The Federalist EraThe Federalist Era

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SWBAT

• Describe the Internal and External troubles of the Federalist era (both George Washington’s and John Adams’s administrations).

• Contrast– Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with – Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party.

• Explain two suggestions of GW gave upon his leaving office. Do we follow them today?

• Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”:– Why they were created – Who opposed them

GW takes Charge• 30APR1789 First

Presidential swearing-in• To Do List:

– Create Bureaucracy (system) to carry out laws

– Create Judicial System– Raise money (TAXES!) to

run federal govt.– Create Precedents

(routines other presidents will follow)

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution

Bill of Rights

• By SEP 1789 twelve amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the states.

• It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to be passed becoming the Bill of Rights.

• Main purpose of the BoRs was to protect people (individuals) from the government.– How does it do that?

Bill of Rights – The real short version

1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia.

3. No quartering of soldiers.

4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.

5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.

6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.

7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.

8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.

9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution doesn’t mean it’s not a right.

10. Powers reserved to the states – states have powers, but cannot act like an individual country.

Judicial System

• Judiciary Act of 1789– Established the Supreme Court– Chief Justice and five associate judges– Sixteen lower federal courts– Also Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys &

Federal Marshalls

The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,

Executive Branch

• Three most important Departments, each headed by a Secretary– Department of State – Foreign

Affairs – Thomas Jefferson– Department of War – Military

matters – Henry Knox– Depart of the Treasury –

Financial Problems – Alexander Hamilton

• Originally thought to be individual advisors, came to be a counsel of advisors, including the Attorney General, called the Cabinet.

Hamilton’s Policies

• Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) from the Revolutionary War

• “Funding” Buy up Rev. bonds & issue new– Most Bonds not w/original purchasers– Had been sold at < value to speculators– Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators

• Assume all State debts – put them all together

• Establish a National Bank

Whiskey Tax

• Levied specifically against Western PA– Corn too bulky to transport, convert to whiskey– Western PA Refused to pay taxes

• Washington wanted to assert Federal power– Gathered 15,000 militia, GW & Ham at the lead

• Rebellion scattered, Fed power asserted

Indian Relations

• NW territory claims• Indians had not been

represented at Treaty of Paris 1783 (ending Rev War)– Great Britain gave land

W of Apps, E of Mississippi to U.S., Indians were there but not considered

Indian Relations

• Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians

• In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by “Mad” Anthony Wayne

Foreign Relations

• French Revolution– Initially popularly

supported, especially by Jefferson

– As anarchy & blood reigned, opinion shifted

• French declared war on GB 1793, American opinion was divided

Foreign Relations

• GW stayed Neutral

• America had problems with both countries

• We had a “Quasi War” with France

Difficulties of 1st Administration

• Pass Bill of Rights

• Establish Fed Court system

• Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet

• Fund the new gov’t.

• Foreign relations– Internally with Indians– Externally, France and England

Foreign Affairs• The French

Revolution caused what in the US?

• Issues w/Indians were settled by –

Origins of the Two Party System

• Two parties developed around the leadership and opinions of – Thomas Jefferson,

Republican-Democrats– Alexander Hamilton,

Federalists

Origins of the Two Party System

• Divide class in half.

• One half will look at Hamilton and his policies.

• One half will look at Jefferson and his policies.

• The two halves of the class will help each other learn the about their person.

??

George Washington’sFarewell Address

• Washington declined running for election for a third term and retired from politics

• He published his farewell address (never actually gave it publicly)

• He gives advice to the new nation based on his experiences and beliefs

George Washington’sFarewell Address

• Summarize advice

• Do we follow it today?

John Adams’ Administration

• Election of 1796 very close– Northern Federalist - 70

electors– Southern Republicans -

68 electors

• Outcome: Adams is President (Federalist)

• Jefferson Vice-President (Republican – Democrat)

Bush Elections 2000 & 2004Red = Republican Bush

Blue = Democrat Gore/Kerry

• War? With France?– Fr outraged over Jay Treaty w/Br– Fr began seizing Am ships, “Quasi War”– Federalists wanted War– Republicans were generally considered “Francophiles”, the

like the French• Adams sent negotiators to Fr

– Informed Adams a bribe was demanded– Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever

• Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace offer” secret demanded release of letter.– Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair) – “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

• Much War fever but no actual outbreak

John Adams’ Foreign Affairs

John Adams’ Domestic Affairs

• Loudest Critics of Adams/Federalists were foreign born Republicans

• Dissent viewed by Federalists as unpatriotic

• Created Alien & Sedition Acts– p. 290 Blue Text P. 253 Red Text

• Republican response– VA & KY Acts– Said that states could write laws

within their own borders. John Adams is a Jerk!

Election of 1800, War of Words

• Adams not being Federalist enough, lost votes in the N

• Final Electoral Tally– TJ – 73– Aaron Burr – 73– JA – 65

• Hamilton hated Aaron Burr more than TJ, so he supported TJ

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Describe who favored the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

• Describe who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

JA & the Federalist’s Last Word

• The outgoing Adams’ administration and Federalist’s Congress increased the number of federal judges and all of those appointed were Federalists.

• The courts consistently interpreted laws as Federalists for next couple of decades.

• Most famous, Marbury v. Madison: established Judicial Review – allowed the Supreme Court to nullify (cancel) laws that were determined unconstitutional