the gender impact of crime on time use and children development in the colombian rural areas manuel...

The Gender Impact of Crime on Time Use and Children Development

in the Colombian Rural Areas

Manuel FernándezAna María Ibáñez

Ximena Peña

June 4th 2010

Objectives

• Examine the coping strategies households adopt when confronting a violent shock. – Heterogeneous responses to violent shocks by

gender– Whether this heterogeneity leads to changes

in bargaining power within the household.

• Evaluate the impact of violent shocks:– On child development– Differentiated impact of shocks on boys and

girls

Results

• Violence is not randomly targeted, but purposively directed to:– Relatively better-off groups – Certain municipalities.

• Coping strategies of households:– Collective strategies: reliance on collective

action, cooperation with the government authorities, and seeking support from formal organizations or other community members

– Individual strategies to mitigate the impact of the shocks is less frequently used

Results

• Need of households to generate additional income seems to be pushing males to participate in formal labor markets.

• Women partially substitute men in agricultural activities in their land plot and as seasonal agricultural workers, which implies reductions in their leisure time.

• Families are unable to protect their children from the impact of violent shocks– Children’s anthropometric measures are affected,

especially for boys– No evidence of a negative effect on cognitive

development.

Colombia: 50 years of internal conflict

Attacks on Armed Forces and Infrastructure 1998-2009

500

100

01

500

200

02

500

300

0T

otal

Atta

cks

2000 2005 2010Year

Source: Vice-Presindent's Observatory of Human Rights

Homicide Rates per 100,000 Inhabitants 1946-2009

02

04

06

08

0

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Source: National Police Department

Number and Victims of Massacres 1993-2009

Persons Wounded and Killed by Landmines 1990-2009

05

001

000

150

0T

otal

vic

tims

of m

assa

cres

05

01

001

502

002

50N

umb

er o

f ma

ssac

res

1995 2000 2005 2010Year

Massacres Total victims of massacres


02

004

006

008

001

000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

Wounded Killed


Internal conflict

• 56% of municipalities have had at least one massacre between 1993 and 2009

• The Vice-President’s Observatory of Human Rights reports a total of 8,900 victims of massacres in the period described. 4,778 (53%) in the past ten years.

• 22 massacres in 2009

Victims of massacres

0

>4 - 22

23 - 52

53 - 109

110 - 209

210 - 569

0 270 540135 Kilometers

Map 1. Victims of Massacres(1993-2009)

Source: Vice-President's Observatoryof Human Rights

• 95.6% of municipalities have had people forcefully displaced between 1997 and 2009

• The Presidential Agency for Social Accion (Acción Social) reports that 3.3 Million people have been forcefully displaced (7.9% of the Colombian population).

• The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) reports that Colombia has the second highest magnitude worldwide after Sudan

Number of persons forcefully displaced

0

>0 - 5,135

5,136 - 10,658

10,659 - 18,464

18,465 - 33,151

33,152 - 67,189

0 270 540135 Kilometers

Map 2. Forced Displacement(1997-2009)

Source: Acción Social

• The Colombian Longitudinal Survey of Wealth, Income, Labor and Land (CLS-WILL)

– 10,000 households: 6,000 urban and 4,000 rural.– Rural sample covers (mostly) small agricultural

producers of stratum one and is representative of four micro-regions. The sample covers 1,000 households for each micro-region.

– The first wave was collected between April and July 2010

– The preliminary results contained in this paper were calculated using observations from the 2,501 rural households available in mid-May

The Data

Households Affected by Violent ShocksShocks by household

% of households affected

Idiosyncratic shock 33 1.32%Covariate shock 281 11.24%General Shocks 312 12.48%

Incidence of shocks: 11.24% covariate and 1.32% idiosyncratic

Types of Shocks

Shock Description

Idiosyncratic shockDestruction or theft of households goods

Idiosyncratic shock Direct victimizationCovariate shock Attacks from armed groupsCovariate shock Gang related violenceCovariate shock Cattle theftCovariate shock ExtortionsCovariate shock Massacres

Distribution of Time Use by Gender and Violent Shocks

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

Variable Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean

0.07 0.11 *** 0.23 0.25

(0.14) (0.16) (0.27) (0.28)

0.04 0.04 0.26 0.23

(0.12) (0.13) (0.29) (0.27)

