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Name Date Period Chapter Outline,

Chapter 11

©AGS Publishing. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use only. United States History

The First Americans: Beginnings–1400

Directions Fill in the outline below. Filling in the blanks will help you asyou read and study Chapter 1.

I. Lesson 1: The Earliest Americans (pp. 3–5)

A. Archaeologists

1. Study ______________________________________________

2. Dig up things left behind by ______________________________________

B. Beringia

1. Connected ______________________ to ______________________

2. Hunters from ______________________ crossed the bridge

C. Meadowcroft Rock Shelter

1. Located near what is now _________________________________________

2. Contains earliest traces of ______________________ in what is now the United States

D. Clovis point

1. Clovis points are _________________________________________________

E. Land bridge

1. Melting of glaciers caused ______________________________________

2. People could no longer travel to ______________________________________

II. Lesson 2: The Peoples of Mesoamerica (pp. 6–9)

A. Olmecs

1. Established between 1200 B.C. and A.D. 600 in ______________________

2. Carved in jade and ______________________

B. Mayans

1. Established in A.D. 250 in ______________________ and parts of surrounding countries

2. Were masters of ______________________, arithmetic, and architecture


Chapter 11


C. Toltecs

1. Established in ______________________ in the Mexican highlands

D. Aztecs

1. Established in ______________________

2. Ruled much of Mexico from their main city of __________________________

3. Built ______________________, ______________________, bridges, and buildings

E. Incas

1. Established in A.D. 1200 in southern ______________________

III. Lesson 3: The Southwestern Peoples (pp. 10–13)

A. Hohokam

1. Established in about ______________________

2. Weaved ___________________ and ruled villages by controlling ___________________

B. Mogollon


2. Built small villages of about ______________________

C. Chaco Canyon Anasazi


2. Also called “______________________ Dwellers”

D. Mesa Verde Anasazi

1. Lived on sides of high ______________________

E. Kayenta Anasazi

1. Lived in northeastern ______________________

2. Descendents are the ______________________

The First Americans: Beginnings–1400, continued


Chapter 11


IV. Lesson 4: The Adena-Hopewell Mound Builders (pp. 14 –15)

A. Adena

1. Built burial mounds in the Ohio ___________________________

B. Hopewell

1. Descendents of the ______________________

2. ___________________________ is an example of a Hopewell Mound

3. Traded with settlements east of the ___________________________

V. Lesson 5: The Mississippi, Plains, and Northwest Civilizations (pp. 16–19)

A. Mississippians

1. Lived in the ______________________ River Valley and used plants for food

2. Built a large mound at Cahokia, a major ______________________

3. Built a large settlement called ______________________ in 1050

4. Descendants include the ______________________, who celebrate the Green CornCeremony and other Mississippian traditions

B. Plains Indians

1. Were called ______________________, but also lived in ______________________

2. The ______________________ and ______________________ tribes of North Dakotafarmed, fished, and hunted

C. Pacific Northwest Peoples

1. Civilizations began about ______________________

2. Depended on the sea for ______________________ and ______________________

3. North of these civilizations lived the ______________________, now called the Inuit

The First Americans: Beginnings–1400, continued

Name Date Period Chapter Outline, Page 1

Chapter 22


Exploration: 1400–1607


I. Lesson 1: Ideas of Exploration Begin (pp. 25–28)

A. Italian Merchants

1. Bought goods from ____________________ traders

2. Sold goods to ______________________________, especially monarchs and nobles

3. Monarchs are people who __________________________________________________

B. Events Affecting Exploration

1. The compass showed ____________________ what direction they were going

2. Better maps helped people accept that ________________________________________

3. Improved globes were more accurate: Early globes showed one ocean separating

____________________ from ____________________ and they did not show

______________________________

C. Far East

1. Was explored by ____________________ during the 1200s

2. Europeans dreamed of finding a safer and shorter route to _________________________

3. The Indies includes ____________________ , ____________________ ,

and _____________________________________

D. Christopher Columbus

1. Wanted to reach the Indies by sailing ____________________

2. Queen Isabella of ____________________ paid for his voyage in 1492

3. Called the native people where he landed ____________________

4. Started the first Spanish colony at ____________________


Chapter 22


II. Lesson 2: Exploration Continues (pp. 29–33)

A. John Cabot

1. In _______, England sent him west to explore the Indies

2. Landed in what is now _____________________________

B. Amerigo Vespucci

1. In 1497, explored the coast of what is now _______________________________

C. Juan Ponce de León

1. In 1513, went in search of ____________________ and ___________________________

2. Landed on the southeastern tip of the ____________________

3. Named the place where he landed ____________________

D. Vasco Núñez de Balboa

1. First European explorer to see the ____________________ from the east

E. Ferdinand Magellan

1. Found the ____________________ around the bottom of South America

2. His expedition proved _____________________________________________________

F. Hernando Cortés

1. In 1519, landed on the coast of what is now ____________________

G. Giovanni da Verrazano

1. Set out to find the ____________________________

2. Sailed north from the coast of what is now North Carolina to ______________________

H. Jacques Cartier

1. Thought the ___________________________ River in Canada was the way to the East

2. Claimed many lands for ____________________

I. Sir Francis Drake

1. Led the second expedition around the ____________________

Exploration: 1400–1607, continued


Chapter 22


III. Lesson 3: England and France Start Colonies (pp. 34–37)

A. Spain

1. Other countries were jealous of Spanish treasures and

began __________________________________________________________________

2. King Philip II of Spain sent a fleet of ships to England

to _____________________________________________________________________

3. The English sailors ____________________ the Spanish Armada

B. Queen Elizabeth

1. Granted a ____________________ to Sir Humphrey Gilbert to begin

a colony in the New world

C. Roanoke

1. After Sir Humphrey Gilbert died, ____________________________ received the charter

2. Raleigh, determined to establish a colony, sent three ____________________

3. The third group settled off the coast of North Carolina on _________________________

4. This colony is referred to as the “Lost Colony” because ____________________________

D. French Colonies

1. First one was started on the St. Lawrence River in the early ____________________

2. ___________________________ led the first colony, which he named Quebec

E. England’s Other Colonies

1. People of England were looking for ____________________ and

____________________ freedom

2. The Virginia Company’s settlement was named ____________________

3. The Plymouth Company’s charter included land farther north in what is now

________________________________

Exploration: 1400–1607, continued


Chapter 33


English Colonies Are Created: 1607–1733


I. Lesson 1: Establishing the Jamestown Colony (pp. 47–49)

A. The Colony Is First Settled

1. Jamestown was established in Virginia in May of _______

2. The colonists spent most of their time searching for _____________________________

B. Captain John Smith

1. Ordered a __________________ to be built for protection

2. Made a new rule that people must __________________ to eat

C. Jamestown Grows

1. _____________________________ became governor of the colony

2. John Rolfe planted a new crop, __________________

3. John Rolfe married an American Indian woman, ______________________

4. Colonists built large farms called ______________________

5. The _________________ and the ___________________________ made laws for the colony

6. The Virginia Company brought 90 ______________________ to Jamestown

7. The colonists bought 20 African __________________ from a Dutch ship captain

II. Lesson 2: The Pilgrims and the Puritans (pp. 50–54)

A. The Pilgrims

1. Wanted to break away from the _______________________________

2. Formed a stock company and bought many __________________

3. Wealthy investors paid for the _______________________________

B. The Mayflower

1. Blew off course and landed at __________________ in 1620


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2. The passengers wrote the ______________________________

3. Laws passed by the __________________ would be obeyed

4. In a _____________________ government, the power is held by the people

C. The Puritans

1. King Charles I did not approve of the Puritans’ _____________________________

2. Got a charter in the name of the _________________________________________

3. Did not give others __________________ freedom

III. Lesson 3: The English Colonies Grow (pp. 55–59)

A. Maryland

1. Was the first colony with a _____________________

2. Was established at Chesapeake Bay in _______

3. Passed a law called the _________________________, allowing everyone religious freedom

B. Rhode Island

1. The first settlement, formed in _______, was called _____________________

2. People there had complete freedom of __________________

C. Connecticut

1. Was settled by ____________________________ in _______

2. Had the first written _______________________ in the New World

D. Carolina

1. Was formed in _______

2. Was divided into North and South Carolina in 1729 because of ________________________

E. New York

1. Began in 1609 as a __________________ colony called ____________________________

2. Was renamed in _______ when the __________________ took over

English Colonies Are Created: 1607–1733, continued


Chapter 33


F. New Hampshire

1. Was sold to the ____________________________ in _______

2. Was made a __________________ colony with no __________________ government

G. Pennsylvania

1. Was founded by __________________________ in _______

2. Colonists had freedom of religion and the right to __________________________________

H. Delaware

1. The Duke of York granted it to __________________________ in _______

2. The three lower counties became Delaware in _______

I. New Jersey

1. East Jersey and West Jersey were made into a single colony in _______

J. Georgia

1. Became a colony in _______ for the _____________________________________

IV. Section 4: The Size of the Colonies Increases (pp. 60–63)

A. America

1. Other Europeans began to __________________ to America

2. Became known as a place of __________________ and __________________

B. Colonial Life

1. Early colonial society had __________________ classes

2. The lower class included unskilled workers, ______________________________, and slaves

C. The Three Colonial Regions

1. Jobs in the northern colonies included __________________, __________________, fishing,trading, and ironworks

2. Some southern plantations produced ________________________ and used slave labor

3. The middle colonies were called “bread colonies” because they produced ___________________

English Colonies Are Created: 1607–1733, continued


Chapter 44


A Struggle for Power: 1700–1763


I. Lesson 1: Independent Trade in the Colonies (pp. 69–71)

A. Farming

1. Became the people’s _______________________

2. Helped colonists to show their _______________________

B. The Legislature

1. Is a group of people elected to make __________________

C. Mercantilism

1. Was the practice of regulating colonial trade for the profit of _______________________

II. Lesson 2: Triangular Trade in the Colonies (pp. 72–73)

A. Triangular Trade

1. Was formed among _________________________, _________________________,

and __________________________

2. Made more money for the _____________________ than British-controlled trade

B. American Indians

1. Lost their tribal lands to ________________________

2. Were pushed farther and farther __________________

C. Africans

1. Were captured in Africa and treated as __________________ in America

D. Great Britain’s Trade Laws

1. The purpose of the Navigation Acts was to _____________________________________

2. The _____________________, passed in 1733, added a tax to goods from the West Indies


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III. Lesson 3: Moving Westward (pp. 74–77)

A. Settlers

1. Wanted to go beyond the _____________________ Mountains

2. Faced danger because the region was occupied by ________________________________

and ________________________

B. The Ohio Valley

1. Was perfect land for __________________

2. Was claimed by both ___________________ and ____________________________

3. George Washington led a brief battle with the French at Fort _______________________ but retreated

C. The Albany Plan of Union

1. Delegates met to secure an __________________ with the Iroquois and discuss a plan to

form a __________________

D. The Threat of War Between British and French

1. Great Britain had more __________________ than France, but its colonies were

not __________________

2. French colonies had one controlling _______________________

3. The French learned frontier warfare from ______________________________________

IV. Lesson 4: The French and Indian War Begins (pp. 78–79)

A. General Braddock

1. Wanted to capture Fort _____________________

2. Was attacked by ______________, _____________________, and __________________

B. William Pitt

1. Was appointed by King George II in 1756 as ____________________________________

2. Prepared the colonists to ___________________________________________________

A Struggle for Power: 1700–1763, continued


Chapter 44


V. Lesson 5: End of the War (pp. 80–81)

A. Fort Duquesne

1. Was __________________ by the British in __________________

B. The Final Stages of War

1. The British destroyed a French fleet of _________________________

2. James Wolfe led British troops to victory in Quebec in __________________

3. __________________ surrendered in 1760

C. The Treaty of Paris

1. Was signed in __________________

2. France gave Great Britain the land _____________ of the Mississippi, except New Orleans

3. The land _____________ of the Mississippi and ______________________ went to Spain

4. France kept some islands near ______________________ and ______________________

D. After the War

1. ______________________ was the strongest nation in the world

2. Colonists would not have to depend on Great Britain for ______________________

A Struggle for Power: 1700–1763, continued


Chapter 55


A New Nation Begins to Grow: 1763–1775


I. Lesson 1: The Proclamation of 1763 (pp. 91–93)

A. The Ohio Valley

1. Great numbers of ____________________ settled in this area

2. Ottawa Chief Pontiac organized several tribes and attacked ___________________________

B. The Proclamation of 1763

1. Was issued by England to ease the fears of the ____________________

2. Ordered all colonists to leave the __________________________

3. Colonists were ____________________ to the new law

C. Taxation Without Representation

1. Parliament wanted to tax the colonies in exchange for _______________________________

D. The Sugar Act

1. Was passed in ____________

2. Taxed sugar, clothes, and other goods from _______________________________________

E. The Currency Act

1. Was passed in ____________

2. Made it illegal for the colonists to __________________________________

F. The Quartering Act

1. Was passed in ____________

2. Demanded that colonies provide _____________________________ for British soldiers

G. The Stamp Act

1. Was passed in ____________, enabling the British government to tax all

_____________________________________ used in America


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2. To protest, colonists ____________________ all British goods

