenzano A Fyfe RGalop D Giardini M Giesecke T Grant M J Guiot JJahns S Jankovskaacute V Juggins S Kahrmann M Karpinska-Kołaczek M Kołaczek P Kuumlhl N Kuneš P Lapteva EG Leroy S A G Leydet M Loacutepez Saacuteez J A Masi AMatthias I Mazier F Meltsov V Mercuri A M Miras YMitchell F J G Morris J L Naughton F Nielsen A BNovenko E Odgaard B Ortu E Overballe-Petersen M VPardoe H S Peglar S M Pidek I A Sadori L SeppaumlH Severova E Shaw H Swieta-Musznicka J TheuerkaufM Tonkov S Veski S van der Knaap W O van LeeuwenJ F N Woodbridge J Zimny M and Kaplan J O TheEuropean Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) project Veg HistArchaeobot 22 521ndash530 httpsdoiorg101007s00334-012-0388-5 2013

Di Rita F and Magri D Holocene drought deforesta-tion and evergreen vegetation development in the centralMediterranean a 5500 year record from Lago Alimini Pic-colo Apulia southeast Italy The Holocene 19 295ndash306httpsdoiorg1011770959683608100574 2009

Di Rita F Simone O Caldara M Gehrels W R andMagri D Holocene environmental changes in the coastalTavoliere Plain (Apulia southern Italy) A multiproxy ap-proach Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 310 139ndash151httpsdoiorg101016jpalaeo201106012 2011

Di Rita F Molisso F and Sacchi M Late Holocene envi-ronmental dynamics vegetation history human impact andclimate change in the ancient Literna Palus (Lago Pa-tria Campania Italy) Rev Palaeobot Palynol 258 48ndash61httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo201806005 2018a

Di Rita F Lirer F Bonomo S Cascella A Ferraro L FlorindoF Insinga D D Lurcock P C Margaritelli G Petrosino PRettori R Vallefuoco M and Magri D Late Holocene forestdynamics in the Gulf of Gaeta (central Mediterranean) in relationto NAO variability and human impact Quat Sci Rev 179 137ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201711012 2018b

Djamali M de Beaulieu J-L Campagne P Andrieu-Ponel VPonel P Leroy S A G and Akhani H Modern pollen rainndashvegetation relationships along a forestndashsteppe transect in theGolestan National Park NE Iran Rev Palaeobot Palynol 153272ndash281 httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo200808005 2009



Duguay C R Soliman A Hachem S and Saunders W Circum-polar and regional Land Surface Temperature (LST) version 1with links to geotiff images and NetCDF files (2007ndash2010) Pan-gaea httpsdoiorg101594PANGAEA775962 2012

Fall P L Modern vegetation pollen and climate relationships onthe Mediterranean island of Cyprus Rev Palaeobot Palynol185 79ndash92 2012

Farcas S and Tantau I 16 Poiana Rusca Mountains(Romania) Pesteana peat bog Grana 51 249ndash251httpsdoiorg101080001731342012700728 2012

Feurdean A N and Willis K J Long-term variability ofAbies alba in NW Romania implications for its con-servation management Divers Distrib 14 1004ndash1017httpsdoiorg101111j1472-4642200800514x 2008a

Feurdean A N and Willis K J The usefulness of a long-termperspective in assessing current forest conservation managementin the Apuseni Natural Park Romania For Ecol Manage 256421ndash430 httpsdoiorg101016jforeco200804050 2008b

Feurdean A N Willis K J and Astalos C Legacyof the past land-use changes and management on thelsquonaturalrsquo upland forest composition in the ApuseniNatural Park Romania The Holocene 19 967ndash981httpsdoiorg1011770959683609337358 2009

Feurdean A N Liakka J Vanniegravere B Marinova E Hutchin-son S M Mosburgger V and Hickler T 12000-Years of fireregime drivers in the lowlands of Transylvania (Central-EasternEurope) a data-model approach Quat Sci Rev 81 48ndash61httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201309014 2013

Feurdean A N Marinova E Nielsen A B Liakka JVeres D Hutchinson S M Braun M Timar-Gabor AAstalos C Mosburgger V and Hickler T Origin of theforest steppe and exceptional grassland diversity in Tran-sylvania (central-eastern Europe) J Biogeogr 42 951ndash963httpsdoiorg101111jbi12468 2015

Feurdean A N Veski S Florescu G Vanniegravere B Pfeiffer MOrsquoHara R B Stivrins N Amon L Heinsalu A VassiljevJ and Hickler T Broadleaf deciduous forest counterbalancedthe direct effect of climate on Holocene fire regime in hemibo-realboreal region (NE Europe) Quat Sci Rev 169 378ndash390httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201705024 2017

Fick S E and Hijmans R J WorldClim 2 new 1-km spatial reso-lution climate surfaces for global land areas Int J Climatol 374302ndash4315 httpsdoiorg101002joc5086 2017

Finsinger W Heiri O Valsecchi V Tinner W and Lot-ter A F Modern pollen assemblages as climate indica-tors in southern Europe Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16 567ndash582httpsdoiorg101111j1466-8238200700313x 2007

Finsinger W Colombaroli D De Beaulieu J-L Valsecchi VVanniegravere B Vescovi E Chapron E Lotter A F Magny Mand Tinner W Early to mid-Holocene climate change at LagodellrsquoAccesa (central Italy) climate signal or anthropogenic biasJ Quat Sci 25 1239ndash1247 httpsdoiorg101002jqs14022010

Fletcher W J Holocene landscape history of southern PortugalPhD Thesis University of Cambridge 2005

Florenzano A and Mercuri A M Pollen evidence and the recon-struction of plant landscape of the Pantanello area from the 7thto the 1st century BC The Chora of Metaponto 7 A Greek Sanc-tuary at Pantanello University of Texas Press 2018

Florenzano A Mercuri A M Rinaldi R Rattighieri E For-naciari R Messora R and Arru L The Representativeness ofOlea Pollen from Olive Groves and the Late Holocene LandscapeReconstruction in Central Mediterranean Front Earth Sci 5 85httpsdoiorg103389feart201700085 2017

Furlanetto G Ravazzi C Badino F Buchan M S Cham-pvillair E and Maggi V Elevational transects of modernpollen samples Site-specific temperatures as a tool for palaeo-climate reconstructions in the Alps The Holocene 29 271ndash286httpsdoiorg1011770959683618810395 2019

