the evolution of fire life safety in building codes
TRANSCRIPT
Disclaimer:+This+presenta1on+was+developed+by+a+third+party+and+is+not+funded+by+WoodWorks+or+the+So=wood+Lumber+Board.!
The$Evolu*on$of$Fire$Life$Safety$in$Building$Codes$
A!look!at!the!history!of!development!of!our!building!codes!and!safety!opportuni8es!to!facilitate!wood!design!ini8a8ves.!
Presented!on!March!4,!2015!by!Keith!Calder,!Sereca!Consul8ng!Inc.!
“The!Wood!Products!Council”!is!a!Registered!Provider!with!The!American!Ins8tute!of!Architects!Con8nuing!Educa8on!Systems!(AIA/CES),!Provider!#G516.!!!Credit(s)!earned!on!comple8on!of!this!course!will!be!reported!to!AIA!CES!for!AIA!members.!Cer8ficates!of!Comple8on!for!both!AIA!members!and!nonTAIA!members!are!available!upon!request.!!!
This!course!is!registered!with!AIA!CES!for!con8nuing!professional!educa8on.!As!such,!it!does!not!include!content!that!may!be!deemed!or!construed!to!be!an!approval!or!endorsement!by!the!AIA!of!any!material!of!construc8on!or!any!method!or!manner!oVandling,!using,!distribu8ng,!or!dealing!in!any!material!or!product.!__________________________________
Ques8ons!related!to!specific!materials,!methods,!and!services!will!be!addressed!at!the!conclusion!of!this!presenta8on.!!
!
Course$Descrip*on$
› Over!the!last!80!years,!prescrip8ve!height!and!area!limita8ons!have!remained!rela8vely!unchanged!in!North!American!building!codes!while!technological!advances!and!fire!service!capabili8es!have!improved!considerably.!Through!an!examina8on!of!historical!code!development!and!iden8fica8on!of!the!risk!factors!on!which!codes!are!based,!we!can!set!the!stage!for!a!reTexamina8on!of!public!percep8on!with!regard!to!combus8ble!construc8on.!This!presenta8on!will!cover!techniques!for!mi8ga8ng!fire!damage!and!reducing!fire!spread!while!describing!how!an!understanding!of!code!intent!can!be!used!to!argue!equivalent!fire!performance!when!wood!solu8ons!lie!outside!typical!codeTapproved!applica8ons.!!
Learning$Objec*ves$
› Evaluate!the!evolu8on!of!fire!life!safety!codes,!including!the!impact!of!historical!fire!events!on!current!requirements.!!
› Review!the!building!size!limita8ons!in!current!codes!and!the!original!risk!factors!on!which!they!were!based.!t!.!!
› Explore!techniques!for!mi8ga8ng!fire!damage!and!methods!for!reducing!fire!spread.!!
› Demonstrate,!with!an!understanding!of!code!intent,!how!equivalent!fire!performance!can!be!achieved!through!the!alternate!means!and!methods!procedure.!
Objec*ve$
› The!Interna8onal!Building!Code!(IBC)!limits!the!use!of!wood!in!larger!and!taller!buildings!rela8ve!to!other!materials!based!on!its!combus8bility!
› How!can!the!limita8ons!to!the!use!of!wood!be!addressed?!– Development!of!alterna8ve!solu8ons!to!the!IBC!
requirements!(equivalents),!or!– Changes!to!the!IBC!requirements!
› How!is!this!achieved?!– Iden8fica8on!of!the!risk!basis!of!the!limits!– ReTexamina8on!of!the!risk!basis!in!a!current!context!– Development!of!means!to!address!the!risk!
The$Challenge$
Building$Code$Regula*ons$
› The!pace!of!innova8on!in!the!built!environment!is!increasing!and!innova8on!results!in!change!
› The!adaptability!of!a!building!code!to!change!is!a!func8on!of!its!regulatory!structure!
› The!IBC!is!a!compila8on!of!primarily!specifica8onTbased!regula8ons!supplemented!by!a!few!performanceTbased!regula8ons!
Specifica*ons$–$Building$Size$Limits$
› Building!size!limits!are!expressed!in!specifica8on!format:!
Specifica*ons$E$Development$
› Incidents!of!significant!scale!or!impact!occur!and!draw!acen8on!to!building!design!issues!
