The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

World History APWorld History AP

Preliminary StagePreliminary Stage

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Enlightened and Revolutionary IdeasEnlightened and Revolutionary Ideas• Social Contract (Hobbes)Social Contract (Hobbes)• Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights

(Locke)(Locke)• Political and Legal Equality (Rousseau)Political and Legal Equality (Rousseau)• Personal Freedoms (Voltaire)Personal Freedoms (Voltaire)• Global Influence of Enlightenment Global Influence of Enlightenment

ValuesValues American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• Overthrow the Overthrow the ancien régime (old order)ancien régime (old order)

Inept Ruler? King Louis XVIInept Ruler? King Louis XVI

The King had absolute The King had absolute power.power.

Power was not limited Power was not limited by any representative by any representative body or parliament.body or parliament.

He was responsible He was responsible only to God.only to God.

The King was bound The King was bound by laws and customs by laws and customs of the kingdomof the kingdom

Financial CrisisFinancial Crisis

During 1780s, half of royal revenue During 1780s, half of royal revenue went to pay off war debtswent to pay off war debts

Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788 Louis XVI wanted to raise taxes on Louis XVI wanted to raise taxes on

the the ancien régimeancien régime Aristocracy forced Louis to call the Aristocracy forced Louis to call the

Estates GeneralEstates General• First time since 1614First time since 1614

Estates GeneralEstates General

First Estate: First Estate: 100,000 Catholic 100,000 Catholic clergyclergy• Did not pay taxesDid not pay taxes

Second Estate: Second Estate: 400,000 nobles400,000 nobles• Exempt from many Exempt from many

taxestaxes Third Estate: Rest Third Estate: Rest

of Populationof Population• Provided bulk of Provided bulk of

French tax revenueFrench tax revenue

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

What were the similarities between What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the the long-term causes of the

American and French Revolutions? American and French Revolutions? Differences?Differences?

Initial StageInitial Stage(1789-1791)(1789-1791)

Moderates Take ControlModerates Take Control

National AssemblyNational Assembly• Third Estate walked out of Estates Third Estate walked out of Estates

General MeetingGeneral Meeting• Formed the National AssemblyFormed the National Assembly• Goals of National AssemblyGoals of National Assembly

““Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

Dramatic EventsDramatic Events

Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath Declaration of the Rights of Man and Declaration of the Rights of Man and

the Citizenthe Citizen• ““First Article: Men are born free and First Article: Men are born free and

equal in rights…”equal in rights…” King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

arrestedarrested

Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille

French citizens who feared King Louis XVI was going to use violence to put down the revolution stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789

Crisis StageCrisis Stage(1792-1794)(1792-1794)

Radicals Take ControlRadicals Take Control

National National ConventionConvention• National Assembly National Assembly

declared war on declared war on Austria, Spain, Austria, Spain, Britain, and the Britain, and the NetherlandsNetherlands

• Abolished the Abolished the monarchymonarchy

• Elected by universal Elected by universal manhood suffragemanhood suffrage

Execution of Louis XVIvia the guillotine

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre• Leader of the radical Jacobin party and Leader of the radical Jacobin party and

the Committee of Public Safetythe Committee of Public Safety• Executed Queen Marie AntoinetteExecuted Queen Marie Antoinette

““The first maxim of our politics ought The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”people by terror.”

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

Sentenced 18,000 people to deathSentenced 18,000 people to death 40,000 people were killed all 40,000 people were killed all

togethertogether• Executed political figures who were seen Executed political figures who were seen

as “enemies” of the revolutionas “enemies” of the revolution• 85% of people killed were peasants85% of people killed were peasants

Robespierre was sent to guillotine by Robespierre was sent to guillotine by the National Convention on 28 July the National Convention on 28 July 17941794

Radical ReformsRadical Reforms

Universal adult male suffrageUniversal adult male suffrage Metric system of weights & measuresMetric system of weights & measures Universal military conscriptionUniversal military conscription Increased rights of womenIncreased rights of women

• Could not participate in politicsCould not participate in politics Attacked CatholicismAttacked Catholicism Spirit of nationalismSpirit of nationalism

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

How were the actions of How were the actions of American radicals and French American radicals and French

radicals similar? How were they radicals similar? How were they different?different?

Recovery StageRecovery Stage(1794-1815)(1794-1815)

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

Moderate Moderate government, the government, the Directory, rules for Directory, rules for four years four years following Reign of following Reign of TerrorTerror

Napoleon becomes Napoleon becomes emperor in 1799emperor in 1799

Domestic Policies of NapoleonDomestic Policies of Napoleon

Maintains some revolutionary gainsMaintains some revolutionary gains• Freedom of religionFreedom of religion• Napoleonic Code (Civil Code)Napoleonic Code (Civil Code)• Schools and universitiesSchools and universities

Reverses other gainsReverses other gains• Rights of womenRights of women• Freedom of expressionFreedom of expression

Napoleon’s EmpireNapoleon’s Empire

Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812

Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Led by Klemens Led by Klemens von Metternichvon Metternich

Balance of PowerBalance of Power• Prevent future Prevent future

aggressionaggression LegitimacyLegitimacy NationalismNationalism

• Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy• GreeceGreece

Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

After 1815 parts of Italy After 1815 parts of Italy were controlled by were controlled by Austria & SpainAustria & Spain

Nationalist leaders unify Nationalist leaders unify most of Italy by 1860most of Italy by 1860• Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini• Count Camillo di CavourCount Camillo di Cavour• Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi

Faced several problems Faced several problems after unificationafter unification

Italy in 1800

Unification of GermanyUnification of Germany

German nationalism German nationalism sparked by sparked by Napoleonic warsNapoleonic wars

Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck stages a series of stages a series of wars to unify wars to unify GermanyGermany

German unification German unification completed in 1871completed in 1871• Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

Otto von Bismarck

Europe in 1800

Europe in 1900

Challenges to ConservatismChallenges to Conservatism

LiberalsLiberals• Representation of propertied people in Representation of propertied people in

governmentgovernment• Constitutional and parliamentary ruleConstitutional and parliamentary rule• Limited state interference in individual Limited state interference in individual

RadicalsRadicals• Broader voting rights than liberals; some Broader voting rights than liberals; some

support outright democracysupport outright democracy• Urge reforms for the lower classUrge reforms for the lower class

Legacy of the French RevolutionLegacy of the French Revolution

Global Independence movementsGlobal Independence movements• Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution• Latin American independenceLatin American independence

Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of SpainTriggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain

Slave Trade and SlaverySlave Trade and Slavery• England abolished slave trade in 1807; England abolished slave trade in 1807;

slavery in 1833slavery in 1833 U.S.—slave trade 1808; slavery 1865U.S.—slave trade 1808; slavery 1865

• Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)

Legacy of the French RevolutionLegacy of the French Revolution

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights• Played major role in the revolutionsPlayed major role in the revolutions

Sewing uniforms, nurses, running Sewing uniforms, nurses, running businesses, some even foughtbusinesses, some even fought

• Lost many rights after revolutionLost many rights after revolution NapoleonNapoleon

• Feminist MovementsFeminist Movements Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

End of manorialism & serfdomEnd of manorialism & serfdom• Except in RussiaExcept in Russia