the french revolution
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The French Revolution. EHAP. Preliminary Stage. Causes of the French Revolution. The Enlightenment. Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau) Personal Freedoms (Voltaire) Social Contract (Hobbes) Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights (Locke) Global Influence of Enlightenment Values - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The French Revolution
EHAP
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Preliminary Stage
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Causes of the French Revolution
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The Enlightenment
Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau)Personal Freedoms (Voltaire)Social Contract (Hobbes)Popular Sovereignty &
Natural Rights (Locke)Global Influence of
Enlightenment ValuesAmerican Revolution
Overthrow the ancien régime (old order)
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Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI
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Financial Crisis
During 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debtsAmerican Revolution?Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy
Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788Bread prices went up 50% in 1789
Need for tax reformLouis XVI hoped to raise taxes on ancien régimeAristocracy resisted reformsForced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time
since 1614
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Estates General
First Estate: 100,000 Catholic clergyDid not pay taxes
Second Estate: 400,000 noblesExempt from many taxes
Third Estate: Rest of PopulationSans-culottesProvided bulk of French tax
revenue
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Discussion Questions
What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the
American and French Revolutions? Differences?
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Initial Stage(1789-1791)
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Calling of the Estates-General
May 5, 1789
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The National Assembly
Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity
June 20, 1789
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Storming of the Bastille
French citizens fearing King Louis XVI would use violence to put down the revolution stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789
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Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
Passed by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789
Not a Constitution but a statement of general principalsDefines individual and
collective rightsDoes not address women
or slavery
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Women’s March
Storming of VersaillesOctober 1, 1789
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Crisis Stage(1792-1794)
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Radicals Take Control
Arrest of Louis XVIAugust 10, 1792
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Execution of Louis XVI
January 21, 1793
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Radical Reforms of the Jacobins
Universal adult male suffrageAbolished slavery
Fuels Haitian Revolution
Universal military conscriptionIncreased rights of women
Could not participate in politics
Attacked Catholicism Spirit of nationalismSet price controls & seized crops from farmers
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Festival of the Supreme Being
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Reign of Terror
“The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”
Led by Maximilien Robespierre
According to records 16,000+ died under the guillotineHistorians estimate
could be as high as 40,000
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British View of Reign of Terror
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End of the Terror
July 28, 1794
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Discussion Question
How were the actions of American radicals and French
radicals similar? How were they different?
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Recovery Stage(1794-1815)
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Moderate government, the Directory, rules for four years following Reign of TerrorFailed to solve economic
problems of France
Napoleon staged a coup d’etat in 1799Becomes emperor in
1804
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Domestic Policies of Napoleon
Maintained some rights gainedduring the revolutionFreedom of religionNapoleonic Code (Civil Code)Schools and universities
Reversed other gainsRights of womenFreedom of expression
Reformed economyRevised tax codeCentral bank
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Napoleon’s Empire
Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1912
Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia
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Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia
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Napoleon on Elba
This should NOT be a prison
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Battle of Waterloo
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Legacy of the French Revolution
Global Independence movementsHaitian RevolutionLatin American independence
• Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain
Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire
Slave Trade and SlaveryEngland abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)
Abolition of serfdomExcept in Russia
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Legacy of the French Revolution
Women’s RightsPlayed major role in the revolutions
• Sewing uniforms, nurses, running businesses, some even fought
Lost many rights after revolution• Napoleon
Feminist Movements• Mary Wollstonecraft
Spread of nationalism in EuropeGerman and Italian unificationGreek independence