› Inves8ga8on!and!analysis!follow!to!establish!the!condi8ons!that!led!to!the!incident!
› Solu8ons!are!developed!to!limit!future!incidents!and!are!based!on!contemporaneous!knowledge,!capability,!materials!and!methods!
› The!solu8ons!are!wricen!in!specifica8on!format,!becoming!frozen!in!8me!
San Francisco Conflagration - 1904
Specifica*ons$–$Challenges$for$Alterna*ves$
› 2012!IBC!–!Sec8on!104.11,!Alterna8ve!materials,!design!and!methods!of!construc8on!and!equipment:!– “An!alterna8ve!material,!design!or!method!of!construc8on!
shall!be!approved!where!the!building!official!finds!that!the!proposed!design!is!sa*sfactory$and$complies$with$the$intent$of$the$provisions$of$this$code,!and!that!the!material,!method!or!work!offered!is,!for!the!purpose!intended,!at$least$the$equivalent$of!that!prescribed!in!this!code!in!quality,!strength,!effec8veness,!fire!resistance,!durability!and!safety”!
Specifica*ons$–$Challenges$for$Code$Changes$
› ICC!Code!Change!Policy:!– Reasons:!The!proponent!shall!jus*fy!changing!the!current!
Code!provisions,!sta8ng!why!the!code!change!proposal!is!superior$to$the$current$provisions$of$the$Code.!Code!change!proposals!which!add!or!delete!requirements!shall!be!supported!by!a!logical$explana*on$which$clearly$shows$why$the$current$Code$provisions$are$inadequate$or$overly$restric*ve,$specifies$the$shortcomings$of$the$current$Code$provisions$and$explains$how$such$code$change$proposals$will$improve$the$Code.!
Specifica*ons$E$Challenges$
› What!can!be!done?!
› This!is!the!case!for!the!height!and!area!limits!and!a!proposed!approach!to!a!solu8on!follows!
R.S. Ferguson, NRC, 1959
Approach$to$a$Solu*on$
› Implicit$Risk:$What!is/was!the!risk!that!ini8ated!the!development!of!the!specifica8on(s)?!
› Mi*ga*ng$Measures:$What!knowledge,!capability,!materials!and!methods!were!considered!in!mi8ga8ng!the!risk?!
› Acceptable$Risk:$To!what!level!is/was!the!risk!mi8gated?!
› Current$Context:$Are!the!specifica8ons!s8ll!relevant?!ReTexamina8on!of!implicit!risk,!mi8ga8ng!measures!and!acceptable!risk.!
Implicit$Risk,$Mi*ga*on$Measures$and$Acceptable$Risk$
Great$Fire$of$Rome$in$64$AD$
Summary$–$Early$Times$
› Conflagra8ons!in!1087!and!1135!resul8ng!in!destruc8on!of!most!of!the!City!of!London!
› Majority!of!buildings!at!that!8me!were!constructed!of!wood,!roofed!with!straw.!
› High!building!density!
Implicit$Risk:$ Fire!spread!from!building!to!building!resul8ng!in!conflagra8on.!
Mi*ga*on:$ Stone!wall!between!houses:!3!feet!thick!(party!wall/firewall)!
Acceptable$Risk:$ Limit!fire!spread!to!individual!buildings!(primarily!houses)!
London$–$Great$Fire:$1666$
Summary$–$London$1666$to$1774$
› Implicit!Risk!Considera8ons!
Implicit$Risk:$ • Fire!spread!from!building!to!building!resul8ng!in!conflagra8on.!
Mi*ga*on:$• Brick!or!stone!wall!between!houses:!13!inches!thick!and!18!inches!
above!the!roof!(party!wall/firewall)!• Brick!or!stone!exterior!walls!
I n t e n d e d$Result:$ • Limit!fire!spread!to!individual!buildings!(primarily!houses)!
London$1850’s$
60 ft
60 ft 60 ft
London$–$Tooley$Street:$June$22,$1861$
Summary$–$London:$1774$to$1873$
› Implicit!Risk!Considera8ons!
Implicit$Risk:$ • Single!buildings!(warehouses)!increasing!in!size!resul8ng!in!fire!size!beyond!the!capability!of!the!responding!fire!department.!
• Increased!poten8al!for!conflagra8on.!
Mi*ga*on:$ • Containment!by!limi8ng!height/volume!assuming!fire!service!interven8on!
