Theexploita,onofconceptualmetonymies:

Across-linguis,cperspec,ve

Klaus-UwePanther&LindaL.Thornburg

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Na,onalWorkshoponCogni,veLinguis,csandLanguagesoftheNortheastTezpurUniversityFebruary4–5,2017

Tableofcontents

1.  Introduc,on:Whyisthistopicrelevant?2.  Cross-linguis,canalysisofhigh-level

metonymies1.  POTENTIALITYFORACTUALITY2.  RESULTFORACTION3.  MANNEROFSPEAKINGFORSPEAKING

3.  Conclusionsandoutlook

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1.Introduc,on:Whyisthistopicrelevant?

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Relevanceofthetopic

•  Theore,calrelevance:newinsightsintothedifferencesamonglanguages–bothontheconceptual-pragma,clevelandthatofgramma,calstructure(morphosyntax)

•  Prac,calrelevance:competenceinhowtousealanguageidioma,cally,whichincludesknowledgeaboutpossiblemetonymicassocia,onsandmetaphoricalmappings

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2.Cross-linguis,canalysisofhigh-levelmetonymies

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2.1.POTENTIALITYFORACTUALITY:English,Hungarian,French,Spanish

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Exploita,onofthePOTENTIALITYFORACTUALITYmetonymyinEnglishandHungarian

(Panther&Thornburg1999b)

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Sense Perceptions

Mental States/Processes ENGLISH

HUNGARIAN Hedged Performatives

Indirect Requests

Indirect Commissives Actions

Character Dispositions

Acquired Skills

Diagramfrom:Panther&Thornburg(2003:7)

Exploita,onofthePOTENTIALITYFORACTUALITYmetonymyinEnglishandHungarian

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Sense Perceptions

Mental States/Processes ENGLISH

HUNGARIAN Hedged Performatives

Indirect Requests

Indirect Commissives Actions

Character Dispositions

Acquired Skills

From: Panther & Thornburg (2003: 7)

Percep,onverbsinEnglish1Basicsensepercep,onverbsinEnglishare:

see,hear,taste,smell,feelInEnglishitispossibletoexpressactualeventsofpercep,onevenifthepercep,onverbismodifiedbythemodalauxiliarycan/could.Cogni,veopera,onatwork:

POTENTIALITYFORACTUALITY(Panther&Thornburg1999b)

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Percep,onverbsinEnglish2(1)  Wecouldseethenorthernlightstoday,thankstosolarflare.

[Googlesearch]èWesawthenorthernlights,[…](2)  MadamPresident,Icanheararippleoflaughterfromthe

Socialists.[EuropeanParliament]èIheararippleoflaughterfromtheSocialists.

(3)  IcouldtastethefriedOreos,funnelcakes,andbagsofpopcorn.[WebCorp]èItastedthefriedOreos,[…]

(4)  Icouldsmellthetobaccoandonionsonhisbreath.[COCA]èIsmelledthetobaccoandonionsonhisbreath.

(5)  Myuncleclaspedmyarm,andthroughmysleeveIcouldfeelthecallusesfromironmongeryonhishand.[COCA]è[…]throughmysleeveIfeltthecalluses[…]

è:‘metonymicallystandsfor’

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Englishvs.Hungarian

•  English(alsoGerman)exploitsthePOTENTIALITYFORACTUALITYmetonymysystema,callywithpercep,onverbs;Hungariandoesnotmakeuseofthismetonymywithpercep,onverbs.

•  Theuseofthemetonymyinthedomainofpercep,onismorerestrictedinRomancelanguagessuchasFrench,Spanish,andPortuguese.

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Englishvs.Hungarian:seeing

English: Canyouseehim?Hungarian: Látod? See-2.SG.PRES.IND.DEF 'Doyouseehim?'

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Fordetails,seePanther&Thornburg(1999b).

Englishvs.Hungarian:hearing

English: Icouldhearhissneeringlaughter […][LOB*]

Hungarian: hallooam[...] hear-1.SG.PAST.IND.DEF

*Theabbrevia,onLOBstandsforLancaster-Oslo-BergenCorpus.