3. Parliament ____________________ the tax in ____________

H. The Declaratory Act

1. Stated that Great Britain had control over the colonies ______________________________

II. Lesson 2: The Townshend Acts (pp. 94–97)

A. Charles Townshend

1. Was appointed British minister of ____________________ in ____________

B. The Townshend Acts

1. Were passed in ____________

2. Placed ______________________ on goods that were important to colonists

3. Colonists boycotted __________________________________

C. Samuel Adams

1. Organized town meetings in ____________________ to protest taxation

D. The Boston Massacre

1. Started when a crowd of colonists threw _____________ and _________________ at soldiers

2. ________________________ was the first to fall when the soldiers fired

3. All of the Townshend taxes were repealed except for the tax on ____________

E. Strict British Rule

1. Colonists lost much of their earlier ____________________

2. Committees wrote strong statements of __________________________________________

3. King George III looked upon the colonies as ________________

III. Lesson 3: The East India Trading Company (pp. 98–100)

A. The British Tea Tax

1. The _____________________________ had to pay a tax to Great Britain before shipping tea

A New Nation Begins to Grow: 1763–1775, continued


Chapter 55


2. Frederick North forced the colonies to pay a _____________ on tea

3. American tea merchants agreed to ___________________________________________

B. The Boston Tea Party

1. In 1773, colonists dressed as _____________________________ boarded a ship carrying tea

2. More than 300 chests containing tea were ______________________________________

3. The British responded by passing the ________________________________ and the

___________________________

IV. Lesson 4: The First Continental Congress: 1774 (pp. 101–103)

A. The Convention in Philadelphia

1. Was called a _______________________________ because the British referred to Americansas Continentals

2. Was attended by elected delegates from all colonies except ____________________

3. Started in September of ____________ and lasted seven weeks

4. Agreed to adopt a __________________________________ and to boycott British goods

5. The king and Parliament became _________________ and threatened the colonists

B. Lexington and Concord

1. _______________________ agreed to gather at a minute’s notice and become soldiers

2. General Gage planned to seize military supplies in ____________________ and capture

the _____________________________

3. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and _________________________ warned colonists

4. Minutemen suprised Major Pitcairn’s regiment at _______________________

5. The shots fired on April 19, 1775, were later described as _____________________________

________________________

A New Nation Begins to Grow: 1763–1775, continued


Chapter 66


The American Revolution: 1775–1783


I. Lesson 1: Americans Respond (pp. 109–110)

A. After Lexington and Concord

1. Colonists thought the British intended to ___________________________

2. Colonists seized ____________________________ and increased their __________________

3. Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys seized ________________________________

and ________________________________

B. The Second Continental Congress

1. _____________________________ was chosen as its president

2. Colonists sent a ____________________ to the king

II. Lesson 2: Congress Takes Action (pp. 111–113)

A. Congress

1. Agreed that it had the power to declare ______________

2. Chose ________________________________ as commander of the American army

3. Named ________________________________ as postmaster

B. Boston’s Governor, General Gage

1. Put Boston under complete control of ________________________________

C. Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill

1. The ____________________ captured both, despite heavy losses

D. Washington Recovers Boston

1. Americans seized Dorchester Heights and could control ______________________________

2. The British left ____________________ to the Americans


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III. Lesson 3: Fighting Spreads (pp. 114–116)

A. Congress

1. Was concerned that the British could invade _______________________

B. General Richard Montgomery

1. Led troops to ____________________, where Americans lost the battle

C. British Loyalists

1. Were defeated by Americans at _______________________________________

D. Patrick Henry

1. Was a statesman who said, “Separate and fight! The war _____________________________!”

E. The Declaration of Independence

1. Was written by ________________________________

2. Delegates disagreed on the ____________________ clause, which was removed

IV. Lesson 4: The Revolutionary War (pp. 117–119)

A. George Washington

1. Moved several thousand American soldiers to ____________________

B. British General William Howe

1. Arrived in ___________________________ in July 1776

2. Attacked American troops and drove them off ___________________________

C. Nathan Hale

1. Offered to go behind enemy lines to ___________________________

D. George Washington

1. Led a retreat across the ___________________________

2. Defeated the British-hired ____________________ in New Jersey

3. Defeated three enemy regiments at ___________________________________

The American Revolution: 1775–1783, continued


Chapter 66


V. Lesson 5: The Turning Point of the War (pp. 120–122)

A. Three-Pronged Attack

1. British planned to attack New York from ____________________, the west, and the south

2. British General Burgoyne’s army surrendered to ______________________________

3. After the Saratoga victory, the ____________________ decided to help the colonies

B. Washington’s Troops

1. Spent a hard winter at _____________________ after defeats at Brandywine and Germantown

C. Henry Clinton

1. Replaced _________________________

2. Evacuated troops because France was sending _______________________________

D. American Victories

1. Washington’s troops successfully contained the British in _________________________

2. George Rogers Clark captured ____________________ British forts

VI. Lesson 6: The British Are Defeated (pp. 123–125)

A. The French Fleet

1. Brought _________________________ from Europe

2. Attacked _________________________ on their way to the colonies

B. American Captain John Paul Jones

1. Captured the British warship ____________________ in 1779

C. Benedict Arnold

1. Was an American ____________________ because he planned to give the British a fort

D. The End of the War

1. The British were defeated when Lord Cornwallis surrendered on _______________________

2. The _________________________ was signed on September 3, 1783

3. This recognized America’s independence and established its ____________________

The American Revolution: 1775–1783, continued


Chapter 77


A Government Is Formed: 1783–1791


I. Lesson 1: A New Nation Faces Problems (pp. 131–134)

A. Land Ownership Problems

1. Pioneers ignored the fact that the land belonged to _______________________________

B. Trading Problems

1. Great Britain closed its ports to _______________________________

C. Problems with the Spanish

1. Spain would not allow Americans to ship goods from _______________________

D. Problems with Congress

1. Each state had only _____________ vote

2. Congress had no power to tax ____________________

3. States were printing their own ____________________

4. Congress lacked the power to regulate ____________________ among states

5. No ____________________ courts existed, only state courts

II. Lesson 2: A Demand for Change (pp. 135–138)

A. Business Owners, Merchants, Shippers, Manufacturers, and Bankers

1. Wanted a stronger _________________________

B. The Annapolis Convention of 1786

1. Was proposed by _______________________________

2. Was attended by delegates from only ____________________ states

C. Shays’s Rebellion

1. Proved the need for a strong __________________________________

2. Farmers were upset by low ______________________ and high ________________________


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D. The Constitutional Convention of 1787

1. Was attended by delegates from all states except _________________________

2. ____________________________ was chosen to lead the convention

III. Lesson 3: A Need for a New Start (pp. 139–140)

A. The Purpose of the Convention

1. Delegates needed to develop ____________________________________________________

B. Two Plans

1. The Virginia Plan called for representation based on _________________________

2. The New Jersey Plan called for each state to have an _____________________ in thegovernment

C. Debates

1. The key issue was how much power the ____________________ government should have

and how much power the _________________ and _________________ states should have

2. A _____________________ was formed to work out a compromise

IV. Lesson 4: The Great Compromise (pp. 141–144)

A. The Compromise Committee

1. Proposed a ________________________________ made up of two houses

2. The _____________________________________ would be based on state population

3. The _____________________ would have two representatives from each state

B. Other Compromises

1. The Three-Fifths Compromise permitted three out of every five _________________ to beincluded in the population and taxation counts of the southern states

2. Congress could not affect the slave market until ______________

3. Congress would regulate trade between _____________ and ___________________________

4. The central government would print ______________

A Government Is Formed: 1783–1791, continued


Chapter 77


C. The Branches of Government

1. The executive branch, under the president, would ____________________ the laws

2. The judicial branch would ____________________ the laws

3. The ____________________ would be the highest court in the land

4. The three branches provide for a separation of ____________________

5. A federal government is divided between central and ______________ governments

D. The Constitution

1. Was signed by the delegates on ________________________________

E. The Northwest Ordinance

1. Stated that land east of the Mississippi and north of Ohio would become

______________________________ when its population was large enough

V. Lesson 5: State Conventions Are Organized (pp. 145–149)

A. The Constitution

1. Needed to be ratified by ________________ of the 13 states

2. The ______________________ supported the Constitution

3. The _______________________ thought the Constitution did not protect personal freedoms

4. Essays called the ______________________________ explained the Constitution

B. The New Government

1. ____________________ was the first state to ratify the Constitution in ___________

2. Rhode Island was the ________________ state to ratify in ___________

3. _______________________________ was elected president in ___________

4. ___________________________ became vice president

C. The Bill of Rights

1. Was added to the Constitution to provide for _________________________________

2. Consists of ___________ amendments

A Government Is Formed: 1783–1791, continued


Chapter 88


Political Parties Develop: 1788–1809


I. Lesson 1: The First Administration (pp. 155–157)

A. The Constitution

1. Became a law on ____________________________

B. President Washington

1. Named four advisors to his ____________________, including

______________________________ as secretary of the treasury

C. The United States Treasury

1. Needed more money to pay off _____________ and to run the ________________________

D. Alexander Hamilton

1. Developed a __________________________ to pay off the government’s debt

2. Helped establish the ___________________________________ as the nation’s capital

3. Suggested giving ________________ to people who had lent money to the government

4. Helped organize the __________________________________________________

II. Lesson 2: The Government’s Progress (pp. 158–160)

A. Political Parties

1. The _________________________________ Party felt that states should have more power

2. The ____________________ Party wanted a much stronger central government

B. George Washington

1. Kept America out of the war between _______________ and __________________________

C. Problems in the Western Lands

1. The British sold ____________________ and ____________________ to American Indians

2. Under Jay’s Treaty, the British left their _____________________________ and peace withGreat Britain was maintained


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3. Spain agreed to permit _____________________________ on the Mississippi and turn over

_____________________________ territory

D. George Washington

1. Is called _______________________________ because of his contributions

III. Lesson 3: Adams Becomes the Next President (pp. 161–166)

A. John Adams

1. Was a Federalist who became president in __________

B. France

1. Thought America was allied with __________________________

2. In the XYZ Affair, French agents demanded ___________________________ , but Americandelegates refused

C. The Department of the Navy

1. Fought several battles with France until the French signed _________________________

D. Women

1. Began to work __________________________ in jobs such as teaching

2. Did not have the right to _______________

E. The Alien and Sedition Acts

1. Were passed by Congress in __________

2. The Sedition Act made it a crime to speak against _____________________________

3. The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions said these acts were not ________________________

F. The Election of 1800

1. Was the first real contest between ____________________________ and

____________________

2. ____________________________ was the Democratic-Republican who ran against Adams