• Height!of!60!to!65!l!and!cubic!capacity!of!216,000!cubic!feet.!I n t e n d e d$Result:$ • Limit!fire!spread!to!individual!buildings.!
USA$1872$to$1930’s$
› Great!Fire!of!Chicago!–!October!10,!1871!› Great!Fire!of!Boston!–!November!9,!1872!› These!fires!called!acen8on!to!the!substandard!condi8ons!of!construc8on!in!ci8es!across!the!United!States!
Great Fire of Chicago
USA$1873$–$Standard$Building$
› New!York!Board!of!Fire!Underwriters!–!January!1873:!“Standard!Building”!height!and!area!limits!
Note!that!the!volumetric!limit!based!on!an!area!of!5,000!l2!and!height!of!60!feet!is!300,000!l3.!This!was!the!limit!for!exis8ng!warehouses!in!the!City!of!London!
USA$1872$to$1930’s$–$Insurance$Ra*ng$System$
› Insurance!ra8ng!system!modifiers:!
Feature$ Modifiers$
Occupancy:! A!func8on!of!hazard!level!(experien8al)!
Type!of!Construc8on:! Fireproof!and!nonTfireproof!
Accessibility:! Number!of!building!sides!facing!a!street!
Sprinklering:! Gradual!recogni8on!of!benefit!with!increased!reliability!
Area:! Incremental!increases/decreases!as!a!func8on!of!area!
Height:! Incremental!increases!to!a!threshold!level!of!7!storeys!then!significant!increases!
USA$1890$to$1930’s$–$Model$Building$Code$
› Insurance!ra8ng!schedule!translated!into!regula8on!› Published!by!the!Na8onal!Board!of!Fire!Underwriters!in!1905!› Base!area:!5,000!l2!
› Area!modifiers:!– Occupancy!– Height!– Type!of!construc8on!– Streets!Facing!– Sprinklers!
Summary$–$USA$1872$to$1930’s$
› Implicit!Risk!Considera8ons!
Implicit$Risk:$ • Fire!size!beyond!the!capability!of!the!responding!fire!department!
• Significant!property!loss!
• Increased!poten8al!for!conflagra8on!
Mi*ga*on:$ • Height!of!5!to!6!storeys!(50!to!60!l)!and!base!area!of!5,000!square!feet!
• Increases!in!height!and!area!based!on!type!of!construc8on,!occupancy,!streets!facing!and!sprinklering!
I n t e n d e d$Result:$ • Limit!fire!spread!to!individual!buildings.!
USA$1920’s$to$Current$
› Limits!included!in!the!three!model!codes:!– 1927!Uniform!Building!Code!(UBC)!– 1946/1947!Southern!Standard!Building!Code!(SSBC)!– 1950!Basic!Building!Code!(BBC)!
› These!limits!were!revised!and!evolved!up!to!1996!› 1996!IBC!Occupancy!Commicee!
– Maximum!height!and!area!of!each!of!the!three!model!codes!was!adopted!for!use!in!the!IBC!
– Some!modifica8ons!as!a!result!of!differences!in!format!
Summary$–$$USA$1930’s$to$Current$
› Implicit!Risk!Considera8ons!Implicit$Risk:$ • Inadequate!evacua8on!
• Full!building!involvement!
• Fire!size!beyond!the!capability!of!the!responding!fire!department!
• Collapse!of!high!buildings!!
• Increased!poten8al!for!conflagra8on!
Mi*ga*on:$ • Height!of!6!storeys!(50!to!60!l)!and!area!limits!as!a!func8on!of!occupancy,!type!of!construc8on,!fireTresistance,!streets!facing!and!sprinklering.!
• Increases!in!height!and!area!based!on!type!of!construc8on,!occupancy,!streets!facing!and!sprinklering!
Intended$Result:$ • Combus8ble!buildings:!Limit!fire!spread!to!building!
• Noncombus8ble!buildings!(no!ra8ng):!Limit!fire!spread!to!building!
• Noncombus8ble!buildings:!Limit!fire!spread!to!storey!
Considera*ons$–$Current$Context$
› Exis8ng!limits!set!long!ago!when!understanding!of!fire!engineering!was!limited!
› Since!then:!– Firefigh8ng!techniques,!equipment,!response!
and!overall!capability!has!advanced!significantly!
– Construc8on!methods!and!materials!have!advanced!
