CLASS –IX

HISTORY

The French Revolution

The chapter divide in following theme for study :-

*French Society during late 18th century

*The out-break of the revolution

*France abolished monarchy and becomes a republic

*Did women have a Revolution

*The abolition of slavery

*The Revolution and Everyday life

French Society during late 18th century

France under monarchy of Burbon Family with louis XVI as king.

King spend a luxurious life with their wife

Acute shortage of finance due to prolonged wars and extravagant court.

France under heavy debts.

King forced increased taxes

Society based on estates of feudal system.

Social Setup

France society divided in three class

First- 1st Estate

Second- 2nd Estate

Third – 3rd Estate

First estate belong from Clergy-They Enjoyed Privileges by birth

-Exempted from paying taxes

-Extracted taxes called Tithes

Second estate belong from Nobility-They Enjoyed feudal privileges

-Exempted from paying taxes

-Extracted taxes called Taille

Third divided in three sections:-

First Section-belonged businessmen, Merchants, Court Officials and Lawyers.

Second Section-belonged to Peasants, Artisans

Third Section belonged to land less peasants, labour and servants

Note:- Burden of taxes borne by the third estate people.

The Struggle to Survive

* Rapid increase in population.

* Rapid increase in demand for food grains.

* Wages could not match rising price.

* Drought or hail further made the situation worse.

* Outbreak of substance crisis.

Growing middle class demanding end privileges

*Peasants and workers lacked resources to bring change in social and economic order.

* Responsibility fell on prosperous and educated members of third Estate.

*prosperous middle class emerged .

*New Ideas prang up . Creation of society based on freedom, equal laws and opportunities to all.

Stress on division of power within government.

The out-break of the revolution

*Monarch could not impose taxes at his will, he needed approval of estate general to pass the

proposal.

* King called estate general to pass tax proposals.

* Voting to be conducted on the basis of one estate, one vote.

* Third estate walked out when the demand of one member, one vote denied.

* Third estate met at an indoor tennis court in Versailles and founded National Assembly and

draft a constitution for France.

*Severe Winter, bad harvest, price rise , hoarding of supplies made the situation worse in France.

*King order suppress agitating crowed led to the storming of storming of Bastille o 14th July

1789.

*Peasants attacked residences of nobles and landlords.

* Louis XVI sensing the tensed situation recognized National Assembly and accepted his power

to be checked by constitution.

*Feudal obligations, taxes, privileges were abolished and land owned by church confiscated.

France Become a Constitutional Monarchy

*Drafting of French constitution completed in 1791.through the constitution some changing in

France.

-Power divided among legislature, executive and judiciary.

-Not all citizen had the rite of vote.

-Declaration of the rights of man and citizen.

Duty of state to protect citizen’s natural rights.

France abolishes Monarchy and Become a Republic

*Louis Xvi entered into secret negotiations with Prussia.

*Neighboring countries got worried about developments in France and set to prevent reforms.

*Before they could do so National Assembly voted war against Prussia and Austria king and

aristocracies all over Europe.

*Revolutionary war caused loss and economic difficulties.

*Political clubs sprung up to discuss government policies and plan their actions.

*Jacobin club grew in popularity. it included les prosperous section of society.

*Maximilian Robespierre led the club.

*An insurrection was planned by Jacobins. king’s palace was stormed royal guards massacred

and king held as hostage.

*Assembly voted to imprison the royal family and held elections with men above 21 years

enjoying voting rights.

*Newly elected assembly called convention was set up abolishing monarchy and declaring

France as republic.

*Latter king and Queen were executed.

The Reign of Terror

*Robespierre followed the policy of severe control and eliminated the enemies of republic.

*Guilty were guillotined.

Reforms by Robespierre

*Maximum limit set for wages and prices.

*Rationing of meat and bread.

*Peasants to sell grains to government at fixed prices.

*Expensive white flour forbidden, use of bread made of whole wheat.

*French men to be called Citoyen instead of monsieur and women to be addressed as Citoyenne

instead of madame.

*Shutting down of churches and converting the into barracks and offices.

*His policies were too harsh to be followed.

A Directory Rules France

*Fall of Jacobins gave way to the prosperous middle class to capture power.

*New constitution took away voting right of non propertied section of society.