Gaceur E Desprat S Rouis-Zargouni I Hanquiez V Lebre-ton V Combourieu Nebout N and Kallel N Pollen distribu-tion in surface sediments of the northern Lower Medjerda val-ley (northeastern Tunisia) Rev Palaeobot Palynol 247 13ndash25httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo201707009 2017

Gajewski K Leacutezine A M Vincens A Delestan A andSawada M Modern climate-vegetation-pollen relations inAfrica and adjacent areas Quat Sci Rev 21 1611ndash1631httpsdoiorg101016S0277-3791(01)00152-4 2002

Gałka M Tobolski K Zawisza E and Goslar T Post-glacial history of vegetation human activity and lake-levelchanges at Jezioro Linoacutewek in northeast Poland basedon multi-proxy data Veg Hist Archaeobot 23 123ndash152httpsdoiorg101007s00334-013-0401-7 2014

Gałka M Tobolski K Lamentowicz Ł Ersek V JasseyV E J van der Knaap W O and Lamentowicz M Un-veiling exceptional Baltic bog ecohydrology autogenic suc-cession and climate change during the last 2000 years inCE Europe using replicate cores multi-proxy data and func-tional traits of testate amoebae Quat Sci Rev 156 90ndash106httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201611034 2017

Garciacutea-Moreiras I Saacutenchez J M and Muntildeoz Sobrino CModern pollen and non-pollen palynomorph assemblages ofsalt marsh and subtidal environments from the Riacutea deVigo (NW Iberia) Rev Palaeobot Palynol 219 157ndash171httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo201504006 2015

Glais A Papageorgiou A C Tsiripidis I Schaad DLoacutepez Saacuteez J A and Lespez L The relationship be-tween vegetation and modern pollen assemblages onMount Paggeo (NE Greece) Lazaroa 37 105ndash123httpsdoiorg105209LAZAROA53604 2016

Grindean R Tantau I Farcas S and Panait A Middle toLate Holocene vegetation shifts in the NW Transylvanian low-lands (Romania) Stud Univ Babes-Bolyai Geol 59 29ndash37httpsdoiorg1050381937-86025912 2014

Grindean R Feurdean A N Hurdu B Farcas Sand Tantau I LateglacialHolocene transition to mid-Holocene Vegetation responses to climate changes in theApuseni Mountains (NW Romania) Quat Int 388 76ndash86httpsdoiorg101016jquaint201505056 2015

Grudzinska I Vassiljev J Saarse L Reitalu T and VeskiS Past environmental change and seawater intrusion intocoastal Lake Lilaste Latvia J Paleolimnol 57 257ndash271httpsdoiorg101007s10933-017-9945-3 2017

Guido M A Montanari C and Poggi G Pollen deposition incountry villages of Eastern Liguria (Northern Italy) Aerobiolo-gia (Bologna) 8 148ndash156 httpsdoiorg101007BF022913431992



Haghani S Leroy S A G Wesselingh F P and RoseN L Rapid evolution of coastal lagoons in responseto human interference under rapid sea level change Asouth Caspian Sea case study Quat Int 408 93ndash112httpsdoiorg101016jquaint201512005 2016

Helena S Vyacutevoj vegetace na uacutepskeacutem raselinisti vHoloceacutenuDevelopment of the vegetation on Uacutepskeacute raselin-iste Mire in the Holocene Opera Corcon 124 pp 2004

Herzschuh U Cao X Laepple T Dallmeyer A Telford RJ Ni J Chen F Kong Z Liu G Liu K B Liu XStebich M Tang L Tian F Wang Y Wischnewski JXu Q Yan S Yang Z Yu G Zhang Y Zhao Y andZheng Z Position and orientation of the westerly jet determinedHolocene rainfall patterns in China Nat Commun 10 2376 httpsdoiorg101038s41467-019-09866-8 2019

Hijmans R J Cameron S E Parra J L Jones P Gand Jarvis A Very high resolution interpolated climate sur-faces for global land areas Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978httpsdoiorg101002joc1276 2005

Hjelle K L and Sugita S Estimating pollen productivity and rele-vant source area of pollen using lake sediments in Norway Howdoes lake size variation affect the estimates The Holocene 22313ndash324 httpsdoiorg1011770959683611423690 2012

Hjelle K L Mehl I K Sugita S and Andersen G L Frompollen percentage to vegetation cover evaluation of the Land-scape Reconstruction Algorithm in western Norway J QuatSci 30 312ndash324 httpsdoiorg101002jqs2769 2015

Ivanov S N and Ryabogina N Reconstruction of natural con-ditions and palynostratigraphic correlation of archaeological de-posits of the Lower Tobol River Probl Hum Interact Nat Env-iron Tyumen 5 73ndash78 2004

Jahns S Untersuchungen uumlber die Vegetationsgeschichte von Suumld-dalmatien und Suumldgriechenland Dissertation University of Goslasht-tingen Cuvillier Goslashttingen 1992

Jimeacutenez-Moreno G and Anderson R S Holocene vegetation andclimate change recorded in alpine bog sediments from the Bor-reguiles de la Virgen Sierra Nevada southern Spain Quat Res77 44ndash53 httpsdoiorg101016jyqres201109006 2012

Jimeacutenez-Moreno G Garciacutea-Alix A Hernaacutendez-Corbalaacuten MD Anderson R S and Delgado-Huertas A Vegetation fireclimate and human disturbance history in the southwesternMediterranean area during the late Holocene Quat Res 79110ndash122 httpsdoiorg101016jyqres201211008 2013

Joannin S Brugiapaglia E de Beaulieu J-L Bernardo LMagny M Peyron O Goring S and Vanniegravere B Pollen-based reconstruction of Holocene vegetation and climate insouthern Italy the case of Lago Trifoglietti Clim Past 8 1973ndash1996 httpsdoiorg105194cp-8-1973-2012 2012

Klemm J Herzschuh U Pisaric M F J Telford RJ Heim B and Pestryakova L A A pollen-climatetransfer function from the tundra and taiga vegetationin Arctic Siberia and its applicability to a Holocenerecord Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 386 702ndash713httpsdoiorg101016jpalaeo201306033 2013

Klemm J Herzschuh U and Pestryakova L A Vegetation cli-mate and lake changes over the last 7000 years at the borealtreeline in north-central Siberia Quat Sci Rev 147 422ndash434httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201508015 2016