– Analysis!techniques!have!evolved!significantly!– Sprinkler!effec8veness!has!increased!
Current$Context$
Approach$to$a$Solu*on$
› Implicit$Risk:$What!is/was!the!risk!that!ini8ated!the!development!of!the!specifica8on(s)?!
› Mi*ga*ng$Measures:$What!knowledge,!capability,!materials!and!methods!were!considered!in!mi8ga8ng!the!risk?!
› Acceptable$Risk:$To!what!level!is/was!the!risk!mi8gated?!
› Current$Context:$Are!the!specifica8ons!s8ll!relevant?!ReTexamina8on!of!implicit!risk,!mi8ga8ng!measures!and!acceptable!risk.!
Current$Context$
› AAA! Will changes to the Building Code to allow greater use of wood result in an increase in fire risk beyond that currently permitted in the 2012 IBC?
Current$Context:$Sta*s*cal$Analysis$
› Growth!and!spread!of!fire!can!be!characterized!as!a!func8on!of!fire!type!– Compartment!– Concealed!space!– Exterior!
› Current!fire!loss!sta8s8cs!collected!in!a!manner!that!does!not!correlate!with!building!code!principles!
› Data!collected!within!a!“fire!type”!framework!to!gauge!effec8veness!of!Codes!
› Published:!Interflam!2013,!London!
Completed$Context:$Sta*s*cal$Analysis$
› Used!inThouse!fire!inves8ga8on!data!to!examine!framework!
› Data!collected!from!89,!3T4!story,!mul8Tfamily!(apartment)!residen8al!fire!losses!over!a!10!year!period!
› Buildings!details!– Built!between!1912!and!2008!– Combus8ble!woodTframe!construc8on!
– 3!to!4!storeys!in!building!height!– Mostly!unsprinklered!buildings!
Compartment$Fires$
› Common!Causes!– Smoking!– Electrical!Equipment!– Appliances!– Incendiary!
› Fuel!Load!– Combus8ble!contents!– Combus8ble!interior!finish!
› Spread!Mechanisms!– Exterior!spread!primarily!via!balconies!– Inadequate!or!failure!of!enclosure!fire!separa8on!
Example$Compartment$Fire$
› Three!storey!residen8al!apartment!structure!
› Fire!ini8ated!in!centre!of!living!room!as!a!result!of!smoking!materials!
› Fire!damage!contained!to!single!residen8al!unit!
Sta*s*cal$Summary$–$Compartment$Fires$
0!
2!
4!
6!
8!
10!
12!
14!
16!
Num
ber$o
f$Fire
s$
Increasing$Damage$
90% Fire contained to (fire-rated) compartment of origin
10% Fire spread beyond (fire-rated) compartment of origin
Characteristics: • 5 Fires • Spread primarily via exterior
balcony/windows or suite door
48!Fires!
Current$Context:$Compartment$Fire$Spread$
› 10%!spread!beyond!fire!rated!compartment!of!origin:!
Spread$Mechanism$ Poten*al$Consequence$
Fire!in!compartment!with!open!door!to!corridor!
a) Localized!burn!damage!to!public!corridor!
Fire!in!compartment!impac8ng!window!to!exterior!
a) Spread!up!cladding/balconies!b) Spread!into!arc!space!c) Spread!through!roof!structure,!drop!down!to!other!
balconies!
Fire!in!compartment!impac8ng!window/door!to!balcony!
a) Balcony!fire!growth!b) Spread!up!cladding/other!balconies!c) Spread!into!arc!space!d) Spread!through!roof!structure,!drop!down!to!other!
balconies!
Concealed$Space$Fires$
› Common!Causes!– Electrical!– Worker’s!torch!
› Fuel!Load!– Combus8ble!construc8on!– Combus8ble!insula8on!– Combus8ble!cables!
› Spread!Mechanisms!– Inadequate!fire!stopping!– Service!penetra8ons!
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$1$
› Three!storey!residen8al!apartment!structure!separated!into!three!buildings!by!2!firewalls!
› Fire!ini8ated!in!concealed!wall!space!of!first!storey!as!a!result!of!worker!ac8vi8es!
› Fire!damage!to!two!building!components!and!water/smoke!damage!to!all!three!building!components!
› Structure!eventually!demolished!as!a!result!of!extent!of!damage!
