the flow of energy
DESCRIPTION
The Flow of Energy. Bio 30 NWRC. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolic processes – all chemical reactions that occur in the body. Two types of metabolic reactions. Anabolism larger molecules are made from smaller ones requires energy (endergonic). Catabolism - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Flow of Energy
Bio 30
NWRC
![Page 2: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cellular Metabolism
Metabolic processes – all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Two types of metabolic reactions
Anabolism• larger molecules are made from smaller ones• requires energy•(endergonic)
Catabolism• larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones• releases energy •-(exergonic)
![Page 3: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Energy for Metabolic Reactions
Energy• ability to do work or change something• heat, light, sound, electricity, mechanical energy, chemical energy• changed from one form to another• involved in all metabolic reactions
Release of chemical energy• most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy• breakdown of glucose generates chemical energy to promote cellular metabolism• cellular respiration releases chemical energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use
![Page 4: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Anabolism
Anabolism provides the materials needed for cellular growth and repair – free energy is needed
Dehydration synthesis • type of anabolic process• used to make polysaccharides, triglycerides, and proteins• produces water
![Page 5: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Anabolism-Endergonic reactions
![Page 6: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Catabolism- exergonic reaction
Catabolism breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
Releases free energy• a catabolic process• used to decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins• water is used to split the substances
![Page 7: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Catabolism
![Page 8: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sources of free Energy
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the unit of energy used in all living cells. This molecule is produced and broken down in metabolic processes in all living systems.
• ATP can store and transport the energy we need to do just about everything that we do. Essentially all metabolic functions of living cells require energy for operation and obtain it directly from stored ATP.
![Page 9: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why Are the Phosphate Groups Important?
• These molecules can transport energy because phosphate bonds contain a lot of potential energy, which is released when they are broken.
• Energy is stored in the covalent bonds between phosphates, with the greatest amount of energy between the second and third phosphate groups
![Page 10: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Note that although this is a good picture there is no such word as
“alot”
![Page 11: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Another View
![Page 12: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How Is ATP Actually Made?
• ATP is produced by autotrophs during photosynthesis, as described, and is also produced by both autotrophs and heterotrophs during a catabolic process known as cellular respiration.
![Page 13: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Where is ATP Made?
• In eukaryotic cells, complex cells that possess a nucleus, ATP is synthesized in the tiny energy factories called mitochondria. In prokaryotes ATP synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane.
![Page 14: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ATP- The Unit of Cellular energy
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• each ATP molecule has three parts:– an adenine molecule– a ribose molecule– three phosphate
molecules in a chain
![Page 15: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ATP• How it works• ATP works by losing the
endmost phosphate group when instructed to do so by an enzyme. This reaction releases a lot of energy, which the organism can then use to build proteins, contact muscles, etc. The reaction product is adenosine diphosphate
![Page 16: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ADPWhen the organism is resting and energy is not immediately needed, the reverse reaction takes place and the phosphate group is reattached to the molecule using energy obtained from food or sunlight. Thus the ATP molecule acts as a chemical 'battery', storing energy when it is not needed, but able to release it instantly when the organism requires it.
http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.htmlATP rechargeable battery animation
![Page 17: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Breaking down food…
• When carbohydrates and other foods are consumed by the body, they also contain energy. When they are broken down, the energy is released and, in many cases, the energy is used to reattach the phosphate molecule to the ADP, turning it back into ATP. Then the cycle of bond-breaking and bond-making begins all over again, alternately releasing and storing energy, as needed. A convenient way to remember the cycle is ATP = ADP + P + Energy
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap05/lecture1.htmAnimation of carbs, fats, proteins converted into ATP..a MUST WATCH!!!
![Page 18: The Flow of Energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/568147c7550346895db50962/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ATP ANIMATIONS:
• http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html
• ATP rechargeable battery animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg
• ATP CYCLE ANIMATION
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRFE9UtQB10&feature=related
• Cycle animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIMGS0cSoFI
• Advanced animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=related
• Fascinating view of inner cell; molecules acting like machines