3. Aaron Burr was Jefferson’s _____________________________

Political Parties Develop: 1788–1809, continued


Chapter 88


4. Jefferson and Burr each had _______________________________

5. With Federalist Alexander Hamilton’s help, the _________________________________chose Jefferson as president

6. To prevent such a tie in the future, Congress passed the _____________________________

IV. Lesson 4: The Country Under New Direction (pp. 167–170)

A. Thomas Jefferson

1. Believed the government could do only __________________________________________

2. Ended the ___________________________________ acts

B. The Louisiana Purchase

1. American traders could not use the French-controlled port of ______________________

2. ____________________ agreed to sell the Louisiana region for $15 million

3. The fertile Louisiana Territory ____________________ the size of America

4. America controlled the entire _____________________________ and could use New Orleans

V. Lesson 5: More Changes Under Jefferson (pp. 171–173)

A. Explorations

1. President Jefferson sent _____________________________ and

_____________________________ to explore unknown northern regions

2. Zebulon Pike explored the ____________________ River and the Southwest

B. Great Britain and France at War

1. America was neutral and _________________________ with both

2. Both countries set up ______________________ to stop enemy trade

3. The Embargo Act stated that no American ships could ______________________________

C. John Marshall

1. Was chief justice of the _________________________

2. Helped strengthen the ______________________________ between government branches

Political Parties Develop: 1788–1809, continued


Chapter 99


The Young Nation Goes to War: 1809–1815


I. Lesson 1: President Madison Takes Office (pp. 179–180)

A. James Madison

1. Became the ________________ president in __________

2. Proposed a new policy that called for France or Great Britain to

_______________________________ against American ships

3. Napoleon accepted Madison’s proposal in __________

B. The War Hawks

1. Were young, aggressive members in the new _______________________

2. Included Henry Clay, who was chosen to lead the __________________________________

3. Wanted to put an end to the _____________________________

4. Wanted to make sure there was ____________________ on the seas

C. President Madison

1. Unfortunately looked upon France as a ____________________ he could trust

II. Lesson 2: The War Draws Closer (pp. 181–183)

A. A Changing America

1. The North was developing _______________ while the South produced _________________

2. The new breed of Americans had only ___________________________ of colonial America

B. Great Britain

1. Agreed to Madison’s earlier offer to ____________________ trade, but President Madisonwas unaware of this decision

C. The War Hawks

1. Wanted to take British-owned ____________________

2. Stirred up public opinion so President Madison would declare __________________________


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D. Great Britain

1. Had seized American ________________________________

2. Had interfered with __________________ and closed its ports to _______________________

E. Tecumseh

1. Was chief of the ____________________

2. Tried to organize an American Indian _______________________ against western settlers

F. The United States Was Not Prepared for War

1. The army was poorly ____________________ and very _______________

2. The navy had only _____________ warships

3. America had no ______________ since _______________________ had come to a standstill

III. Lesson 3: The War of 1812 (pp. 184–187)

A. Congress

1. Declared war against ______________________ on __________________________

B. The Election of 1812

1. The War Hawks supported ___________________________

2. Those who wanted peace supported ___________________________

3. Madison’s re-election was a victory for those who favored ____________________________

C. Early Battles

1. Each of three American attempts to invade Canada resulted in ____________________

2. The American navy captured or destroyed many British ___________________________

3. The British navy created a ____________________ to stop all shipping to and from America

D. The Battle on Lake Erie

1. In __________, Captain Oliver Perry defeated a British naval fleet

2. This stopped the British from possibly invading __________________________

The Young Nation Goes to War: 1809–1815, continued


Chapter 99


E. The Battle of the Thames

1. Resulted in the death of ____________________ , the Shawnee leader

2. Ended cooperation between the __________________________ and the ________________

3. Made __________________________ famous

F. The Battle at Horseshoe Bend

1. Andrew Jackson defeated the ____________________ in __________

2. This forced the American Indians to give up ___________________________ of land

G. The Battle of Lake Champlain

1. The American fleet ________________________ the British ships and defeated them

2. The British gave up hope of capturing ________________________

H. The British Navy

1. Burned the _____________________ and the ______________________ in Washington, D.C.

2. Sailed northward in an attempt to capture ____________________

IV. Lesson 4: The War Ends (pp. 188–189)

A. Great Britain and the United States

1. Were tired of a failed war and wanted ________________

B. The Treaty of Ghent

1. Was signed in _________________, Belgium, in December of __________

2. The war was declared a _____________

C. The Battle of New Orleans

1. Andrew Jackson led troops to victory in ____________________ in 1815

D. The Results of the War of 1812

1. Great Britain and other countries began to ____________________________

2. The war gave Americans a sense of __________________________

3. Possibilities for safe westward _______________________ were improved

The Young Nation Goes to War: 1809–1815, continued


Chapter 1010


A New Spirit of Expansion: 1816–1824


I. Lesson 1: Westward Expansion (pp. 199–202)

A. James Monroe

1. Was elected president in __________

B. The United States

1. Was rapidly ______________________ in the late 1700s and early 1800s

2. Had __________ states by 1819

3. Many settlers were moving ______________________ in covered wagons

4. Travel routes to the West included the ______________________ Road, the ______________Canal, and rivers

C. Western Settlers

1. Were fiercely ______________________ and proud of their country

2. Needed more ________________ and ________________ from banks

D. The South

1. Was ideal for ______________________

2. Most products needed were bought from __________________________________

E. Cotton

1. _________________________ invented the cotton gin in __________

2. The number of ____________________________ increased with cotton production

F. The North

1. Continued to develop industries that began early in _____________________________

2. Cotton mills in the North turned raw cotton into ______________________


Chapter 1010


II. Lesson 2: The Era of Good Feelings (pp. 203–207)

A. President Monroe

1. Selected a well-balanced Cabinet that represented __________________________________

2. Monroe’s two terms in office were called the __________________________________

B. Problems with Spanish Florida

1. The _____________________________ crossed the border, attacked families, and stole slaves

2. In __________, Andrew Jackson led an invasion into Spanish Florida

3. In __________, the ______________________ Treaty was signed

4. The United States received all of Florida, but gave up its claim to _______________________

C. Slavery

1. ______________________ wanted to be admitted as a slave state

2. Northerners feared Congress would be unable to stop _____________________________

3. The ____________________ movement was of great concern to owners of cotton plantations

D. The Missouri Compromise

1. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, became known as the ____________________________

2. Requests for statehood by Maine and Missouri were ______________________

3. Main joined as a _______________________ and Missouri as a ________________________

4. The Missouri Compromise, approved in __________, kept the balance of power in

the ________________

E. Denmark Vesey

1. Was a freed slave who planned to attack several _______________________________

2. Was _________________ with 35 other people before any _________________ took place

A New Spirit of Expansion: 1816–1824, continued


Chapter 1010


III. Lesson 3: More Problems with Europe (pp. 208–211)

A. European Colonies

1. The British, Dutch, Spanish, and Russians had ______________________ in North and South America

2. These colonies began to __________________ against their governments

3. European monarchies agreed to send armies and fleets to ____________________________of the colonies

4. Great Britain wanted to make a ____________________________ with the United States towarn Europe to stay away

5. John Quincy Adams, secretary of state, thought the United States should __________________

B. The Monroe Doctrine

1. Was a government policy created by President ______________________

2. Stated that European attempts to extend influence into the ___________________________

would be considered dangerous to the __________________________ of the United States

3. Was adopted in __________

C. The 1824 Election

1. Each region had a different __________________________________

2. New England nominated ____________________________ of Massachusetts

3. The West nominated ___________________________ of Kentucky and

___________________________ of Tennessee

4. The South supported ____________________________ of Georgia

5. None of the four candidates received ___________________________________

6. The House of Representatives, under Henry Clay’s influence, chose

___________________________ for president

7. ___________________________ was appointed secretary of state

A New Spirit of Expansion: 1816–1824, continued


Chapter 1111


Political Changes Take Place: 1825–1838


I. Lesson 1: An Unpopular President (pp. 217–218)

A. John Quincy Adams

1. Was not a ______________________ president

2. Did not consider the three parts of the country ______________________

B. The Tariff of 1828

1. Imposed tariffs on _________________________ to protect American industries

2. The __________________ did not like the tariffs

3. Northerners wanted _____________________________ on imported goods

C. The Democratic-Republican Party

1. Became two separate parties: the ______________________ Party and the

_______________________________ Party

D. The 1828 Election

1. The National Republicans nominated ___________________________

2. The Democratic Party nominated ___________________________

3. ___________________________ won the election

E. Andrew Jackson

1. Fired some government workers and gave jobs to _____________________________

2. Was unofficially advised by his friends, known as his ___________________________

II. Lesson 2: Growing Tension in the South (pp. 219–221)

A. Nat Turner

1. Led a revolt to free all slaves and killed about 60 _____________________________________

2. Represented the courage to fight ______________________ for enslaved Africans


Chapter 1111


B. Problems with Tariffs

1. Neither the North nor South liked the ____________________________ passed in 1832

2. ____________________________ proposed that a state could turn down an unfair law

C. The Ordinance of Nullification

1. Was passed by the ______________________ legislature and declared that tariffs didn’t apply

2. Was not supported by __________________________, who usually supported states’ rights

III. Lesson 3: Jackson’s New Style of Government (pp. 222–224)

A. Andrew Jackson

1. Stood up for the ___________________________

2. Supported the interests of ___________________________

B. The Bank of the United States

1. Congress passed a bill granting a new __________________ in 1832

2. Jackson __________________ the bill

C. The Election of 1832

1. ____________________________ was the National Republican candidate

2. ____________________________ won the election by a large number of votes

3. Jackson was successful in reducing the power of the __________________________________

D. The Indian Removal Act of 1830

1. Forced American Indian peoples to move _________________________________________

2. So many died during the journey that it became known as the _________________________

IV. Lesson 4: Texas Gains Independence from Mexico (pp. 225–226)

A. Mexico

1. Had refused to sell Texas to both ______________________ and _______________________

2. Encouraged Americans to ___________________________________ and obey their laws

Political Changes Take Place: 1825–1838, continued


Chapter 1111


B. Texans

1. Declared their territory ____________________________________

2. Appointed _________________________ as commander of the Texan army

C. The Alamo and Goliad

1. ______________________________ led Mexican troops to victories at the Alamo and Goliad

D. Texas Wins Its Independence

1. Texans defeated the Mexican army near the ________________________ River

2. In 1836, Texas became the Republic of Texas with ______________________ as its president

V. Lesson 5: The Election of 1836 (pp. 227–229)

A. The Democratic Party

1. Nominated __________________________, who was Andrew Jackson’s vice president

B. The Whig Party

1. Formed during the eight years of ______________________________

2. Favored renewing the national bank’s ________________ and keeping ___________________

C. Martin Van Buren

1. _____________ the election

D. The Panic of 1837

1. The United States entered a ______________________

2. Many ________________ failed

3. ________________________ spread, especially in the Northeast

Political Changes Take Place: 1825–1838, continued


Chapter 1212


America Becomes More Democratic: 1825–1858


I. Lesson 1: Industries Develop Slowly (pp. 235–237)

A. American Industry

1. Growth was ______________________

2. Manufacturers could not compete with ___________________________

B. Labor Unions

1. Tried to get workers better _________, shorter _________________, and a cleaner environment

2. Were weak because of the flood of ______________________ and other factors

C. Samuel Slater

1. Built a _______________________________ from memory

D. Eli Whitney

1. Helped develop the idea of using ______________________ parts

E. Iron Industries

1. Grew quickly after a new method of making ______________ was developed

F. New Farm Tools

1. Cyrus McCormick invented the ______________________ to harvest grain

2. John Deere invented the ______________________

II. Lesson 2: Improving Transportation and Communication (pp. 238–242)

A. Turnpikes

1. Were roads that travelers _______________ to use

2. The _________________________ was a turnpike that went west for 600 miles

B. Robert Fulton’s Steamboat

1. Made _____________________________ faster


Chapter 1212


C. Canals

1. The ______________________ was the first major canal, finished in __________

2. New York became the strongest ____________________________________ in the country

D. Railroads

1. ________________ and ________________ traveled by land in all directions

E. The Telegraph

1. Was developed by __________________________ in __________

F. The Transatlantic Cable

1. Connected ______________________ with ______________________

G. The Pony Express

1. Came to an end when the ______________________ was introduced

III. Lesson 3: The Population Grows (pp. 243–245)

A. Population Growth

1. Resulted from ______________________ and the high ______________________

B. Immigrants

1. Between 1790 and 1820, most came from __________________, __________________,

__________________, and __________________

2. People left Ireland because of a ______________________ failure in 1846

3. Germans left their country to escape unpleasant _________________________

4. A ______________________ is a nation where different races and cultures live together

C. City Life

1. Rapid ______________________ caused problems such as dirty water

2. New immigrants worked for lower ___________________ and longer __________________

3. Nativists and the ______________________ Party did not want so many immigrants

America Becomes More Democratic: 1825–1858, continued


Chapter 1212


IV. Lesson 4: The Early System of Education (pp. 246–247)

A. Early Education

1. Tutors were hired by __________________________

2. The quality of public education was ______________

B. Educational Changes

1. Working-class people became aware of the ___________________ of education

2. ___________________ reorganized the Massachusetts school system in 1837

3. Noah Webster wrote ___________________, __________________, and grammar books

V. Lesson 5: American Literature Develops (pp. 248–251)

A. American Culture

1. ____________________________ described life in America

2. Tales of ___________________ and ___________________ became classics

3. ___________________ wrote about America’s wars and frontiers

4. __________________ wrote “Rip Van Winkle” and ___________________ wrote Moby Dick

5. Many American poems were written, such as “The Raven” by ______________________

B. Antislavery Authors

1. ______________________ helped start the American Anti-Slavery Society

2. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote __________________________ in __________

3. Hinton R. Helper wrote a book that said ________________ was ruining the South

4. William Lloyd Garrison published a newspaper called ______________________

5. Frederick Douglass was an ex-slave who published The North Star, an ___________________newspaper

6. Douglass and Garrison were ______________________

C. The United States

1. Was becoming a ______________________ to the world

America Becomes More Democratic: 1825–1858, continued


Chapter 1313


The Country Grows Larger: 1841–1850


I. Lesson 1: The Election of 1840 (pp. 257–261)

A. The Presidential Candidates

1. The Whig Party chose _______________________________ as the candidate

2. ___________________________ was running for re-election in the Democratic Party

B. The Campaigns

1. The Democrats made fun of Harrison, saying he lived in a ______________________

2. Harrison’s campaign held ______________________, passed out ______________________,organized meetings, and painted billboards

C. President Harrison

1. Took office in __________ and died after ______________________

2. Was replaced by ______________________, his vice president

D. Canadian Boundaries

1. Remained a dispute between the United States and ______________________

2. A compromise was reached by ______________________ and ________________________

3. The United States gained land in ____________________ and Minnesota

E. The Election of 1844

1. Democratic Party candidate ___________________ believed in ______________________

and wanted to expand the nation ___________________

2. Whig candidate ______________________ wanted to expand the nation ________________

3. ___________________ won the election

F. Oregon Country

1. Many Americans moved into this region after a temporary treaty with

______________________ in 1818


Chapter 1313


2. The Treaty of 1846 gave the United States the ___________________ part of Oregon Country

3. Great Britain took the ___________________ part of Oregon Country

II. Lesson 2: Ongoing Trouble with Mexico (pp. 262–264)

A. Santa Anna

1. Changed the boundary between Texas and Mexico to the _________________ River,giving Texas less territory

B. The Republic of Texas

1. Became part of the United States in __________

2. Allowed ____________________

C. President Polk

1. Sent John Slidell to Mexico to offer up to $25 million for ______________________

2. Was insulted when Mexican officials _______________________________

D. The Mexican War

1. Polk ordered troops to advance toward the ______________________ in 1846

2. ______________________ troops crossed the river and attacked

3. The United States ___________________________ on May 13, 1846

4. Polk ordered troops to invade ______________________

5. ____________________________ led troops to victory at Buena Vista

6. General Winfield Scott led troops to capture ______________________

E. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1. Mexico turned over California and the land between _________________________________

2. Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande was the boundary of ______________________

