Trane 2009 ©

Mike ThompsonDirector of Environmental AffairsTrane Commercial Systems

The Future of Refrigerants:Where Do We Go From

Here?

Trane 2009 ©

Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants

Class 1High ODPCFC’s

Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)

Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)

Class 2Low ODPHCFC’s

Higher GWP Lower GWP

R-11R-12R113R-500

R-22R-123

R-134aR-410AR-407C

R-32R-152a

PropaneButaneCO2

Ammonia

-Toxicity Concerns-Efficiency Concerns-Cost Concerns

-ODP Concerns-GWP Concerns- Flammable

GWP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

GWP

GWP

GWP

GWP

GWPGWP

GWP

GWP

Trane 2009 ©

Timeline of Refrigerant Usage

Continued use of recycled R-22,R-123 for developing countries

1990 2000 2010 2050204020302020

Montreal Protocol Signed

All CFC productionStopped (R-11,R-12) indeveloped countries

No new equipmentwith R-22

No new R-22 for serviceNo new equipment with R-123in developed countries

No new R-123 for servicein developed countries, noHCFC’s in new equipmentin developing countries

No HCFC production indeveloping countries

Today

Kyoto Protocol Signed

No automotive use ofR-134a in Europe

Continued use of recycled CFC’s

Continued use of recycled R-22

Continued use of recycled R-123

No CFC’s fordevelopingcountries

Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced beforethe phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.

Trane 2009 ©

Kyoto ProtocolGreenhouse Gas Coverage

Six (6) Gases Carbon Dioxide -- CO2

Methane -- CH4

Nitrous Oxide -- N2O

Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs

Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs

Sulfur hexafluoride -- SF6

Base Period 1990 for CO2 , CH4 , and N2O

1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF6

Trane 2009 ©

European HFC Restrictions

Denmark General HFC ban in 2006

HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kgfor cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications

Austria HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is

<20kg of refrigerant

Switzerland Domestic Refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003

Air Conditioners HFC Ban - 2005

Mobile Air Conditioning HFC Ban – 2008

F-Gases Directive on car air conditioning No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011

Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017

Trane 2009 ©

Country GHG Cap & Trade Legislation

Japan GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050

Will start trial cap & trade program fall of 2008

Govt pressure on GHGs, including HFCs, against industries desires

New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Six gases including HFCs

All sectors

Australia Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Five gases

Separate HFC regulation (25% below 2000 levels by 2020)

HFC regulations begin in 2011

European Union (27 countries) - 2008 CO2 only cap and trade, utilities & large industrials

HFCs under regulatory pressure

Trane 2009 ©

US Legislative Efforts

American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka:Waxman-Markey Bill)

Uses the average of 2004, 2005, 2006 production as a baseline for HFC production(weighted HCFC and HFC volumes)

10% below average in 2012

33% below average in 2020

75% below average in 2030

85% below average in 2033

US State Department Proposal to UNEP

Reduce to 2005 levels by 2012

10% reduction by 2015

25% reduction by 2020

50% reduction by 2030

85% reduction by 2039

Developing countries to follow developed countries by 10 years

Trane 2009 ©

Trane 2009 ©

Full Load Vs Part Load

Both full and part load efficiency are important Full Load- Demand/Building new power plants

Part Load- Total kWh consumption

Trane technology optimizes for both Multiple stage chiller gives great part load performance

VFD’s have great part load for the right application

Focus on the efficiency of the system

Trane 2009 ©

Environmental Impact of Refrigerants

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

CFC-

11

CFC-

12

HCFC-

22

HCFC-

123

HFC-

134a

HFC-

410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-

245fa

OD

P(R

-11=1.0

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

GW

P(C

O2=

1.0

)

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

CFC-

11

CFC-

12

HCFC-

22

HCFC-

123

HFC-

134a

HFC-

410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-

245fa

CO

P

0

20

40

60

80

100

CFC-

11

CFC-

12

HCFC-

22

HCFC-

123

HFC-

134a

HFC-

410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-

245fa

Ye

ars

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

Atmospheric Life (years)Energy Efficiency (COP)

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Trane 2009 ©

ODP versus GWPCFC-11

12113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142b

HFC-32125

134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa

ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)

0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems,18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) © JMC 2001

Trane 2009 ©

Chiller Operating PressureO

pera

tin

gP

ressu

re

(p

sig

)

310.0

270.0

230.0

190.0

150.0

110.0

70.0

30.0

-10.0

R-11 R-123 R-12 R-134a R-22 R-410A

Evaporator (38°F)

Off Line (72°F)

Condenser (100°F)

Trane 2009 ©

What Is Important Overthe Life of a Chiller?

Cost of Energy (94.5%)

First Cost of Chiller (5.18%)

Cost of Initial ChargeOf Refrigerant (0.25%)

Refrigerant AddedOver 30 years (0.04%)

Trane 2009 ©