The French Revolution and the The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror:Reign of Terror:

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

1789-18151789-1815

France was made up of three France was made up of three classes/estatesclasses/estates

Lowest Estate97% of Population½ income in taxes•The Bourgeoisie

educated – lawyers, merchants•Workers / Peasants

Lowest Estate97% of Population½ income in taxes•The Bourgeoisie

educated – lawyers, merchants•Workers / Peasants

Privileged Rich Nobles

composed 2% of population, but owned

20 % of land.Paid no taxes

Privileged Rich Nobles

composed 2% of population, but owned

20 % of land.Paid no taxes

PrivilegedClergy composed1% of population,

but owned 10% of Land and paid

2% of taxes

PrivilegedClergy composed1% of population,

but owned 10% of Land and paid

2% of taxes

First EstateFirst Estate Second EstateSecond Estate Third EstateThird Estate

Causes of the French RevolutionCauses of the French Revolution

The Enlightenment Ideas spread and The Enlightenment Ideas spread and people began people began questioning the questioning the structure of societystructure of society..

People started using word like People started using word like Equality, Equality, Liberty, Liberty, & & DemocracyDemocracy

The The AmericanAmerican Revolution inspired Revolution inspired change within Francechange within France

France’s economy was failing and France’s economy was failing and Taxes Taxes were becoming too large of a burden.were becoming too large of a burden.

More Causes: French Government More Causes: French Government goes into heavy debt goes into heavy debt

French French EconomyEconomy was failing as the was failing as the PopulationPopulation was expanding rapidly. was expanding rapidly.

The cost of living The cost of living RoseRose as the price of as the price of bread bread DoubledDoubled

Debt increased as a result of France’s Debt increased as a result of France’s involvement in the involvement in the AmericanAmerican Revolution.Revolution.

Another Cause: Louis XVI can be Another Cause: Louis XVI can be categorized as a categorized as a WeakWeak ruler ruler

Louis XVI married Louis XVI married MarieMarie AntoinetteAntoinette when he was only 15when he was only 15

Marie Antoinette was unpopular Marie Antoinette was unpopular because she was a member of the because she was a member of the Austrian Royal Family.Austrian Royal Family.

Causes for the RevolutionCauses for the Revolution

War KingEstate System

Enlightenment

•American Revolution

•Cost $

•Louis XVIWas Weak

•Spent too Much Money

•Class System•was unfair

•3rd Estate•had no rights

•Ideas influenced change

The Dawn of RevolutionThe Dawn of Revolution Tax reforms had to be madeTax reforms had to be made France was in too much debtFrance was in too much debt

Third Estate wants to voteThird Estate wants to vote

Abbe SieyesAbbe Sieyes: : What is the Third Estate? What is the Third Estate? EverythingEverything

What has it been up to now in the What has it been up to now in the

political order? political order? Nothing Nothing What does it demand? What does it demand? To Become To Become

Something HereinSomething Herein

The Third Estate takes actionThe Third Estate takes action

Third Estate wanted to end the Third Estate wanted to end the Monarchy and put in place a Monarchy and put in place a Representative Representative Government. Government.

Made a pledge called Made a pledge called TennisTennis CourtCourt OathOath

King orders the Swiss Guard for King orders the Swiss Guard for protectionprotection

The Third Estate takes actionThe Third Estate takes action

The fall of The fall of BastilleBastille became a symbolic became a symbolic act of revolutionact of revolution

French RevolutionWaves of panic called the Waves of panic called the GreatGreat FearFear spread though Francespread though France

Peasants revolt & Storm Versailles = Peasants revolt & Storm Versailles = Louis and Marie Antoinette leave ParisLouis and Marie Antoinette leave Paris Signals the start of radical reform -----Signals the start of radical reform -----

When to Revolt?When to Revolt?

Students Students – Read and Answer the – Read and Answer the Questions below.Questions below.

Compare France in 1789 to Wheaton North Compare France in 1789 to Wheaton North High School today.High School today. Put the Put the Students, Administration Students, Administration &&

TeachersTeachers into Estates into Estates Explain why you put each group into their Explain why you put each group into their

Estates use the book and notes as a referenceEstates use the book and notes as a reference Under what conditions would it be ok for Under what conditions would it be ok for

the students to revolt against the other the students to revolt against the other Estates? Explain. Estates? Explain.

