the first world war. 2 the first world war: war involving nearly all the nations of the world...
TRANSCRIPT
The First World War
2
The First World War:
War involving nearly all the nations of the world
1914-1918
What?
When?
Students will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement
in World War I
4
The First World War:
Long term causes:
1. Militarism
2. Alliance System
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism
Short term cause: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914. The assassination was the spark that ignited the war.
5
The First World War:
Where?
Map of Europe during WWI: Originally, Italy joined the Triple Alliance but after the war broke out, it switched sides and went to fight with the Triple Entente. Turkey later joined the Triple Alliance.
6
The First World War:
Who?
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Empire• Bulgaria
• Russia• France• Great Britain• Italy• Japan• United States
(1917)
Central Powers: Allies:
Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph: The three emperors of the Central Powers in World War I
Essential Questions
World War I – how did the U.S. go from neutral to declared war?
What part did German unrestricted submarine warfare play in this move
from neutrality to war?
Neutrality to War
• In 1914 war breaks out among European nations
• President Woodrow Wilson declares that the U.S. would remain neutral
“We must be impartial in thought as well as in action.”
American Neutrality• President Wilson declared the U.S. to be neutral
– However - many average U.S. citizens began to choose sides
– Most supported the Allies (Britain and France)
• Wilson's cabinet, and many businesses supported going to war on the side of the Allies
Why would business owners support going to war?
10
Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?• America was an Isolationist.
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) sought to isolate “the American continents” from European influences and problems.
“Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems?”
American Neutrality ?Germany announced that it would begin using U-boats to attack all vessels, including merchant ships, in British waters
– Stopped the Allies from receiving supplies from foreign countries
– This unrestricted submarine warfare drew protests from the U.S.
American Neutrality ?• 1915 - a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner
Lusitania– Killed almost 1,200 passengers including 120 Americans
• 1916 - the French ship Sussex, was torpedoed by a German U-boat causing several American injuries
• Germany and the U.S. signed the Sussex Pledge in which Germany promised not to sink anymore merchant ships without warning– This kept the U.S. out of the war, and helped Wilson win reelection
in 1916
13
Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?
In this cartoon, “The Great Wall” (1914), the Monroe Doctrine is shown as a protective shield for the United States.
14
Thinking Slide….prior to WWI
• Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the
United States?
• What are the disadvantages of isolationism?
• What are the advantages?
15
Which side should the U.S. support?
• 11 million German-Americans
• Irish-Americans hated Great Britain
• Close cultural ties to other allies
• American, England, and France’s economies were increasingly interdependent.
Central Powers: Allies:
16
Which side should the U.S. support?
Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899
U. S. Exports
Why is this data important?
17
What did it take to get the U.S. involved?
Blockades
Britain blocked all German ships going to America.
HMS Renown seen from another British warship (circa 1917)
18
What did it take to get the U.S. involved?
Blockades
May, 1915
• Germany told Americans to stay off British ships
• Germany threatened to sink British ships
19
What did it take to get the U.S. involved?
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• In 1917, Germany announced “unrestricted submarine warfare” in the war zone.
• Otherwise, Germany’s blockade would not be successful.
A British ship torpedoed by a German U-boat
20
What did it take to get the U.S. involved?
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Germany torpedoed the Lusitania, sinking it
with over 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans).
• It was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition.
21
What did it take to get the U.S. involved?
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• The US sharply criticized Germany for its action.
• Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future.
Note in bottle after Lusitania disaster
22
How was the war looking for the allies?
• Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917.
• Russia’s withdrawal allowed Germany to fight a one- front war with all its troops concentrated on France (remember this point when you study WWII!).
Not Good...
Calling for a Communist revolution, anti-Tsarist protesters gather outside the Winter Palace in Petrograd, Russia, February 1917.
23
Convincing the American People
Propaganda
How do you think these posters helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?
Propaganda and War
Propaganda is information that is meant to appeal to a mass population and….