Firewall
Main$Floor$
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$1$
Service Penetrations Through a Firewall
Fire Damage at Roof Level
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$2$
› Fire!ini8ated!in!concealed!wall!space!of!first!storey!as!a!result!of!worker!ac8vi8es!
› Fire!spread!to!roof!level!through!concealed!wall!assembly!with!inadequate!firestopping!
› Fire!spread!from!one!end!of!structure!to!other!through!roof!mansard!
› Structure!demolished!as!part!of!fire!figh8ng!ac8vi8es!
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$2$
5/8-inch Gypsum Board 5/8-inch Donna-Conna
2 inch insulation located between joists
2x7 inch joists
5/8-inch Gypsum Board
2x4 inch framed drop ceiling
Top Plate ¾-inch T&G Shiplap
2x4 inch stud 2x4 inch stud
Wall void space
Floor assembly void space
Floor assembly void space
Unit 4 washroom
2 inch insulation located between joists
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$2$
Mansard Roof
Interior of Mansard
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$2$
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$2$
Example$Concealed$Space$Fire$2$
Sta*s*cal$Summary$–$Concealed$Space$Fires$
0!
1!
2!
3!
4!
5!
6!
7!
8!
9!
Num
ber$o
f$Fire
s$
Increasing$Damage$
44% Fire contained to (fire-stopped) concealed space of origin
Characteristics: • 9 Fires • Spread primarily via lack of
fire stops/blocks
Fire spread out of (fire-stopped) concealed space of origin
56%
16!Fires!
Completed$Building$Fire$Risk:$Eviden*ary$Risk$Concealed$Space$Fires:$Fire$Spread$
› 56%!spread!to!adjacent!concealed!spaces!or!compartments!› :!
Spread$Mechanism$ Poten*al$Consequence$
Fire!in!space!with!nonexistent!or!inadequate!fire!stopping/blocking!
a) Spread!to!adjacent!fire!compartment!b) Spread!to!adjacent!concealed!space!
Fire!in!space!with!nonexistent!or!inadequate!fire!stopping/blocking!
a) Spread!from!storeyTtoTstorey!b) Spread!into!arc!space!c) Spread!through!roof!structure,!drop!down!to!other!
balconies!
Exterior$Fires$
› Common!Causes!– Smoking!–!peat!moss!– Worker’s!torch!
› Fuel!Load!– Combus8ble!construc8on!– Combus8ble!cladding!
› Spread!Mechanisms!– Underside!of!balcony!– Roof!soffit!
Example$Exterior$Fire$1$
› Four!level!residen8al!apartment!structure!separated!into!three!buildings!by!2!firewalls!
› Fire!ini8ated!on!balcony,!spread!on!exterior!of!structure!to!concealed!roof!space!
› Roof!of!all!three!building!components!heavily!fire!damaged!› Water!and!smoke!damage!to!remainder!of!the!structure!› Structure!reconstructed!
Example$Exterior$Fire$1$
Roof Level Damage
Example$Exterior$Fire$1$
¼ inch Space at Top of Fire Block
Example$Exterior$Fire$1$
Example$Exterior$Fire$2$
› Four!level!residen8al!apartment!structure!› Fire!ini8ated!inside!and!was!transferred!to!the!balcony!by!the!tenant!
› Fire!spread!along!cladding!to!roof!space.!› Roof!heavily!fire!damaged!› Water!and!smoke!damage!to!remainder!of!the!structure!
Example$Exterior$Fire$2$
Example$Exterior$Fire$2$
Example$Exterior$Fire$3$
› Four!level!residen8al!apartment!structure!› Sprinklered!in!accordance!with!NFPA!13R!› Fire!ini8ated!on!balcony,!spread!through!aluminum!clad!soffit!to!unsprinklered!concealed!roof!space!
› Roof!heavily!fire!damaged!› Water!and!smoke!damage!to!remainder!of!the!structure!
Example$Exterior$Fire$3$
Example$Exterior$Fire$3$
Example$Exterior$Fire$3$
Sta*s*cal$Summary$–$Exterior$Fires$
0!
5!
10!
15!
20!
25!
Num
ber$o
f$Fire
s$
Increasing$Damage$
8% Fire spread limited to single storey
92% Fire spread beyond single storey to entire wall/roof
Characteristics: • 23 Fires • Spread
primarily via cladding/soffit, into roof space
25!Fires!