0.40 0.38 0.43 0.44

(0.18) (0.17) (0.18) (0.17)

0.50 0.47 * 0.08 0.07(0.21) (0.20) (0.13) (0.12)

Number of Observations

2,004 251 1,890 236

Difference Between Means (t-

test)*

Standar errors in parentheses(*)*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

% of time spend in domestic chores and taking care of children and other members of the house

Female Male

% of time working inside the household farm

% of time working in other households farms

% of leisure time and other activities


test)*

Participation in Labor Markets

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

Variable Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean

0.14 0.18 * 0.36 0.43 *(0.34) (0.38) (0.48) (0.49)

0.09 0.15 ** 0.28 0.26(0.28) (0.36) (0.45) (0.43)

0.09 0.15 ** 0.49 0.48(0.29) (0.36) (0.50) (0.50)


1,898 234 1,794 223


Difference Between Means*

Difference Between Means*

Worked for a salary in the past 12 months

Tried to find a job in the past 12 months

Worked as a seasonal worker in the past 12 months

Female Male

Nutritional Status of Children and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

Results by Gender and Violent Shocks

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean

-0.24 -0.52 * -0.40 -1.02 **(1.70) (1.03) (1.47) (1.76)

-0.78 -0.93 -1.03 -1.72 **(1.99) (1.14) (1.66) (2.16)

93.68 94.86 94.45 95.57(16.85) (15.87) (18.06) (16.99)


Nutritional Status

307 58 321 48

Number of Observations Peabody

Picture Vocabulary Test Results

488 76 495 74



test)*

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

Results

Female Male

Z-Score weight for age

Z-Score height for age


test)*

Descriptive Statistics Control Variables

No Violent shocks

Violent shocks

Variable Sample MeanSample Mean

47.24 43.88 *** ***

(13.69) (13.83)

0.19 0.24 **

(0.39) (0.43)

0.76 0.71 *

(0.43) (0.46)5.18 6.03 *** ***(3.52) (3.70)

-0.02 0.13 ** ***

(0.98) (0.15)1.05 0.81 ***(1.59) (1.35)0.44 0.43(0.69) (0.69)1.49 1.35 *(1.39) (1.28)0.31 0.30(0.59) (0.57)

Number of Observations 2,216 285


Higher level of education in household

Number of members from extended family

Number of children under 5 years of age

Number of children between 5 and 18

Number of members 65 or older

Wealth Index

Equality of Distribution Functions (Kolmogorov

Smirnov)*


test)*

Househols with both head and spouse

Age household head

Female household head

Probability of Receiving a Violent Shock in the Household in the Past 12 Months (marginal effects after probit)

(1) (2) (3)

-0.005* -0.004* -0.004*(0.003) (0.002) (0.003)

0.000 0.000 0.000(0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

0.024 0.007 0.007(0.021) (0.018) (0.018)

-0.021 -0.011 -0.012(0.019) (0.017) (0.018)

0.003 0.002 0.002(0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

0.064** 0.045* 0.046*(0.026) (0.024) (0.024)

0.073*** 0.051** 0.052**(0.027) (0.024) (0.025)

0.099*** 0.079*** 0.080***(0.028) (0.027) (0.027)

0.096*** 0.077*** 0.079***(0.029) (0.028) (0.028)

-0.005(0.007)

0.001(0.011)

0.001(0.007)

-0.008(0.012)

Observations 2501 2501 2501Log-Likelihood -859.2 -766 -765.0Pseudo-R2 0.0279 0.133 0.134Municipal Fix Effects No Yes YesRobust standard errors in parentheses *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Number of members 65 or older

Wealth Quantile 3

Wealth Quantile 4

Wealth Quantile 5

Number of members from extended family

Number of children under 5 years of age

Number of children between 5 and 18

Wealth Quantile 2

Age household head

Age household head squared

Female household head

Househols with both head and spouse

Higher level of education in household

Strategies to cope with Violent Shocks by Gender of the Households Head

Male household head Female Household headVariable Mean Mean

18.70% 23.17%(0.39) (0.42)

13.48% 10.98%(0.34) (0.31)

20.87% 13.41%(0.41) (0.34)

0.43% 2.44%(0.07) (0.16)

4.78% 3.66%(0.21) (0.19)