Kosintsev P A Lapteva E G Trofimova S S Zan-ina O G Tikhonov A N and van der Plicht JThe intestinal contents of a baby woolly mammoth (Mam-muthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799) from the YuribeyRiver (Yamal Peninsula) Dokl Biol Sci 432 209ndash211httpsdoiorg101134S0012496610030129 2010

Krishnamurthy A and Gaillard M-J Land-cover reconstruc-tions in the monsoon affected tropical world Pollen model-ing approach and data synthesis PAGES news 19 89ndash90httpsdoiorg1022498pages19289 2011

Lapteva E G Landscape-climatic changes on theeastern macroslope of the Northern Urals over thepast 50000 years Russ J Ecol 40 267ndash273httpsdoiorg101134S1067413609040079 2009

Lapteva E G Subfossil pollen spectra of modern vegetation insouthern urals Vestn Bashkirskogo Univ 18 pp 2013

Lapteva E G and Korona O M Holocene vegetation changes andanthropogenic influence in the forest-steppe zone of the South-ern Trans-Urals based on pollen and plant macrofossil recordsfrom the Sukharysh cave Veg Hist Archaeobot 21 321ndash336httpsdoiorg101007s00334-011-0333-z 2012

Lapteva E G Ektova S N Trofimova S S and Korona O MComparative floristic analysis of recent plant macrofossil com-plexes and subrecent pollen spectra from subarctic tundra of theYamal penunsula Biodivers Far North Ecosyst Invent MonitProt Reports II Russ Sci Conf Inst Biol Komy Sci CentreSyktyvkar 81ndash92 2013

Lapteva E G Zaretskaya N E Kosintsev P A Lychagina EL and Chernov A V First data on the Middle to Late Holocenedynamics of vegetation in the Upper Kama region Russ J Ecol48 326ndash334 httpsdoiorg101134S10674136170400992017

Larin S I and Ryabogina N Towards a history of the devel-opment of bog ecosystems of the subtaiga Ishim basin in theHolocene Geoecol Probl Tyumen Reg 2 234ndash245 2006

Lazarova M Petrova M and Jordanova M Pollen monitoringin surface samples in mosses and pollen traps from the Beglikaregion (W Rhodopes) Phytol Balc 12 317ndash326 2006

Lechterbeck J Human Impact oder Climatic Change Zur Veg-etationsgeschichte des Spaumltglazials und Holozaumlns in hochau-floslashsenden Pollenanalysen laminierter Sedimente des SteisslingerSees (Suumldwestdeutschland) Institut und Museum fuumlr Geologieund Palaumlontologie der Universitaumlt Tuumlbingen 2001

Leipe C Demske D Tarasov P E Wuumlnnemann Band Riedel F Potential of pollen and non-pollen paly-nomorph records from Tso Moriri (Trans-Himalaya NWIndia) for reconstructing Holocene limnology and humanndashenvironmental interactions Quat Int 348 113ndash129httpsdoiorg101016jquaint201402026 2014

Leipe C Muumlller S Hille K Kato H Kobe F SchmidtM Seyffert K Spengler R Wagner M WeberA W and Tarasov P E Vegetation change and hu-man impacts on Rebun Island (Northwest Pacific) overthe last 6000 years Quat Sci Rev 193 129ndash144httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201806011 2018

Leroy S A G Paleacuteoclimats plio-pleacuteistocegravenes en Catalogne etLanguedoc drsquoapregraves la palynologie de formations lacustres PhDthesis Catholic University of Leuven Belgium 1990



Leroy S A G Lahijani H A K Djamali M Naqinezhad AMoghadam M V Arpe K Shah-Hosseini M HosseindoustM Miller C S Tavakoli V Habibi P and Naderi Beni MLate Little Ice Age palaeoenvironmental records from the An-zali and Amirkola Lagoons (south Caspian Sea) Vegetation andsea level changes Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 302415ndash434 httpsdoiorg101016jpalaeo201102002 2011

Leroy S A G Chalieacute F Wesselingh F P Sanjani M S Lahi-jani H A K Athersuch J Struck U Plunkett G Reimer PJ Habibi P Kabiri K Haghani S Naderi Beni A and ArpeK Multi-proxy indicators in a Pontocaspian system a depthtransect of surface sediment in the SE Caspian Sea Geol Bel-gica 21 143ndash165 httpsdoiorg1020341gb2018008 2018

Lopatina D A and Zanina O G Subrecent sporendashpollenspectra from the Lower Kolyma River basin and their im-portance for the reconstruction of the Quaternary paleogeog-raphy of the region Stratigr Geol Correl 24 203ndash211httpsdoiorg101134S0869593816020039 2016

Lychagina E Zaretskaya N E Chernov A V and LaptevaE G Interdisciplinary studies of the Cis-Ural Neolithic (Up-per Kama basin Lake Chashkinskoe) Palaeoecological aspectsDoc Praehist 40 208ndash218 httpsdoiorg104312dp40162013

Marinova E Harrison S P Bragg F Connor S de Laet VLeroy S A G Mudie P Atanassova J Bozilova E CanerH Cordova C Djamali M Filipova-Marinova M Gerasi-menko N Jahns S Kouli K Kotthoff U Kvavadze ELazarova M Novenko E Ramezani E Roumlpke A Shu-milovskikh L Tantau I and Tonkov S Pollen-derived biomesin the Eastern MediterraneanndashBlack SeandashCaspian-Corridor JBiogeogr 45 484ndash499 httpsdoiorg101111jbi13128 2018

Makovsky V I and Panova N K Physico-chemical and palyno-logical data on the peat deposits of the marsh cedar forests of thePrichusovsky part of the Middle Urals Inf Mater Middle UralMt For Stn 1976 Sverdl 5ndash10 1978

Margaritelli G Vallefuoco M Di Rita F Capotondi L Bel-lucci L G Insinga D D Petrosino P Bonomo S CachoI Cascella A Ferraro L Florindo F Lubritto C LurcockP C Magri D Pelosi N Rettori R and Lirer F Marine re-sponse to climate changes during the last five millennia in thecentral Mediterranean Sea Glob Planet Change 142 53ndash72httpsdoiorg101016jgloplacha201604007 2016

Matishov G G Novenko E Y and Krasnorutskaya K V Land-scapes of the Azov Sea in the Late Holocene Bull South SciCent RAS 7 35ndash43 2011