3. The United States paid Mexico ______________________ for the land

4. Congress signed the treaty in __________

The Country Grows Larger: 1841–1850, continued


Chapter 1313


III. Lesson 3: New Challenges in 1848 (pp. 265–267)

A. The Election of 1848

1. President Polk did not run for a ___________________________

2. ______________________ was the most important issue

3. The Whigs nominated _______________________________

4. The Democrats nominated _______________________________

5. The Free Soil Party broke away from the Democratic Party and nominated

______________________

6. Zachary Taylor won the election and took office in __________

B. John A. Sutter

1. Was one of the first American settlers to gain success in ______________________

2. Found out he had _______________ in his land in __________

C. The California Gold Rush

1. The people who rushed to California in search of gold were called ______________________

2. Prices for supplies and services ______________________________

3. ______________ also increased

4. The California population grew by nearly ______________________ in a year’s time

5. California became the 31st state in __________

The Country Grows Larger: 1841–1850, continued


Chapter 1414


The Slavery Problem Grows: 1850–1854


I. Lesson 1: The Debate over Slavery (pp. 277–279)

A. Slavery

1. _________________________ campaigned against slavery

2. Southerners felt the abolitionists were _________________________ how slaves were treated

3. Some Northerners felt the abolitionists caused _________________________ for business

4. Southerners did not want _________________________ to become a free state

B. A Compromise over Slavery

1. _________________________, _________________________, and

_________________________ wanted to settle the slave issue and keep the country united

2. _________________________ rejected Henry Clay’s proposed compromise

3. Vice President _________________________ replaced Taylor, who died in 1850

4. President Fillmore _________________________ a compromise

C. The Compromise of 1850

1. Was better for the _________________________

2. Allowed California to become a _______________ state

3. Abolished _________________________ in the District of Columbia

4. Included the Fugitive Slave Law, which helped slave owners capture _____________________

II. Lesson 2: Slavery Issues Continue (pp. 280–282)

A. The Fugitive Slave Law

1. Challenged any African’s right to _________________________

2. Northerners chose to _________________________ the law


Chapter 1414


B. The Underground Railroad

1. _________________________ were people who helped hide slaves

2. A secret network of stations went from the South to the _________________ and

into _________________

3. Former slaves _________________________, _________________________, and

_________________________ spoke out against slavery

C. Cotton

1. Was an important raw material for the _________________________ in the North

2. Was the big _________________________ of the country

D. Southerners

1. Closed themselves off to major changes occurring in _________________________________

2. Thought slavery was good for the ________________ and the _________________________

E. Franklin Pierce

1. Was a _____________________ from New Hampshire who became president in 1853

2. Was not against _________________

F. The Gadsden Purchase

1. The United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853 for land that now makes up

________________________________________

2. This made it possible for the construction of a railroad to _____________________________

III. Lesson 3: The Kansas-Nebraska Act (pp. 283–285)

A. Railroads

1. Connected many towns and cities in the ________________

2. Were necessary from coast to coast if the country _____________________________

3. ____________________ could not agree on a route

The Slavery Problem Grows: 1850–1854, continued


Chapter 1414


B. Stephen Douglas

1. Wanted to build a railroad through the unorganized territory of ______________________

2. Wanted to repeal the _____________________________________

3. Suggested giving voters in Nebraska and Kansas _______________________________

4. This would allow voters to decide whether to become a _________________________

or a _________________________

C. The Kansas-Nebraska Act

1. Was passed in __________

2. Conflict between ___________________________ and between slave and free states was high

D. The Republican Party

1. Was formed in 1854 by a group of _______________________, _______________________,

and _______________________

2. Wanted to take a clear stand on _________________________

3. Wanted to repeal the __________________________ and the __________________________

The Slavery Problem Grows: 1850–1854, continued


Chapter 1515


The Country Separates: 1854–1861


I. Lesson 1: A Land Rush in Kansas (pp. 291–292)

A. Bleeding Kansas

1. Both _______________________ and _______________________ supporters wanted to

claim land and were prepared to __________________

2. Kansas had _________ governments claiming to be the legal government

3. Several attacks caused _________ deaths and $2 million in __________________________

II. Lesson 2: Fighting in Congress (pp. 293–295)

A. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts

1. Insulted Senator ____________________________

2. Made belittling remarks about Butler’s home state, ____________________________

B. Representative Preston Brooks

1. Was Andrew Butler’s _______________________

2. Struck _______________________ with a cane, seriously injuring him


1. _________________ was the major issue of the election

2. Democrats nominated _________________________ of _______________________

3. Republicans nominated _________________________ of _______________________

4. The American Party was formed to stop the wave of ____________________________

5. This party nominated _________________________

6. _________________________ won the election


Chapter 1515


D. The Dred Scott Case

1. The Supreme Court made a ruling in __________ about an African slave named Dred Scott

2. Scott sued for his freedom on the grounds that he had lived in _________________________

3. Scott’s freedom was denied because he was not a ____________________

4. The court declared that slaves were _______________________ and could be taken

_______________________

5. The decision ____________________ the country

III. Lesson 3: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (pp. 296–299)

A. Abraham Lincoln

1. Ran for the U.S. Senate in __________ against __________________________

2. Challenged Douglas to a series of seven _______________________

3. Lost the election, but his _______________________ increased

4. Earned the nickname _______________________

B. John Brown

1. Wanted to arm slaves and lead them in a ________________________________________

2. Captured the U.S. arsenal at _______________________________ in 1859

3. Was tried for _______________________ and was _______________________

4. His raid increased the _______________________ between the North and the South

IV. Lesson 4: The Election of 1860 (pp. 300–301)

A. The Candidates of 1860

1. Stephen Douglas was the Northern Democratic candidate who supported

_______________________

2. John Breckinridge was the Southern Democratic candidate who supported _______________

3. Abraham Lincoln was the _______________________ Party candidate

The Country Separates: 1854–1861, continued


Chapter 1515


4. The Constitutional Party was made up of former _________________ and

___________________________ members who believed the nation could be kept at

peace if everyone _______________________

5. This new party nominated ______________________ of ________________________ astheir candidate

B. Lincoln’s Platform

1. Slavery would not be allowed in ________________________________

2. Slave states could decide about slavery within their _______________________

3. _______________________ would be available in the territories

4. Higher _______________________ would be imposed

5. No state would be permitted to ______________________________

C. The Election Results

1. If Lincoln won, some _______________________ states threatened to leave the Union

2. _______________________ won the election

3. By February 1861, the following seven states had voted to secede: _______________________,

_______________________, _______________________, _______________________,

_______________________, _______________________, _______________________

The Country Separates: 1854–1861, continued


Chapter 1616


The Civil War: 1861–1865


I. Lesson 1: The North Tries to Compromise (pp. 307–309)

A. The Confederate States of America

1. Was formed in ______________________ and led by ______________________

2. Took over most of the ______________________ properties inside their borders

3. Fired on a ship carrying supplies to ______________________

4. President Buchanan did very little to help federal properties in the ______________________

B. President Lincoln

1. Wanted federal properties returned and tariffs ______________________

2. Wanted the Union to be preserved without any ______________________

II. Lesson 2: Confederates Attack Fort Sumter (pp. 310–312)

A. The Attack on Fort Sumter

1. Occurred on ______________________ and was the beginning of the Civil War

2. Thousands joined the ______________________ when Lincoln called for volunteers

B. Advantages of Each Side

1. ______________________________ had a larger population, factories, and more money

2. Southerners were fighting to defend their _______________ and their _______________

3. ______________________________ had excellent military leaders, including Robert E. Lee

C. The Anaconda Plan of the North

1. Was created by ______________________________

2. President Lincoln ordered a blockade that cut off the _____________________________

D. The South’s Plan

1. Was to let the North ______________________

2. The South thought the North would lose _________________ in the war


Chapter 1616


III. Lesson 3: The Civil War Begins (pp. 313–317)

A. Manassas Junction (Bull Run)

1. _____________________________ led Confederate troops to victory

2. Union General Winfield Scott retired and was replaced by ___________________________

B. Ulysses S. Grant

1. Captured Fort ___________________ and Fort ______________________

C. The Monitor and the Merrimac

1. Had a battle in __________, but neither won

2. Were the first ______________________ ships to be used in battle

D. The Seven Days Battle

1. ______________________ retreated after seven days of heavy fighting

E. The Battles at Manassas, Antietam, and Fredericksburg

1. The __________________________ won the second battle at Manassas (Bull Run)

2. The Battle of Antietam was one of the ______________________ of the war

3. General McClellan was replaced because he did not __________________________________

4. General Burnside resigned after a failed attack at _________________________

IV. Lesson 4: The War Continues (pp. 318–322)

A. The Emancipation Proclamation

1. Declared that all slaves in the seceded states were _______________

2. Nearly 180,000 former slaves ______________________ in the Union army

B. The Battle at Chancellorsville

1. The Confederates won, but Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by __________________

2. General Lee changed his war plan and decided to __________________ the North

C. The Battle of Gettysburg

1. Lee attacked on ______________________ and _______________ the battle

The Civil War: 1861–1865, continued


Chapter 1616


2. This was the ______________________ of the war

3. In the __________________________, Lincoln expressed _______________ over those whodied fighting for a good cause

D. Women

1. Took on responsibilities usually done by _______________

2. Some became nurses, some became soldiers, and some went to work in __________________

V. Lesson 5: The Final Chapters of the War (pp. 323–327)

A. Victories on the Mississippi

1. The Union navy attacked ______________________ and won

2. General Grant scored victories in the _________________________________

3. When Grant captured ______________________, the entire ______________________ wasin Union control

B. Ulysses S. Grant

1. Became ____________________________ of all the Union armies

2. Wanted to destroy the South’s cotton industry, railroads, and ______________________


1. ________________ won the election against Democratic candidate _____________________

D. William Sherman

1. Cut a _______ -mile-wide path through Georgia, destroying ______________________

2. Captured Atlanta and then captured ______________________

E. The War Ends

1. General Lee ______________________ to avoid more losses on both sides

2. The _________________________ was finally settled

3. Sherman’s march caused over _________________________ in damages

4. The South needed a ______________________ program

The Civil War: 1861–1865, continued


Chapter 1717


Reconstruction: 1865–1877


I. Lesson 1: The Beginning of Reconstruction (pp. 333–335)

A. Abraham Lincoln

1. Offered _______________ to Southerners and wanted states to _________ the Union quickly

2. Was assassinated by __________________________ on ______________________

B. The South

1. The _________________ from the war had been great

2. Confederate _________________ was worthless

C. President Andrew Johnson

1. Was not ______________________ in Congress

2. Tried to follow Lincoln’s _________________________________

D. Congress

1. Passed the 13th Amendment, which abolished ______________________

2. Radical Republicans wanted to ___________________ the former Confederate states

3. Many in Congress did not like ______________________ that denied rights to freedmen

II. Lesson 2: Johnson’s Conflict with Congress Continues (pp. 336–340)

A. President Andrew Johnson

1. Made no efforts to give voting rights to ______________________

B. The Reconstruction Efforts of Congress

1. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was intended to reverse the ______________________

2. The ______________________ extended the Bill of Rights to African Americans

3. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped former slaves and tried to protect their ___________________

C. The Second Great Indian Removal

1. Tribes that supported the ______________________ had to give up western Indian Territory

2. Other tribes were ______________________ to this area


Chapter 1717


D. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867

1. Put _________ states that had not joined the Union under military rule

2. Required that these states draft a constitution and accept the ______________________before rejoining the Union

E. An Attempt at Impeachment

1. Congress was able to ______________________ many of President Johnson’s vetoes

2. The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 required Senate approval before the president could

__________________________

3. Johnson fired Cabinet member ___________________________

4. The House of Representatives ______________________ President Johnson

5. The Radical Republicans tried to remove Johnson from office, but failed by ________ vote

F. The 1868 Election

1. ______________________ won by a close vote

2. The votes of ____________________________ became important to political parties

III. Lesson 3: Reshaping the South (pp. 341–345)

A. Southern Politics

1. African American politicians were controlled by white Southerners called _________________

2. Carpetbaggers were _____________________ who were elected to political office in the South

B. Southern Plantation Owners

1. Paid low wages to ______________________

2. Divided their land into small pieces for ________________________, who paid rent

3. Let sharecroppers have land to farm in return for a large share of ______________________

4. Both tenant farmers and sharecroppers remained _____________

5. _____________ other than cotton were planted

C. Women

1. Demanded _____________ that were denied since colonial times

2. Sought employment and gained financial ___________________

Reconstruction: 1865–1877, continued


Chapter 1717


D. Other Changes in the South

1. The discovery of iron ore, coal, and limestone led to a strong _________________________

2. Public schools were ______________________

IV. Lesson 4: Reconstruction Ends (pp. 346–349)

A. The 15th Amendment

1. Was passed in _________, giving ______________________________ the right to vote

2. Excluded ______________________

B. Problems for African Americans

1. Some Southern states passed ______________________ clauses to prevent African Americansfrom voting

2. The Ku Klux Klan wanted to keep African Americans from ___________________, punish

____________________, and make ______________________ leave

3. The Klan used ____________________ to scare their victims

C. President Ulysses S. Grant

1. Gave government jobs to _________________ who were dishonest and created scandals

2. After his re-election in _________, the country went into a ______________________

D. The Election of 1876

1. Republicans chose __________________________ of _____________ as their candidate

2. Democrats chose _________________________ of _________________ as their candidate

3. Hayes was chosen because he made a deal, promising to end ______________________

E. The Centennial

1. Was celebrated in _________ after _________ years of national independence

F. African Americans

1. Two African American ______________________ and 15 African American

______________________ were elected between 1865 and 1877

2. _______________________________ began to deny African Americans social equality andthe right to vote

Reconstruction: 1865–1877, continued


Chapter 1818


Settling the Western Frontier: 1862–1890


I. Lesson 1: The Great Plains (pp. 358–361)

A. The Great Plains

1. Was the vast stretch of land between the ______________________ and the Rocky Mountains

2. Starting in 1858, people traveled west by ____________________, and goods were shipped by

______________________

3. Communication improved in _______ with the completion of the ______________________

B. The Transcontinental Railroad

1. The Central Pacific Railroad started at _____________________; many __________________immigrants helped build it

2. The Union Pacific Railroad started at ______________; many ______________ war veteranshelped build it

3. In 1869, the two railroads met at _______________________________

II. Lesson 2: Frontier Life (pp. 362–366)

A. Women

1. Were first given the right to vote in ______________________ in 1869

B. Miners

1. Gold and silver attracted many ________________ and _____________________ to the West

2. Former miners settled down as __________________, ___________________, and loggers

3. They grouped together to form __________________________ and elect ________________

C. Ranchers and Cowhands

1. Texas had herds of ___________________ and became an important ___________________

2. Ranchers could sell their cattle in eastern cities because of the ___________________

3. The Chisholm Trail was a widely used ___________ for moving ____________ to the railroad


Chapter 1818


4. Cowhands prevented ___________________ and protected the cattle from ______________

D. Plains Farmers

1. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave settlers ___________ acres of land if they would