*State to have two legislative councils which would appoint an executive made up of five

members.

*It further gave way to Napoleon, a military dictator.

Did Woman have a Revolution

*Woman actively participated in events that brought important changes in French society.

*To discuss and voice their interests they began their political clubs and news papers .

*Being disappointed by the constitution of 1791 they demanded right to vote, no forced

marriages to be registered, divorce made legal and could be applied for by both men and women,

could be trained for job and run small businesses.

*Movement for equal political rights however continued for over next two hundred years.

*It was in 1946 when women won right to vote.

The Abolition Of Slavery

*Abolition of slavery was one of the revolutionary social reforms by Jacobins.

*Napoleon reintroduced slavery in 1804.

*It was in 1848 when finally slavery was abolished in French colonies.

The Revolution And Everyday Life

*Various laws were passed by Revolutionary governments to practice liberty and equality in

everyday life. Censorship was abolished .

*Views and Ideas were travelled widely in to the countryside.

*Plays, songs and festive procession that contained ideas like liberty, justice and philosophy

widely attracted educated people.

Rise and fall of Napoleon

*Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself in 1804.

*Adopted the policy of conquest and creating new kingdoms.

*Initially hi was seen as a modernizer and liberator.

*Introduced laws like protection of private property, uniform system of weights and measures

etc.

*Later came to be viewed as invader. Napoleon defeated in 1815 at Waterloo .

*His measures were followed long after.

Legacy of French Revolution

*Ideas propagated by French Revolution like liberty and democratic rights were widely popular

to Europe .

*Colonies got influenced by the idea of freedom and worked to get out of foreign captivity.

*In India too, the ideas spread by French Revolution become a bench mark to attain freedom

from British rule.

Note-Two Treaties of Government-written by John Lock

The Spirit of the Laws-written by Montesquieu

The Social Contract-written by Rousseau

STUDENT WORK SHEET

Very short type Questions-

Q.No.01-What was immediate cause of rioting in Paris?

Q.No.02- What was Tithe?

Q.No.03-What was the Estate General?

Q.No.04-Who was Mirabeau?

Q.No.05- Explain the term “Republic”.

Q.No.06- What was guillotine?

Short type Questions-

Q.No.01- Describe the divisions of the French society.

Q.No.02- What was the tennis court oath ?

Q.No.03- Who were Jacobins? write about it in three points.

Q.No.04-Explain the conditions of slave in 17th century .

Q.No.05- What was role of women protest in French Revolution?

Class IX

Geography

Chapter-01

India Size and Location

Location:-India is located in Northern hemisphere.

Latitudinal Extent is 8º4’N to 37º6’N of India which influences the duration of day and night.

Longitudinal Extent is 68º7’E to 97º25’E.due to which there is a 02 hours difference between

Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat.

Tropic of Cancer (23º30’N) divides India in two halves. northern and southern.

Islands: Lakshadweep islands is in the Arabian sea, and Andaman Nicobar Island in the Bay Of

Bengal.

Size : India is 7th largest country in the world in area after Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil

and Australia. 2nd largest country in the world in population after China.

Area : India has a total area of 3.28 million square km. it is 2.4% of the world’s area.

Boundaries of India: India is bounded by the Himalayas in the north, northwest and north east,

the Arabian Sea to the west, the bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south.

India’s land boundary is 15,200km with the Coastline of 7516.6km

Standard Meridian: To overcome this difference India has selected 82º30’E as the standard

meridian of India.

India and the World

Significance of the India’s central location:-

*India is located in the centre between east Asia and west Asia.

*The trance Indian ocean routed which connect the countries of Europe in the west and the

countries of east Asia provides a strategic central location to the India.

*The Deccan Peninsula protrudes in to Indian ocean, helping India to have close contact with the

west Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with south east and east Asia from the

eastern coast.

*Indian ocean gets it name India since India has a long coastline on this ocean.

Contacts :-

*Indias’s contacts through the land routes are much old than those through the sea as people

were afraid of travel by sea.

*These land routes were through the mountain passes.

*The ancient travelers exchanged ideas and commodities as the moved through these routes.

*The ideas of Upanishad, Ramayana, Story of Panchtantra, Indian numerals and decimal system

spread to many part of the world.