Matthias I Nielsen A B and Giesecke T Evaluating theeffect of flowering age and forest structure on pollen pro-ductivity estimates Veg Hist Archaeobot 21 471ndash484httpsdoiorg101007s00334-012-0373-z 2012

Matthias I Semmler M S S and Giesecke T Pollen diversitycaptures landscape structure and diversity J Ecol 103 880ndash890 httpsdoiorg1011111365-274512404 2015

Matveev A V Zakh A V Larin S I Dryabina L A andMatveeva N P Prehistoric cultures and paleogeography of theMergen archaeological region in Archeological microdistricts ofWestern Siberia Omsk State University 76ndash114 1997

Matveeva N P Volkov E N and Ryabogina N Antiquities ofthe Ingal Valley Archeological microdistricts of Western Siberiapp 76ndash114 2003

Mehl I K and Hjelle K L From deciduous forest to openlandscape application of new approaches to help understandcultural landscape development in western Norway Veg HistArchaeobot 25 153ndash176 httpsdoiorg101007s00334-015-0539-6 2016

Mercuri A M Bandini Mazzanti M Torri P Vigliotti L BosiG Florenzano A Olmi L and Massamba Nrsquosiala I A ma-rineterrestrial integration for mid-late Holocene vegetation his-tory and the development of the cultural landscape in the Po Val-ley as a result of human impact and climate change Veg HistArchaeobot 21 353ndash372 httpsdoiorg101007s00334-012-0352-4 2012

Mesa-Fernaacutendez J M Jimeacutenez-Moreno G Rodrigo-Gaacutemiz MGarciacutea-Alix A Jimeacutenez-Espejo F J Martiacutenez-Ruiz F Ander-son R S Camuera J and Ramos-Romaacuten M J Vegetation andgeochemical responses to Holocene rapid climate change in theSierra Nevada (southeastern Iberia) the Laguna Hondera recordClim Past 14 1687ndash1706 httpsdoiorg105194cp-14-1687-2018 2018

Mikishin Y A and Gvozdeva I G Subfossil sporo-pollen com-plexes of Sakhalin Island and adjacent areas Far Eastern Nation-alUniversity httpsdoiorg1017513np379 2009

Mikishin Y A and Gvozdeva I G Paleogeography of coast of theOlga bay Actual Probl Humanit Nat Sci 10 325ndash334 2012

Milecka K Kowalewski G Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł B Gałka MLamentowicz M Chojnicki B H Goslar T and Barabach JHydrological changes in the Rzecin peatland (Puszcza NoteckaPoland) induced by anthropogenic factors Implications for miredevelopment and carbon sequestration The Holocene 27 651ndash664 httpsdoiorg1011770959683616670468 2017

Montali E Accorsi CA Trevisan Grandi G Mercuri AMGarofano G Cervi A and Pagani A La ldquosimulazionerdquo comestrumento per lrsquointerpretazione in Palinologia forense GEA 1130ndash131 2006

Montanari C and Guido M A Complessi pollinici rilevati alsuolo in centri urbani della Val d Ayas (Aosta) Rev Valddrsquohistoire Nat 48 63ndash86 1994

Morales-Molino C and Garciacutea-Antoacuten M Vegetation andfire history since the last glacial maximum in an in-land area of the western Mediterranean Basin (North-ern Iberian Plateau NW Spain) Quat Res 81 63ndash77httpsdoiorg101016jyqres201310010 2014

Morales-Molino C Garciacutea Antoacuten M and Morla CLate Holocene vegetation dynamics on an AtlanticndashMediterranean mountain in NW Iberia Palaeo-geogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 302 323ndash337httpsdoiorg101016jpalaeo201101020 2011

Morales-Molino C Garciacutea-Antoacuten M Postigo-Mijarra J M andMorla C Holocene vegetation fire and climate interactions onthe westernmost fringe of the Mediterranean Basin Quat SciRev 59 5ndash17 httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev2012100272013

Morales-Molino C Colombaroli D Valbuena-Carabantildea MTinner W Salomoacuten R L Carrioacuten J S and Gil LLand-use history as a major driver for long-term forest dy-namics in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (centralSpain) during the last millennia implications for forest con-servation and management Glob Planet Change 152 64ndash75httpsdoiorg101016jgloplacha201702012 2017a



Morales-Molino C Tinner W Garciacutea-Antoacuten M and Colom-baroli D The historical demise of Pinus nigra forests in theNorthern Iberian Plateau (south-western Europe) J Ecol 105634ndash646 httpsdoiorg1011111365-274512702 2017b

Morales-Molino C Colombaroli D Tinner W Perea RValbuena-Carabantildea M Carrioacuten J S and Gil L Vegetationand fire dynamics during the last 4000 years in the Cabantildeeros Na-tional Park (central Spain) Rev Palaeobot Palynol 253 110ndash122 httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo201804001 2018

Mrotzek A Couwenberg J Theuerkauf M and Joosten HMARCO POLO ndash A new and simple tool for pollen-based stand-scale vegetation reconstruction The Holocene 27 321ndash330httpsdoiorg1011770959683616660171 2017

Muumlller S Tarasov P E Andreev A A Tuumltken T Gartz S andDiekmann B Late Quaternary vegetation and environments inthe Verkhoyansk Mountains region (NE Asia) reconstructed froma 50-kyr fossil pollen record from Lake Billyakh Quat Sci Rev29 2071ndash2086 httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev2010040242010

Muntildeoz Sobrino C Garciacutea-Moreiras I Castro Y MartiacutenezCarrentildeo N de Blas E Fernaacutendez Rodriacuteguez C JuddA and Garciacutea-Gil S Climate and anthropogenic fac-tors influencing an estuarine ecosystem from NW Iberianew high resolution multiproxy analyses from SanSimoacuten Bay (Riacutea de Vigo) Quat Sci Rev 93 11ndash33httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201403021 2014

Naidina O D and Richards K The Akchagylian stage(late Pliocene-early Pleistocene) in the North Caspianregion Pollen evidence for vegetation and climatechange in the Urals-Emba region Quat Int 540 22ndash37httpsdoiorg101016jquaint201812012 2018

Nepomilueva N I and Duryagin D A On the history of the larchforests of the middle Timman in the Holocene (Komi ASSR)Bot J 3 326ndash335 1990