__________________________________

2. Homesteaders found that the ground was ______________________, there was little

___________, and ___________ were scarce

3. They built ___________ houses and used ___________________ to pump underground water

III. Lesson 3: The Plains Indians (pp. 367–370)

A. The Plains Indians

1. Included the ___________________, ___________________, ___________________, and

___________________ tribes

2. Depended on the ___________________ for their way of life

3. Between 1865 and 1875, millions of buffalo were ___________________

4. The loss of buffalo herds forced the Indians to find _____________________________

5. The government thought the Indians blocked progress and should settle __________________

B. Reservations

1. Signed ______________________ required the Indians to stay within the boundaries of areservation

2. The government, in return, would teach the Indians to _________________________

3. Some Indians chose to _______________, but by the 1870s most had moved to reservations

4. The government said the Indians’ way of life would be ______________________

C. The Black Hills of South Dakota

1. Gold was discovered in the Black Hills in _______, and prospectors wanted it

2. The Black Hills was holy land to the _______________ and belonged to them

3. Chiefs _____________________ and _____________________ decided to defend their land

Settling the Western Frontier: 1862–1890, continued


Chapter 1818


D. Custer’s Last Stand

1. In 1876, Custer and his troops were killed by warriors at _____________________________

2. This was the last ______________________ for the Plains Indians

3. The government decided to move all American Indians to ________________________

E. The Nez Percé Indians

1. Were ordered to an Idaho reservation, but tried to escape to ___________________

2. After many _________ along the way, Chief Joseph urged his people to __________________

F. Chief Red Cloud

1. Went to Washington, D.C., to tell the president that he wanted ____________

IV. Lesson 4: Congress Aids American Indians (pp. 371–373)

A. A Century of Dishonor

1. Was published in _______ by ______________________________

2. Described how the Indians were _____________________

B. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

1. Tried to turn American Indians into __________________________ and made some citizens

2. However, it was not until _______ that all American Indians were made citizens

C. Wounded Knee, South Dakota

1. Some Indians believed the _________________ would bring back ______________________and their old way of life

2. In 1890, the ______________________ arrived to stop and disarm hundreds of dancers

3. After a shot was fired, soldiers killed or wounded __________ Indians

4. The massacre ________________ the fighting between Plains Indians and the government

D. The Frontier

1. By _______, there was no frontier line

2. Between 1864 and 1912, _______ states were created from western lands

Settling the Western Frontier: 1862–1890, continued


Chapter 1919


Becoming an Industrial Giant: 1870–1900


I. Lesson 1: The Nation Enters the Industrial Age (pp. 378–382)

A. New Businesses

1. Americans began discovering and using _____________, _____________, _____________,

and ____________________

2. ____________________ started and organized new businesses

B. Andrew Carnegie

1. Organized the Keystone Bridge Company to build ____________________

2. Realized that _____________ was a better choice than iron

C. Steel

1. Both _______________________ and _______________________ discovered a cheap wayto make steel from iron

2. Inexpensive steel rapidly _______________ America

3. The Brooklyn Bridge—the longest _________________________ in 1883—used steel cables

4. Skyscrapers built on _____________ supports began to appear

D. Carnegie

1. Started a company in 1873 to make steel for _________________________

2. Retired in ___________ as a very rich man

3. Funded ____________________, ____________________, __________________________,and other projects

II. Lesson 2: Rockefeller and the Oil Industry (pp. 383–386)

A. Oil

1. Flowed through the village of ____________________, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

2. Was not valued until a scientist said it could be made into fuel for _____________


Chapter 1919


3. Edwin Drake built the first ____________________ in ___________

4. ____________________ made oil into different products

B. John D. Rockefeller

1. Believed he could make money by ____________________ oil

2. Organized the ______________________________________ of Ohio in ___________

C. Oil Products

1. Before electric lighting, most oil was made into ____________________ for lamps

2. Oil was made into gasoline due to the popularity of the _______________ in the __________

D. Business Organization

1. Many businesses organized into ____________________ owned by shareholders

2. Carnegie, Rockefeller, and others were criticized for creating powerful __________________that had little competition

3. Shareholders of corporations have limited ____________ for a company’s debt

4. Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil raised millions of dollars by ____________________

5. Vertical combination is a type of business organization that controls each __________ inmaking a product

6. _______________________________________ is a type of business organization that joins several similar companies

7. Powerful industrial giants called ______________________________ developed,

changing America into an ____________________ nation

III. Lesson 3: Other Major U.S. Industries (pp. 387–391)

A. The Railroad Industry

1. Brought success to ranchers, who shipped cattle to large ____________________ cities

2. With the use of refrigerated cars, the ____________________ industry became successful inthe late 1890s

3. Cornelius Vanderbilt created the ____________________________ railway in the Northeast

Becoming an Industrial Giant: 1870–1900, continued


Chapter 1919


4. ____________________ developed the Great Northern Railway System in the Northwest

B. Thomas Edison

1. Pride in American invention was high after the ____________________

2. Edison was known as ____________________________________________________

3. He started a research lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey, in ___________

4. He invented the indoor ___________________________, the phonograph, and the motionpicture machine

C. Other Important Inventors

1. ________________________ invented the telephone in ___________

2. ________________________ simplified the Kodak camera in ___________

3. ________________________ invented a machine to make typesetting easier in ___________

4. ________________________ invented the elevator, which was first installed in ___________

5. ________________________ developed an assembly line method for building cars

D. Industry and the Environment

1. Industries caused air and water ____________________

2. Laws were passed to _______________ the environment

3. Groups promoted ____________________ of natural resources

Becoming an Industrial Giant: 1870–1900, continued


Chapter 2020


A Nation of Cities: 1882–1900


I. Lesson 1: American Cities Grow Rapidly (pp. 397–399)

A. American Cities

1. People moved to cities because _____________________________

2. Cities usually specialized in one or two ______________________

3. Cities were no longer isolated from one another because of the ______________________

B. American Workers

1. New industries meant more ______________________

2. ____________________________ lowered the cost of products

3. Employers did not have to pay workers well because _________________________________

4. Workers who were hurt on the job received ________________________________________

5. Many ___________________ also worked in factories

II. Lesson 2: Immigrant Problems and Discrimination (pp. 400–404)

A. The Statue of Liberty

1. Was a gift from _________________ to America in ___________

2. Was a symbol for millions of ______________________ entering New York Harbor

B. Immigrants

1. Most bought cheap tickets in ____________________ and endured unhealthy conditions

2. “Old immigrants” before the 1880s were from __________________, __________________,

__________________, __________________, and __________________

3. “New immigrants” during the 1880s came from __________________,

__________________, __________________, and __________________

4. The Homestead Act of 1862 offered _________________________________ to immigrants


Chapter 2020


5. Railroad companies advertised in Europe to attract immigrants to ______________________

C. Problems for Immigrants

1. Few could speak _________________, and many experienced _________________________

2. An 1882 law said that no more ______________________ could enter the country

3. Italians were the ___________________ group of new immigrants

4. Jewish immigrants left Europe to escape ___________________________

5. Some Americans did not like the new ______________________

D. Problems for African Americans

1. In 1883, the Supreme Court said the Civil Rights Act was ______________________

2. Jim Crow Laws were passed, separating __________________________ and ____________in public places

3. The treatment of African Americans __________________________ the treatment of whites

4. The Supreme Court ruled that the _____________________________ applied to stategovernments, not individuals

5. Segregation in the South grew and continued until after ______________________

E. Plessy v. Ferguson

1. ______________________ challenged the _____________________________ law

2. In 1896, the Supreme Court said “separate but equal” facilities were ____________________

3. This ruling was not overturned until ___________

III. Lesson 3: Benefits of City Living (pp. 405–406)

A. Cities

1. Provided leisure and ___________________________

B. City Transportation

1. ______________________ were pulled by horses along steel rails in the street

2. In the early 1880s, the ______________________ made the electric streetcar possible

A Nation of Cities: 1882–1900, continued


Chapter 2020


3. Streetcars ran on a ______________________ and allowed people to travel cheaply and easily

C. Department Stores

1. Offered hundreds of goods in ___________________________

2. F. W. Woolworth created ______________________ stores, which were popular with people

who had __________________________

D. Other Leisure Activities

1. Cities became centers for the ___________, with opera houses, orchestras, and museums

2. ___________________ and the new sport of ___________________ were spectator sports

IV. Lesson 4: Problems of the Cities (pp. 407–409)

A. City Problems

1. Housing and ______________________ were not very good

2. Tenements were cheaply made buildings divided into ______________________

3. _____________________________ held as many as 32 families

4. People began to call poor areas of the city ______________

5. __________________ wrote a book about the lives of _______________________________

B. Managing Large Cities

1. City governments were not prepared to deal with _________________________________

2. People believed that poor people had no ____________________ or were _____________

3. The Salvation Army, YMCA, and YWCA were religious groups set up to help

_____________________________

A Nation of Cities: 1882–1900, continued


Chapter 2121


A New Spirit of Reform: 1872–1897


I. Lesson 1: The Gilded Age (pp. 415–416)

A. The 1870s

1. Was called the ______________________ because many powerless Americans werecontrolled by a wealthy few

2. A spirit of ________________ began when American workers realized that

___________________________________ was hurting them

B. The Crédit Mobilier Scandal

1. Union Pacific Railroad officials were accused of making money ______________________

2. They used government money to overpay the __________________________ Company

3. Congressman Oakes Ames gave congressmen _______________ to prevent an investigation

C. President Grant’s Administration

1. His secretary of war cheated __________________________________

2. The Treasury Department took bribes from _________________________________

3. Without knowing it, Grant allowed people to _______________________________________

II. Lesson 2: Reformers Challenge Political Practices (pp. 417–420)

A. Corruption in City Governments

1. ___________________________ pretended to befriend immigrants to gain their votes forcertain candidates

2. William Marcy Tweed was a powerful boss in _____________________ who stole city money

3. Tweed was arrested for ______________________________ and convicted

B. The Spoils System

1. Was a system in which politicians gave government jobs to their __________________

2. Mugwumps were reformers who wanted to replace the spoils system with ________________


Chapter 2121


3. President Hayes took office in ___________ and fired many ________________ workers

4. President Garfield took office in ___________ and was shot by someone who did not get a

___________________________

5. President Arthur convinced Congress to pass ____________________________


1. Republicans nominated ______________________ instead of ______________________

2. Democrats nominated ______________________, who would not make deals with

______________________

3. Mugwumps and other reformers worked to get ______________________ elected

D. President Cleveland’s Administration

1. Cleveland angered former supporters who expected _____________

2. Congress passed the _________________________, which forced railroads to charge fair fees

3. Cleveland lost the election of ___________, but was elected again in ___________

III. Lesson 3: Labor Unions Help Workers (pp. 421–423)

A. Labor Unions Grow

1. Labor leaders wanted to make unions as powerful as _________________________________

2. The Knights of Labor, formed in ___________, grew rapidly when ______________________became its leader

3. The AFL began in ___________ and was led by ______________________

4. The Knights of Labor was open to _______ workers and favored _____________ and boycotts

5. The AFL organized groups of ___________ white workers and favored _________________bargaining

B. Strikes

1. Occur when workers refuse to work until __________________________________________

2. Nonunion workers hired to replace strikers are called __________________________

3. In May 1886, Chicago workers went on strike to get an ______________________ workday

A New Spirit of Reform: 1872–1897, continued


Chapter 2121


4. Deaths from a bomb in Haymarket Square were blamed on the ________________________

IV. Lesson 4: Reformers Start a Political Party (pp. 424–427)

A. Trust Companies

1. Became a popular way for businesses to _______________________________

2. Large industries were controlled by ____________________________________

3. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 made it illegal for ______________________ to form

4. However, this law was often used to prosecute ___________________________

B. The Populist Party

1. Farmers formed farm ____________ to raise crop prices and increase the __________ supply

2. The Populist Party, formed in ___________, represented ____________________________

3. Populists believed that U.S. democracy could be destroyed by powerful __________________

4. The Populist presidential candidate in 1892, ______________________, received many votes

5. At the next election, Populists proposed a graduated ____________________, publicly owned

railroad companies, senators elected by _____________________, and more available money

C. The Gold Standard

1. Is a system in which a certain amount of money is equal to a certain weight of ____________

2. Big businesses favored this, but Populists wanted to make ______________________ again


1. The Republican candidate was ______________________, who did not care about

_________________ and supported the _________________________

2. William Jennings Bryan was the candidate for ____________ parties

3. Bryan felt that the gold standard hurt _____________________________________________

4. Big businesses gave money to _____________________ ’s campaign, and he won the election

5. The Populist movement ______________, but the ________________________ did not end

A New Spirit of Reform: 1872–1897, continued


Chapter 2222


America Becomes a World Power: 1898–1913


I. Lesson 1: Problems with Spain (pp. 437–438)

A. The Growth of Industry and Business

1. Put American in a better position to __________________ with the rest of the world

B. Cuba and Puerto Rico

1. Were the only pieces of the ___________________________________ in North America

2. Cubans had been victims of _______________________________________________

C. Threats of War

1. The USS Maine was sent to Cuba to protect _______________________________________

2. In February 1898, it __________________, killing ___________ sailors

3. ______________________________ sent a naval fleet to the Spanish-controlled Philippines