•Appeal to people’s emotions
• Influence people’s beliefs• Influence people’s actionsRead: “Propaganda Objectives and Tools” then,
identify the objective and tool(s) used in each of the following slides.
Examine this WWI Era poster
1. What is this “mad brute” that you must destroy?
2. What does the “brute” represent?
3. What does this “brute” carry in his hands?
4. What is the purpose of this WWI propaganda poster?
5. Who is the target of this campaign?
6. To what does this poster appeal – intellect or emotions?
Dein Vaterland ist
in Gefar
Melde Dich!
Your Homeland is in danger
Sign Up!
41
Convincing the American People
Idealism: Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points was his vision for the future after the war….
• Including freedom of the seas
• League of Nations to work for world peace.
President Woodrow Wilson
42
Zimmerman Telegram
• The British decoded a telegram from Germany to Mexico.
• It promised to give Texas, New Mexico, Arizona back to Mexico in return for an alliance and attacking the United States.
The decoded Zimmerman Telegram
New York Journal (4/7/1917) announcing the declaration of war the previous day
U.S. Declares War
• Early 1917 - Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare– Sank U.S. ships
• President Wilson was backed into a corner– U. S. Declared war on
Germany in April 1917– Joined the Allies
45
What did the U.S. do to help?
The U.S. provided the food, money, and fresh troops needed to win the war.
Supplies
American troops march through London.
46
How did the war affect the U.S.?
Women
• Women filled factory jobs
• Women’s war effort helped bring about passage of the 19th Amendment after the war giving women the right to vote
47
How did the war affect the U.S.?
• Black soldiers still served in segregated units.
African Americans
• In the “Great Migration” thousands of African Americans moved to the North to work in factories.
Great Migration
• Northern factories needed workers during the war for two main reasons:– Many white workers joined the
war effort or were drafted
– Nearly all immigration from Europe stopped
• To replace these workers African Americans left the South and moved into many Northern cities – Looking for factory jobs– Between 300,000 and 500,000
African-Americans moved North
50
How did the war affect the U.S.?
Enforcing Loyalty
• Hatred of all things German spread across the U.S. For example “sauerkraut” was renamed “Liberty Cabbage.”
• The Espionage Act 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war, many of
whom were labor leaders.
Espionage Act
• Passed in 1917 the Espionage Act:– Established penalties and prison time for aiding
the enemy– Penalized disloyalty, or interference with the war
effort
• The Espionage Act was expanded in 1918 to make it illegal for any public opposition to the war
• The Supreme Court also limited American’s freedom of speech – 1st Amendment Right– Schenck v. U.S.– Upheld Espionage Act of 1917
Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations
• The Allies won the war in 1918 & began settling for peace
• The “Big Four” – Leaders from the U.S.,
Britain, France, and Italy
– They lead meetings which will decide the fate of Post-War Europe
Wilson’s Fourteen Points• Wilson presented his plan for peace,
called the Fourteen Points to Congress – First 5 points dealt with free trade
• Freedom of the seas• Disarmament• Open Diplomacy• Adjustments of colonial claims
These five points were what Wilson felt caused World War
Wilson’s Fourteen Points• The next 8 points dealt with self-
determination
• The final point called for the creation of the League of Nations, an organization which would help settle disagreements between member countries.
• Many countries viewed the Fourteen Points as being too lenient on Germany
The Treaty of Versailles• The Treaty was signed by Germany in 1919,
and punished Germany for “starting” the war• Germany would have to: -dismantle their army and navy -pay war reparations of $33 billion (which they did not have) -Admit guilt for causing the war -Germany was not allowed to place any
troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France.
-The Treaty left Germany in shambles
Most of Wilson’s Fourteen Points were dismissed by the other leaders, with the exception of the Fourteenth Point
League of Nations• Wilson’s League of Nations was voted down
by the U.S. Congress in 1920.• Many Congressmen worried that it made the
U.S. too involved in European affairs