Ni J Chen Y Herzschuh U and Dong D Late Qua-ternary pollen records in China Chinese Journal of PlantEcology 34 1000ndash1005 httpsdoiorg103773jissn1005-264x201008013 2010

Niemeyer B Epp L S Stoof-Leichsenring K R PestryakovaL A and Herzschuh U A comparison of sedimentary DNAand pollen from lake sediments in recording vegetation compo-sition at the Siberian treeline Mol Ecol Resour 17 e46ndashe62httpsdoiorg1011111755-099812689 2017

Nikiforova L D Subcentrous spore-pollen spectra of the middletaiga of the northeast of the European part of the USSR Bot J63 868ndash885 1978

Ning W Nielsen A B Ivarsson L N Jilbert T Aringkesson CSlomp C P Andreacuten E Brostroumlm A and Filipsson H LAnthropogenic and climatic impacts on a coastal environment inthe Baltic Sea over the last 1000 years Anthropocene 21 66ndash79httpsdoiorg101016jancene201802003 2018

Novenko E Y Nosova M B and Krasnorutskaya K V Specificfeatures of surface sporendashpollen spectra in the southern taiga sub-zone of the East European Plain Izv Tulrsquosk Gos Univ Ser Es-testv Nauk 2 345ndash354 2011

Novenko E Y Rudenko O V Volkova E M and Zyganova I SDinamika rastitelrsquonosti natsionalrsquonogo parka Orlovskoye polesyev pozdnem golotsene= Vegetation dynamics in the OrlovskoyePolesye National Park in Late Holocene (in Russian) Uchenye

Zap Orlov Gos Univ Seriya Estestv Tekhnicheskie i Meditsin-skie Nauk Sci Notes Orel State Univ Nat Tech Med Sci Ser3 302ndash310 2014

Novenko E Y Mazei N G and Zernitskaya V P Recent pollenassemblages from Protected Areas of European Russia as a key tointerpreting the results of paleoecological studies Nat ConservRes 2 httpsdoiorg1024189ncr2017012 2017

Olson D M Dinerstein E Wikramanayake E D BurgessN D Powell G V N Underwood E C Drsquoamico JA Itoua I Strand H E Morrison J C Loucks CJ Allnutt T F Ricketts T H Kura Y Lamoreux JF Wettengel W W Hedao P and Kassem K R Ter-restrial Ecoregions of the World A New Map of Life onEarth Bioscience 51 933ndash938 httpsdoiorg1016410006-3568(2001)051[0933teotwa]20co2 2001

Panova N K Formation of the plant cover of the middle mountainhigh-altitude belt of the Southern Urals with climate changes inthe Holocene Interrelat Environ For Veg Ural Sverdl 40ndash571981

Panova N K Makovsky V I and Erokhin N G Holocene veg-etation dynamics in the area of the Krasnoufim forest-steppeFor Form Process Ural Transurals Ekaterinburg Ural BranchRAS 80ndash93 1996

Panova N K Antipina T G and Jankovska V Holocene his-tory of the environment and development of bogs on the easternslope of the Polar and Pre-Polar Urals Environ Dyn Glob ClimChang 1 8 2010

Panova N T and Korotkovskaya T G Palynological study of thepeat bog near lake Sandy For Palynol Stud swamps MiddleUral Sverdl 47ndash55 1990

Panova N T and Makowski V I the history of the mountainforests of the Visimskiy reserve in the Holocene Proc plantAnim Ecol UC USSR Acad Sci 128 25ndash33 1979

Panova N T Trofimova S S and Erokhin N D On the historyof vegetation and climatic conditions in the southern Yamal inthe Holocene Fauna flora North Eurasia late Cenozoic Sat SciPap Ekaterinburg-Chelyabinsk 249ndash259 2008

Pardoe H S The relationship between modern pollen depositionand vegetation studies from alpine and sub-alpine communitieson glacier forelands in southern Norway PhD thesis Universityof Wales UK 1992

Pardoe H S The representation of taxa in surface pollen spectra onalpine and sub-alpine glacier forelands in southern Norway RevPalaeobot Palynol 117 63ndash78 httpsdoiorg101016S0034-6667(01)00077-X 2001

Pardoe H S Surface pollen deposition on glacier forelands insouthern Norway I local patterns of representation and sourcearea at Storbreen Jotunheimen The Holocene 16 1149ndash1161httpsdoiorg1011770959683606069422 2006

Pardoe H S Surface pollen deposition on glacier fore-lands in southern Norway II Spatial patterns across theJotunheimenndashJostedalsbreen region The Holocene 24 1675ndash1685 httpsdoiorg1011770959683614551213 2014

Pardoe H S Giesecke T van der Knaap W O Svitavskaacute-Svobodovaacute H Kvavadze E V Panajiotidis S GerasimidisA Pidek I A Zimny M Swieta-Musznicka J LatałowaM Noryskiewicz A M Bozilova E Tonkov S Filipova-Marinova M V van Leeuwen J F N and KalniograveaL Comparing pollen spectra from modified Tauber traps



and moss samples examples from a selection of wood-lands across Europe Veg Hist Archaeobot 19 271ndash283httpsdoiorg101007s00334-010-0258-y 2010

Pedziszewska A Late Holocene history of forest stands with horn-beam (Carpinus betulus L) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L) in theKashubian Lakeland PhD thesis University of Gdansk 2008

Pedziszewska A and Latałowa M Stand-scale reconstructionof late Holocene forest succession on the Gdansk Upland(N Poland) based on integrated palynological and macrofos-sil data from paired sites Veg Hist Archaeobot 25 239ndash254httpsdoiorg101007s00334-015-0546-7 2016

Pedziszewska A Tylmann W Witak M Piotrowska NMaciejewska E and Latałowa M Holocene environmentalchanges reflected by pollen diatoms and geochemistry of an-nually laminated sediments of Lake Suminko in the KashubianLake District (N Poland) Rev Palaeobot Palynol 216 55ndash75httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo201501008 2015

Petrenko T I Mikishin Y A and Belyanina N I Subfossilspore-pollen complexes of the Khanka Lake Plain in the Pri-morye Region Russia Nat Tech Sci 4 162ndash171 2009