4. President McKinley ignored Spain’s promise to _________________________

5. _______________ and _____________________________ declared war on each other

II. Lesson 2: The “Splendid Little War” (pp. 439–441)

A. The Spanish-American War

1. Lasted ___________ months, with the biggest battle taking place in ________________

2. _____________ got its independence

3. The United States got Puerto Rico, _____________, and ___________________________

B. The Philippines

1. Declared its _________________________ from the United States

2. Was defeated by the United States after ___________ years of fighting

C. Cuba

1. _________________________ remained in Cuba to improve education, roads, and sanitation

2. When they withdrew four years later, the United States kept _______________________ there


Chapter 2222


III. Lesson 3: The Nation Increases Its Power (pp. 442–443)

A. The Hawaiian Islands

1. Were made an American territory in ___________

2. The Hawaiian and Philippine Islands strengthened American trade with _________________

B. China

1. Was under the control of ____________________ countries with trade interests

2. John Hay proposed the ____________________________ to protect free trade in China

C. The Boxers

1. Rebelled in 1900, but foreign control was ___________________________________

2. The United States maintained __________________ relations with China

IV. Lesson 4: New Leadership Bring Reforms (pp. 444–447)

A. William McKinley

1. Was re-elected in ___________ and ____________________ less than a year later

B. Theodore Roosevelt

1. Became a _________________________ president, reforming America at home and abroad

2. Wanted to give American workers a ________________________

C. Progressives

1. In 1909, W. E. B. Du Bois helped found an association to fight _________________________

2. Progressives supported primary elections, the referendum, the _____________, and the recall

3. ____________________ were Progressive writers who exposed political and social problems

4. The ________________________ movement promoted schools to teach immigrants English

D. President Roosevelt

1. Broke up ________________________ and was known as the ______________________

2. The Department of ____________________________ watched the affairs of big business

V. Lesson 5: Roosevelt’s Other Achievements (pp. 448–452)

A. Congress

1. Passed laws to protect Americans from unhealthy ____________ and unsafe ____________

America Becomes a World Power: 1898–1913, continued


Chapter 2222


2. Passed a law allowing the government to build _____________ and irrigation projects

B. President Roosevelt

1. Added ___________________________ acres of protected forests and mineral-rich lands

2. Encouraged state governments to set up _______________________________

C. U.S. Foreign Policy

1. Toward Europe was to remain ___________________

2. Toward Asia involved settling ___________, such as the 1905 treaty between Japan and Russia

3. Toward Asia also involved trade, such as the Open Door Policy on trade in _____________

4. Toward Latin America required adding the _____________________ to the Monroe Doctrine

5. Under this addition, the United States would help any ________________________________

D. Panama

1. Revolted against _________________ and received help from __________________________

2. Sold land to the United States for the building of the _____________________________

E. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy

1. The United States feared that _____________________ would take control of poor countries

2. The United States would act as a ________________________ to keep order in Latin America

VI. Lesson 6: “As Strong as a Bull Moose” (pp. 453–455)

A. President Taft’s Administration

1. Taft was elected in ___________ and tried to fulfill Roosevelt’s promises

2. He broke up ________________________ and restructured the American Tobacco Company

3. Congress passed the _______________________, allowing for the collection of income taxes


1. Republicans nominated ___________

2. Roosevelt was nominated by his new ______________________ Party, or Bull Moose Party

3. Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, who called for the _______________________ plan

4. Wilson won because the Republican Party was _______________ between Taft and Roosevelt

America Becomes a World Power: 1898–1913, continued


Chapter 2323


World War I: 1913–1920


I. Lesson 1: The War Begins in Europe (pp. 461–464)

A. President Woodrow Wilson

1. Had been governor of ____________________, where he fought ____________________

2. Started a banking system called ___________________________________________

3. Helped ratify the ______________________ in 1913

B. The Start of War in Europe

1. Bosnia was part of the ________________________________, but wanted to be included in

______________________

2. Archduke _____________________________ went to Bosnia representing Austria-Hungaryand was shot

3. Austria-Hungary blamed ______________________ and declared war on them

C. A Chain Reaction

1. By August 14, 1914, ______________________ European nations were at war

2. The Central Powers included ______________________, ____________________________,

______________________, and ______________________

3. The Allied Powers included ______________________, ______________________,

______________________, ______________________, and ______________________

4. By 1917, the Central Powers had gained __________________________________________

II. Lesson 2: The United States Stays Neutral (pp. 465–467)

A. Trade Problems

1. American companies sold war supplies to _______________________________

2. Both Great Britain and Germany set up ______________________ in the Atlantic Ocean toprevent enemy trade


Chapter 2323


B. The Lusitania

1. Was a British ______________________ that also carried some Americans

2. Was hit by a German ______________________

3. The sinking of the Lusitania turned the American people ______________________

C. President Wilson

1. Was the first Democrat to ____________________________________ since Andrew Jackson

III. Lesson 3: America Enters the Great War (pp. 468–472)

A. Germany

1. Announced in 1917 that its U-boats would ______________________ in its war zone

2. Asked ______________________ for help if the United States went to war

B. The War Effort at Home

1. On April 6, 1917, Congress declared ___________________________

2. American factories stopped production of _______________________ to make war supplies

3. ______________________ joined the workforce as well as the armed forces

4. More than ______________________ African Americans became soldiers, while others

moved north to get jobs in factories making ___________________________

5. The government sold ______________________, citizens conserved certain products, and

______________________ grew more crops

6. The U.S. Selective Service started to ______________________ young men into the army

C. The War Effort Abroad

1. American soldiers, called ______________________, arrived in Europe by June 1917

2. Armies on the ______________________ fought from trenches

3. American ships positioned ______________________ to destroy enemy ships and

______________________ German U-boats

World War I: 1913–1920, continued


Chapter 2323


D. The War Ends

1. Under General ____________________, the American soldiers upset the German stronghold

2. The Great War ended on ______________________

IV. Lesson 4: Wilson’s Plan for a Permanent Peace (pp. 473–477)

A. Wilson’s 14 Points

1. Was the president’s plan for a ______________________ peace treaty that was fair to all

B. The Paris Peace Conference

1. Was held in the Palace of ______________________

2. Its purpose was to write a treaty that was _______________ to nations that fought in the war

3. Was attended by Wilson, making him the first president to ____________________________

4. The “Big Four” included Wilson and leaders from ______________________,

______________________, and ______________________

C. The Treaty of Versailles

1. Created the new nations of Austria, Hungary, ______________________,

______________________, and Yugoslavia

2. Wilson agreed to the treaty in exchange for support of his ____________________________

3. The ______________________ were not pleased with the treaty, but signed it on

______________________

D. Congress Opposes the Treaty

1. ______________________ senators did not like the League of Nations idea because they

thought America would be drawn into ___________________________________________

2. Wilson had a ______________________, which left him able to ______________________but unable to move his left side

3. Twice the treaty did not pass a vote in the ______________________

4. The United States did not join _____________________________________

World War I: 1913–1920, continued


Chapter 2424


The Roaring Twenties: 1920–1929


I. Lesson 1: Americans Want to Return to Normal Times (pp. 483–485)

A. Warren G. Harding

1. Won the ___________ election by a landslide

2. Promised weary voters ___________________________________

3. His accomplishments included the ________________________________ Act,

a new import tax, the ________________ Bureau, and the Bureau of the ________________

B. Scandals

1. Secretary of the Interior ______________________ took money from oil businessmen

2. Other government officials were charged with ______________________

3. ______________________ did not know about these scandals

C. Calvin Coolidge

1. Became president when ______________________

2. Supported the ____________________ community and rejected _________________ ideas

3. Won the ___________ election, then signed the __________________________ to outlaw war

II. Lesson 2: Changes: Autos, Radios, and Women’s Rights (pp. 486–490)

A. The Ford Model T

1. Was the first ______________________________ made by an ______________________

2. Gave people more ______________________ for where to live and work

B. Radios

1. By the mid-1920s, many Americans had a ______________________, a ________________,and a phonograph

2. The radio brought ______________________ and ______________________ into the home

3. The first commercial ______________________ reported the 1920 election results


Chapter 2424


C. Women in the 1920s

1. In 1920, the 19th Amendment gave women ______________________________

2. ______________________ refused to be tied to the ideas of an older generation

3. Women wanted to gain ____________________________

III. Lesson 3: The Spirit of the Jazz Age (pp. 491–493)

A. Jazz Music

1. Was not only written on paper, but was ______________________

2. Started in the _____________ by ____________________________________________

3. By the 1920s, jazz bands like Louis Armstrong’s played in ______________________ cities

4. __________________________ wrote jazz music for big bands

5. __________________________ included jazz sounds in classical music pieces

6. The ______________________ became a popular dance, but it concerned older Americans

B. Writers of the 1920s

1. __________________________ and __________________________ wrote about the effectsof World War I

2. __________________________ and __________________________ wrote about the wealthy

3. __________________________ wrote about small-town life

4. Harlem became a __________________________ for African American writers

5. __________________________ and __________________________ wrote about AfricanAmerican dreams, disappointments, and discrimination

IV. Lesson 4: Social Problems in the 1920s (pp. 494–495)

A. Discrimination in America

1. Some Americans wanted to deny equality to people who were __________________________

2. Americans who feared immigrants used the slogan ______________________

B. The New Ku Klux Klan

1. Started in the _______________ in 1915

The Roaring Twenties: 1920–1929, continued


Chapter 2424


2. Wanted to define an American as ______________, ____________________, and native born

C. The Fear of Communism

1. The ____________________________ limited immigration from southeastern Europe

2. Americans feared that the ___________________________________ in Russia would spread

3. Americans also feared ______________________, radicals who wanted no government

4. Anarchist bombings led to ______________________

5. The _________________________ violated people’s ______________________

D. The Dry Decade

1. The 18th Amendment of 1919 made it illegal to sell ______________________

2. This ban was called ______________________

3. ______________________ and speakeasies continued to make liquor available

4. Prohibition resulted in a rise in ______________________

5. In 1933, the 21st Amendment ______________________ the 18th Amendment

V. Lesson 5: American Confidence Rises and Falls (pp. 496–497)

A. Symbols of U.S. Strength

1. In 1927, __________________________ made the first nonstop, solo flight across the Atlantic

2. Babe Ruth hit _____________ home runs

3. People were making money by ______________________, and business was good


1. Republicans nominated ______________________, a “self-made” American

2. Democrats nominated ______________________ and lost

C. The Stock Market

1. The price of many stocks became ______________________ than their true value

2. On __________________________, the stock market crashed

3. The country entered the worst ___________________________________ in its history

The Roaring Twenties: 1920–1929, continued


Chapter 2525


Depression and the New Deal: 1930–1939


I. Lesson 1: The Great Depression (pp. 505–507)

A. American Businesses

1. Were forced into ______________________ as sales decreased

2. By 1931, ______________________ Americans could not find work

B. President Hoover

1. Did not feel the _________________________________ should help the unemployed

2. Many people blamed Hoover for __________________________________________

3. Slums for the homeless were known as ___________________________

C. Causes of the Depression

1. Companies produced products faster than ______________________________________

2. Many people were buying things on ___________________

3. Foreign countries could not afford to _______________________________________

4. Farmers were barely able to ______________________________________

D. Americans

1. Lost confidence in ______________________ and in __________________________

2. Families stood in ______________________ for free food

3. African Americans and women were often ____________________________________

II. Lesson 2: A New Deal for the Nation (pp. 508–511)

A. President Hoover

1. Made plans to _________________________________

2. Was defeated in the __________ election by Democrat _______________________________

B. President Roosevelt

1. Said “the only thing we have to fear is ______________________ ”


Chapter 2525


2. Quickly proposed a plan that covered the areas of ____________, ___________, and recovery

C. The Hundred Days

1. The __________________________________ prohibited people from rushing to take alltheir money out of banks

2. The __________________________________ made federal loans available to banks

3. The ______________________________________ loaned money to states for needy families

4. The __________________________________ provided jobs for young people

5. The __________________________________ paid farmers for crops they destroyed

6. The ______________________________________ helped businesses recover

7. The __________________________________ controlled selling stocks and bonds

8. The _______________________________ employed thousands to solve problems in Tennessee

III. Lesson 3: The New Deal Changes Government (pp. 512–516)

A. The Second New Deal

1. Changed the role of the _____________________________ in the lives of Americans

B. The Works Progress Administration

1. Was created in __________ to employ every unemployed person

2. ______________________ Americans found work with the WPA

3. Workers gained self-respect and ___________________ building and repairing public resources

C. The National Labor Relations Act

1. Gave workers the right to form __________________

2. The government encouraged settling differences by ____________________________

D. The Social Security Act of 1935

1. The government took responsibility for Americans who were ______________________ ,

______________________ , or ______________________

2. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins was the first woman in a president’s __________________

Depression and the New Deal: 1930–1939, continued


Chapter 2525


E. Help for Home Owners

1. The _____________________________ gave loans to people in danger of losing their homes

2. The ______________________________ encouraged low-cost home building and repair

F. The Election of 1936

1. ______________________ defeated Republican candidate ______________________

2. For the first time, many _________________________ switched parties, voting for Roosevelt

G. The Supreme Court

1. Most members believed some New Deal laws were _________________________

2. Roosevelt appointed ________________________________ justices as older justices retired

H. The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1. Was an industry-wide union established by ______________________ in 1935

2. Welcomed skilled and unskilled workers, including __________________,

______________________, and African Americans

IV. Lesson 4: Movies and Heroes of the Depression (pp. 517–519)

A. Movies

1. The American public saw a new world through Hollywood __________________

2. Movie stars included Ginger Rogers, Fred Astaire, _______________________, and the

___________________________

3. ______________________ was a favorite film among children

4. ______________________ was a movie about the South in the Civil War

B. Heroes

1. ______________________ , heavyweight champion, defeated a German opponent

2. ______________________ won four Olympic gold medals in _________________, Germany

