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Chapter 14: 800-1500 AD

The Formation of Western Europe

1Vocabulary Gothic: Style of architecture, Vaulted ceilings, stained glass windows, flying buttressesUrban II: The Pope who called for the 1st CrusadeCrusade: Christian Europeans attempt to regain the holy land from the Muslims Saladin: Great Muslim military leader during the CrusadesRichard the Lion Hearted: English king/military leader during the 3rd Crusade. Reconquista: Effort to remove the Muslims from Spain. 500 years (1492)Inquisition: Roman Catholic group that investigates and prosecutes people from heresy (Spain 1400s)

2Vocabulary IIThree-Field System: Farm fields; spring, summer, winter (More Crops)Guild: Association of the people in the same field of work (regulate)Commercial Revolution: Increase in trade that brought Europe out of the Dark Ages (More trade/More Money) William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy (France) Claimed EnglandHenry II: English King who married a French women for French landCommon Law: Unified body of laws. Basis of many English-Speaking countries (Bill of Rights) Magna Carta: Great Charter that guaranteed the basic political rights in England. (King John/Limited Government)

Vocabulary IIIParliament: English Representatives who make laws (House of Reps)Estates-General: French Representatives from all three social classes (House of Reps)Great Schism: Division of Popes (2). Rome/AvignonBubonic Plague: Deadly disease in Asia/Europe. Spread by rats. Hundred Years War: British vs. French (Bloods/Cripts) off and on 1337-1453Joan of Arc: French girl who rescued the French from English rule. Heard voices of Saints. Church Reform and the CrusadeMonastic Revival and Church ReformProblems in the ChurchMarried Priests and BishopsSimony: Church positions were sold by bishopsLay Investiture: Kings Controlled bishopsReformsPope Leo IX and Gregory VII ended marrying of priests and simonyBy 1200, the Pope was the most powerful figure in Europe

5Cathedrals Cities of GodA New Style of Church ArchitectureGothic style included high church buildings with huge stained glass windows

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8The Crusades Causes of the Crusading SpiritStarted with a call for help from Byzantine Emperor Kings and Church wanted to get rid of knights that constantly foughtYounger sons were not going to inherit fathers property wanted land/richesEveryone had religious zeal-wanted to re-conquer holy land from MuslimsMerchants profited by leasing ships and making loans9The CrusadesThe First and Second CrusadesCrusaders conquered Jerusalem in 1099Muslims counterattacked, recapturing Jerusalem in 1187

Third/Fourth and later CrusadesGoal was to recapture JerusalemRichard I vs. SaladinTruce was made in 1192, allowing unarmed Christians to access Holy Land10The Childrens Crusades1212Two groups of children: 30,000Starvation, slavery, not prepared for journeyNine Crusades (4)

The CrusadesThe Crusading Spirit DwindlesA Spanish CrusadeFrom 1100 to 1492, Spanish involved in Reconquista- driving Muslims from SpainFerdinand and Isabella strengthened hold on Spain using InquisitionAll people that did not practice Catholicism were kicked out of Spain

12The Effects of the CrusadesThe Effects of the CrusadesLessened the power of the Pope!!!Weakened feudal nobilityStimulated trade between Europe & Middle EastWeakened Byzantine EmpireDeepened distrust between Muslims and Christians1314:2 Changes In Medieval Society

A Growing Food SupplySwitch to HorsepowerThree-Field SystemSwitch from Oxen to HorsesMore productive/fasterMore food equals more populationCrop rotationKeeps fields full of nutrition Increase in populationLive longerMore Changes in EuropeGuildsCommercial Revolution Organization of individuals in the same business or occupationControl trade, prices, quality of work, wages, standardized businessesApprentice: 2-7 yearsJourneymen: MasterpieceMaster: Owner/Respected

Expansion of Trade in EuropeMore trade = More $$$$Fairs (Trade Fairs)Banks, Credit, Exchange RatesItalians BankersChanges in Life/LearningCities GrowThe Revival of LearningTrade increased need to be in citiesNarrow streets, animal/human waste, no bathing, unclean water, lack of air/lightMoved to make moneyBig Business in USA (1880s-1920s Immigration) Learned from Muslims during the CrusadesMuslim Libraries in SpainBuilding of UniversitiesVernacular: Books/ Writing in native language Not Latin14:3England and France Develop

England and France DevelopEngland Absorbs Waves of InvadersEnglands Evolving GovernmentThe Norman ConquestWilliam the Conqueror of Normandy invaded England in 1066William declared all of England his personal propertyMonarchs, Nobles and the Common LawHenry II became King of England and Duke of Normandy 1154-1189Introduced the jury into the court system, became basis for US laws

19English Government The Magna Carta The Model Parliament Henry II succeeded by Richard I, then John INobles became angry when John lost wars to France and raised taxesForced him to sign Magna CartaGuaranteed no taxation without representationa jury trialprotection under common lawStarting in 1295, King summoned 2 citizens and 2 knights from every countyEventually evolved into Parliament House of Commons and House of LordsHouse of Representatives and The Senate

20France DevelopsCapetian Dynasty Rules FrancePhilip II expands his powerBecame first king to rule over all of France 1180-1223Louis IX (1226-1270) made France even stronger, eventually French Kings became more powerful than noblesEstates-GeneralFirst Estate: Church OfficialsSecond Estate: LordsThird Estate: Commoners/landowners

2114:4The Hundred Years War and the Plague

A Church DividedPope Boniface VIII tries to control kingsKing Philip IV doesnt listen Arrested the PopePope Clement V moves to Avignon, FranceMove weakened the ChurchUrban VI vs. Clement VIIGreat SchismJohn Wycliffe: Jesus is the head of the Church!!!

The Bubonic Plague OutlineFact Facts/Effects1300s hit Asia, North Africa and EuropeFollowed trade routes Ships (Rats)4 years to reach everywhere2/3 or died!!!

Town populations fellTrade decline/prices upSerfs left (wages)Revolts in ManorsJews were blamed for the plagueChurch lost power b/c prayers didnt work!!!!A Century of TurmoilA Church DividedThe Bubonic Plague StrikesAvignon and the Great SchismPopes office was split between France and Rome (1305) known as Great SchismEnded in 1417 Pope back to RomeOrigins of the plagueCame from Asia along trade routes, spread by fleas on ratsEffects of the PlagueTown populations fell, serf labor came into high demandPeople no longer trusted the Church when prayers failed to end plagueHelped to end medieval society in Europe

25Plague Doctors

The Hundred Years War Early BattlesEnglish used longbow to crush French knights (Crecy, Poiters, & Agincourt)Chivalry no longer feasible on battlefieldJoan of ArcBelieved God wanted her to defeat EnglishHelped to defeat English at Orleans, turned the tide of war

Impact of Hundred Years WarFrance defeated England, strengthened nationalism in both countriesConsidered end of Middle Ages (1453)Rise in Nationalism

27The English Long BowLong Range RiflesBattle of Crecy

Review Questions What was the Great Schism?

What were the three effects of the Bubonic Plague

What impact did Joan of Arc have on the Hundred Years War?