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Englishvs.Hungarian:tas,ng&smelling

English: Icantastethevanilla.Hungarian: Érzemavaníliaízét. Feel-1.SG.PRES.IND.DEFthevanillataste-ACC

English: Icansmellthegarlic. Hungarian: Érzemafokhagymaszagát. Feel-1.SG.PRES.IND.DEFthegarlicsmell-ACC

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Englishvs.Hungarian:feeling

English: I'montherightstreaktonight,I canfeelit.[LOB]

Hungarian: Maestejóútonjárok, érzem. feel-1.SG.PRES.IND.DEF

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ExpressionofPERCEPTIONinEnglishvs.Romancelanguages(French,Spanish)

DataarefromtheparallelcorpusCLUVI(UniversityofVigo,Spain)

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Englishcan see

French‘see’

FUTURE

When they do hire us, they want us to work in the kitchen, up on the scaffolding or in the storeroom, where nobody can see us.

Quand ils nous recrutent, ils veulent que nous restions à la cuisine ou dans l'arrière-boutique, là où personne ne nous verra...

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Englishvs.Frenchseeing

Englishcan see

French‘sees’

PRESENT

You can see it from many parts of town.

car on le voit de beaucoup d'endroits.

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Englishvs.Frenchseeing

Englishcan see

French‘notice’PRESENT

From where I sit, I can see people crammed into a bus, their faces streaming with sweat, lined up like sardines, Saturday travelers with lacklustre eyes, patiently waiting.

De ma place, j'aperçois les gens entassés dans les autobus, les visages gluants de sueur, immobiles, alignés comme des harengs, les voyageurs du samedi qui, le regard éteint, patiemment, attendent.

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Englishvs.Frenchseeing

English could see

French ‘saw’

IMPERFECTIVE Of course, when I looked at my face in the mirror I could see that it was black, but for me, colour was totally unimportant.

Bien sûr, je voyais bien que j'étais noire, mais je n'accordais aucune importance à la couleur de ma peau.

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Englishvs.French

seeing

English could see

French lit. ‘have seen’ COMPOSED PAST

I could see everything was happening inside a circle, just like in Africa, ...

J'ai vu que tout se passait à l'intérieur d'un cercle comme en Afrique, ...

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Englishvs.Frenchseeing

Englishcan see

French ‘sees’

PRESENT

The mother knows she is repeating a cycle that trapped her, but there is no way out that she can see.

La mère sait qu'elle perpétue un cycle dont elle est prisonnière, mais elle ne voit pas comment elle pourrait s'en sortir.

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Englishvs.Frenchcogni,veseeing

Meaningextensionfromperceptualseeingtocogni,veseeing:

Englishcan see

French‘see’

PRESENT

I can see myself doing it for a living but not as a photo-journalist or a portrait photographer.

Je me vois bien faire ça dans la vie mais pas comme photographe de portrait ni reporter.

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Englishvs.Frenchcogni,veseeing

English French ‘see’

PRESENT You can see there's a big difference.

Vous voyez la grande différence.

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Englishvs.French:cogni,veseeing

Standardassump,on:metaphor:UNDERSTANDINGISSEEING

Panther(2006:163):underlyingmetonymy:SEEINGFORUNDERSTANDING

English could feel

Spanish ‘felt’

PRETERIT Through the knife he could feel the muscle tighten hard.

En el acero, sintió la fuerza del músculo.

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Englishvs.Spanish:feeling

English could feel

Spanish ‘felt’

IMPERFECTIVE I could feel it grip me at the throat and stop my breathing.

Sentía que me agarraba por la garganta, cortándome la respiración.

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Englishvs.Spanish:feeling

English could feel could hear

Spanish ‘felt’

‘heard’ PRETERIT

Kino could feel warm blood running from his forehead, and he could hear Juana calling to him.

Kino sintió la sangre caliente manar de su frente, y oyó que Juana le llamaba.

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Englishvs.Spanish:feeling&hearing

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Englishvs.Spanish:hearing

Oyó:PRETERITOía:IMPERFECTIVEOyeron:PRETERIT

Researchques,on1

•  Whataretheaspectualmeaningsofthecan/could+perceptualverbconstruc,on?

•  TheequivalentexpressionsinFrenchandSpanishprovidesomeclues:Theselanguages(andotherRomancelanguages)dis,nguishbetweenPASTIMPERFECTIVE,PRETERIT(simplepast),andCOMPOSEDPAST.

