10/5/20151 the french revolution (1789-1815) and napoleon

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815)(1789-1815)

AND NAPOLEONAND NAPOLEON

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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Spirit of 18th CenturySpirit of 18th Century devoted to destruction and reformation devoted to destruction and reformation

of existing institutionsof existing institutions most notable manifestations: the attacks most notable manifestations: the attacks

of French writers upon church and stateof French writers upon church and state Agrarian conditions - peasantry Agrarian conditions - peasantry

mostly free but highly taxed; not mostly free but highly taxed; not downtrodden, but well-off enough to downtrodden, but well-off enough to wish to better themselveswish to better themselves

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Rise of the middle classRise of the middle class generally excluded from politics; growing generally excluded from politics; growing

richer; read and listened to philosophiesricher; read and listened to philosophies Unwieldy and inefficient machinery of Unwieldy and inefficient machinery of

governmentgovernment irresponsible and unsuited to needs of stateirresponsible and unsuited to needs of state taxation was inequitabletaxation was inequitable no representative assemblyno representative assembly Letters de CachetLetters de Cachet - imprisoning without habeas - imprisoning without habeas

corpus: served as anti-government propagandacorpus: served as anti-government propaganda

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Ever-growing deficitEver-growing deficit proved impossible of reductionproved impossible of reduction May 1789: Louis XVI convened meeting of May 1789: Louis XVI convened meeting of

Estates General (represented 3 estates of Estates General (represented 3 estates of French society - Nobles, Clergy and French society - Nobles, Clergy and Commons)Commons)

Commons assumed title of National Commons assumed title of National Assembly and undertook to reform Assembly and undertook to reform government by formulating a constitution government by formulating a constitution for a constitutional monarchyfor a constitutional monarchy

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NATIONAL ASSEMBLYNATIONAL ASSEMBLY

5 May 17895 May 1789 Meeting of Estates GeneralMeeting of Estates General National Assembly formed by National Assembly formed by

CommonsCommons Members of Nobles and Clergy invited Members of Nobles and Clergy invited

to jointo join

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23 Jun 178923 Jun 1789 King ordered assembly King ordered assembly

to meet in 3 housesto meet in 3 houses King requested nobles King requested nobles

& clergy join 3rd & clergy join 3rd estateestate

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14 Jul 178914 Jul 1789 Concentration of troops near ParisConcentration of troops near Paris Rumors of kings intention to dissolve Rumors of kings intention to dissolve

National AssemblyNational Assembly Storming and destruction of the BastilleStorming and destruction of the Bastille

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4 Aug 17894 Aug 1789 Voluntary surrender by representatives of Voluntary surrender by representatives of

nobles of all feudal rights and privileges to nobles of all feudal rights and privileges to occur over period of yearsoccur over period of years

27 Aug 178927 Aug 1789 Declaration of Declaration of rights of manrights of man, a bill of rights , a bill of rights

compounded from English and American compounded from English and American precedents and from political theories precedents and from political theories current with the philosophiescurrent with the philosophies

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5-6 Oct 1789 - Outbreak of the mob 5-6 Oct 1789 - Outbreak of the mob of Parisof Paris Liberal monarchical constitution: king Liberal monarchical constitution: king

could not declare war and conclude could not declare war and conclude peace without consent of chamberpeace without consent of chamber

Ecclesiastic estates declared public Ecclesiastic estates declared public property and notes issued under property and notes issued under security of public landssecurity of public lands

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14 Jul 179014 Jul 1790 Constitution accepted by kingConstitution accepted by king Abolished hereditary nobility, titles, and Abolished hereditary nobility, titles, and

coats of armscoats of arms

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Power of clubs growPower of clubs grow Jacobins under RobespierreJacobins under Robespierre Cordeliers under Danton, Marat, Cordeliers under Danton, Marat,

Desmoulins, HebertDesmoulins, Hebert Feuillants - moderate monarchists Feuillants - moderate monarchists

separated from Jacobins - Lafayette and separated from Jacobins - Lafayette and BaillyBailly

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14 Sep 179114 Sep 1791 King accepts constitutionKing accepts constitution Annexation of Avignon and Benaissin to Annexation of Avignon and Benaissin to

FranceFrance 30 Sep 179130 Sep 1791

Dissolution of AssemblyDissolution of Assembly

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LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY

1 Oct 17911 Oct 1791 Legislative Assembly, 745 members elected Legislative Assembly, 745 members elected

by active citizensby active citizens still represented primarily middle classstill represented primarily middle class