Pidek I A Svitavskaacute-Svobodovaacute H van der Knaap W ONoryskiewicz A M Filbrandt-Czaja A Noryskiewicz BLatałowa M Zimny M Swieta-Musznicka J Bozilova ETonkov S Filipova-Marinova M V Poska A Giesecke Tand Gikov A Variation in annual pollen accumulation rates ofFagus along a NndashS transect in Europe based on pollen traps VegHist Archaeobot 19 259ndash270 httpsdoiorg101007s00334-010-0248-0 2010

Poshekhonova O E Semenova V I Ivanov S N Ryabogina Nand Yakimov A S Archaeological and paleoecological studiesof the medieval settlement Vyngayakha 7 (north taiga part of thePur river basin) Bull Archaeol Anthropol Ethnogr 9 181ndash195 2008

Prentice I C and Webb T BIOME 6000 Recon-structing global mid-Holocene vegetation patterns frompalaeoecological records J Biogeogr 25 997ndash1005httpsdoiorg101046j1365-2699199800235x 1998

Ramezani E Marvie Mohadjer M R Knapp H-D TheuerkaufM Manthey M and Joosten H Pollenndashvegetation re-lationships in the central Caspian (Hyrcanian) forestsof northern Iran Rev Palaeobot Palynol 189 38ndash49httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo201210004 2013

Ramos-Romaacuten M J Jimeacutenez-Moreno G Anderson RS Garciacutea-Alix A Toney J L Jimeacutenez-Espejo F Jand Carrioacuten J S Centennial-scale vegetation and NorthAtlantic Oscillation changes during the Late Holocenein the southern Iberia Quat Sci Rev 143 84ndash95httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201605007 2016

Ramos-Romaacuten M J Jimeacutenez-Moreno G Camuera J Garciacutea-Alix A Anderson R S Jimeacutenez-Espejo F J and CarrioacutenJ S Holocene climate aridification trend and human impactinterrupted by millennial- and centennial-scale climate fluc-tuations from a new sedimentary record from Padul (SierraNevada southern Iberian Peninsula) Clim Past 14 117ndash137httpsdoiorg105194cp-14-117-2018 2018

Rattighieri E Florenzano A Mercuri A M and Levi S T Unaricostruzione archeoambientale del sito di San Vincenzo villag-gio del bronzo a Stromboli Atti della Soc dei Nat e Mat diModena 141 219ndash230 2010

Rattighieri E Florenzano A Mercuri A M and Levi S Pali-nologia applicata al sito di San Vincenzo-Stromboli (BronzoMedio) per una ricostruzione archeoambientale VII CongressoNazionale di Archeometria 442ndash450 2012

Roumlsch M Zur vorgeschichtlichen Besiedlung und Landnutzungim noslashrdlichen Schwarzwald aufgrund vegetationsgeschichtlicherUntersuchungen in zwei Karseen Mitt Ver Forstl StandortskdForstpflanzenz 46 69ndash82 2009

Roumlsch M Vegetation und Waldnutzung im Nordschwarzwaldwaumlhrend sechs Jahrtausenden anhand von Profundalkernen ausdem Herrenwieser See Mitt Ver fuumlr Forstl StandortskdForstpflanzenz 47 43ndash64 2012

Roumlsch M Change of land use during the last two millennia as in-dicated in the pollen record of a profundal core from MindelseeLake Constance region southwest Germany Offa 69 355ndash3702013

Roumlsch M Evidence for rare crop weeds of the Caucalid-ion group in Southwestern Germany since the Bronze Agepalaeoecological implications Veg Hist Archaeobot 27 75ndash84 httpsdoiorg101007s00334-017-0615-1 2018

Roumlsch M and Lechterbeck J Seven Millennia of human impactas reflected in a high resolution pollen profile from the profundalsediments of Litzelsee Lake Constance region Germany VegHist Archaeobot 25 339ndash358 httpsdoiorg101007s00334-015-0552-9 2016

Roumlsch M and Tserendorj G Der Nordschwarzwald ndash fruumlherbesiedelt als gedacht Pollenprofile belegen ausgedehnte vor-geschichtliche Besiedlung und Landnutzung Denkmalpflege inBaden-Wuumlrttemberg 40 66ndash73 2011a

Roumlsch M and Tserendorj G Florengeschichtliche Beobachtungenim Nordschwarzwald (Suumldwestdeutschland) Hercynia-Oslashkologieund Umwelt Mitteleuropa 44 53ndash71 2011b

Roumlsch M and Wick L Buchensee (Lake Con-stance region Germany) Grana 58 308ndash310httpsdoiorg1010800017313420191569127 2019

Roumlsch M Fischer E and Lechterbeck J KontrapunkteFestschrift fuumlr Manfred Roumlsch Verlag Dr Rudolf Habelt GmbHBonn 2017

Ryabogina N and Orlova L A Late Holocene peat bog Glad-ilovsky Ryam as an indicator of changes in the paleoecolog-ical conditions of the Ishim plain Bull Archaeol AnthropolEthnogr 4 203ndash214 2002

Salonen J S Seppauml H Vaumlliranta M Jones V J SelfA Heikkilauml M Kultti S and Yang H The Holocenethermal maximum and late-Holocene cooling in the tun-dra of NE European Russia Quat Res 75 501ndash511httpsdoiorg101016jyqres201101007 2011

Salonen J S Ilvonen L Seppauml H Holmstroumlm L Telford RJ Gaidamavicius A Stancikaite M and Subetto D Com-paring different calibration methods (WAWA-PLS regressionand Bayesian modelling) and different-sized calibration sets inpollen-based quantitative climate reconstruction The Holocene22 413ndash424 httpsdoiorg1011770959683611425548 2012

Sapelko T and Nosevich E Holocene palaeoenvironmen-tal changes on the North Kola Peninsula formation ofmodern landscapes Abstracts of Past Gateways First In-ternational conference and workshop St Petersburg 13ndash17 May 2013 available at httpwwwgeollusepastgateways



docsPastGate-ways2013-abstractspdf (last access 2 Febru-ary 2016) 2013

Schofield J E Edwards K J and McMullen A J Modernpollen-vegetation relationships in subarctic southern Greenlandand the interpretation of fossil pollen data from the Norse land-naacutem J Biogeogr 34 473ndash488 httpsdoiorg101111j1365-2699200601607x 2007

Shavnin S A Yusupov I A Artemyeva E P and Golikov DY The effect of increasing temperature on the formation of ter-restrial vegetation near a gas torch For J 1 21ndash28 2006

