the fragile politics of peace unit 9. main topics n cold war n détente n post cold war europe n...
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The Fragile Politics of Peace
Unit 9
Main Topics
Cold WarDétente
Post Cold War Europe
Non-Cold War Europe
Cold War
Struggle between West and Communism
1945-1991
Soviet-American Relations
1945-71—Cold War Stalin pursued hard line
Korea
Khrushchev pursued softer line
Vietnam Missiles in Cuba
Soviet-American Relations
Soviet-American Relations
1972-1991—Detente Détente=relaxation
During 1980s Gorbachev began major liberalization of economics
Soviet Union 1953—Stalin’s death led to bitter
struggle for power Secret Speech
Nikita Khrushchev Report to 20th Party Congress February 25 1956 Maintained support for Communist ideals Criticized Stalin’s actions
Purges Terror against citizens Stalin's personality cult1945-71
Yugoslavia
1943-1991—Marshal Tito
Defied Stalin, pursuing nationalist policies
Stalin tried to bring Tito under Soviet domination
Western nations offered aid
Allowed Tito to remain independent 1945-71
Germany Nazi war crimes trials in
Nuremberg (1945-1946)
Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949)
West Germany (German Federal Republic) created (1949)
East Germany (German Democratic Republic) created (1949)1945-71
Divided Berlin
Divided Germany
Germany
August 13, 1961—East German border guard escapes to the West
Berlin Wall built (1961) June 26, 1963—Kennedy visited the wall Relations normalized between the two Germanies (1972)
Berlin Wall Seals Iron Curtain
1945-71
Eastern Europe—1956 Poland (October)
Polish people engaged in strikes and riots Władysław Gomułka pledged a measure
of loyalty to Russia Hungary (23 October 23-November
10) Like Poland, people revolted and
Imre Nagy pushed for some independence from Russia
Soviets could not allow more anti-Soviet moves
1,000s of Hungarians killed as government smashed by Soviets1945-71
Eastern Europe—1968
Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubcek began
liberalization, assuring Soviets of loyalty
Warsaw Pact troops, led by Soviets, brought Czechoslovakia back under total Soviet control
1945-71
Economic Aspects
Aid Truman Doct. to Greece & Turkey
Marshall Plan to all of Europe, especially Eastern Europe
COMECON—Communist response to Marshall Plan
Eisenhower Doct. to Middle East
Peace Corps idealistic volunteers to underdeveloped countries
1945-71
Economic Aspects European Economic Unity
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (1952)
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (1957)
European Economic Community (EEC/Common Market) (1957)
European Community (EC) (1986)
European Union (EU) (1992) 1945-71
Military Aspects
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1948)
Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (ANZUS) (1951)
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (1954)
1945-71
China China and Russia became hostile
over: Ideological differences
Border disputes
World Communist leadership
1976—At Mao's death, a thaw
1989—After Soviets left Afghanistan, a normalization
1945-71
Detente
1972-1991
Germanies 1970—Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik
Greater harmony with GDR & Poland
1972—More open relations with GDR, allowing more travel
1972-91
Détente—1972 &
73 1972 Nixon visited Brezhnev in
Moscow for summit Two SALT Accords
Limited nuclear weaponry 1973
Brezhnev visited US Traveled across country,
appearing on TV Signed accords with Nixon1972-91
Détente—1974-75 1974—Nixon visited Brezhnev in
Moscow and Yalta Signed economic and nuclear treaties
Ford visited Brezhnev in Vladivostok Discussed arms control
Helsinki Pact US, Canada, and Europe Honored post WWII boundaries Agreed to further human rights
1972-91
Détente—1979
SALT II Accord Carter met Brezhnev
Further limited nuclear weapons
1972-91
Europe
1980-88
Yugoslavia In 1980, Tito died, leaving
power vacuum
Albanians in province of Kosovo wanted independence
Serbs and Montenegrins demonstrated for protection from the separatists
1980-88
Poland 1979—Pope John Paul II visited
Warsaw Polish TV would only show altar
John Paul’s visit helped produce, 14 months later, Solidarity movement
Illegal strikes in Gdansk inspired by Solidarity Led by Lech Walesa
Popular movement, achieved some goals 1980-88
Poland Lech Walesa
"The pope started this chain of events that led to the end of communism. Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of communism. He simply said: ‘Don't be afraid, change the image of this land.’"
Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford historian)
"Without the Pope, no Solidarity. Without Solidarity, no Gorbachev. Without Gorbachev, no fall of Communism."
Gorbachev (USSR Party Secretary, 1985-1991)
“It (fall of Communism) would have been impossible without the Pope.” 1980-88
Poland
1981—Martial law imposed and Walesa arrested
1982—With increased pressure and economic decline, Walesa released 1981, Time Man of the Year
1983, Nobel Peace Prize 1980-88
Soviet Union In 1985 Gorbachev came to power
“We can't go on living like this.” March 10,1985 Glasnost (openness)
Perestroika (restructuring)
Chaos from: Mixed comm./cap. economy
Loss in Afghanistan (1979-89)
Challenged politically by Yeltsin 1988—Fired him as chief of Moscow's
Communist Party1980-88
1987—Reagan visited Berlin “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this
wall!”