3. ______________________ was the first woman to fly alone over the Atlantic ocean

Depression and the New Deal: 1930–1939, continued


Chapter 2626


World War II: 1939–1945


I. Lesson 1: Preparation for War (pp. 525–528)

A. Depressions in Other Countries

1. Brought different outcomes, including the control of ________________ and the belief in war

B. Italy

1. Benito Mussolini created the _________________________

2. Fascists believed the ________________ was more important than the individual

C. Germany

1. Inflation caused the German economy to __________________ in 1923

2. Adolf Hitler led the ________________ Party and became a dictator

3. Hitler hated ________________ and took away their ________________________________

D. Spain

1. In the Spanish Civil War, Francisco Franco’s forces fought ________________________

2. The Fascist forces, supported by Italy and ________________, won

E. Japan

1. Invaded China to gain raw materials and establish a Japanese ________________

F. America

1. Americans wanted no part of another __________________________

II. Lesson 2: Steps Toward a Second World War (pp. 529–532)

A. Germany

1. Hitler wanted to create a _________________________ of German-speaking people

2. Germans took over Austria and wanted the _____________________ area of Czechoslovakia

3. Great Britain and France feared Hitler’s war threats and agreed to a policy of _______________

B. The Holocaust

1. Nazis terrorized German Jews during the “Night of ______________________”


Chapter 2626


2. Germany set up _____________________ to murder ________________________________

3. The Nazis killed nearly ____________________________ European Jews

C. The Polish Corridor

1. Poland refused to give Germany the city of ________________

2. Germany and _____________________________ signed a friendship treaty in 1939

III. Lesson 3: World War II Begins (pp. 533–536)

A. Europe Under Attack

1. In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union attacked and defeated ________________

2. In 1940, Germany attacked and defeated ________________, ________________, Belgium,Luxembourg, and the Netherlands

3. Germany attacked ________________, which surrendered after Italy sided with Germany

4. Germany bombed _____________________, which fought back using a new radar system

5. In 1941, Germany attacked ___________________________, ignoring their treaty

6. The Soviet Union joined the countries known as the ________________

B. The U.S. Congress

1. Passed the ___________________________ to help the Allies with supplies

2. Passed the _________________________________________, drafting men into the military

IV. Lesson 4: War in Asia (pp. 537–539)

A. Japan

1. Wanted to rule all of ______________ and joined Germany and Italy in an _______________

2. Invaded _______________________ in June 1941

3. Needed U.S. oil, but ________________ between the two countries stopped

4. Attacked Pearl Harbor on ______________________, killing more than _________ Americans

5. Won control of the _________________________ Islands

World War II: 1939–1945, continued


Chapter 2626


V. Lesson 5: The Home Front (pp. 540–541)

A. American Civilians

1. Workers and factories produced a great amount of _________________________

2. Volunteers planted ____________ gardens and collected ________ materials like tin and rubber

3. Consumers used ________________ stamps to buy goods in short supply

4. ________________ entered the workforce as well as the armed forces

B. Discrimination

1. African Americans faced job discrimination and successfully used ________________

2. Japanese Americans were held against their will in ____________________________

VI. Lesson 6: The War Ends (pp. 542–545)

A. The Allies

1. Decided to defeat ________________ first with an Allied invasion of Europe

2. Invaded Italy and captured ________________ and then ________________

3. Landed troops on the beaches of ____________________________ on D-Day

4. Pushed back the German offensive in the Battle of the ________________

B. The Yalta Agreement

1. Allied leaders met to decide what to do when ______________________________

2. The Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against ________________

3. Germany would be divided into _______________________ controlled by the Allies

4. A world organization called the ____________________________ would be created

C. The End of the War

1. President Roosevelt died and ___________________________ became president

2. Adolf Hitler died and Germany ________________________

3. President Truman gave one last ________________ to Japan

4. Two ________________________ were dropped on Japan, killing thousands

5. Japan asked for a ______________________________ and then surrendered

World War II: 1939–1945, continued


Chapter 2727


A Time of Challenge and Change: 1945–1959


I. Lesson 1: The Economy Changes (pp. 557–558)

A. After the War

1. People feared ______________________ when 12 million troops returned home

2. Congress passed the _____________________________ to provide more jobs

3. The ________________ helped veterans buy homes and attend ________________

4. Millions of new homes were built in the ________________

5. The _____________________ created the need for more schools and teachers

B. Farming

1. Advances in technology created a ________________________ , which was shipped to Europe

2. Farming became a major part of the nation’s ____________________________

II. Lesson 2: Searching for Peace (pp. 559–562)

A. The Results of World War II

1. More than ________________________ people died, and the total cost was a trillion dollars

2. America became one of the most _____________________ nations in the world

B. The United Nations

1. Was organized to peacefully settle _______________________________

2. Declared _____________________ unlawful

3. Stopped fighting and restored peace in _________________________ in 1949

C. President Truman

1. Created a plan for improving the country, called the _____________________

2. Sided with union leaders and vetoed the _____________________________

3. Defeated Republican candidate ____________________________ in 1948


Chapter 2727


III. Lesson 3: The Cold War Begins (pp. 563–567)

A. The Cold War

1. Was the conflict between Western nations and _______________________ over Communism

2. Joseph Stalin wanted Eastern European governments to be _____________________

3. The _____________________ stood for the Soviet weapons that controlled Eastern Europe

B. The Truman Doctrine

1. Was the U.S. _____________________ policy to fight the spread of Communism

2. Was used to help _________________ and _________________ stop Communist takeovers

C. The Marshall Plan

1. Was a four-year, multibillion-dollar plan to rebuild _____________________________

D. The Berlin Airlift

1. The Allies wanted to make ___________________________ into a nation

2. The _________________________ objected and blockaded Berlin in 1948

3. __________________________ ordered supplies airlifted into Berlin for a year

E. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1. Stated that an attack on one member would be considered ____________________________

IV. Lesson 4: War in Korea (pp. 568–570)

A. China

1. After World War II, a revolution put the ______________________________ Party in power

2. The United States had supported the _____________________ Party, so it “lost China”

B. Korea

1. Soviet-controlled North Korea invaded _________________________ in June 1950

2. South Korea received help from ___________________________

3. ___________________________ attacked U.S. troops for moving too close to Manchuria

4. General MacArthur was fired in 1951 for _______________________________________

A Time of Challenge and Change: 1945–1959, continued


Chapter 2727


5. After two years of peace talks, a treaty was reached in _____________________, and North

and South Korea became ____________________________

V. Lesson 5: Challenge and Change in the 1950s (pp. 571–577)

A. Dwight D. Eisenhower

1. Won the __________ election over Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson

2. During his administration, the lives of most Americans _____________________, although

Americans worried about _____________________

B. Senator Joseph McCarthy

1. Used America’s fear of Communism for _____________________________

2. Ruined reputations by accusing many people of being _____________________

C. The Civil Rights Movement

1. African Americans were denied basic rights after many had fought for ___________________

2. School segregation was declared ________________________ by the Supreme Court in 1954

3. Rosa Parks’s decision to stay in her bus seat started a _________________________________

4. Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights leader who urged supporters to use

_________________________ to gain _____________________

5. A 1957 civil rights law made it illegal to prevent someone from _________________

D. Life in the 1950s

1. Automated _________________ employed thousands to produce new products

2. _________________ began to question their role as homemakers and temporary employees

3. A program to build __________________________ was started in 1956

4. In the election of 1956, _______________________ was re-elected by a landslide

E. The Space Race

1. Sputnik was an artificial ____________________ launched in 1957 by the Soviets

2. In 1958, the United States launched ____________________ and created NASA

A Time of Challenge and Change: 1945–1959, continued


Chapter 2828


Support for Freedom: 1960–1969


I. Lesson 1: Facing New Challenges (pp. 583–585)

A. The United States in Space

1. Mercury spacecraft carried ____________________ on board

2. In 1962, ____________________ was the first American to orbit the earth


1. Republicans chose _________________________ while Democrats chose

___________________________

2. Kennedy did well in televised ____________________ and won the election

3. Kennedy was the ____________________ president ever and also the first

_______________________________

II. Lesson 2: Supporting Freedom Abroad (pp. 586–588)

A. Cuba

1. Was led by ____________________________, a Communist

2. American-supported rebels invaded Cuba at the ____________________________

3. The Cuban rebels were __________________________, and the president took responsibility

B. The Berlin Wall

1. Was built because the United States refused to _______________________________

C. The Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Kennedy ordered the navy to stop Soviet ships from _________________________________

2. Nikita Khrushchev said he would remove missiles from Cuba if ________________________

III. Lesson 3: Struggles at Home (pp. 589–593)

A. Protests over Segregation

1. Freedom riders went south in buses to draw attention to ____________________


Chapter 2828


2. After riots broke out, __________________________ became the first African American atthe University of Mississippi

3. The Civil Rights Act, approved in 1964, ended _____________________________________

4. At the March on Washington, _________________________ spoke of his dream for America

B. President Kennedy

1. Established the __________________________ in 1961 to help developing countries

2. Allocated $20 billion to ____________________ to put an American on the _____________

3. Was shot by ________________________ in Dallas, Texas, on _________________________

IV. Lesson 4: The Johnson Administration (pp. 594–597)

A. President Johnson

1. Challenged Americans to fight the War on _____________ and build a __________________

2. Won the 1964 election over Republican Senator ______________________________

3. Helped pass a ____________________ plan, which provided health insurance to the elderly

4. Appointed Robert Weaver to head the Department of ________________________________

B. Vietnam

1. At first, Johnson sent only _______________________________ to Vietnam

2. In ________________________, two American ships were attacked by North Vietnam

3. The ____________________ Resolution gave Johnson the right to protect troops but notdeclare war

4. By 1968, the __________________________ was losing the war

V. Lesson 5: New Movements in America (pp. 598–602)

A. The 1960s

1. Was a time when many Americans were committed to ______________________________

2. Many groups, including feminists and American Indians, demanded better _______________

B. The Civil Rights Movement

1. Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the ________________________________ in 1964

Support for Freedom: 1960–1969, continued


Chapter 2828


2. Malcolm X encouraged African Americans to control their __________________________

3. _________________________ led the Black Power movement, which promoted ethnic pride

C. The Women’s Movement

1. Leaders wanted women to have the same _______________________________ as men

2. The Equal Rights Amendment did not succeed because ______________________________

D. Hispanic Americans

1. Struggled with poverty, lack of education, and ____________________

2. Cesar Chevez organized ___________________________________

E. The Youth Movement

1. Baby boomers were born after _______________ and raised during the _________________

2. They challenged their parents’ views and their country’s role in the ____________________

3. They created a ____________________ with its own music and clothing styles

4. Woodstock was a peaceful weekend rock concert in __________________________

VI. Lesson 6: The Politics of Protest (pp. 603–605)

A. Vietnam

1. Americans heard conflicting reports about who was ____________________________

2. President Johnson tried to please the hawks and the _______________

3. Johnson told the nation that the bombing in Vietnam would decrease and that he would not

_______________________________________

B. Martin Luther King Jr.

1. Was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on _________________________

C. Robert Kennedy

1. After he won the ________________________, he was shot and killed on June 4, 1968


1. The Democrats chose ________________________, but their party was divided and confused

2. Republican _______________________ promised an end to the war and won a close election

Support for Freedom: 1960–1969, continued


Chapter 2929


America in a Changing World: 1970–1980


I. Lesson 1: A New Course for the Nation (pp. 615–617)

A. Cambodia and Vietnam

1. In 1970, U.S. troops destroyed __________________________ on the Cambodian border

2. The Vietcong and North Vietnamese seized ___________________ Cambodia

3. The United States sent Cambodia ____________________________ and air support

B. Kent State University in Ohio

1. Students burned a ____________________________ to protest U.S. involvement

2. The _____________________________ shot and killed four students

3. The Senate decided to end _______________________________________ for Cambodia

C. The 1972 Election

1. Democratic candidate ________________________ wanted to withdraw troops immediately

2. Nixon, who wanted to remove troops ___________________, won the election

D. The Paris Peace Accords

1. In 1973, the United States agreed to remove ________________________________________

2. North Vietnam agreed to release __________________________________________

3. In __________, South Vietnam and its capital fell to North Vietnam

II. Lesson 2: Nixon’s Foreign Relations (pp. 618–620)

A. The Cold War

1. Nixon wanted ___________________, or relaxed relations with the Soviet Union and China

B. China

1. ____________________________ secretly met with Chinese Premier Chou En-lai

2. Nixon and Chou En-lai agreed to open up _________________ and improve relations

C. The Soviet Union

1. In 1972, Nixon was the first president to visit the Soviet Union in ____________________

2. The SALT treaty limited the number of _________________________ on both sides


Chapter 2929


III. Lesson 3: The Watergate Scandal (pp. 621–624)

A. The Crime and Its Investigation

1. In 1972, five _________________ intended to wiretap phones in a Democratic office in theWatergate building, but they were arrested

2. ______________________ told a Senate committee that Nixon approved paying the burglarsto keep quiet