Sommer P S Chevalier M and Davis B A S EMPD2EMPD-data Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) Version 2 (Ver-sion v20) Zenodo httpsdoiorg105281zenodo40664982020

Stivrins N Kalniogravea L Veski S and Zeimule S Local andregional Holocene vegetation dynamics at two sites in easternLatvia Boreal Environ Res 19 310ndash322 2014

Stivrins N Brown A Reitalu T Veski S Heinsalu A Baner-jea R Y and Elmi K Landscape change in central Latviasince the Iron Age multi-proxy analysis of the vegetation im-pact of conflict colonization and economic expansion dur-ing the last 2000 years Veg Hist Archaeobot 24 377ndash391httpsdoiorg101007s00334-014-0502-y 2015a

Stivrins N Kołaczek P Reitalu T Seppauml H and Veski S Phy-toplankton response to the environmental and climatic variabilityin a temperate lake over the last 14500 years in eastern Latvia JPaleolimnol 54 103ndash119 httpsdoiorg101007s10933-015-9840-8 2015b

Stivrins N Wulf S Wastegaringrd S Lind E M Allik-saar T Gałka M Andersen T J Heinsalu A SeppaumlH and Veski S Detection of the Askja AD 1875 cryp-totephra in Latvia Eastern Europe J Quat Sci 31 437ndash441httpsdoiorg101002jqs2868 2016a

Stivrins N Brown A Veski S Ratniece V HeinsaluA Austin J Liiv M and Ceriogravea A Palaeoenvironmen-tal evidence for the impact of the crusades on the localand regional environment of medieval (13thndash16th century)northern Latvia eastern Baltic The Holocene 26 61ndash69httpsdoiorg1011770959683615596821 2016b

Stivrins N Liiv M Heinsalu A Gałka M and VeskiS The final meltdown of dead-ice at the HoloceneThermal Maximum (8500ndash7400 cal yr BP) in west-ern Latvia eastern Baltic The Holocene 27 1146ndash1157httpsdoiorg1011770959683616683255 2017a

Stivrins N Buchan M S Disbrey H R Kuosmanen NLatałowa M Lempinen J Muukkonen P Słowinski MVeski S and Seppauml H Widespread episodic decline of alder(Alnus) during the medieval period in the boreal forest of EuropeJ Quat Sci 32 903ndash907 httpsdoiorg101002jqs29842017b

Stojakowits P Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Rekon-struktion der Vegetationsgeschichte im saumldlichen Iller-Wertach-Jungmoraumlnengebiet seit dem Spaumltglazial 2015

Surova T G and Troitsky L S On the dynamics of vegetationcover climate and glaciations in the Polar Urals Holocene (bythe data of pollen analyses) Paliniloghiya golocena 121ndash1351971

Svobodovaacute H A reconstruction of natural environment and settle-ment in the environs of Mistrin (A palynological study Czeck)Pamatky Archeol 80 188ndash206 1989

Svobodovaacute H Die Entwicklung der Vegetation in Saumldmaumlhren(Tschechien) waumlhrend des Spaumltglazials und Holozaumlns-eine paly-nologische Studie Verhandlungen der Zool Gesellschaft Oslashster-reich 134 317ndash356 1997

Svobodovaacute H Preliminary results of the vegetation history in thegiant mountains (Uacutepskaacute raselina mire and Cernohorskaacute raselinabog)Predbezneacute vysledky k historii vegetace Krkonos (Uacutepskaacuteraselina a Cernohorskaacute raselina) Opera Corcon 5 5ndash15 2002

Svobodovaacute H Reille M and Goeury C Past vegetation dynam-ics of Vltavskyacute luh upper Vltava river valley in the Šumavamountains Czech Republic Veg Hist Archaeobot 10 185ndash199 httpsdoiorg101007PL00006930 2001

Tantau I Reille M de Beaulieu J-L Farcas S and Brewer SHolocene vegetation history in Romanian Subcarpathians QuatRes 72 164ndash173 httpsdoiorg101016jyqres2009050022009

Tantau I Feurdean A N de Beaulieu J-L Reille Mand Farcas S Holocene vegetation history in the up-per forest belt of the Eastern Romanian CarpathiansPalaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 309 281ndash290httpsdoiorg101016jpalaeo201106011 2011

Tantau I Geanta A Feurdean A N and Tamas T Pollen anal-ysis from a high altitude site in Rodna Mountains (Romania)Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci 9 23ndash30 2014a

Tantau I Feurdean A N de Beaulieu J-L Reille M and FAR-CAS S Vegetation sensitivity to climate changes and humanimpact in the Harghita Mountains (Eastern Romanian Carpathi-ans) over the past 15 000 years J Quat Sci 29 141ndash152httpsdoiorg101002jqs2688 2014b

Tarasov P E Nakagawa T Demske D Oumlsterle H Igarashi YKitagawa J Mokhova L Bazarova V Okuda M GotandaK Miyoshi N Fujiki T Takemura K Yonenobu H andFleck A Progress in the reconstruction of Quaternary cli-mate dynamics in the Northwest Pacific A new modern ana-logue reference dataset and its application to the 430-kyrpollen record from Lake Biwa Earth Sci Rev 108 64ndash79httpsdoiorg101016jearscirev201106002 2011

Veski S Amon L Heinsalu A Reitalu T Saarse LStivrins N and Vassiljev J Lateglacial vegetation dy-namics in the eastern Baltic region between 14500 and11400calyrBP A complete record since the Boslashlling(GI-1e) to the Holocene Quat Sci Rev 40 39ndash53httpsdoiorg101016jquascirev201202013 2012

Vincens A Lezine A M Buchet G Lewden D Le ThomasA Agwu C O C Azeacutema C Ballouche A Baxter ABengo M D Beuning K Bolick M R Bonnefille R Bous-man C B Buchet N Bumey D A Caratini C CarrionJ S Cazet J P Cohen J Cooresman B Cour P DenegravefleM Dupont L Duzer D Edorh T El Ghazali G E BEl Moslimany A P El Moutaki S Elenga H Guinet PHamilton A C Hedberg O Hooghiemstra H Irving S JE Jahns S Jolly D Kadomura H Kendall R L LambH F Laseski R A Leroy S Livingstone D A Magion-calda R Maley J Marchant R Marret F Matsumoto KMeadows M Mercuri A M Mohammed U M MorrisonM E S Moscol-Olivera M C Nakimera-Ssemmanda I Nta-



ganda C Nyakale M Osadtchy C Perrott R A Pons AQueacutezel P Reynaud-Farrera I Riollet G Ritchie J C RocheE Rucina S M Salzmann U Schulz E Scott L Shi NSoulet G Sowunmi M A Straka H Sugden J M Tay-lor D Tissot C Van Campo E Van Campo M Van Zin-deren Bakker E M Vilimumbalo S Waller M P WatrinJ and Ybert J P African pollen database inventory of treeand shrub pollen types Rev Palaeobot Palynol 145 135ndash141httpsdoiorg101016jrevpalbo200609004 2007