7 Feb 17927 Feb 1792 Alliance of Austria and Prussia against Alliance of Austria and Prussia against

FranceFrance

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NATIONAL NATIONAL CONVENTIONCONVENTION

War of First Coalition against FranceWar of First Coalition against France 20 Apr 1792 - France declares war on Austria - 20 Apr 1792 - France declares war on Austria -

increases revolutionary excitement in Parisincreases revolutionary excitement in Paris 2-7 Sep 1792 - September massacres at Paris2-7 Sep 1792 - September massacres at Paris 20 Sep 1792 - Battle of Valmy - French, defeated 20 Sep 1792 - Battle of Valmy - French, defeated

PrussiansPrussians

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21 Sep 179221 Sep 1792 National Convention convenedNational Convention convened Abolition of Monarchy - France declared a Abolition of Monarchy - France declared a

RepublicRepublic Dec 1792 - Trial of Louis XVIDec 1792 - Trial of Louis XVI 21 Jan 1793 - Execution of Louis XVI21 Jan 1793 - Execution of Louis XVI 1 Feb 1793 - War declared against 1 Feb 1793 - War declared against

Great Britain, Holland, SpainGreat Britain, Holland, Spain

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Reign of Terror - Robespierre gradually Reign of Terror - Robespierre gradually came to dominate the whole governmentcame to dominate the whole government

23 Aug 1793-Levy of males; 14 armies raised23 Aug 1793-Levy of males; 14 armies raised 16 Oct 1793 – Execution of Marie Antoinette 16 Oct 1793 – Execution of Marie Antoinette

NovNov

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Mar 1794 - Robespierre succeeded in Mar 1794 - Robespierre succeeded in crushing rival powerscrushing rival powers

27 Jul 1794 - Fall of Robespierre27 Jul 1794 - Fall of Robespierre

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NATIONAL CONVENTIONNATIONAL CONVENTION

22 Aug 1795 - Constitution - 3rd of 22 Aug 1795 - Constitution - 3rd of revolutionrevolution Executing power: Directory of five, Executing power: Directory of five,

Council of Elders, and Council of 500Council of Elders, and Council of 500 General Bonaparte placed in charge of General Bonaparte placed in charge of

troopstroops

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5 Oct 1795 5 Oct 1795 Paris royalists instigated outbreak Paris royalists instigated outbreak

26 Oct 179526 Oct 1795 Convention dissolvedConvention dissolved 1797 - Moderate legislative elected1797 - Moderate legislative elected Coup d'état led by Napoleon and the three Coup d'état led by Napoleon and the three

Directors Directors

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IMPACT OF IMPACT OF REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Larger armies led to unlimited warfareLarger armies led to unlimited warfare Emergence of democratic ideal; emphasis Emergence of democratic ideal; emphasis

on individual freedom, equality & popular on individual freedom, equality & popular governmentgovernment

John LockeJohn Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau - citizen had Jean Jacques Rousseau - citizen had

responsibility to fight in defense of country (not a responsibility to fight in defense of country (not a logical thought for 18th century monarchies)logical thought for 18th century monarchies)

American Revolution and apologistsAmerican Revolution and apologists Conscription is unthinkable without this ideology Conscription is unthinkable without this ideology

(governed were now governing, had affirmative (governed were now governing, had affirmative obligation to defend government)obligation to defend government)

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IMPACT OF IMPACT OF REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Armies created by revolution eventually Armies created by revolution eventually made Bonaparte Emperor of France made Bonaparte Emperor of France (back to autocracy)(back to autocracy) Moderate legislature elected in 1797 desired Moderate legislature elected in 1797 desired

end of warend of war 3 radical directors conspired with Bonaparte 3 radical directors conspired with Bonaparte

to arrange coup d'étatto arrange coup d'état

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IMPACT OF NATIONALISMIMPACT OF NATIONALISM

Mass citizen army fueled by Mass citizen army fueled by nationalismnationalism Felt necessary to defend ones own Felt necessary to defend ones own

countrycountry Indoctrination of soldiers in Indoctrination of soldiers in

Revolutionary PatriotismRevolutionary Patriotism Ideological WarfareIdeological Warfare

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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

10/5/20151 the french revolution (1789-1815) and napoleon

Documents

national assembly14

national assembly5

national convention21

national assembly4

national assemblystorming

national conventionwar

national assembly23

title of national assembly