12.61% 12.20%(0.33) (0.33)

53.48% 56.10%(0.50) (0.50)

Number of Observations 230 82Standar errors in parentheses(*)*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Other

Nothing was donde

Households increased cooperation with authorities and/or got together with other households to defend themselves

Seek help from national and international institutions

Seek help from other members of the family or the community

Some member of the family raised the hours worked or went looking for a job

Spend their savings or sold/rent the assets of the household

Effect of Violent Shocks on Time Use

Household controls include: Age of the household head, female household head dummy, households with both head and spouse dummy, higher level of education in the household, number of members from extended family, number of children under 5 years of age, number of children between 5 and 18 years of age and number of members 65 or older

Variables

% of time working inside the household

farm

% of time working in other households farms

% of leisure time and other

activities

% of time spend in domestic chores and taking care of

children and other members of the house

-0.324*** -0.702*** -0.037*** 0.530***(0.013) (0.021) (0.005) (0.007)

-0.027 -0.081** 0.027** 0.005(0.028) (0.037) (0.012) (0.017)

0.104*** 0.112* -0.029** -0.012(0.032) (0.064) (0.015) (0.022)

Constant 0.190*** 0.414*** 0.305*** -0.019(0.044) (0.070) (0.020) (0.025)

Observations 4381 4381 4381 4381Log-Likelihood -2110 -2082 1483 -477.6Total number of violent shocks 487 487 487 487Municipal Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes YesHousehold controls Yes Yes Yes YesEstmated total effect on women 0.077 0.031 -0.002 -0.007t-stat 3.238 0.520 -0.201 -0.534p-val 0 0.603 0.841 0.593

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Sex (1 if Female)

Violent shock (1 if recieved a violent shock)

Sex x Violent schock

Robust standard errors in parentheses (cluster by household)

Effect of Violent Shocks on Time Use

-0.100

-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

Effect of Violent Shock Difference in Difference Estimation Total Effect on Women

Effects of Violent Shocks on Labor Outcomes

Household controls include: Age of the household head, female household head dummy, households with both head and spouse dummy, higher level of education in the household, number of members from extended family, number of children under 5 years of age, number of children between 5 and 18 years of age and number of members 65 or older

Tried to find a job in the past 12 months (1 if

he/she tried to find a job)

Worked for a salary in the past 12 months (1 if he/she

worked for a salary)

Worked as a seasonal worker in the past 12 months (1 if he/she worked as a seasonal worker)

-0.231*** -0.267*** -0.450***(0.012) (0.013) (0.013)

-0.061** 0.056* -0.042(0.031) (0.033) (0.034)

0.085** -0.024 0.078*(0.035) (0.040) (0.040)

Constant 0.576*** 0.465*** 0.497***(0.040) (0.044) (0.01)

Observations 4149 4149 4149R-squared 0.118 0.160 0.262Total number of violent shocks 457 457 457Municipal Fixed Effects Yes Yes YesHousehold controls Yes Yes YesEstmated total effect on women 0.024 0.032 0.037t-stat 0.968 1.174 1.464p-val 0.333 0.241 0.143

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Sex (1 if Female)


Robust standard errors in parentheses (cluster by household)

Effects of Violent Shocks on Labor Outcomes

Tried to Find a Job in The Past 12 Months

Worked for a Salary in the Past 12 Months

Worked as a Seasonal Worker in the Past 12 Months

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1


Effects of Violent Shocks on Child's Nutritional Status as Measured by Height for Age z-score by Age Group

Household controls include: Age of the child in months, female household head dummy, boths parents live with the child dummy, higher level of education in the household, number of members from extended family, number of children under 5 years of age, number of children between 5 and 18 years of age and number of members 65 or older

age<=20 20<age<40 age>40 All Sample

0.104 0.118 0.049 0.107(0.217) (0.111) (0.083) (0.077)

-0.592* -0.306 -0.235 -0.403**(0.325) (0.223) (0.192) (0.175)

0.727* 0.153 0.128 0.351*(0.419) (0.247) (0.238) (0.194)

-0.228 0.217 0.177 0.059(0.288) (0.152) (0.112) (0.116)

0.012 0.164 0.243* 0.186(0.264) (0.155) (0.125) (0.117)