New Government in FranceNew Government in France

Third Estate creates the Third Estate creates the National National Assembly Assembly Pass laws to reform FrancePass laws to reform France

First and Second Estate join out of First and Second Estate join out of fearfear

National Assembly adopts the National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man

New Government in FranceNew Government in France ““Men are born free and remain Men are born free and remain

free and equal in rights….the free and equal in rights….the aim of all political association aim of all political association is the preservation of the is the preservation of the natural….rights of man. These natural….rights of man. These rights are liberty, security, and rights are liberty, security, and resistance to oppression.” resistance to oppression.”

National Assembly creates the National Assembly creates the

new constitution called new constitution called Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly Had the right to Had the right to Create LawsCreate Laws Had the right to Had the right to approveapprove or or

preventprevent any war the king any war the king declareddeclared

War with Austria & PrussiaWar with Austria & Prussia

AustriaAustria & & PrussiaPrussia want Louis back want Louis back on throneon throne

Legislative Assembly declares warLegislative Assembly declares war France is not equipped to handle warFrance is not equipped to handle war Prussia threaten to destroy Prussia threaten to destroy ParisParis if if

the royal family was harmedthe royal family was harmed This angered French Revolutionaries This angered French Revolutionaries

called called ParisiansParisians

Fear of Parisian leads to changeFear of Parisian leads to change

Legislative Assembly gives up Legislative Assembly gives up Constitution of 1791Constitution of 1791

Create Create National ConventionNational Convention Abolish Monarch and declare France Abolish Monarch and declare France

a a RepublicRepublic

Death reigns supremeDeath reigns supreme

Radicals members of Radicals members of bourgeoisie called bourgeoisie called JacobinsJacobins

Wanted King Louis tried for Wanted King Louis tried for TreasonTreason because of a failed because of a failed escape attemptescape attempt

Louis was put to the Louis was put to the Guillotine Guillotine where his head where his head would be cut offwould be cut off

Thousands died by the Thousands died by the guillotine guillotine

Struggle for PowerStruggle for Power

Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre gained gained control of French Republiccontrol of French Republic

Wanted to build a “Wanted to build a “Republic of Republic of Virtue”Virtue”

Became leader of Became leader of Committee of Committee of Public SafetyPublic Safety Decided who was enemy of French Decided who was enemy of French

RepublicRepublic

Reign of Terror in FranceReign of Terror in France

RobespierreRobespierre governs by dictatorship governs by dictatorship His period of control was called the His period of control was called the

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror First victim was First victim was Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Many people were afraid to speak out Many people were afraid to speak out

against Robespierre’s policiesagainst Robespierre’s policies Reign ended when Reign ended when National National

ConventionConvention turned on Robespierre and turned on Robespierre and sent him to the sent him to the GuillotineGuillotine

Napoleon Forges an Napoleon Forges an EmpireEmpire

Section 3Section 3

Napoleon gains controlNapoleon gains control

5’3” 5’3” At 16 he was At 16 he was

lieutenantlieutenant Fought for Fought for

RevolutionRevolution Savior of French Savior of French

RepublicRepublic Leader of French Leader of French

ArmyArmy Dictator of FranceDictator of France

Coup d’etatCoup d’etat – – Overthrow Overthrow GovernmentGovernment

Forced take overForced take over Josephine’s Josephine’s

influence with influence with wealthy directorswealthy directors

Who was Napoleon? How Napoleon gained Power?

Life under NapoleonLife under Napoleon The Economy Government/

SocietyReligion

Revolution Goals

Equal Taxes Lower

Inflation

Less Government Corruption

Equal Opportunity

Less Power in Catholic Church

Religious Tolerance

Napoleons Actions

Set up fair tax Set up fair tax codescodesSet up Set up national banknational bankStabilized Stabilized currencycurrencyLoans to Loans to businessesbusinesses

Appointed Appointed officials by officials by meritmeritFired corrupt Fired corrupt officialsofficialsCreated lyceesCreated lyceesCreated code Created code of lawsof laws

Recognized Recognized Catholic Catholic churchchurchSigned Signed agreement agreement with popewith popeRetained Retained church landchurch land

Life under Napoleon cont…Life under Napoleon cont…

Napoleon signed a Napoleon signed a Concordat Concordat (agreement)(agreement) with Pope Pius VII with Pope Pius VII Government recognized the churchGovernment recognized the church No impact in national affairsNo impact in national affairs