*Similarly influence of the Greek Sculpture, the architectural styles of domes and minarets of

west Asia can be seen in India.

Water Bodies around India

Bay:-Bay of Bengal

Gulfs: Gulf of Kutchch. Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Khambhat(Cambay)

Seas: Arabian Sea, Lakshadweep Sea and Andaman Sea

Ocean: Indian ocean

Strait: Palk Strait

-India have 28 State and 08 Union Territory

Neighboring Countries of India

In East- Myanmar and Bangladesh

In West- Pakistan and Afghanistan

In North-China(Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan

In South-Sri Lanka and Maldives

Work sheet for students

01- Show all state and their capital on political map.

02- learn Name of State and their Capital.

CLASS IX

CIVICS

Chapter-02

What is Democracy? Why Democracy

Democracy has its origin in Greek words Demokratia

Demos= people and Kratia =Rule , so its means rule by the people called Democracy.

Or

Democracy is a form of government where rulers are elected by the people.

Or

It is a governing System where rulers come from people means people elected to their ruler

through election .

Why Democracy its can be clarify through the help of two argument. First arguments in against

and Second argument in favour.

Arguments in against :

Argument in favour

1-Leader keep changing, leads to instability

2- It is all about competition and power play.

no scope for morality

3-Many people have to be consulted, delays

decisions

4-Democracy leaders do not know the best

interest of people. Leads to bad decisions.

5-Democracy leads to the corruption as it is

based on electoral corruption.

1-Democratic government more accountable

and better.

2-Its improve Quality of decision making.

3-Its provide methods to deal with differences

and conflicts.

4-It enhances the dignity of citizens.

5-Democracy allows us to correct our mistakes.

Broader Meaning of Democracy

*The most common form of democracy in modern times is Representatives Democracy .

*Leaders are elected by the adult citizens.

*Majority is allowed to take decision on the behalf of people.

Representatives Democracy is necessary because :

-Modern democracy have such large number of citizens that is not possible for all to the sit

together and take decisions collectively.

-Even if possible, the citizen do not have the time, the desire or the skills to take part in all the

decisions.

Difference between Democracy and Non Democracies Countries

Democratic Non-Democratic

1- Government elected by the adult

citizens.

2- Citizen have fundamental rights.

3- Leaders rule within the constitutional

laws and citizen’s rights.

4- Accountability is present e.g. in India.

1-Government is not elected, it is either a

dictatorship or monarchy

2-No right to be citizens

3- Leaders rule as the feel like.

4-No accountability like Saudi Arabia.

When the democracy is used for organizations other than government

Example:

1-A Democratic Family-Everyone’s opinion matters, all the members of the family sit together

to arrive at a consensus .

2- Democratic Classroom –Where all the student get a chance to put questions to teachers and

they have a democratic temperament .

Note:

1- Abraham Lincon- Democracy is a government Of the People, by the People, For the

People.

2- Referendum –Referendum is a direct vote in which the entire election is asked to either

accept or reject a particular proposal . it may be adoption of a new constitution a law or a

specific governmental policy.

3- Direct Democracy- It is also known as pure democracy. it is one in which entire people

decide like vote form consensus on policy initiative directly e.g. Switzerland.

Work Sheet For Students

*Students study all three Case Study Pakistan, China and Mexico and prepare short notes on it.

CLASS IX

ECONOMICS

Chapter -01

The Story of Village Palampur

It is a story of Village activities and development.

Palampur activity based on agricultural activities.

It means production of farming goods (crops) and services. OR It is activity that involves

production of goods and services that a person needs.

Factors : All things which required for production Or effect to production of goods and services

are Land, Labour, Physical Capital and Human Capital.

Land: It is basic natural resources required as an input in any production activity. it is in fixed

nature.

Labour: It means Physical and Mental efforts put in by the human being during the process of

production.

Physical Capital: It means variety of inputs required at every stage of production such as tools

and raw materials .Its two type-

First Fixed Capital-It is durable in nature and can be used a numbers of

times over a long period such as tools and machines.

Second Working Capital- It includes raw materials and money in hand.

these are used up in the process of production.

Human Capital: It refers to knowledge and enterprise that are required to put together land,

labour and physical capital to produce an output.