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Researchques,on2IMPERFECTIVE(cf.theEnglishPROGRESSIVE):

unboundedeventPRETERIT(cf.EnglishPASTtense):

boundedeventForexample,issentence(1)(fromslide27)IMPERFECTIVE,i.e.equivalentto(2)?(1)  HecouldhearJuanawhisperingtheoldmagicagain,[…](2)  HewashearingJuanawhisperingtheoldmagicagain,[…]TheissueofASPECTUALITYneedsmorecarefulinves,ga,on.

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2.2.RESULTFORACTION:English,German,French

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ACTIONconstruc,ons1

InEnglish,theRESULTFORACTIONmetonymyisatworkinac,onconstruc,onsinwhichlexicalmeaningandconstruc4onmeaningareinconflict.Examplesare...

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ACTIONconstruc,ons2

Impera,ves(1)  Washthedishes!

Infini,vecomplementclausesrequiringac,onverbs(2)  Heaskedhimtowashthedishes.

WhataboutVping?(3)  Whataboutwashingthedishes?

HowtoVP(4)  Howtodothingswithwords.

WhynotVP?(5)  Whynotpaintyourhousepurple?

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TheHowtoVPACTIONconstruc,on(seePanther&Thornburg1999a,2000)

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How to VPACTION

How to write a term paper

Example:

Meaning:

‘The author offers instruction in how to VP’

ExamplesoftheHowtoVPACTIONconstruc,on

(1)  Howtodothingswithwords.[do:ACTION](2)  HowtoinstallWordforWindows.[install:ACTION](3)  *Howtobetallinthreeweeks.[tall:STATE](4)  Howtoberichinthreemonths.[rich:STATE](1)and(2):containACTIONverbsthatfittheACTIONmeaningoftheconstruc,on.(3)isproblema,c/unacceptablebecausebetallisnotanACTION;itconflictswiththeconstruc,onmeaning.(4)isacceptablebecauseonecouldthinkofACTIONSthatresultintheSTATEofbeingrich.

Encyclopedicknowledgehasaninfluenceonacceptabilityjudgments!

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RESULTANTSTATE→ACTION

How to be happy

STATEH

RESULTANT STATEH

ACTIONH

‘S offers to teach H how to achieve happiness’

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RESULTANTPROCESS→ACTION

How to become happy

PROCESSH*

RESULTANT PROCESSH

ACTIONH

‘S offers to tell H how to achieve happiness’

*The PROCESS is telic, i.e., it has a goal/endpoint.

TheEnglishHowtoVPACTIONconstruc,onanditsequivalentsinGerman&French

Englishhappy,Germanglücklich,FrenchheureuxEnglish:Howtobehappy(STATIVEcoding)English:Howtobecomehappy(PROCESS+RESULTcoding)German:Wiemanglücklichist(STATIVEcoding)German:Wiemanglücklichwird(PROCESS+RESULTcoding)French:Commentêtreheureux(STATIVEcoding)French:Commentdevenirheureux(PROCESS+RESULTcoding)

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Howtobe/becomehappyinEnglish,GermanandFrench

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LANGUAGE

STATIVE CODING

RESULTANT STATE FOR

ACTION

PROCESS CODING

PROCESS FOR ACTION

TOTAL

English 58,000 97.1% 1680 2.9% 59,680

German 66 12.7% 452 87.3% 518

French 1,680 98.5% 25 1.5% 1,705

Googlesearch:May1,2005

Conclusion:TheEnglishHowtoVPACTIONconstruc,on&itsequivalentsinGermanandFrench

•  TheRESULTANTSTATEFORACTIONmetonymyisveryproduc,veinEnglishandFrench;theRESULTANTPROCESSFORACTIONmetonymyisrestrictedinEnglishandFrench.

•  TheRESULTANTPROCESSFORACTIONmetonymyisveryproduc,veinGerman;theRESULTANTSTATEFORACTIONmetonymyisrestrictedinGerman.

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2.3.MANNEROFSPEAKINGFORSPEAKING:

English,Hungarian,Croa,an

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Predica,velyusedadjec,vesofMANNEROFSPEAKING(Brdar&Brdar-Szabó2003:241)

(1)Imustbeopenwithher,whateverthecost.(2)Dearcolleagues,I’llbebrief.(3)ThePresidentwasclearonthemaoer.(4)Thebuyerswereempha,cindeclaringthattheywereright.(5)Livingstone,evenwhenbeinghumorousaboutaverydistressingperiod,couldnotdisguisethediscomfort. 42