Created Created Napoleonic CodesNapoleonic Codes Comprehensive set of lawsComprehensive set of laws Eliminate injusticeEliminate injustice Limited libertyLimited liberty Promoted Promoted order and authorityorder and authority over over

individual rightsindividual rights

Napoleon Expands his EmpireNapoleon Expands his Empire

Western Empire included: Western Empire included: Louisiana, Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana, West IndiesFlorida, French Guiana, West Indies

Key was sugar producing colony of Key was sugar producing colony of Saint Saint DomingueDomingue Napoleon abandons colony after difficult fight Napoleon abandons colony after difficult fight

with slaveswith slaves U.S. show interest in U.S. show interest in Louisiana TerritoryLouisiana Territory Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory for Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory for $15 $15

MillionMillion to Thomas Jefferson. to Thomas Jefferson.

Napoleon Expands his EmpireNapoleon Expands his Empire

Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join Sweden to join Third CoalitionThird Coalition Eventually Prussia, Russia and Austria sign Eventually Prussia, Russia and Austria sign

peace treatiespeace treaties Britain becomes biggest threat to FranceBritain becomes biggest threat to France

Napoleon’s only lost against the Third Napoleon’s only lost against the Third Coalition was the Coalition was the Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar British Navy was superiorBritish Navy was superior Commanded by Commanded by Horatio NelsonHoratio Nelson Proved two things: British still had strongest Proved two things: British still had strongest

Navy & Napoleon had to give up plans to Navy & Napoleon had to give up plans to invade Britain.invade Britain.

Napoleon focuses his efforts toward Napoleon focuses his efforts toward expanding French bordersexpanding French borders

Nationalism leads to Nationalism leads to greedgreed

Nationalism Spreads Nationalism Spreads to other countriesto other countries

Led to his defeatLed to his defeat

Citizens wanted a Citizens wanted a better countrybetter country

Wanted reformWanted reform French Support of WarFrench Support of War

Nationalism both helps and hurts Nationalism both helps and hurts Napoleon’s effortsNapoleon’s efforts

Define Nationalism: Define Nationalism: A strong feeling of A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to ones countrypride in and devotion to ones country

Helped Hurt

Spain and Austria Resist French Spain and Austria Resist French ControlControl

Spain uses Guerilla Warfare to attack Spain uses Guerilla Warfare to attack FranceFrance

Define Guerilla Warfare: Define Guerilla Warfare: Hit and run Hit and run raids of small bands of soldiersraids of small bands of soldiers

Austria loses Austria loses Battle of AusterlitzBattle of Austerlitz and and Battle of WagramBattle of Wagram

Sign peace agreement Sign peace agreement Surrenders Surrenders lands populated by more than lands populated by more than 3 3 millionmillion people people

Russia and France BattleRussia and France Battle

Napoleon assembles Grand ArmyNapoleon assembles Grand Army 600,000600,000 Soldiers and Soldiers and 50,00050,000 Horses Horses

Russia uses Russia uses Scorched-Earth PolicyScorched-Earth Policy to avoid Napoleonto avoid Napoleon French army become desperate for food French army become desperate for food

in long winterin long winter Only Only 20,00020,000 soldiers were leftsoldiers were left Many desertedMany deserted

The End is NearThe End is Near

Napoleon’s defeat crushes his reputationNapoleon’s defeat crushes his reputation An alliance of Europe work to defeat An alliance of Europe work to defeat

Napoleon at Napoleon at Battle of NationsBattle of Nations Exiled to Exiled to ElbaElba an island in the an island in the

MediterraneanMediterranean Escapes and returns to France – Known Escapes and returns to France – Known

as the as the 100 days100 days Loses at Battle of Loses at Battle of WaterlooWaterloo – Britain – Britain

and Prussia vs. Franceand Prussia vs. France

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

After Waterloo the heads of countries After Waterloo the heads of countries had to had to restore orderrestore order in Europe in Europe

The congress met for The congress met for 10 months10 months The dominate figure was The dominate figure was MetternichMetternich

– Prince of Austria– Prince of Austria Main goals were to Main goals were to Establish a Establish a

Balance or Power and to Create a Balance or Power and to Create a Lasting Peace in EuropeLasting Peace in Europe

Failed to see the effects of Failed to see the effects of NationalismNationalism