Completed$Building$Fire$Risk:$Eviden*ary$Risk$Exterior$Fires:$Fire$Spread$
› 92%!spread!beyond!fire!rated!compartment!of!origin:!
Spread$Mechanism$ Poten*al$Consequence$
Exterior!fire!impinging!on!cladding!
a) Spread!up!cladding/balconies!b) Spread!into!arc!space!c) Spread!through!roof!structure,!drop!down!to!other!
balconies!
Balcony!fire! a) Balcony!fire!growth!(limited!detec8on)!b) Spread!up!cladding/other!balconies!c) Spread!into!arc!space!d) Spread!through!roof!structure,!drop!down!to!other!
balconies!
Overall$Sta*s*cal$Summary$
0!
5!
10!
15!
20!
25!
Num
ber$o
f$Fire
s$
Increasing$Damage$
57%
Course!of!Construc8on!
43%
Exterior!Concealed!Compartment!
Current$Context:$Summary$
› FireTrated!compartments:!– Unsprinklered:!perform!as!intended!by!the!Codes,!limi8ng!the!
growth!and!spread!of!fire!to!the!compartment!of!origin!regardless!of!building!size!or!height.!
– Sprinklered:!rarely!result!in!fire!spread!beyond!compartment.!– Compartmenta*on$is$effec*ve!$Na8onal!Research!Council!Canada:!
– Canada!T!Standing!Commicee!on!Fire!Protec8on!1990’s:!
Current$Context:$Summary$
› Concealed!Spaces:!– Fire!spread!predominantly!as!a!result!of!lack!of!fire!stopping/
blocking!– Lack!of!fire!stopping/blocking!observed!in!older!preT1980’s!
buildings!– Use!of!fire$stopping/blocking$has!improved!significantly!since!the!
1980’s!and!is$effec*ve!$
› Exterior!Fires:!– Fire!spread!predominantly!as!a!result!of!balcony!fire!development,!
combus8ble!exterior!cladding!and!spread!into!arc!spaces!– Significantly!reduced!by!sprinklering!balconies!and!arc!spaces!– Sprinklering$is$effec*ve!$
Current$Context:$Summary$
› Fire!compartmenta8on!› Fire!stopping/blocking!› Sprinklering!
Future$Considera*ons$
Future$Considera*ons$E$Capability$
› ReTexamine!fire!service!capability!rela8ve!to!building!size!
Equitable building fire, New York, 1912 Los Angeles, February 05, 2007 Fire engine design Jacques Besson, 1570
Future$Considera*ons$E$Materials$
› Consider!materialTindependent!fire!performance!› Original!assump8on:!Material!contribu8on!to!fire!considered!significant!T!conflagra8ons!
› What!is!the!actual!risk!associated!with!material!contribu8on?!– Limited!research!– Forensic!experience!suggests!material!contribu8on!to!fire!
not!significant!– More!research!required!
Future$Considera*ons$–$Analyses$Techniques$
› Analysis!techniques!have!advanced!significantly!in!the!last!several!decades!and!!
› Becer!able!to!analyze!and!predict:!– Material!behavior!to!fire!– Fire!growth!and!spread!– Occupant!response!and!movement!– Risk!analysis!
Future$Considera*ons$–$Methods$
› Original!limits!were!established!at!a!8me!when!building!compartmenta8on!was!minimal:!– Open!stairs,!!– Unprotected!elevators/shals!
› Risk!of!fire!spread!to!involve!en8re!building!was!greater!than!it!is!today!(sta8s8cs)!
› Fire$compartmenta*on$has$increased$significantly$over$*me$
› Consider!the!fire!compartment!as!the!unit!of!control!
Future$Considera*ons$–$Methods$Con*nued$
› Limit!fire!compartment!areas!rather!than!building!height!and!area:!– NFPA!5000,!Appendix!D,!Enhanced!
Fire!Compartments!– New!Zealand!approach!
Summary$
› Current!codes!are!not!en8rely!based!on!current!technology!or!relevant!fire!data!
› Life!safety!and!property!can!be!preserved!in!woodTbased!structures!through!reasonable!design!measures!to!address!the!risk!of!fire!spread!
› Codes!need!to!change!to!keep!pace!with!innova8on!and!embrace!current!technology!– Implementa8on!of!material!independent!fire!performance!– Compartmenta8on!as!unit!of!control!rather!than!a!building!
Ques8ons?$