0.130 0.378*** 0.201 0.231**(0.217) (0.141) (0.135) (0.097)

-0.744** 0.274* 0.078 -0.082(0.366) (0.150) (0.130) (0.140)

Constant 0.528 -0.332 0.158 0.137(0.426) (0.366) (0.373) (0.181)

Observations 231 251 252 734R-squared 0.167 0.138 0.140 0.068Total number of violent shocks 39 33 34 106Regional Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes YesEstmated total effect on girls 0.135 -0.154 -0.107 -0.0514t-stat 0.519 -1.264 -0.780 -0.486p-val 0.604 0.208 0.436 0.627

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Sex (1 if Female)



Robust standard errors in parentheses (Cluster by household)

Wealth Quantile 2

Wealth Quantile 3

Wealth Quantile 4

Wealth Quantile 5

Effects of Violent Shocks on Child's Nutritional Status as Measured by Height for Age z-score

by Age Group

Age<=20 Months 20>Age>=40 Months Age>40 Months All Sample-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1


Effects of Violent Shocks on Child's Nutritional Status as Measured by Weight for Age z-score by Age Group


age<=20 20<age<40 age>40 All Sample

0.231 0.007 0.040 0.075(0.219) (0.109) (0.103) (0.078)

-0.522* -0.484* -0.302 -0.466***(0.300) (0.280) (0.198) (0.179)

0.405 0.313 0.094 0.309(0.397) (0.314) (0.245) (0.193)

-0.125 0.174 0.475*** 0.189(0.293) (0.160) (0.165) (0.129)

0.184 0.139 0.277** 0.234**(0.253) (0.163) (0.113) (0.109)

0.064 0.314** 0.301** 0.233**(0.236) (0.140) (0.133) (0.103)

-0.420 0.082 0.147 -0.053(0.357) (0.147) (0.137) (0.134)

Constant 0.246 -0.130 -0.303 0.161(0.446) (0.350) (0.517) (0.196)

Observations 231 251 252 734R-squared 0.113 0.120 0.091 0.059Total number of violent shocks 39 33 34 106Regional Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes YesEstmated total effect on girls -0.117 -0.171 -0.208 -0.158t-stat -0.489 -1.186 -1.470 -1.557p-val 0.626 0.237 0.143 0.120

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1Robust standard errors in parentheses (Cluster by household)


Sex (1 if Female)

Wealth Quantile 2

Wealth Quantile 3

Wealth Quantile 4

Wealth Quantile 5


Effects of Violent Shocks on Child's Nutritional Status as Measured by Weight

for Age z-score by Age Group

Age<=20 Months 20>Age>=40 Months Age>40 Months All Sample-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6


Effects of Violent Shocks on Child's Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Results


age<=5 5<age<=7 age>7 All Sample

-0.690 0.597 -2.755** -1.213(1.349) (2.184) (1.226) (0.912)

-1.611 -4.380 0.352 -1.169(1.783) (3.055) (2.377) (1.742)

0.645 6.786 4.238 2.358(2.663) (4.675) (2.925) (2.212)

Wealth Quantile 2 2.127 3.621 1.886 2.259*(1.644) (3.159) (1.918) (1.362)

Wealth Quantile 3 0.786 9.206*** 6.857*** 5.471***(1.844) (3.044) (1.808) (1.385)

Wealth Quantile 4 3.246 4.665 4.595** 3.751***(2.018) (3.519) (1.916) (1.401)

Wealth Quantile 5 1.603 8.194** 5.072** 4.720***(1.85) (3.47) (2.15) (1.62)

Constant 118.164*** 51.284*** 101.382*** 83.251***(6.253) (12.344) (6.927) (3.572)

Observations 339 281 513 1133R-squared 0.290 0.235 0.202 0.236Total number of violent shocks 46 50 54 150Regional Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes YesEstmated total effect on women -0.967 2.406 4.589 1.189t-stat -0.479 0.643 2.515 0.734p-val 0.633 0.521 0.0122 0.463

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Sex (1 if Female)



Robust standard errors in parentheses (Cluster by household)

Effects of Violent Shocks on Child's Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Results

Age<=5 Years 5>Age>=7 Years Age>7 Years All Sample-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8


the gender impact of crime on time use and children development in the colombian rural areas manuel...

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effects of violent shocks

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effect of violent shocks

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