1988—Gorbachev announced withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe
Soviet Union
Get audio or video
1980-88
End of Cold War
1989
Poland Formed coalition
government including Solidarity members and Communists
1989
Soviet Union
Lithuania declared independence
Secessionist movements began in: Latvia
Estonia
The Ukraine 1989
Hungary June—Reburied Imre Nagy July—Supreme Court acquitted
Nagy of high treason for which he had been executed
August—Tore down fence separating it from Austria Let 1,000s of refugees from East
Germany into Hungary Refugees then fled into Austria
October—Changed from People's Republic into Republic of Hungary
1989
East Germany 1989—Refugees poured
into W Germany: 225,000 from East Germany
300,000 from Russia and Poland
October 18—Communist East German govt. fell
Midnight, November 9/10— New government opened border with West Germany1989
Rumania Shortages and economic collapse
Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife continued their lifestyle and use of secret police
December—bloody demonstrations
Eventually Ceausescu's caught, tried, and shot
Get video
1989
Czechoslovakia
Prague government tried to control demonstrations
Charter 77 created
Communist government collapsed
Vaclav Havel was elected president, beginning democratization
1989
Bulgaria & Yugoslavia
December—Announced democratic reforms
1989
End of Cold War
1990
Yugoslavia
Communists voted to end 1-party system
Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo rioted
Slobodan Milosevic elected Serbian president
Slovenia voted for independence
1990
Russia
Gorbachev was jeered in Red Square on May Day
May—Yeltsin elected Russian president Defeated Gorbachev's
candidate
1990
Germany On October 3 Germany
reunited
Took on government and trappings of West Germany
East German pollution
1990
GERMANY: 1914-1990
Poland On December 9 Lech
Walesa elected president 75% of vote
Catholic support
1990
Hungary
New coalition government formed
1990
Romania
First free elections in 53 years
1990
End of Cold War
1991
Russia
Revolts in Soviet republics as Communists lost power
Gorbachev: Supported new, loosely-governed
Soviet Union
Denounced Communism
1991
Russia August—Hard-liners attempted
coup of Gorbachev government
Russians, led by Yeltsin, rebelled against coup in Moscow and other cities
Yeltsin denounced coup, saving Gorbachev
1991
Russia Gorbachev ended
Communist Party, but it was too late
Independence was "won" by Latvia
Lithuania
Estonia
Ukraine 1991
Russia On Dec. 25:
Gorbachev resigned
New confederation of ex-Soviet republics created
Yeltsin became President (1991-1999)
1991
Yugoslavia
May—Croatia voted for independence
October Serbs shelled Dubrovnik
Yugoslav forces bombed Zagreb, Croatian capital
1991
Post-Cold War
1992-Present
Czechoslovakia
1992—Czechs and Slovaks voted to split Havel resigned
1993—Birth of Czech Republic and Slovakia
1992-->
Yugoslavia 1992—Bosnia voted for
independence 1995—Officially independent
1998—Milosevic attacked Kosovo when they pushed for autonomy 1999—NATO and UN bombed Sarajevo
1992-->
Yugoslavia 2003—Serbia and Montenegro
changed FRY into Serbia and Montenegro
June, 2006—Montenegro and Serbia voted for separation
Feb, 2008—Kosovo became independent
1992-->
Russia
Putin
President of Russian Federation, 1999-2008
Currently Dmitry Medvedev Putin as Prime Minister
1992-->
Non-Cold War
The Welfare StatePost-WWII nationalizing of businesses
Sweden and FRG someItaly and Britain moreFrance most
All, but Britain, had long-term planning and direct intervention in economyAll, including Britain, created welfare states (social safety net)
Rise of European centristsIn 1980s began to reduce
Social ChangesGreater social democracy
Especially for womenBirth control pill
Led to negative population growthCreated problem for retirement benefits
Youth cultureBaby boomers
Growing immigration from Asia, Middle East and Africa
Led to anti-immigrant political parties
Socio-Economic Changes
Growing middle classMore social mobilityProsperityEducational opportunities
ConsumerismMass marketingWestern industry begins to shift from heavy industry toward services and information processing
1968Rebellious children of
Fascists
French bourgeoisie
Oppressive Soviet Communism in Eastern Europe
Vietnam War
Terrorism in Europe1972—Hostage crisis at the Summer
Olympics in Munich, West Germany
1985—Hijacked cruise ship, Achille Lauro, in Mediterranean
1988—Explosion of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland
2004—Bombings of Madrid subway/train
2005—Bombings in London
TechnologyGovernment-run science
Antibiotics
Polio vaccine
Organ transplants
Nuclear powerChernobyl, 1986
Cultural and Intellectual
ChangesCenter of art moved to NYCThought
PostmodernismExistentialism
ReligionEcumenical movementSecond Vatican CouncilEvangelical Christianity
The Fragile Politics of Peace
Unit 9