TheMANNEROFSPEAKINGFORSPEAKINGmetonymyinEnglish

(1) beopenFORspeakopenly(2) bebriefFORspeakbriefly(3) beclearFORspeakclearly(4) beempha,cFORspeakempha,cally(5) behumorousFORspeakhumorously

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MoreMANNEROFSPEAKINGadjec,ves

accurate, ar,culate, baroque, bioer, blunt,boring,brief,bullish,coherent,cynical,definite,direct, drama,c, earnest, empha,c, explicit,harsh, entertaining, factual, firm, forthright,frank,lukewarm,lyrical,poe,c,open,pompous,precise, sarcas,c, serious, short, silent, specific,vague(Brdar&Brdar-Szabó2003:245)

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Varyingproduc,vityofthemetonymyMANNEROFSPEAKINGFORSPEAKING

Brdar & Brdar-Szabó (2003) observe that, incontrast to English, in Croa,an and (especially)Hungarian, the use of themetonymyMANNEROFSPEAKINGFORSPEAKINGisrestricted.Inotherwords,whatcanbeexpressedimplicitlyvia the MANNER OF SPEAKING FOR SPEAKINGmetonymyinEnglish,must(o|en)beexpressedexplicitlyinHungarianandCroa,an.

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Imustbeopenwithher:Hungarian

(1) *Nyíltan kell vele lennem. open must with-her be ‘Imustbeopenwithher’

(2) Nyíltan kell vele beszélnem. open must with-her speak

(Brdar&Brdar-Szabó2003:246)

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ThepresidentwasclearonthemaEer:Hungarian

(1) *Az elnök világos volt ezzel azüggyelkapcsolatban.DEFPresidentclearwas this-with DEFmaoer concerning‘ThePresidentwasclearonthismaoer’

(2)Azelnök világosan szóltezzelazüggyelkapcsolatban.DEFPresidentclearly spokethis-withDEFmaoerconcerning

‘ThePresidentspokeclearlyonthismaoer’ (adaptedfrom:Brdar&Brdar-Szabó2003:247)

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4.OutlookandConclusion

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Theore,calimportanceofcross-linguis,cresearchonmetonymy1

•  Metonymyis,likemetaphor,morethanarhetoricaltrope–itisalsoafigureofthought.

•  Languagesdifferintheirexploita,onofmetonymies.Ametonymymaybeproduc,veinonelanguageandblockedorrestrictedinanotherlanguage.

•  Comparinglanguagesintermsofthemetonymiestheyexploit(ordon’texploit)leadstonewinsightsintolanguagetypology.

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Theore,calimportanceofcross-linguis,cresearchonmetonymy2

•  Newresearchques,onsareopenedupthroughcross-linguis,cresearchonmetonymy:– Whatistheimpactofmetonymyongramma,calstructure?

– Howdoesgramma,calstructure,inturn,facilitateorrestricttheexploita,onofmetonymies?

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Prac,calimportanceofcross-linguis,cresearchonmetonymy3

•  Forthelanguagelearner,knowledgeaboutwhichmetonymiesarepossible/impossibleintheforeignlanguage(incomparisontothesourcelanguage),isrelevanttotheacquisi,onofana,ve-likeor,atleast,near-na,velinguis,ccompetenceofthetargetlanguage.

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References

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Brdar, Mario & Rita Brdar-Szabó. 2003. Metonymic coding of linguistic action in English, Croatian and Hungarian. In: K.-U. Panther & L. L. Thornburg, eds. Metonymy and Pragmatic Inferencing (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 113), 241–266.Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Panther, Klaus-Uwe. 2006. Metonymy as a usage event. In: G. Kristiansen, M. Achard, R. Dirven and F. J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, eds. Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives (Applications in Cognitive Linguistics 1), 147–185. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Linda L. Thornburg. 1999a. Coercion and metonymy: The interaction of constructional and lexical meaning. In: B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, ed. Cognitive Perspectives on Language (Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 1), 37–52. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Linda L. Thornburg. 1999b. The POTENTIALITY FOR ACTUALTIY metonymy in English and Hungarian. In: K.-U. Panther & G. Radden, eds. Metonymy in Language and Thought (Human Cognitive Processing 4), 333–357. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Linda L. Thornburg. 2000. The EFFECT FOR CAUSE metonymy in English grammar. In: A. Barcelona, ed. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads (Topics in English Linguistics 30), 215-231. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Linda L. Thornburg. 2003. Introduction: Metonymy across languages. Jezikoslovlje 4.1: 5–9.