Farming System in Palampur

Land is fixed: Farming is the main activity in Palampur. some wasteland converted to cultivable

land.

Crop Seasons in Palampur : main two crop seasons in palampur. Rabi and Kharif.

Rabi Season Kharif Season

1-It is Identified with winter season or dry

season.

2-Its shown in Nov to Dec and harvest in April

to may

3-Wheat is an important or main crops.

4-Sugarcane grown on large scale in palampur

1-It is Identified with rainy season .

2-Its shown in Jun to July and harvest in Oct.

to Nov.

3-Crops grown during this season are Jowar

and Bajra.

4-These are used as cattle feed

Cropping Patterns

three cropping pattern found in palampur.

Single Cropping: In this one single crop is grown during a year on a given piece

of land.

Double Cropping: In this two crops are raised during a year on a given piece of

land.

Multiple Cropping: In this three or more crops are raised during a year on a

given piece of land.

In Palampur – Well developed irrigation system.

- Regular electricity supply.

- Government and Private tube wells for irrigation.

- Use of modern farming methods.

- Surplus wheat production.

Farming Method in Palampur

*Basically two farming methods are worked in palampur.

Traditional Farming Methods Modern Farming Methods

1-These include practices which Indian farmers

have been using from many generations.

2-Use of a pair of bullocks for ploughing the

field.

3-Drawing water from the wells.

4-Transporting produce to the market through

bullock carts.

5-Farmers work with traditional wooden tools

and equipment.

6-Organic manure provides nutrition to the

soil.

Result-low productivity

1-These include use of electricity, machinery

other source of energy and irrigation facilities.

2-High yielding varieties of seeds.

3-Use of Chemical fertilizers.

4-Use of Pesticides.

5-Use of Insecticides.

6- Use of tube wells and canals as sources of

irrigation.

7- Use of Modern implements.

Result-The productivity of land increases

manifold

Yield: Yield is measured as crop produced on a given piece of land during a single season.

Methods to increase Yield – adoption of multiple farming &Adoption of modern farming

methods.

Advantages of spreading electricity in Palampur are-

It helps in transformation of irrigation system.

It helps farmer to shift from traditional persion wheels to electric–run tube wells.

Electric–run tube wells have more capacity than persion wheels.

It leads whole society from darkness to light.

Green Revolution

*Revolution father is M.S. Swaminathan

*Revolution brought about in the field of agriculture by using high yielding varieties of seeds ,

fertilizers, irrigations, pesticides, insecticides etc. in the late 1960s in the state of Punjab,

Haryana and west Uttar Pradesh.

Advantages of Green Revolution:-

high yield due to use of high yielding varieties of seeds

Use of machine such as tractors, threshers have made ploughing and harvesting faster and

easier.

Higher yields enable farmers to sell the surplus food in the market to earn more money.

Pesticides and insecticides are able to protect the crops from pests and insects.

A good irrigation system can enhance crop production.

Disadvantages of Green Revolution:-

Loss of soil fertility due to increased use of fertilizers .

Continuous use of ground water for tube well irrigation has reduced the water label

below the ground.

Environmental resources like soil fertility and ground water are built up over many years

once destroyed it is very difficult to restore them.

Chemicals fertilizers dissolve in the ground water and pollute it .

They kill bacteria and micro organism helpful for the soil.

Increased use of fertilizers can make the soil alkaline . late 1960s in the states of Punjab,

Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh.

Land Distribution in Palampur:-

Unequal distribution of land in palampur.

1/3 of the people are land less.

½ of the people have small plots or land.

60 Family have large and medium farms.

Some Non –Farm activities in palampur those are following:-

dairy Farming

Small – scale Manufacturing works

Shopkeepers means small business and

Transport .

Wok Sheet for Students

Very Short Type Questions:-

Q1- Define Production.

Q2-What do you mean by Working Capital?

Q3- What do you mean by Physical Capital?

Q4-What do you mean by White Revolution?

Q5-What is labour conditions in palampur?

Short Type Questions:-

Q1-Write a notes on Green Revolution.

Q2-Explain any three requirements for production.

Q3-What is land? Suggest any three ways to sustain land.

Q4-What is multiple cropping ? How does it help in farmers prosperity ?

Q5-Land being a natural resources , is necessary to be carefully used. why?