3. Nixon refused to provide _________________ that could prove if Dean was telling the truth

B. Vice President Spiro Agnew

1. Resigned because he was accused of bribery, extortion, and _______________________

2. Congressman ________________________ of Michigan replaced Agnew

C. More Watergate Evidence

1. The _________________________________ involved investigators being fired or resigning

2. Nixon provided tapes, but an 18-minute section was _________________

3. Finally, Nixon provided records showing his involvement in the _______________________

4. Nixon did not want to be _______________________, so he resigned

IV. Lesson 4: The Ford Administration (pp. 625–627)

A. President Ford

1. Surprised the nation by _______________________ Nixon and was criticized for this

2. Was left with several problems, including inflation and _______________________

B. Problems in the Middle East

1. The United States and other countries gave aid to ________________

2. Arab states protested with an ________________ on oil to the United States and other nations

3. In America, the result was a shortage of ________________ and heating oil

C. The Bicentennial

1. Was held on __________________________ to celebrate 200 years of independence

V. Lesson 5: A New Voice, a New Leader (pp. 628–632)


1. Jimmy Carter, former governor of ________________, was the Democratic candidate

America in a Changing World: 1970–1980, continued


Chapter 2929


2. _______________________, the Republican candidate, lost in a very close election

B. The Energy Crisis

1. President Carter created the Departments of ________________ and __________________

2. America’s dependence on foreign oil for energy was a ________________________

3. Congress passed a bill to lower ________________ for businesses that saved energy

4. The energy crisis affected ________________, which was 11 percent in 1979

C. Problems in Central America

1. Carter signed two treaties with ________________ in 1977

2. During a civil war in __________________, a dictator was overthrown

3. In 1980, an archbishop and six Americans were killed in _____________________

D. More Problems in the Middle East

1. Leaders of ______________ and _______________ met with President Carter at Camp David

2. In 1979, Egypt recognized Israel as ________________________

3. Arabs felt ________________ by Egypt, and Israeli-Palestinian violence continued

VI. Lesson 6: International Problems Continue (pp. 633–635)

A. The Iran Hostage Crisis

1. Ayatollah Khomeini replaced ________________ in 1979

2. The shah came to America for ________________________, angering Iranians

3. Iranians refused to release 52 American ________________ until the shah was returned

4. A 1980 attempt to rescues the hostages failed, and ________________ U.S. soldiers died

B. Problems with the Soviet Union

1. In 1979, the Soviets invaded ________________, and President Carter protested

2. The United States ________________ the 1980 Olympics in the Soviet Union

3. In 1979, Carter and Brezhnev agreed on SALT II, but the U.S. Senate did not ______________ it

America in a Changing World: 1970–1980, continued


Chapter 3030


The 1980s: 1980–1989


I. Lesson 1: The Reagan Years (pp. 641–644)


1. Democrat _____________________ lost to Ronald Reagan, a former movie star and governor

2. At 69, Reagan was the ________________ person to become president

3. In 1981, ________________________ shot and wounded Reagan, two aides, and a policeman

B. Reagan’s New Federalism

1. Reagan thought Americans were _____________________ on the government

2. The Economic Recovery Tax Act cut _____________ and all federal budgets except defense

3. The goal was to improve the _________________ and reduce the size and power of the

________________________________

4. This economic plan, called _____________________, was criticized as hurting the poor

C. Sandra Day O’Connor

1. Was the first woman appointed to the _____________________________

2. Was a conservative justice who interpreted the Constitution _____________________


1. Democrat Walter Mondale chose __________________________ as his running mate

2. Despite criticism, Reagan was a _____________________ president and was re-elected

E. The Space Shuttle Challenger

1. After 24 successful space shuttle flights, the Challenger _____________________ after takeoff

2. Teacher __________________________ was one of seven crew members who died

II. Lesson 2: Reagan Focuses on International Issues (pp. 645–650)

A. Problems in the Middle East

1. Egyptian president ________________________ was assassinated in 1982


Chapter 3030


2. In 1982, Israeli troops invaded _____________________ to destroy PLO bases

3. The _________ wanted a homeland and were ____________________ of being terrorists

4. A truck explosion in Lebanon killed _____________________ U.S. peacekeeping soldiers

5. A war between ______________ and ______________ began in 1980

6. The U.S. Navy protected the ____________________ Gulf, and Iraqis fired on the USS Stark

B. Problems with Libya

1. In 1985, ______________________ at airports in Europe were blamed on Libya’s leader

2. America stopped trade with Libya, sunk two ______________________, and bombedmilitary posts

C. Problems with Nicaragua

1. In 1979, a ______________________ government took power in Nicaragua

2. Reagan gave money to _________________ so they could overthrow this government, butCongress voted to stop this aid

3. Later, the contras received money from the sale of U.S. weapons to ______________

4. Reagan ___________________ knowing about this scandal, but other officials were charged

D. Tension with the Soviet Union

1. The cold war grew worse, and Reagan began a large ___________________________

2. In 1987, Reagan and Soviet leader __________________________ signed the INF Treaty

3. They agreed to destroy __________________________________________

E. Problems in South Africa

1. The ______________ government in South Africa denied rights to the black majority

2. This policy of racial segregation was called _____________________

3. Congress passed a _____________________ bill to force South Africa to change its policy

F. NASA

1. In 1988, the space shuttle ____________________ was successfully launched with five aboard

The 1980s: 1980–1989, continued


Chapter 3030


III. Lesson 3: A New President Takes Office (pp. 651–653)


1. Republican candidate _______________________ won in a close race

2. Democrat Michael Dukakis and the first African American candidate,

______________________, lost

B. Problems for the Bush Administration

1. The _________________________ had a large budget deficit

2. Crime, ______________ abuse, and lack of ____________________ housing were problems

C. Women

1. Many women entered the _____________________

2. A decline in ________________________ resulted in two-income families

3. Working at a job and raising a family put __________________ on most women

D. African Americans

1. General ________________________ was appointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

2. _________________________ was the first African American governor since Reconstruction

3. Several cities, such as New York City, elected their first African American ______________

E. Communism

1. The Soviet Union had economic problems and ______________ shortages in the 1980s

2. Some Soviet citizens and Eastern Europeans began to protest _____________________ rule

3. In 1989, ________________________ allowed its citizens to leave if they wished

4. The ______________________ was removed



Chapter 3131


The 1990s: 1990–2000


I. Lesson 1: The Fall of Communism (pp. 659–662)

A. Eastern Europe

1. World War II nations ended their ties to the city of ____________________

2. East and West Germany agreed on ________________________, becoming one country

B. Treaties to Reduce Arms

1. The CFE Treaty, signed by 22 countries, limited conventional arms in ___________________

2. START called for 30 percent fewer Soviet and U.S. ___________________________

C. The Soviet Union

1. Many ____________________________ countries cut economic ties to the Soviet Union

2. President Gorbachev began change with policies of glasnost and ____________________

3. Several former Soviet republics formed the ________________________________________

4. Gorbachev was replaced by _______________________, who was replaced by Vladimir Putin

5. Hungary, __________________, and Czechoslovakia broke away from Soviet control

II. Lesson 2: The Persian Gulf War (pp. 663–665)

A. Conflict in the Middle East

1. Iraq accused ____________________ of stealing oil and invaded it in August 1990

2. Many feared that Iraq would conquer ________________________ and control oil resources

3. America stopped ____________________ with Iraq and sent troops to protect Saudia Arabia

4. The UN gave Iraq the deadline of _____________________________ to leave Kuwait

B. Operation Desert Storm

1. U.S. and allied forces bombed Iraq and its troops by air for _____________ weeks

2. After a second deadline passed, a ______________ attack on Iraq was added

3. In February, after 370 allied __________________________, Iraqi forces left Kuwait


Chapter 3131


III. Lesson 3: The Clinton Administration (pp. 666–668)


1. President Bush lost to Democrat ___________________________ of Arkansas

2. Americans were concerned about the ____________________ and unemployment

B. NAFTA

1. Was an agreement between the United States, _________________, and _________________

2. Removed limits on investments, _________________, and services among the three

C. Clinton Administration Reforms

1. A 1993 law to lower the deficit included ________________________ and budget cuts

2. The ____________________ made it harder to __________ a gun

3. The Omnibus Violent Crime Control and Prevention Act banned ____________________

IV. Lesson 4: Foreign Issues (pp. 669–672)

A. Somalia

1. Had a civil war and famine; UN troops brought _______________ and suffered casualties

B. Israel and the PLO

1. Signed a peace agreement, ending their ____________________ war

C. Russia and Ukraine

1. Clinton met Boris Yeltsin in ____________________ to discuss nuclear arms

2. Ukraine took down its ____________________________ to get U.S. aid and protection

D. South Africa

1. Nelson Mandela became its first ________________ president, and U.S. sanctions were lifted

E. Vietnam

1. Entered diplomatic relations with America and released information about missing ___________

F. Bosnia-Herzegovina

1. Fighting broke out between ______________, Serbs, and _______________

2. America parachuted food and later sponsored a ______________________________



Chapter 3131


G. Haiti and Cuba

1. U.S. forces helped _________________ Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president

2. 20,000 _________________ were allowed to come to America each year

V. Lesson 5: Problems and Changes at Home (pp. 673–676)

A. The Whitewater Affair

1. An investigation showed illegal ____________________ contributions and tax files

2. The Clintons were accused, but ____________________ taking part in anything illegal

B. Terrorism in America

1. A bomb exploded in the garage of the ____________________________

2. A bomb killed 168 people, including children, in ____________________________

C. Positive Movements and Reforms

1. In the Million Man March, African American men showed a commitment to ____________and community

2. A welfare law gave responsibility for dealing with ____________________ to states

3. One new law restricted insurance companies, and another raised the ____________________

D. Racial Terrorism

1. Arsonists burned ____________ church buildings between 1990 and 1999

E. Clinton’s Second Term

1. In 1996, the ____________________ ticket of Clinton and Gore won by a wide margin

2. In 1998, Clinton was ____________________ by the House but acquitted by the Senate

VI. Lesson 6: The New Millennium (pp. 677–679)

A. The Year 2000

1. People were concerned about a _________ in computers and the high price of ______________


1. Republican _________________________ ran against Democrat Al Gore

2. Gore won the ____________________ vote, but Bush won the ____________________ vote



Chapter 3232


The 21st Century Begins: 2001–Present


I. Lesson 1: Terrorism in the United States (pp. 685–689)

A. The Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001

1. Terrorists use ___________________ to frighten people into meeting their demands

2. A terrorist group called ___________________, led by Osama bin Laden, planned the attacks

3. Nineteen terrorists ___________________ four passenger planes

4. Two planes flew into the __________________________________ towers in New York City

5. One plane hit the ___________________ in Washington, D.C.

6. A fourth plane crashed in __________________________________

B. Americans React

1. Americans were shocked, but showed ___________________ with flags and songs

2. Hundreds of ___________________ and police officers died trying to save people

3. Rudy Guiliani, mayor of ________________________, was praised for his actions

C. President Bush Reacts

1. Bush said that ____________________________ will be his focus

2. The ______________________ gave the government new power to fight terrorism

3. The Department of _____________________________ was created to protect Americans

D. Possible Reasons for the Attacks

1. The terrorists wanted to destroy important ________________ of American power

2. The terrorists did not like U.S. support of _______________ or U.S. troops in the Middle East

II. Lesson 2: The War on Terror Begins (pp. 690-692)

A. Al Qaeda and the Taliban

1. Al Qaeda had its headquarters in ___________________

2. U.S. and British leaders ordered the Taliban to turn over ____________________ or face war


Chapter 3232


B. The War in Afghanistan

1. U.S. and British forces began ___________________ Afghanistan in October 2001

2. Some Afghani ___________________ helped

3. The ___________________ fell, and a new democracy was created in Afghanistan

C. The War in Iraq

1. The United States thought Saddam Hussein was hiding _______________________________

2. Iraq did not cooperate with UN ____________________________

3. The United States and ________________________ invaded Iraq in March 2003

4. ___________________, Iraq’s capital, was under U.S. and British control in three weeks

III. Lesson 3: American and Allied Forces Remain in Iraq (pp. 693–694)

A. What Soldiers Found

1. By the end of 2003, no weapons of mass destruction ____________________________

2. The ______________ of people murdered by Hussein’s government were found

3. In December 2003, Saddam Hussein was ___________________ by American soldiers

B. Iraq After the War

1. The United States and Great Britain wanted a new ______________________

2. Iraq was a poor country, and its economy needed to be ___________________

3. Iraq had no army or ___________________, so looting and robbery increased

4. Water systems, electrical systems, and oil ____________ needed repairs

5. Terrorists began killing ______________________________

C. Plans for Iraq

1. The cost of rebuilding would be ___________________ of dollars

2. The United States and Great Britain asked for more help from _________________________

3. ___________________ are planned for 2005

The 21st Century Begins: 2001–Present, continued


Chapter 3232


IV. Lesson 4: The Election of 2004 (pp. 695–696)

A. The Campaign

1. Americans were concerned about _________________, the war in Iraq, _________________,healthcare, prescription drug costs, the environment, and the economy

2. President Bush thought the war in Iraq was ______________________________

3. John Kerry wanted to bring home troops _________________

B. The Election Results

1. Bush was re-elected, but received just ___________________ of the popular vote

V. Lesson 5: The United States Today (pp. 697–701)

A. Space Exploration

1. In 2003, the Columbia space shuttle exploded, and all _____________ of its crew died

2. Russians and Americans conduct experiments on the ________________________________

B. Technology

1. Has helped to create global connections and advances in ___________________

2. The collecting of information on computers has led to a loss of ___________________

C. The Environment

1. Air pollution, mostly caused by burning fuel, may change our ___________________

2. Water pollution from farming methods is most serious in ____________________ countries

3. Gases from cars and factories may lead to _________________________

D. Equal Rights

1. Women earn less than men, resulting in a ____________ gap

2. Many believe that ___________________________ is widespread

E. Other Changes

1. Growth has slowed in the ____________ Belt and increased in the ____________ Belt

2. Globalization is the ______________________________ of all the world’s economies

3. Older Americans make up about ____________ percent of the population

The 21st Century Begins: 2001–Present, continued

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