• The French Wars of Religion were fought between Catholics and Calvinists.

• Militant- combative religions • Huguenots- French Protestants influenced

by John Calvin• House of Bourbon- Huguenot nobles who

ruled the southern French kingdom. • Massacre of Vassy- murder of Huguenots

by Catholics: considered the incident that led to war.

• Ultra-Catholics- extreme Catholic party who strongly opposed the Huguenots.

• Causes of the French Wars of Religion:• 1. Religion• 2. Resistance to the monarchy• 3. Huguenot Nobles • Henry of Navarre- political leader of the

Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- targeted assassination attempts at prominent Huguenot leaders.

Result Huguenot political movement is

crippled because of this massacre.

Edict of Nantes (1598)- recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave the Huguenots the right to worship.

The Spanish and Philip II Philip II- king of Spain known as “ The Most

Catholic King” Major goals of Philip II: 1. Consolidate

Spanish lands, 2. Spread Catholic Christianity

William the Silent- Dutch leader known as the “ Prince of Orange” who resisted the Spanish.

Spain seemed to be the greatest power in the world but power had shifted to France and England.

England’s Elizabeth Elizabeth Tudor- under her reign England

became the leader of Protestant nations.

Queen Elizabeth’s religious actions: 1. Repelled laws protecting Catholics 2. Moderate Church of England

Armada- fleet of warships

Spanish sail back to England around Scotland and Ireland.

Inflation- rise in the general level of prices over a period of time.

Causes of Inflation in Europe: 1. Influx of gold and silver from the

Americas 2. Growing population Witchcraft- belief in magic Inquisition- church institution for

suppressing heresy.

Common people and women were the most often accused of witchcraft

The Thirty Years’ War- fought between the Roman Catholics and Protestants over the crown of Bohemia.

Holy Roman Empire- Thirty Years’ War starts here

Bohemia- city where Protestants rebelled against Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors

This war was the most destructive conflict Europeans had yet experienced.

The Peace of Westphalia- ended the Thirty Years’ War.

Effects of the Peace of Westphalia: 1. All German states could determine

their religion 2. Holy Roman Empire states were

recognized as independent

James I- king of Scotland who would become James I of England through accession

Divine right of kings- belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.

English Civil War- known as the English Revolution

Major causes of the war: 1. Divine right of kings 2. Religion Puritans- protestants in England

inspired by Calvinist ideas Cavaliers- supporters of the king Roundheads- supporters of parliament Oliver Cromwell- military genius who

created The New Model Army

Commonwealth- a republic Exclusion Bill – bill which would have

barred James from the throne as a professed Catholic.

Whigs- supporters of the Exclusion Bill Tories- those who did not support the

Exclusion bill James II- foils the Exclusion Bill by

dismissing Parliament.

William of Orange- Dutch leader who invaded England.

England’s Revolution is called the Glorious Revolution because their was almost no blood shed

Bill of Rights- gave Parliament certain rights as well as individuals

Toleration Act of 1689- granted Puritans the right of free public worship.

Absolutism- system in which a ruler holds total power.

Louis XIV- his reign has been regarded as the best example of absolutism Cardinal Richelieu- Louis III chief minister

who strengthened the power of the monarchy

Cardinal Mazarin- Louis XIV chief minister who took the throne because of Louis age

Louis XIV considered himself the Sun King The Royal Court at Versailles served three

purposes: 1. Personal household, 2. Chief government offices located there, 3. Haven for powerful subjects

Baptiste Colbert- general of finances for Louis who used the ideas of mercantilism to increase wealth in France

Accommodate up to 5000 people Took 27 years to complete Over 30,000 laborers worked on it Cost over 2 billion dollars Palace and gardens are set on about

20,000 acres

Louis XIV left France with huge debts and a number of enemies

Prussia and Austria emerged as great powers after the Thirty Years’ War.

Frederick William the Great Elector- laid the foundation for the Prussia state

The new Austrian Empire was made up of the following present day countries: Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary.

Ivan IV- known as Ivan the Terrible for his terrible deeds and was the first Russia ruler to take the title of czar.

Czar- Russian word for Caesar Boyars- Russian nobility Peter the Great- Czar of Russia who

ruled as an absolute monarch and claimed the divine right to rule.

Reforms of Peter the Great 1. Westernize Russia 2. Reorganize the army 3. Divided Russia into provinces

St. Petersburg- becomes Russia’s “window to the west”

Mannerism- new art movement that replaced the artistic Renaissance period.

Characteristics of Mannerism1. Rules of proportion ignored2. Suffering3. Heightened emotions4. Religious bliss

El Greco- Mannerism reaches its high point under his work.

Baroque- new art movement that replaced mannerism.

Baroque art sought to bring together the artistic style of the Renaissance with the spiritual feelings of the period.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini- known as the greatest figure of the Baroque period.

William Shakespeare- one of the greatest dramatists of the Elizabethan Era.

Miguel de Cervantes- writer during the golden age of Spanish literature who authored Don Quixote.

Thomas Hobbes- wrote Leviathan which dealt with political thought.

Believed before society was organized human life was poor ,nasty, and solitary.

Social Contract- proposed by Hobbes which stated people enter this contract in order to save society.

John Locke- authored the Two Treatises of Government which was based of political authority.

Natural Rights-rights people are born with. ( life, liberty, & property.