Zakh A V Mnogosloynoe poselenie Parom 1 u Saleharda [Parom1 Multi-Layered Settlement near Salekhard] Bull Archaeol An-thropol Ethnogr 1 23ndash35 1997

Zheng Z Wei J Huang K Xu Q Lu H Tarasov P LuoC Beaudouin C Deng Y Pan A Zheng Y Luo Y Naka-gawa T Li C Yang S Peng H and Cheddadi R East Asianpollen database Modern pollen distribution and its quantitativerelationship with vegetation and climate J Biogeogr 41 1819ndash1832 httpsdoiorg101111jbi12361 2014


Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling

Altitudinal sampling

Climate and vegetation sampling

Discussion

Ethical statement and how to acknowledge the database

Data availability

Conclusions

Author contributions

Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References


16Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences co N Ryabogina Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RASMalygina st 86 625026 Tyumen Russia

17Department of Geography Geology and Environment University of HullCottongham Road Hull HU67RX UK

18Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica ndash Dipartimento Scienze della VitaUniversitagrave di Modena e Reggio Emilia via Campi 287 41125 Modena Italy

19Department of Geography Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK20UMR 7194 ndash CNRSMNHN Dpt Homme et Environnement Institut de Paleacuteontologie Humaine 1

rue Reneacute Panhard 75013 Paris France21University of Bordeaux EPOC UMR 5805 EPHE- PSL University

Alleacutee Geoffroy St Hilaire 33615 Pessac France22Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy

23Institut Meacutediterraneacuteen de Biodiversiteacute et drsquoEcologie Aix-Marseille Universiteacute ndash Campus Aix Technopocircle delrsquoenvironnement Arbois Meacutediterraneacutee Avenue Louis Philibert Bacirct Villemin ndash BP 80

13545 Aix-en-Provence CEDEX 4 France24Departments of Geography and Environment and Archaeology School of Geosciences

University of Aberdeen Elphinstone Road Aberdeen AB24 3UF UK25Department of Geography amp Earth Sciences University of North Carolina Charlotte NC USA

26Department of Physical Geography Goethe University Altenhoumlferallee 160438 Frankfurt am Main Germany

27Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology Group Department of Geography School of EnvironmentEducation and Development University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK

28CNR-IGAG Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeoecology Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milan Italy29GEOGLOB Faculty of Sciences of Sfax Route Soukra BP 802 3038 Sfax Tunisia

30Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Department of Geobotany and Plant EcologyUniversity of Łoacutedz Banacha Str 1216 90-237 Łoacutedz Poland

31Dpto Bioloxiacutea Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo Facultade de Ciencias Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain32Department of Physical Geography Faculty Geoscience Utrecht University PO Box 80115

3508 TC Utrecht the Netherlands33Department of Geology Babes-Bolyai University Kogalniceanu Street 400084 Cluj-Napoca Romania

34CIR-LASA ndash University of Genoa Via Balbi 6 16126 Genoa Italy Italy35Far East Geological Institute FEB RAS 159 Prospekt 100-letiya 690022 Vladivostok Russia

36Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchTelegraphenberg A45 Potsdam Germany

37Department of Natural History University Museum University of BergenPO Box 7800 5020 Bergen Norway

38Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS Malygina st 86 625026 Tyumen Russia39Brandenburgisches Landesamt fuumlr Denkmalpflege Wuumlnsdorfer Platz 4ndash5

15806 Zossen OT Wuumlnsdorf Germany40Paleoecological Laboratory Institute of Botany Academy of the Sciences of the Czech Republic

Lidickaacute 2527 602 00 BRNO Czech Republic41Departamento de Estratigrafiacutea y Paleontologiacutea Universidad de Granada

Avda Fuentenueva SN 18002 Granada Spain42Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring Adam Mickiewicz University

B Krygowskiego 10247 61-680 Poznan Poland43Research Centre for Palaeoclimatology Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi

Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan44Laboratory of Paleoecology Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian

Academy of Sciences 8 Matra str 202 620144 Yekaterinburg Russia45Department of Plant Ecology Laboratory of Palaeoecology amp Archaeobotanyul University of Gdansk Wita

Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdansk Poland46CNRSMuseacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle UMR 7194 ndash Institut de Paleacuteontologie Humaine 1

rue Reneacute Panhard 75013 Paris France47AMU-LAMPEA Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Minist Culture LAMPEA UMR 7269 5 rue du Chacircteau de

lrsquoHorloge 13094 Aix-en-Provence France


















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1 Introduction













2 Methods






21 Data sources














4 France Leroy S














Leipe et al (2018)




Beer et al (2007)






Table 2 Continued
















18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M






22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References

















deceased






1 Introduction













2 Methods






21 Data sources














4 France Leroy S














Leipe et al (2018)




Beer et al (2007)






Table 2 Continued
















18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M






22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References


1 Introduction













2 Methods






21 Data sources














4 France Leroy S














Leipe et al (2018)




Beer et al (2007)






Table 2 Continued
















18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M






22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References





2 Methods






21 Data sources














4 France Leroy S














Leipe et al (2018)




Beer et al (2007)






Table 2 Continued
















18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M






22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References












4 France Leroy S














Leipe et al (2018)




Beer et al (2007)






Table 2 Continued
















18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M






22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References


Table 2 Continued
















18 UnitedKingdom

Bunting M






22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References





22 Data processing















909130













3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References









3 Results

31 Spatial sampling

















4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References














4 Discussion















6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References









6 Data availability


7 Conclusions


















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References
















References








































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References



































































































































































































Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Data sources

Data processing

Results

Spatial sampling



Discussion


Data availability

Conclusions


Competing interests

Acknowledgements

Financial support

Review statement

References

the eurasian modern pollen database (empd), version 2josé antonio lópez-sáez50, andré f....

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